MAX1758 Stand-Alone, Switch-Mode Li+ Battery Charger

EVALUATION KIT AVAILABLE
MAX1758
Stand-Alone, Switch-Mode
Li+ Battery Charger with Internal 28V Switch
General Description
The MAX1758 is a switch-mode lithium-ion (Li+) battery
charger that charges one-to-four cells. It provides a regulated charging current accurate to ±10% and a regulated voltage with only a ±0.8% total voltage error at the
battery terminals. The internal high-side switch delivers
a programmable current of up to 1.5A to charge the battery. The built-in safety timer automatically terminates
charging once the adjustable time limit has been
reached.
The MAX1758 regulates the voltage set point and
charging current using two loops that work together to
transition smoothly between voltage and current regulation. An additional control loop monitors the total current drawn from the input source (charging + system),
and automatically reduces battery-charging current,
preventing overload of the input supply and allowing
the use of a low-cost wall adapter.
The per-cell battery regulation voltage is set between
4.0V and 4.4V using standard 1% resistors. The number of cells is set from 1-to-4 by pin strapping. Battery
temperature is monitored by an external thermistor to
prevent charging outside the acceptable temperature
range.
The MAX1758 is available in a space-saving 28-pin
SSOP package. Use the MAX1758EVKIT to help reduce
design time. For a stand-alone charger with a 14V
switch, refer to the MAX1757 data sheet. For a charger
controller capable of up to 4A charging current, refer to
the MAX1737 data sheet.
Features
o Stand-Alone Charger for Up to 4 Li+ Batteries
o ±0.8% Battery Regulation Voltage Accuracy
o Low-Dropout 98% Duty Cycle
o
o
o
o
o
o
Safely Precharges Near-Dead Cells
Continuous Voltage and Temperature Monitoring
0.1µA Shutdown Battery Current
Input Voltage Up to 28V
Up to 1.5A Programmable Charge Current
Safety Timer Prevents Overcharging
o Input Current Limiting
o Space-Saving 28-Pin SSOP
o 300kHz PWM Oscillator Reduces Noise
Ordering Information
PART
MAX1758EAI
PIN-PACKAGE
-40°C to +85°C
28 SSOP
Typical Operating Circuit
VIN
6V TO 28V
DCIN
CSSP
CSSN
REF
________________________Applications
Li+ Battery Packs
Notebook Computers
TEMP. RANGE
HSD
MAX1758
Hand-Held Instruments
Desktop Cradle Chargers
SYSTEM
LOAD
ISETOUT
LX
BST
VL
Pin Configuration
ISETIN
PGND
TOP VIEW
CELL
VL 1
28 DCIN
ISETIN 2
27 CSSP
ISETOUT 3
26 CSSN
CS
VADJ
BATT
REF 5
THM
25 CCV
THM 4
MAX1758
24 CCI
GND 6
23 CCS
VADJ 7
22 BST
BATT 8
21 CS
HSD 9
20 LX
HSD 10
19 LX
CELL 11
18 PGND
TIMER1 12
17 SHDN
TIMER2 13
16 FULLCHG
FAULT 14
15 FASTCHG
CCS
THERM
Li+ BATTERY
1 TO 4 CELLS
CCI
CCV
FASTCHG
TIMER1
FULLCHG
TIMER2
FAULT
ON
OFF
SHDN
GND
SSOP
For pricing, delivery, and ordering information, please contact Maxim Direct
at 1-888-629-4642, or visit Maxim’s website at www.maximintegrated.com.
19-1752; Rev 1; 1/01
MAX1758
Stand-Alone, Switch-Mode
Li+ Battery Charger with Internal 28V Switch
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
DCIN, CSSP, CSSN, HSD to GND..........................-0.3V to +30V
CSSP to CSSN.......................................................-0.6V to +0.6V
BST to GND ............................................................-0.3V to +36V
BST to LX..................................................................-0.3V to +6V
LX to PGND ..............................................-0.6V to (VHSD + 0.3V)
VL, SHDN, ISETIN, ISETOUT, REF, VADJ, CELL, TIMER1,
TIMER2, CCI, CCS, CCV, THM to GND ................-0.3V to +6V
FASTCHG, FULLCHG, FAULT to GND ..................-0.3V to +30V
BATT, CS to GND ...................................................-0.3V to +20V
CS to BATT Current ............................................................±3.5A
PGND to GND .......................................................-0.3V to +0.3V
VL Source Current...............................................................50mA
Continuous Power Dissipation (TA = +70°C)
28-Pin SSOP (derate 9.5mW/°C above +70°C) ...........762mW
Operating Temperature Range ...........................-40°C to +85°C
Junction Temperature ......................................................+150°C
Storage Temperature.........................................-65°C to +150°C
Lead Temperature (soldering, 10s) .................................+300°C
Stresses beyond those listed under “Absolute Maximum Ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only, and functional
operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated in the operational sections of the specifications is not implied. Exposure to
absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
(Circuit of Figure 1, VDCIN = VHSD = VCSSP = VCSSN = 18V, V SHDN = VVL, VCELL = GND, VBATT = VCS = 4.2V, VVADJ = VREF / 2,
VISETIN = VISETOUT = VREF, RTHM = 10kΩ, TA = 0°C to +85°C, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are at TA = +25°C.)
