EXAR MP7613

MP7613
Octal 12-Bit DAC ArrayTM
D/A Converter with Output Amplifier
and Parallel Data/Address µP Control Logic
FEATURES
• Eight Independent Channel 12-Bit DACs with
Output Amplifiers
• Low Power 320 mW (typ.)
• Parallel Digital Data and Address Port
• Double Buffered Data Interface
• Readback of DAC Latches
• Zero Volt Output Preset (Data = 10 .. 00)
• 12-Bit Resolution, 11-Bit Accuracy
• Extremely Well Matched DACs
• Extremely Low Analog Ground Current (<60µA/Channel)
• +10 V Output Swing with +11.4 V Supplies
• Rugged Construction – Latch-Up Proof
• Serial Version: MP7612
APPLICATIONS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Data Acquisition Systems
ATE
Process Control
Self-Diagnostic Systems
Logic Analyzers
Digital Storage Scopes
PC Based Controller/DAS
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The MP7613 provides eight independent 12-bit resolution
Digital-to-Analog Converters with voltage output amplifiers and
a parallel digital address and data port.
put data port loads the data into the pre-selected DACS.
Built on using an advanced linear BiCMOS, these devices offer rugged solutions that are latch-up free, and take advantage
of EXAR’s patented thin-film resistor process which exhibits excellent long term stability and reliability.
Typical DAC matching is 0.7 LSB across all codes. Accuracy
of +0.75 LSB for DNL and +1 LSB for INL is achieved for B grade
versions. The output amplifier is capable of sinking and sourcing 5mA, and the output voltage settles to 12-bits in less than
30µs (typ.).
This device can easily be interfaced to a data bus, and digital
readback of each channel is available.
A standard µ-processor and TTL/CMOS compatible 12-bit in-
SIMPLIFIED BLOCK DIAGRAM
RB0
12
DB0 - DB11
Bus
I/O
VRP
D
Q
LAT0B
XR XE
D
Q
LAT0A
XR XE
12
12
DAC0
+
–
VO0
+
–
VO7
VRN
XE0
A0 - A2
LD1
RD
CS
R1
3
8
Control
Logic
8
RB7
XE0 - XE7
VRP
RB0 - RB7
D
Q
LAT7B
XR XE
D
Q
LAT7A
XR XE
12
DAC7
VRN
XE7
R2
LD2
VRP
VRP
VEE
VEE
VCC
VCC
AGND
AGND VREF
Rev. 2.00
1
DGND DVDD
–
+
VRN
VREFN
MP7613
ORDERING INFORMATION
Package
Type
Temperature
Range
Part No.
Res.
(Bits)
INL
(LSB)
DNL
(LSB)
FSE
(LSB)
PQFP
–40 to +85°C
MP7613BE
12
1
0.75
6
PQFP
–40 to +85°C
MP7613AE
12
–40 to +85°C
2
1
8
PGA
MP7613BG
12
0.75
6
PGA
–40 to +85°C
1
MP7613AG
12
–40 to +85°C
2
1
8
PLCC
MP7613BP
12
0.75
6
PLCC
–40 to +85°C
1
MP7613AP
12
2
1
8
PIN CONFIGURATIONS
33
See Packaging Section for Package Dimensions
23
34
22
See the following
page for pin numbers
and descriptions
See the following
page for pin numbers
and descriptions
Index
44
12
1
11
44-Pin PQFP (14 mm x 14 mm)
Q44
44-Pin PGA
G44
1
See the following
page for pin numbers
and descriptions
44-Pin PLCC
P44
Rev. 2.00
2
MP7613
PIN OUT DEFINITIONS
PLCC
PIN NO.
PQFP & PGA
PIN NO.
