INTEGRATED CIRCUITS DATA SHEET TDA4657 Generic multi-standard decoder Preliminary specification File under Integrated Circuits, IC02 June 1993 Philips Semiconductors Preliminary specification Generic multi-standard decoder TDA4657 FEATURES GENERAL DESCRIPTION • Low voltage (8 V) The TDA4657 is a monolithic integrated multi-standard colour decoder for PAL, SECAM and NTSC 4.43 MHz with negative colour difference output signals. It is adapted to the integrated baseband delay line TDA4660/61. • Low power dissipation (250 mW) • Automatic standard recognition • No adjustments required • Reduced external components • Not all time constants integrated (ACC, SECAM de-emphasis). QUICK REFERENCE DATA SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN. TYP. MAX. UNIT Supply VP supply voltage IP supply current VP = 8.0 V; without load 25 31 37 mA Ptot total power dissipation VP = 8.0 V; without load − 248 296 mW V9 chrominance input voltage (peak-to-peak value) note 1 20 200 400 mV V20 sandcastle input voltage − − 13.2 V 624 mV 7.2 8.0 8.8 V Inputs Outputs V1 colour difference output signals (peak-to-peak value) V3 independent of supply voltage; note 2 −(R−Y) output PAL and NTSC 4.43 MHz 442 525 SECAM 950 1050 1150 mV −(B−Y) output PAL and NTSC 4.43 MHz 559 665 mV SECAM 1200 1330 1460 791 Notes to the quick reference data 1. Within 2 dB output voltage deviation. 2. Burstkey width 4.3 µs Burst width 2.25 µs, ratio burst chrominance amplitude 1/2.2. ORDERING INFORMATION PACKAGE EXTENDED TYPE NUMBER PINS PIN POSITION MATERIAL CODE TDA4657 20 DIL plastic SOT146(1) TDA4657T 20 SO plastic SOT163A(2) Note 1. SOT146-1; 1996 November 26. 2. SOT163-1; 1996 November 26. June 1993 2 mV Philips Semiconductors Preliminary specification TDA4657 Fig.1 Block diagram. Generic multi-standard decoder June 1993 3 Philips Semiconductors Preliminary specification Generic multi-standard decoder TDA4657 PINNING SYMBOL PIN DESCRIPTION −(R−Y)O 1 colour difference signal output −(R−Y)* for baseband delay line DEEM 2 external capacitor for SECAM de-emphasis −(B−Y)O 3 colour difference signal output −(B−Y)* for baseband delay line CFOB 4 external capacitor SECAM demodulator control (B−Y) Channel GND 5 ground IREF 6 external resistor for SECAM oscillator VP 7 supply 8 V CFOR 8 external capacitor SECAM demodulator control (R−Y) Channel CHRI 9 chrominance signal input CACC 10 external capacitor for ACC control HUE 11 input for HUE control and service switch NIDT 12 external capacitor for identification circuit (NTSC) PIDT 13 external capacitor for identification circuit (PAL and SECAM) OSC 14 PAL crystal PLL 15 external loop filter 2FSC 16 2 × fsc output No 17 standard setting input/output for NTSC 4.43 SECo 18 standard setting input/output for SECAM PALo 19 standard setting input/output for PAL SC 20 sandcastle input Fig.2 Pin configuration. June 1993 4 Philips Semiconductors Preliminary specification Generic multi-standard decoder TDA4657 the (R−Y) Channel. The required reference signals (fsc) are input from the reference oscillator. In NTSC mode the PAL switch is disabled. The SECAM demodulator consists of a PLL system. During vertical blanking the PLL oscillator is tuned to the f0 frequencies to provide a fixed black level at the demodulator output. During demodulation the control voltages are stored in the external capacitors at pins 4 and 8. The oscillator requires an external resistor at pin 6. Behind the PLL demodulator the signal is fed into the de-emphasis network which consists of two internal resistors (2.8 kΩ and 5.6 kΩ) and an external capacitor connected at pin 2 (220 pF). After demodulation the signal is filtered and then fed into the next stage. FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION The IC contains all functions required for the identification and demodulation of signals with the standards PAL, SECAM and NTSC 4.3 with 4.43 MHz colour-carrier frequency. When an unknown signal is fed into the input, the circuit has to detect the standard of the signal, and has to switch on successively the appropriate input filter and demodulator and finally, after having identified the