PARAMETER
SYMBOL
CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
SUPPLY AND REFERENCE
DCIN Input Voltage Range
28
V
5
7
mA
0.075
0.125
0.175
V
Rising edge
0.20
0.30
0.40
V
6V < VDCIN < 28V
IVL = 0 to 15mA
6V < VDCIN < 28V
6V < VDCIN < 28V
IREF = 0 to 1mA
5.10
5.40
44
4.20
2
6
5.70
65
4.221
6
14
V
mV
V
mV
mV
300
98
2
330
10
kHz
%
µA
0.1
10
µA
6V < VDCIN < 28V
DCIN to BATT Dropout
Threshold, DCIN Falling
Falling edge
DCIN to BATT Dropout
Threshold, DCIN Rising
VL Output Voltage
VL Output Load Regulation
REF Output Voltage
REF Line Regulation
REF Load Regulation
SWITCHING REGULATOR
PWM Oscillator Frequency
LX Maximum Duty Cycle
CSSN/CSSP Off-State Leakage
VREF
fOSC
Nondropout fOSC
In-dropout, fOSC / 4
VCSSN = VCSSP = VDCIN = 28V, V SHDN = GND
4.179
270
97
HSD Off-State Leakage
VLX = PGND, VHSD = VDCIN = 28V,
V SHDN = GND
LX Off-State Leakage
VLX = VHSD = VDCIN =28V, V SHDN = GND
0.1
10
µA
HSD to LX On-Resistance
VBST = VLX + 4.5V
260
450
mΩ
LX to PGND On-Resistance
See PWM Controller section
1
2
Ω
CS to BATT Current-Sensing
Resistance
Internal resistor between CS and BATT,
1.5A RMS operating
110
170
mΩ
V SHDN = GND, VBATT = 19V
0.1
5
µA
CELL = REF, VBATT = 15V, any charging state
280
540
µA
VBATT = 18V, done state
150
270
µA
BATT, CS Input Current
2
6
DCIN Quiescent Supply Current
RCS
Maxim Integrated
MAX1758
Stand-Alone, Switch-Mode
Li+ Battery Charger with Internal 28V Switch
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued)
(Circuit of Figure 1, VDCIN = VHSD = VCSSP = VCSSN = 18V, V SHDN = VVL, VCELL = GND, VBATT = VCS = 4.2V, VVADJ = VREF / 2,
VISETIN = VISETOUT = VREF, RTHM = 10kΩ, TA = 0°C to +85°C, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are at TA = +25°C.)