DESCRIPTION
NAME
29
1
N/C
No Connection
30
2
VO3
DAC 3 Output
31
3
VEE
Analog Negative Power Supply (–12 V)
32
4
VCC
Analog Positive Power Supply (+12 V)
33
5
DGND
Digital Ground (0 V)
34
6
VREF
Analog Positive Voltage Reference
Input (+5 V)
35
7
VREFN
Analog Negative Voltage Reference
Output (–2.5 V)
36
8
VCC
Analog Positive Power Supply (+12 V)
37
9
VEE
Analog Negative Power Supply (–12 V)
38
10
VO4
DAC 4 Output
39
11
N/C
No Connection
40
12
VO5
DAC 5 Output
41
13
VO6
DAC 6 Output
42
14
VO7
DAC 7 Output
43
15
AGND
Analog Ground ( 0 V)
44
16
CS
Chip Select Enable
1
17
RD
Read Back Enable
2
18
R2
Second–Latch-Bank Reset Enable
3
19
R1
First–Latch-Bank Reset Enable
4
20
LD2
Second–Latch-Bank Load Enable
5
21
LD1
First–Latch-Bank Load Enable
6
22
A2
Digital Address Bit 2
7
23
A1
Digital Address Bit 1
8
24
A0
Digital Address Bit 0
9
25
N/C
No Connection
10
26
N/C
No Connection
11
27
DB0
Digital Input Data Bit 0 (LSB)
12
28
DB1
Digital Input Data Bit 1
13
29
DB2
Digital Input Data Bit 2
14
30
DB3
Digital Input Data Bit 3
15
31
DB4
Digital Input Data Bit 4
16
32
DB5
Digital Input Data Bit 5
17
33
DB6
Digital Input Data Bit 6
18
34
DB7
Digital Input Data Bit 7
19
35
DB8
Digital Input Data Bit 8
20
36
DB9
Digital Input Data Bit 9
21
37
DB10
Digital Input Data Bit 10
22
38
DB11
Digital Input Data Bit 11 (MSB)
23
39
DVDD
Digital Positive Power Supply (+5 V)
24
40
DGND
Digital Ground (0 V)
25
41
AGND
Analog Ground (0 V)
26
42
VO0
DAC 0 Output
27
43
VO1
DAC 1 Output
28
44
VO2
DAC 2 Output
Rev. 2.00
3
MP7613
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
VCC = +12 V, VEE = –12 V, VREF = 5 V, DVDD = 5.0 V, T = 25°C, Output Load = 5kΩ (unless otherwise noted)
Parameter
Symbol
Min
N
12
25°C
Typ
Max
Tmin to Tmax
Min
Max
Units
Test Conditions/Comments
STATIC PERFORMANCE
Resolution (All Grades)
Integral Non-Linearity
(Relative Accuracy)
A
B
INL
Differential Non-Linearity
A
B
DNL
Positive Full Scale Error
A
B
+FSE
Negative Full Scale Error
A
B
–FSE
Bipolar Zero Offset
A
B
ZOFS
INL Matching
A
B
All Channels Maximum Error
with DAC 0 adjusted to
minimum error
A
B
Bipolar Zero Matching
A
B
Full Scale Error Matching
A
B
Bits
LSB
2
1
2
1
1
0.75
1
0.75
6
4
8
6
8
6
6
4
8
6
8
6
4
3
4
3
2
1.5
2
1.5
End Point Linearity Spec
LSB
LSB
LSB
LSB
INL
LSB
ME
LSB
4
2
4
2
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
3
50
50
ZUFS
LSB
∆FSE
LSB
DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE
Voltage Settling from LD
to VDAC Out1
Channel-to-Channel Crosstalk1, 6
Digital Feedthrough1, 6
Power Supply
Rejection Ratio
tsd
30
CT
Q
PSRR
0.04
–70
5
µs
ZS to FS (20 V Step)
LSB
dB
ppm/%
DC
CLK and Data to VOUTi
∆VEE & ∆VCC = +5%, ppm of FS
Ω
See Application Hints for driving
the reference input
REFERENCE INPUTS
Impedance of VREF
REF
350
VREF Voltage1, 2
VREF
3.5
700
1.05k
6
Rev. 2.00
4
350
1.05k
V
MP7613
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (CONT’D)
Parameter
Symbol
Min
VIH
VIL
IL
CL
2.4
25°C
Typ
Max
Tmin to Tmax
Min
Max
Units
Test Conditions/Comments
DIGITAL INPUTS3
Logic High
Logic Low
Input Current
Input Capacitance1
V
V
µA
pF
0.8
+10
8
ANALOG OUTPUTS
Output Swing
Output Drive Current
VREFN Output Drive Current
Output Impedance
Output Short Circuit Current
–VEE +1.4
–5
–10
VCC –1.4
RO
ISC
1
25
30
40
55
V
mA
µA
Ω
mA
mA
mA
mA
VOH
VOL
4.5
0.5
V
V
VCC
VEE
DVDD
ICC
IEE
IDD
PDISS
VREF+1.5 12
–12.75
–12
4.5
5
8
15
IAGND
±60
5
+10
For test purposes only
+FS to AGND