signal, it has to switch on the colour and, in event of NTSC reception, the hue control. At the outputs the two colour difference signals −(R−Y)* and −(B−Y)* are available. ACC stage The chrominance signal is fed into the asymmetrical input (pin 9) of the ACC stage (Automatic Colour Control). The input has to be AC coupled and has an input impedance of 20 kΩ in parallel with 10 pF. To control the chrominance amplitude the modulation independent burst amplitude is measured during the burstkey pulse which is derived from the sandcastle pulse present at pin 20. The generated error current is fed into an external storage capacitor at pin 10. The integrated error voltage controls the gain of the ACC stage so that its output is independent of input signal variations. The measurement is disabled during the vertical blanking to avoid failures because of missing burst signals. Blanking, colour killer, buffers As a result of using only one demodulator in SECAM mode the demodulated signal has to be split up in the (B−Y) Channel and the (R−Y) Channel. The unwanted signals occurring every second line, (R−Y) in the (B−Y) Channel and (B−Y) in the (R−Y) Channel, have to be blanked. This happens in the blanking stage by an artificial black level being inserted alternately every second line. To avoid disturbances during line and field flyback these parts of the colour differential signals are blanked in all modes. When no signal has been identified, the colour is switched off (signals are blanked) by the colour killer. At the end of the colour channels are low-ohmic buffers (emitter followers). The CD output signals −(B−Y)* and −(R−Y)* are available at pins 1 and 3. Reference signal generation The reference signal generation is achieved by a PLL system. The reference oscillator operates at twice the colour-carrier frequency and is locked on the burst of the chrominance signal (chr). A divider provides reference signals (fsc) with the correct phase relationship for the PAL/NTSC demodulator and the identification part. In the SECAM mode the two f0 frequencies are derived from the PAL crystal frequency by special dividers. In this mode the oscillator is not locked to the input signal. In the NTSC mode the hue control circuit is switched between ACC stage and PLL. The phase shift of the signal can be controlled by a DC voltage at pin 11. The hue control circuit is switched off during scanning. The reference frequency (2 × fsc) is available at pin 16 to drive a PAL comb filter for example. Identification and system control The identification part contains three identification demodulators. The first demodulates in PAL mode. It is only active during the burstkey pulse. The reference signal (fsc) has the (R−Y) phase. The second demodulator (PLL system) operates in SECAM mode and is active also during the burstkey pulse, but delayed by 2 µs. The PLL demodulator discriminates the frequency difference between the unmodulated f0 frequencies of the incoming signal (chr) and the reference frequency input from the crystal oscillator. These two demodulators are followed by an H/2 switch ‘rectifying’ the demodulated signal. The result is an identification signal (PIDT, pin 13) that is positive for a PAL signal in PAL mode, for a SECAM signal in SECAM mode Demodulation The demodulation of the colour signal requires two demodulators. One is common for PAL and NTSC signals, the other is for SECAM signals. The PAL/NTSC demodulator consists of two synchronized demodulators, one for the (B−Y) Channel and the other for June 1993 5 Philips Semiconductors Preliminary specification Generic multi-standard decoder TDA4657 and for a PAL signal in NTSC 4.4 mode. If PIDT is positive in SECAM mode, the scanner switches back to the PAL mode in order to prevent a PAL signal being erroneously identified as a SECAM signal (PAL priority). If then PIDT is not positive, the scanner returns to SECAM mode and remains there if PIDT is positive again. In the event of a field frequency of 60 Hz the signal can not be identified as a SECAM signal, even if PIDT is positive. In this event the scanner switches forward in the NTSC 4.4 mode. If