PARAMETER
SYMBOL
CS to BATT Hard Current Limit
CONDITIONS
Instantaneous peak current limit
BATT, CS Input Voltage Range
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
2.4
2.7
3.0
A
19
V
4.233
V/cell
0
VOLTAGE LIMIT ACCURACY
Battery Regulation Voltage
VBATTR
CELL = float, GND, VL, or REF
Not including VADJ resistor tolerances
Absolute Voltage Accuracy
With 1% VADJ resistors
4.167
4.2
-0.8
0.8
-1
1
VADJ = GND
3.948
3.979
4.010
VADJ = REF
4.386
4.421
4.453
CCV Amplifier
Transconductance
VCCV = 2V
0.4
0.7
1.0
CCV Amplifier Maximum Output
Current
VCCV = 2V
±50
BATT Regulation Voltage
Adjustment Range
%
V/cell
ERROR AMPLIFIERS
BATT Full-Scale Charge Current
mS ×
cells
µA
1.35
1.5
1.65
A
BATT 1/10-Scale Charge
Current (Note 1)
VISETOUT = VREF / 10
100
150
200
mA
BATT Charge Current in
Prequalification State
VBATT < 2.4V per cell
100
150
200
mA
CCI Battery Current Sense Gain
VCCI = 2V
60
130
240
µA/A
CCI Amplifier Maximum Output
Current
VCCI = 2V
±100
CSSP to CSSN Full-Scale
Current-Sense Voltage
µA
90
100
115
mV
5
10
15
mV
2.0
3.0
mS
CSSP to CSSN 1/10-Scale
Current-Sense Voltage
VISETIN = VREF / 10
CCS Amplifier Transconductance
VCCS = 2V
1.0
CCS Amplifier Maximum Output
Current
VCCS = 2V
±100
µA
CCI, CCS Clamp Voltage with
Respect to CCV
25
200
mV
CCV Clamp Voltage with
Respect to CCI, CCS
25
200
mV
STATE MACHINE
THM Trip Threshold Voltage
VTRT
THM low-temp or high-temp current
1.386
1.40
1.414
V
THM Low-Temp Current
ITLTC
VTHM = 1.4V
46.2
49
51.5
µA
THM High-Temp Current
ITHTC
VTHM = 1.4V
344
353
362
µA
THM COLD Threshold
Resistance (Note 2)
Combines THM low-temp current and THM
threshold, VTRT / ITLTC
26.92
28.70
30.59
kΩ
THM HOT Threshold Resistance
(Note 2)
Combines THM high-temp current and THM
threshold, VTRT / ITHTC
3.819
3.964
4.115
kΩ
Maxim Integrated
3
MAX1758
Stand-Alone, Switch-Mode
Li+ Battery Charger with Internal 28V Switch
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued)
(Circuit of Figure 1, VDCIN = VHSD = VCSSP = VCSSN = 18V, V SHDN = VVL, VCELL = GND, VBATT = VCS = 4.2V, VVADJ = VREF / 2,
VISETIN = VISETOUT = VREF, RTHM = 10kΩ, TA = 0°C to +85°C, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are at TA = +25°C.)
PARAMETER
SYMBOL
CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
BATT Undervoltage Threshold
(Note 3)
2.4
2.5
2.6
V/cell
BATT Overvoltage Threshold
(Note 4)
4.55
4.67
4.8
V/cell
FULLCHG BATT Current
Termination Threshold (Note 5)
250
330
400
mA
BATT Recharge Voltage
Threshold (Note 6)
94
95
96
% of
VBATTR
x cell
TIMER1 and TIMER2
Oscillation Frequency
2.1
2.33
2.6
kHz
Prequalification Timer
6.25
7.5
8.75
min
81
90
100
min
Fast-Charge Timer
Full-Charge Timer
81
90
100
min
Top-Off Timer
40.5
45
49.8
min
Temperature Measurement
Frequency
0.98
1.12
1.32
Hz
CONTROL INPUTS/OUTPUTS
SHDN Input Voltage High
VIH
SHDN Input Voltage Low
VIL
1.4
VADJ, ISETIN, ISETOUT Input
Voltage Range
0.6
V
0
VREF
V
VADJ, ISETIN, ISETOUT Input
Bias Current
VVADJ, VISETIN, VISETOUT = 0 or 4.2V
-50
50
nA
SHDN Input Bias Current
V SHDN = 0 or VVL
-1
1
µA
CELL Input Bias Current
VCELL = 0 or VVL
-5
5
µA
300
mV
ISETOUT Shutdown Threshold
Voltage (Note 3)
150
For 1 cell
CELL Input Voltage
4
V
For 2 cells (floating)
0
1.5
For 3 cells
VREF - 0.3
For 4 cells
VVL - 0.4
220
0.5
2.5
VREF + 0.3
V
VVL
Maxim Integrated
MAX1758
Stand-Alone, Switch-Mode
Li+ Battery Charger with Internal 28V Switch
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued)
(Circuit of Figure 1, VDCIN = VHSD = VCSSP = VCSSN = 18V, V SHDN = VVL, VCELL = GND, VBATT = VCS = 4.2V, VVADJ = VREF / 2,
VISETIN = VISETOUT = VREF, RTHM = 10kΩ, TA = 0°C to +85°C, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are at TA = +25°C.)