+FS to VEE
–FS to AGND
–FS to VCC
DIGITAL OUTPUTS
Output High Voltage
Output Low Voltage
POWER SUPPLIES
VCC Voltage5
VEE Voltage5
DVDD Voltage
Positive Supply Current
Negative Supply Current
Digital Supply Current
Power Dissipation
320
12.75
–5
5.5
10
20
2
420
VREF+1.5 12.75
–12.75
–5
4.5
5.5
10
20
2
450
V
V
V
mA
mA
mA
mW
Bipolar zero
Bipolar zero
Bipolar zero
Bipolar zero
µA
See Application Notes
ANALOG GROUND CURRENT
Per Channel1
DIGITAL TIMING
SPECIFICATIONS1,4
Data Setup Time
Data Hold Time
Address Set-up Time
Address Hold Time
Chip Select to LD1 Set-up Time
Chip Select to LD1 Hold Time
LD1 Pulse Width
LD1 Negative Edge to LD2
Positive Edge
LD2 Pulse Width
Chip Select to RD Set-Up Time
Chip Select to RD Hold Time
RD Pulse Width
High Z to Data Valid for Readback
Data Valid for Readback to High Z
R1 Pulse Width
R2 Pulse Width
VIL = 0 V, VIH = 5 V, CL = 20 pF
tLD1W
tLD1LD2
20
20
100
0
6
0
50
60
ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
tLD2W
tCS2
tCH2
tRD
tDA
tDR
R1W
R2W
60
6
0
600
600
200
100
100
ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
tDS
tDH
tAS
tAH
tCS1
tCH1
Specifications are subject to change without notice
Rev. 2.00
5
MP7613
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (CONT’D)
NOTES:
1
Guaranteed; not tested.
2
Specified values guarantee functionality.
3
Digital inputs should not go below digital GND or exceed DVDD supply voltage.
4
See Figures 1, 2, and 3. All digital input signals are specified with tR = tF = 10 ns 10% to 90% and timed from a 50% voltage level.
5
For power supply values < 2VREF, the output swing is limited as specified in Analog Outputs.
6
Digital feedthrough and channel-to-channel crosstalk are heavily dependent on the board layout and environment.
Specifications are subject to change without notice
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS (TA = +25°C unless otherwise noted)1, 2
VEE to AGND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –16.5 V
Digital Input & Digital Output Voltage to:
DVDD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +.5 V
DGND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –.5 V
DVDD to DGND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +6.5 V
Operating Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . . –40°C to +85°C
VREF to DGND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +7.0 V
Maximum Junction Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150°C
Analog Outputs & Inputs
Infinite Shorts to VCC, VEE, DVDD, AGND and DGND
(provided that power dissipation of the package spec is not
exceeded)
Storage Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . . . –65°C to +150°C
VCC to AGND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +16.5 V
Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec) . . . . . . . . . . . +300°C
Package Power Dissipation Rating to 75°C
PQFP, PGA, PLCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800mW
Derates above 75°C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11mW/°C
AGND to DGND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +1 V
(Functionality guaranteed for 0.5 V only)
NOTES:
1
Stresses above those listed under “Absolute Maximum Ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a
stress rating only and functional operation at or above this specification is not implied. Exposure to maximum rating
conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.