the H/2 signal has the wrong polarity, the identification signal is negative and the H/2 flip-flop is set to the correct phase. The third demodulator operates in NTSC mode and is active during the burstkey pulse. The resulting identification signal (NIDT, pin 12) is positive for PAL and NTSC 4.4 signals in NTSC 4.4 mode. The reference signal has the (B−Y) phase. The two identification signals allow an unequivocal identification of the received signal. In the event of a signal being identified, the scanning is stopped and after a delay time the colour is switched on. The standard outputs (active HIGH) are available at the pins 17, 18 and 19. During scanning the HIGH level is 2.5 V and when a signal has been identified the HIGH level is switched to 6 V. The standard pins can also be used as inputs in order to force the IC into a desired mode (Forced Standard Setting). Sandcastle detector and pulse processing In the sandcastle detector the super sandcastle pulse (SC) present at pin 20 is compared with three internal threshold levels by means of three differential amplifiers. The derived signals are the burstkey pulse, the horizontal blanking pulse and the combined horizontal and vertical blanking pulse. These signals are processed into various control pulses required for the timing of the IC. Bandgap reference In order to ensure that the CD output signals and the threshold levels of the sandcastle detector are independent of supply voltage variations a bandgap reference voltage has been integrated. LIMITING VALUES In accordance with the Absolute Maximum Rating System (IEC 134). SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN. MAX. UNIT Tstg storage temperature −25 +150 °C Tamb operating ambient temperature 0 +70 °C VP supply voltage − 8.8 V Ptot power dissipation without load − 330 mW V20 voltage at pin 20 Imax = 10 µA − 15 V voltage at all other pins Imax = 100 µA − VP + vbe V THERMAL RESISTANCE SYMBOL Rth j-a June 1993 PARAMETER THERMAL RESISTANCE thermal resistance on printed-circuit board from junction to ambient in free air (without heat spreader) SO 20 90 K/W DIL 20 70 K/W 6 Philips Semiconductors Preliminary specification Generic multi-standard decoder TDA4657 CHARACTERISTICS Measured with application circuit (Fig.4) at Tamb = +25 °C, 8 V supply, 75% colour bar chrominance input signal of 200 mV (peak-to-peak value) and nominal phase for NTSC unless otherwise specified. All voltages measured referenced to ground. SYMBOL PARAMETER VP supply voltage I supply current Ptot total power dissipation CONDITIONS MIN. TYP. MAX. UNIT 7.2 8.0 8.8 V VP = 8.0 V without load 25 31 37 mA VP = 8.0 V without load − 248 296 mW CD signals outputs (pins 1 and 3) PAL or NTSC V1 colour difference output signals independent of supply voltage; note 1 −(R−Y) output PAL and NTSC 4.43 MHz (peak-to-peak value) 442 525 624 mV V3 −(B−Y) output PAL and NTSC 4.43 MHz (peak-to-peak value) 559 665 791 mV V1/V3 ratio of CD signal amplitudes V(R−Y)/V(B−Y) note 2 0.75 0.79 0.83 − m signal linearity −(R−Y) output V1 = 0.8 V (p-p) 0.8 − − − signal linearity −(B−Y) output V3 = 1.0 V (p-p) 0.8 − − − fg cut-off frequency (both outputs) −3 dB − 1 − MHz td chrominance delay time 220 270 320 ns S/N signal to noise ratio for nominal output voltages 40 − − dB V1, V3 residual carrier at CD outputs 1 × subcarrier frequency (peak-to-peak value) − − 10 mV 2 × subcarrier frequency (peak-to-peak value) − − 30 mV H/2 content at R−Y output at nominal input signal (peak-to-peak value) − − 10 mV A crosstalk between CD Channels −40 − − dB R1, R3 output resistance (npn emitter follower) − − 200 Ω I1, I3 output current − − −3 mA June 1993 note 3 7 Philips Semiconductors Preliminary specification Generic multi-standard decoder SYMBOL PARAMETER TDA4657 CONDITIONS MIN. TYP. MAX. UNIT SECAM V1 colour difference output signals independent of supply voltage; note 4 −(R−Y) output (peak-to-peak value) 0.95 1.05 1.15 V V3 −(B−Y) output (peak-to-peak value) 1.20 1.33 1.46 V V1/V3 ratio of CD signal amplitudes V(R−Y)/V(B−Y) 0.75 0.79 0.83 − m signal linearity at nominal output voltage 0.8 − − − fg cut-off frequency − 730 − kHz td chrominance delay time 400 500 600 ns S/N signal to noise ratio for 100 mV (p-p) input signal and nominal output voltages 40 − − dB V1, V3 residual carrier at CD outputs: 1 × subcarrier frequency (peak-to-peak value) − − 10 mV 2 × subcarrier frequency (peak-to-peak value) − − 20 mV − 0 ±13 mV − 0 ±10 mV − 220 − pF ∆V3 shift of demodulated f0 level relative to blanking level −(B−Y) output ∆V1 −(R−Y) output −3 dB note 3 note 8 Impedance and currents see PAL or NTSC specification Capacitor for SECAM de-emphasis (pin 2) C2 value of external capacitor RA value of internal de-emphasis resistors Tamb = 35 °C RB ∆(RA/RB) relative tolerance of de-emphasis resistors 2.4 2.8 3.2 kΩ 4.8 5.6 6.4 kΩ − − ±5 % − − 0.3 mV/nA Capacitors for SECAM demodulator control (pins 4 and 8; note 5) ∆V1, 3 shift of demodulated f0 level due to external leakage current Cext = 220 nF Resistor for SECAM oscillator (pin 6) V6 DC voltage 2.4 2.81 3.2 V R6 value of external resistor (±1%) − 5.62 − kΩ C6 value of external capacitor (±20%) − 10 − nF 20 200 400 mV Chrominance input (pin 9) V9 input signal (peak-to-peak value) note 6 R9 input resistance 16 20 24 kΩ C9 input capacitance − − 10 pF − 0.2 − %/nA Capacitor for ACC (pin 10; note 7) ∆V1, 3 June 1993 change of CD output signals during field blanking due to external leakage current Cext = 100 nF 8 Philips Semiconductors Preliminary specification Generic multi-standard decoder SYMBOL TDA4657 PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN. TYP. MAX. UNIT Hue control (NTSC) and service switch (pin 11) φ V11 = 3 V −30 − − degree V11 = open-circuit −5 0 +5 degree V11 = 5 V +30 − − degree pin 11 open-circuit 3.8 4.0 4.2 V 25 30 35 kΩ DC voltage for an identified signal 2.8 3.2 3.5 V DC voltage for an unidentified signal 1.5 2.0 2.3 V phase shift of reference carrier relative to phase at open-circuit pin 11 V11 internal bias voltage (proportional to supply voltage) R11 input resistance Capacitor for identification (pins 12 and 13) V12, V13 PLL oscillator measured with nominal crystal (pin 14; see Table 1) R14 initial oscillator amplifier input resistance −500 − − Ω C14 oscillator amplifier input capacitance − − 10 pF ∆fL lock-in-range referenced to 4.43361875 MHz ±400 − ±1300 Hz φ phase difference for ±400 Hz deviation of colour carrier frequency − − 1 degree note 9 2 x fsc output (pin 16; if the output is not used, the pin should be connected to supply) V16 DC output level I16 = 0 A 6.1 6.3 6.5 V R16 output resistance I16 = 0 A − − 350 Ω I16 output current − − −1.0 mA V16 output signal (peak-to-peak value) − 250 − mV on-state, during scanning, colour OFF 2.3 2.5 2.7 V on-state, colour ON 5.8 6.0 6.2 V − − 300 Ω − − −3 mA Standard setting inputs/outputs (pins 17 to 19; note 10) used as output: npn emitter follower output with 0.1 mA source to ground VO RO output resistance IO output current IO = 0 used as input: forced system switching VO threshold for system ON 6.8 7.0 7.2 V IO input current 100 150 180 µA June 1993 9 Philips Semiconductors Preliminary specification Generic multi-standard decoder SYMBOL TDA4657 PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN. TYP. MAX. UNIT Sandcastle pulse detector (pin 20; note 11) C20 input capacitance − − 10 pF V20 thresholds for field and line pulse pulse ON 1.3 1.6 1.9 V separation pulse OFF 1.1 1.4 1.7 V line pulse separation pulse ON 3.3 3.6 3.9 V pulse OFF 3.1 3.4 3.7 V pulse ON 5.3 5.6 5.9 V pulse OFF 5.1 5.4 5.7 V system hold delay in event of a signal disappearing for a short time 2 − 3 field periods colour killer; colour ON delay switching occurs 2 during field blanking − 3 field periods colour OFF delay 0 − 1 field periods scanning time for each system − 4 − field periods burst pulse separation System control processing (note 12) td ts QUALITY SPECIFICATION: URV-4-2-59/601 Notes to the characteristics 1. Burstkey width 4.3 µs. Burst width 2.25 µs, ratio burst chrominance amplitude 1/2.2. 2. At nominal phase of hue control. 3. V (p-p) of signal divided by 6 times effective noise voltage. 4. H/2 blanking alternately every second line. 5. These pins are leakage current sensitive. Pin 4 for (B−Y) Channel, pin 8 for (R−Y) Channel. 