PARAMETER
FASTCHG, FULLCHG, FAULT
Output Low Voltage
SYMBOL
VOL
FASTCHG, FULLCHG, FAULT
Output High Leakage
CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
ISINK = 5mA
V FASTCHG, V FULLCHG, V FAULT = 28V,
V SHDN = GND
MAX
UNITS
0.5
V
1
µA
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
(Circuit of Figure 1, VDCIN = VHSD = VCSSP = VCSSN = 18V, V SHDN = VVL, VCELL = GND, VBATT = VCS = 4.2V, VVADJ = VREF / 2,
VISETIN = VISETOUT = VREF, RTHM = 10kΩ, TA = -40°C to +85°C, unless otherwise noted.) (Note 7)
PARAMETER
SYMBOL
CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
SUPPLY AND REFERENCE
DCIN Input Voltage Range
VL Output Voltage
REF Output Voltage
6V < VDCIN < 28V
REF Line Regulation
6V < VDCIN < 28V
6
28
V
5.1
5.7
V
4.166
4.242
V
6
mV
340
kHz
450
mΩ
2
Ω
2.2
3.2
A
0
19
V
-0.8
0.8
-1
1
4.158
4.242
V/cell
1.3
1.7
A
SWITCHING REGULATOR
PWM Oscillator Frequency
fOSC
HSD to LX On-Resistance
Nondropout fOSC
260
VBST = VLX + 4.5V
LX to PGND On-Resistance
CS to BATT Hard Current Limit
Instantaneous peak current limit
BATT, CS Input Voltage Range
ACCURACY AND ERROR AMPLIFIERS
Not including VADJ resistor tolerances
Absolute Voltage Accuracy
With 1% VADJ resistors
BATT Regulation Voltage
CELL = float, GND, VL, or REF
BATT Full-Scale Charge Current
%
BATT 1/10-Scale Charge
Current (Note 1)
VSETOUT = VREF / 10
100
200
mA
BATT Charge Current in
Prequalification State
VBATT < 2.4V per cell
100
200
mA
85
115
mV
5
15
mV
CSSP to CSSN Full-Scale
Current-Sense Voltage
CSSP to CSSN 1/10-Scale
Current-Sense Voltage
VSETIN = VREF / 10
STATE MACHINE
THM Trip Threshold Voltage
VTRT
THM low - temp or high-temp current
1.386
1.414
V
THM Low-Temp Current
ITLTC
VTHM = 1.4V
46.2
51.5
µA
Maxim Integrated
5
MAX1758
Stand-Alone, Switch-Mode
Li+ Battery Charger with Internal 28V Switch
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued)
(Circuit of Figure 1, VDCIN = VHSD = VCSSP = VCSSN = 18V, V SHDN = VVL, VCELL = GND, VBATT = VCS = 4.2V, VVADJ = VREF / 2,
VISETIN = VISETOUT = VREF, RTHM = 10kΩ, TA = -40°C to +85°C, unless otherwise noted.) (Note 7)
PARAMETER
SYMBOL
CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
BATT Undervoltage Threshold
(Note 3)
2.4
2.6
V/cell
BATT Overvoltage Threshold
(Note 4)
4.55
4.8
V/cell
FULLCHG BATT Current
Termination Threshold (Note 5)
250
400
mA
Temperature Measurement
Frequency
0.93
1.37
Hz
CONTROL INPUTS/OUTPUTS
SHDN Input Voltage High
VIH
SHDN Input Voltage Low
VIL
1.4
V
0.6
V
When VISETOUT = 0, battery charger turns off.
See Thermistor section.
Below this threshold, charger reverts to a prequalification mode with IBATT reduced to 10% of full scale.
Above this threshold, charger is disabled.
After full-charge state is complete and peak inductor current falls below this threshold, FULLCHG output switches high.
Battery charging continues until top-off timeout occurs. See Table 1.
Note 6: After charging is complete, when BATT voltage falls below this threshold, a new charging cycle is initiated.
Note 7: Specifications to -40°C are guaranteed by design, not production tested.
Note 1:
Note 2:
Note 3:
Note 4:
Note 5:
6
Maxim Integrated
MAX1758
Stand-Alone, Switch-Mode
Li+ Battery Charger with Internal 28V Switch
Typical Operating Characteristics
(Circuit of Figure 1, VDCIN = 18V, V SHDN = VVL, VCELL = GND, VVADJ = VREF/2, VISETIN = VISETOUT = VREF, TA = +25°C, unless otherwise noted.)