2
Any input pin which can see a value outside the absolute maximum ratings should be protected by Schottky diode clamps
(HP5082-2835) from input pin to the supplies. All inputs have protection diodes which will protect the device from short
transients outside the supplies of less than 100mA for less than 100µs.
APPLICATION NOTES
Refer to Section 8 for Applications Information
NOTE: When using these DACs to drive remote devices, the accuracy of the output can be improved by utilizing a remote analog
ground connection. The difference between the DGND and AGND should be limited to 300 mV to assure normal operation. If there
is any chance that the AGND to DGND can be greater than 1 V, we recommend two back-to-back diodes be used between DGND
and AGND to clamp the voltage and prevent damage to the DAC. Using a buffer between the remote ground location and AGND may
help reduce noise induced from long lead or trace lengths.
Rev. 2.00
6
MP7613
Data
Input/Output
Bus
1
Address
A0-A2
1
Chip Select
CS
1
Load Latch A
LD1
1
Load Latch B
LD2
1
0
tDH
tDS
0
tAH
tAS
tCH1
don’t care
0
tCS1
don’t care
tLD1W
0
tLD1LD2
0
tLD2W
Analog Output
+FS
–FS
tSD
Figure 1. Loading Latch A and Updating Latch B
Notes
(1) Chip Select (CS) and Load LATCHA (LD1) Signals follow the same timing constraints and are interchangeable
in the above diagram.
(2) R1 = R2 = 1.
(3) For the case where LD2 is in the low state, analog output would respond to the falling edge of LD1 (transparent mode).
Address
A0-A2
1
0
Chip Select
CS
1
0
Data Readback
RD
1
0
Digital Output Data
D0 to D13
1
0
tAS
tAH
don’t care
don’t care
tCS2
HIGH-Z
tRD
tCH2
tDR
tDA
HIGH-Z
Figure 2. Read Back First Latch Bank of One DAC
Notes
(1) Chip Select (CS) and Data Readback (RD) Signals follow the same timing constraints and are interchangeable
in the above diagram.
(2) R1 = R2 = 1.
R1
1
0
R2
1
0
tR1W
Reset first latch bank to
1000 . . . . .0000
tR2W
Reset second latch bank to 1000 . . . . .0000 and analog
output to zero volt.
Figure 3. Reset Operations
Rev. 2.00
7
MP7613
A standard µ-processor and TTL/CMOS compatible input
data port loads the data into the pre-selected DACS. If CS = 0,
the chip accesses digital data on the bus. Then address bits A0
to A2 select the appropriate DAC and LD1 loads the data into the
first-latch-bank. When all 8-channels first-latch-banks are
loaded, then LD2 enables the second-latch-bank and updates
Function
all 8-channels simultaneously. The selected DAC becomes
transparent (activity on the digital inputs appear at the analog
output) when both LD1 = LD2 = 0.
R1 = 0 resets the first-latch-bank. R2 = 0 resets the secondlatch-bank which sets the analog output to zero volts (data =
100...00), regardless of digital inputs.