6. Within 2 dB output voltage deviation. 7. This pin is leakage current sensitive. 8. IC only. 9. Depends also on network on pin 15. 10. Pin 19 for PAL, pin 18 for SECAM, pin 17 for NTSC 4.43 MHz. Threshold levels are dependent of supply. 11. The field interval of the sandcastle has to be adapted to the ICs TDA2579B and TDA4690. The thresholds are independent of supply voltage. 12. System scanning sequence: PAL, SECAM, NTSC 4.4. June 1993 10 Philips Semiconductors Preliminary specification Generic multi-standard decoder Table 1 TDA4657 Specification of quartz crystals in HC-49/U13 holder; standard application. SYMBOL PARAMETER VALUE UNIT 9922 520 00385 fn nominal frequency 8.867570 MHz CL load capacitance series resonance ∆fn adjustment tolerance of fn at +25 °C ±20 ppm Rr resonance resistance over temperature range ≤ 60 Ω Rdld max in the drive level range between 10−12 W and 1.0 × 10−3 W, the resonance resistance may not exceed (at +25 °C) the value of Rdld max tbn Ω Rn resonance resistance of unwanted response 2Rr (+25 °C) Ω C1 motional capacitance (±20%) 14.0 fF C0 parallel capacitance (±20%) 3.6 pF Tamb operating ambient temperature −10 to +60 °C ∆fn frequency tolerance over temperature ±20 ppm June 1993 11 Philips Semiconductors Preliminary specification TDA4657 Fig.3 Internal circuits. Generic multi-standard decoder June 1993 12 Philips Semiconductors Preliminary specification TDA4657 Fig.4 Application circuit. Generic multi-standard decoder June 1993 13 Philips Semiconductors Preliminary specification Generic multi-standard decoder TDA4657 PACKAGE OUTLINES DIP20: plastic dual in-line package; 20 leads (300 mil) SOT146-1 ME seating plane D A2 A A1 L c e Z b1 w M (e 1) b MH 11 20 pin 1 index E 1 10 0 5 10 mm scale DIMENSIONS (inch dimensions are derived from the original mm dimensions) UNIT A max. A1 min. A2 max. b b1 c mm 4.2 0.51 3.2 1.73 1.30 0.53 0.38 0.36 0.23 26.92 26.54 inches 0.17 0.020 0.13 0.068 0.051 0.021 0.015 0.014 0.009 1.060 1.045 D e e1 L ME MH w Z (1) max. 6.40 6.22 2.54 7.62 3.60 3.05 8.25 7.80 10.0 8.3 0.254 2.0 0.25 0.24 0.10 0.30 0.14 0.12 0.32 0.31 0.39 0.33 0.01 0.078 (1) E (1) Note 1. Plastic or metal protrusions of 0.25 mm maximum per side are not included. OUTLINE VERSION SOT146-1 June 1993 REFERENCES IEC JEDEC EIAJ SC603 14 EUROPEAN PROJECTION ISSUE DATE 92-11-17 95-05-24 Philips Semiconductors Preliminary specification Generic multi-standard decoder TDA4657 SO20: plastic small outline package; 20 leads; body width 7.5 mm SOT163-1 D E A X c HE y v M A Z 11 20 Q A2 A (A 3) A1 pin 1 index θ Lp L 1 10 e bp detail X w M 0 5 10 mm scale DIMENSIONS (inch dimensions are derived from the original mm dimensions) UNIT A max. A1 A2 A3 bp c D (1) E (1) e HE L Lp Q v w y mm 2.65 0.30 0.10 2.45 2.25 0.25 0.49 0.36 0.32 0.23 13.0 12.6 7.6 7.4 1.27 10.65 10.00 1.4 1.1 0.4 1.1 1.0 0.25 0.25 0.1 0.10 0.012 0.096 0.004 0.089 0.01 0.019 0.013 0.014 0.009 0.51 0.49 0.30 0.29 0.419 0.043 0.050 0.055 0.394 0.016 inches 0.043 0.039 0.01 0.01 Z (1) 0.9 0.4 0.035 0.004 0.016 θ Note 1. Plastic or metal protrusions of 0.15 mm maximum per side are not included. REFERENCES OUTLINE VERSION IEC JEDEC SOT163-1 075E04 MS-013AC June 1993 EIAJ EUROPEAN PROJECTION ISSUE DATE 95-01-24 97-05-22 15 o 8 0o Philips Semiconductors Preliminary specification Generic multi-standard decoder TDA4657 method. Typical reflow temperatures range from 215 to 250 °C. SOLDERING Introduction Preheating is necessary to dry the paste and evaporate the binding agent. Preheating duration: 45 minutes at 45 °C. There is no soldering method that is ideal for all IC packages. Wave soldering is often preferred when through-hole and surface mounted components are mixed on one printed-circuit board. However, wave soldering is not always suitable for surface mounted ICs, or for printed-circuits with high population densities. In these situations reflow soldering is often used. WAVE SOLDERING Wave soldering techniques can be used for all SO packages if the following conditions are observed: This text gives a very brief insight to a complex technology. A more in-depth