A2
A1
A0
RD
LD1
LD2
CS
R1
R2
Load Latch 1 of DAC1
Load Latch 1 of DAC2
Load Latch 1 of DAC3
Load Latch 1 of DAC4
Load Latch 1 of DAC5
Load Latch 1 of DAC6
Load Latch 1 of DAC7
Load Latch 1 of DAC8
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0→1
0→1
0→1
0→1
0→1
0→1
0→1
0→1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Load Latch 2 of DAC1→8
X
X
X
1
1
0→1
0
1
1
Read Latch 1 of DAC1
Read Latch 1 of DAC2
Read Latch 1 of DAC3
Read Latch 1 of DAC4
Read Latch 1 of DAC5
Read Latch 1 of DAC6
Read Latch 1 of DAC7
Read Latch 1 of DAC8
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Reset Latch 1 of DAC1→8
Reset Latch 2 of DAC1→8
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
0
1
1
0
Note: 1: High, 0: Low, X: Don’t Care
Table 1. Octal Parallel Data Input 14-Bit DAC Truth Table
Note: For timing information see Electrical Characteristics
A0 to A2
3
3-8
Decoder
8
8
To first latch bank enable
LD1
8
8
CS
To switches across the first latch
bank for readback enable
RD
To second latch bank enable
LD2
R1
To reset all first latch bank
R2
To reset all second latch bank
Figure 4. Simplified Parallel Logic Port
Rev. 2.00
8
MP7613
Hex Code
Binary Code
Output Voltage = 2 • Vr (–1 + 2•D )
(Vr = +5 V)
4096
000
000000000000
10 • (–1 + 0) = –10
7FF
011111111111
800
100000000000
10 • (–1 + 4096 ) = 0
801
100000000001
10 • (–1 + 4098 ) = 4.88 mV
FFF
111111111111
10 • (–1 + 8190 ) = 9.99512
10 • (–1 +
4094
) = –4.88 mV
4096
4096
4096
4096
Table 2. MP7613
Ideal DAC Output vs. Input Code
Note: See Electrical Characteristics on pages 28-30 for real system accuracy
A0 to A15
16
3
AS
Address
Decoder
A0 to A2
µP
LD1
R
DB0 to DB16
From System Reset
R1
From System Reset
R2
12 or 14
DB0 to DB11
or DB13
Figure 5. Parallel µP Interface
Rev. 2.00
9
MP7613
PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
11 V
0V
–11 V
VOUT
2.5mV
0V
–2.5mV
VOUT Settling
50µs/Division
Graph 1. Typical Output Settling Characteristic
VREF = 5 V, RL = 5K, CL = 500pF
Graph 1 shows the typical output settling characteristic of the MP7610 Family for a RESET !ZS!FS!ZS series
of code transitions. The top graph shows the output voltage transients, while the bottom graph shows the difference between the output and the ideal output.
Graph 2. Linearity with
VREF = 5 V, All DACs, All Codes
Rev. 2.00
10
MP7613
Graph 3. DAC 0 INL vs. VREF
Graph 4. DAC 0 DNL vs. VREF
Graph 5. DAC 0 Linearity with
VREF = 5 V, VOUT = 10
Graph 6. DAC 0 Linearity with
VREF = 4.5 V, VOUT = 9
Graph 7. DAC 0 Linearity with
VREF = 4 V, VOUT = 8
Graph 8. DAC 0 Linearity with
VREF = 3.5 V, VOUT = 7
Rev. 2.00
11
MP7613
VOUT
MP7610
Family
50W
5k
VO
500pF
I
CL
2mA
CL = 500pF, 5nF, 50nF, 500nF
Figure 6. Circuit for Determining Typical Analog Output Pulse Response
2.0mA
I
0.0
400mV
VO
–400mV
200mV
CL = 500pF
CL = 5nF
CL = 50nF
CL = 500nF
VOUT
–200mV
0s
1.0µs
2.0µs
3.0µs
4.0µs
5.0µs
Graph 9. Typical Response of the MP7610 Family Analog Output to
a Current Pulse with CL=500pF, 5nF, 50nF, 500nF
(See NO TAG above)
Rev. 2.00
12
6.0µs
MP7613
44 LEAD PLASTIC QUAD FLAT PACK
(14mm x 14mm PQFP, METRIC)
Q44
D
D1
33
23
34
22
D1 D
44
12
1
11
B
A2
e
C
A
α
A1
L
MILLIMETERS
SYMBOL
A
INCHES
MIN
MAX
MIN
MAX
––
3.15
––
0.124
A1
0.25
––
0.01
––
A2
2.6
2.8
0.102
0.110
B
0.3
0.4
0.012
0.016
C
0.13
0.23
0.005
0.009
D
16.95
17.45
0.667
0.687
D1
13.9
14.1
0.547
0.555
e
1.00 BSC
0.039 BSC
L
0.65
1.03
0.026
0.040
α
0°
7°
0°
7°
Coplanarity = 4 mil max.