account of soldering ICs can be found in our “IC Package Databook” (order code 9398 652 90011). • A double-wave (a turbulent wave with high upward pressure followed by a smooth laminar wave) soldering technique should be used. DIP • The longitudinal axis of the package footprint must be parallel to the solder flow. • The package footprint must incorporate solder thieves at the downstream end. SOLDERING BY DIPPING OR BY WAVE The maximum permissible temperature of the solder is 260 °C; solder at this temperature must not be in contact with the joint for more than 5 seconds. The total contact time of successive solder waves must not exceed 5 seconds. During placement and before soldering, the package must be fixed with a droplet of adhesive. The adhesive can be applied by screen printing, pin transfer or syringe dispensing. The package can be soldered after the adhesive is cured. The device may be mounted up to the seating plane, but the temperature of the plastic body must not exceed the specified maximum storage temperature (Tstg max). If the printed-circuit board has been pre-heated, forced cooling may be necessary immediately after soldering to keep the temperature within the permissible limit. Maximum permissible solder temperature is 260 °C, and maximum duration of package immersion in solder is 10 seconds, if cooled to less than 150 °C within 6 seconds. Typical dwell time is 4 seconds at 250 °C. A mildly-activated flux will eliminate the need for removal of corrosive residues in most applications. REPAIRING SOLDERED JOINTS REPAIRING SOLDERED JOINTS Apply a low voltage soldering iron (less than 24 V) to the lead(s) of the package, below the seating plane or not more than 2 mm above it. If the temperature of the soldering iron bit is less than 300 °C it may remain in contact for up to 10 seconds. If the bit temperature is between 300 and 400 °C, contact may be up to 5 seconds. Fix the component by first soldering two diagonallyopposite end leads. Use only a low voltage soldering iron (less than 24 V) applied to the flat part of the lead. Contact time must be limited to 10 seconds at up to 300 °C. When using a dedicated tool, all other leads can be soldered in one operation within 2 to 5 seconds between 270 and 320 °C. SO REFLOW SOLDERING Reflow soldering techniques are suitable for all SO packages. Reflow soldering requires solder paste (a suspension of fine solder particles, flux and binding agent) to be applied to the printed-circuit board by screen printing, stencilling or pressure-syringe dispensing before package placement. Several techniques exist for reflowing; for example, thermal conduction by heated belt. Dwell times vary between 50 and 300 seconds depending on heating June 1993 16 Philips Semiconductors Preliminary specification Generic multi-standard decoder TDA4657 DEFINITIONS Data sheet status Objective specification This data sheet contains target or goal specifications for product development. Preliminary specification This data sheet contains preliminary data; supplementary data may be published later. Product specification This data sheet contains final product specifications. Limiting values Limiting values given are in accordance with the Absolute Maximum Rating System (IEC 134). Stress above one or more of the limiting values may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only and operation of the device at these or at any other conditions above those given in the Characteristics sections of the specification is not implied. Exposure to limiting values for extended periods may affect device reliability. Application information Where application information is given, it is advisory and does not form part of the specification. LIFE SUPPORT APPLICATIONS These products are not designed for use in life support appliances, devices, or systems where malfunction of these products can reasonably be expected to result in personal injury. Philips customers using or selling these products for use in such applications do so at their own risk and agree to fully indemnify Philips for any damages resulting from such improper use or sale. June 1993 17