Rev. 2.00
13
MP7613
44 LEAD PIN GRID ARRAY
(PGA)
G44
D
D1
A
e
É
É
É
É
É
É
É
D
b
8
7
6
e
5
D1
4
3
2
1
H
Q
G
F
E
D
C
B
A
Pin 1
L1
Seating Plane
INCHES
SYMBOL
MILLIMETERS
CONNECTION TABLE
MIN
MAX
MIN
MAX
PAD
PIN
PAD
PIN
PAD
PIN
A
0.082
0.10
2.08
2.54
b
0.016
0.020
0.406
0.508
D
0.841
0.859
21.4
21.8
D1
0.688
0.712
17.5
18.1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
B2
B1
C2
C1
D2
D1
E1
E2
F1
F2
G1
G2
H2
G3
H3
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
G4
H4
H5
G5
H6
G6
H7
G7
G8
F7
F8
E7
E8
D8
D7
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
C8
C7
B8
B7
A7
B6
A6
B5
A5
A4
B4
A3
B3
A2
e
L1
Q
0.100 typ.
0.170
0.190
0.050 typ.
2.54 typ.
4.32
4.83
1.27 typ.
Note: The letters A-H and numbers 1-8 are the coordinates
of a grid. For example, pin 1 is at the intersections of the “B”
vertical line and the “2” horizontal line.
Rev. 2.00
14
MP7613
44 LEAD PLASTIC LEADED CHIP CARRIER
(PLCC)
P44
D
Seating
Plane
A2
D1
1
B
D
D1
D2
e1
C
D3
A1
A
INCHES
SYMBOL
MILLIMETERS
MIN
MAX
MIN
MAX
A
0.165
0.180
4.19
4.57
A1
0.100
0.110
2.54
2.79
A2
0.148
0.156
3.76
3.96
B
0.013
0.021
0.330
0.553
C
0.097
0.0103
0.246
0.261
D
0.685
0.695
17.40
17.65
D1 (1)
0.650
0.654
16.51
16.61
D2
0590
0.630
14.99
16.00
D3
0.500 Ref
12.70 Ref.
e1
0.050 BSC
1.27 BSC
Note:
(1)
Dimension D1 does not include mold protrusion.
Allowed mold protrusion is 0.254 mm/0.010 in.
Rev. 2.00
15
MP7613
NOTICE
EXAR Corporation reserves the right to make changes to the products contained in this publication in order to improve design, performance or reliability. EXAR Corporation assumes no responsibility for the use of any circuits described herein, conveys no license under any patent or other right, and makes no representation that the circuits are
free of patent infringement. Charts and schedules contains here in are only for illustration purposes and may vary
depending upon a user’s specific application. While the information in this publication has been carefully checked;
no responsibility, however, is assumed for inaccuracies.
EXAR Corporation does not recommend the use of any of its products in life support applications where the failure or
malfunction of the product can reasonably be expected to cause failure of the life support system or to significantly
affect its safety or effectiveness. Products are not authorized for use in such applications unless EXAR Corporation
receives, in writing, assurances to its satisfaction that: (a) the risk of injury or damage has been minimized; (b) the
user assumes all such risks; (c) potential liability of EXAR Corporation is adequately protected under the circumstances.
Copyright 1993 EXAR Corporation
Datasheet April 1995
Reproduction, in part or whole, without the prior written consent of EXAR Corporation is prohibited.
Rev. 2.00
16