BATTERY VOLTAGE
vs. CHARGING CURRENT
CHARGING CURRENT
vs. ISETOUT VOLTAGE
2.0
1.5
0.8
0.6
1.0
0.4
0.5
0.2
0
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
0
CHARGING CURRENT (A)
ISETOUT VOLTAGE (V)
VOLTAGE LIMIT
vs. VADJ VOLTAGE
REFERENCE VOLTAGE
vs. TEMPERATURE
4.30
4.25
4.20
4.15
4.10
4.05
4.201
4.205
4.200
4.195
4.185
-40
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5
VADJ VOLTAGE (V)
4.197
4.196
4.194
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
REFERENCE LOAD (μA)
EFFICIENCY vs. INPUT VOLTAGE
100
MAX1758 TOC09
1000
MAX1758 TOC08
TOP-OFF MODE
90
PREQUALIFICATION MODE
EFFICIENCY (%)
10
100
10
4 CELLS
3 CELLS
VOLTAGE MODE
TIMEOUT (MINUTES)
TIMEOUT (MINUTES)
4.198
FAST-CHARGE TIMEOUT
vs. TIMER2 CAPACITANCE
1000
1
4.199
TEMPERATURE (°C)
TIMEOUT vs. TIMER1 CAPACITANCE
100
4.200
4.195
4.00
0
MAX1758 TOC03
4.202
4.190
3.95
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5
REFERENCE LOAD REGULATION
4.210
REFERENCE VOLTAGE (V)
4.35
20
0
REFERENCE VOLTAGE (V)
4.40
40
ISETIN VOLTAGE (V)
4.215
MAX1758 TOC04
4.45
60
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5
MAX1758 TOC05
0.2
80
0
0
0
VOLTAGE LIMIT (V)
1.0
MAX1758 TOC07
2.5
100
80
2 CELLS
70
60
1
0.1
0.1
1
CAPACITANCE (nF)
Maxim Integrated
10
MAX1758 TOC10
3.0
1.2
120
INPUT CURRENT-SENSE VOLTAGE (mV)
1.4
CHARGING CURRENT (A)
3.5
MAX1758 TOC02
4.0
BATTERY VOLTAGE (V)
1.6
MAX1758 TOC01
4.5
INPUT CURRENT-SENSE REGULATION
VOLTAGE vs. ISETIN VOLTAGE
ICHG = 1.0A
50
0.1
1
CAPACITANCE (nF)
10
6
10
14
18
22
26
INPUT VOLTAGE (V)
7
MAX1758
Stand-Alone, Switch-Mode
Li+ Battery Charger with Internal 28V Switch
Pin Description
8
PIN
NAME
FUNCTION
1
VL
Chip Power Supply. Output of the 5.4V linear regulator from DCIN. Bypass VL to GND with 2.2µF or larger
ceramic capacitor.
2
ISETIN
Input Current Limit Adjust. Use a voltage-divider to set the voltage between 0 and VREF. See Input Current
Regulator section.
3
ISETOUT
4
THM
Thermistor Input. Connect a thermistor from THM to GND to set qualification temperature range. If unused,
connect a 10kΩ resistor from THM to GND. See Thermistor section.
5
REF
4.2V Reference Voltage Output. Bypass REF to GND with 1µF or larger ceramic capacitor.
6
GND
Analog Ground
7
VADJ
Voltage Adjustment. Use a voltage-divider to set the voltage between 0 and VREF to adjust the battery regulation voltage by ±5%. See Battery Regulation Voltage section.
8
BATT
Battery Voltage-Sense Input and Current-Sense Negative Input
9, 10
HSD
High-Side Drain. This is the drain of the internal high-side FET. See Figure 3.
11
CELL
Cell-Count Programming Input. Connect CELL to GND, REF, or VL to set 1, 3, or 4 cells, or leave unconnected to set 2 cells.
12
TIMER1
Timer1 Adjustment. Connect a capacitor from TIMER1 to GND to set the prequalification, full-charge, and
top-off times. See Timers section.
13
TIMER2
Timer2 Adjustment. Connect a capacitor from TIMER2 to GND to set the fast-charge time. See Timers section.
14
FAULT
Charge Fault Indicator. Open-drain output pulls low when charging terminates abnormally. See Table 1.
15
FASTCHG
Fast-Charge Indicator. Open-drain output pulls low when charging with constant current.
16
FULLCHG
Full-Charge Indicator. Open-drain output pulls low when charging with constant voltage in full-charge
state.
17
SHDN
Shutdown Input. Drive SHDN low to disable charging. Connect SHDN to VL for normal operation.
18
PGND
Power Ground. Current from the low-side power MOSFET switch source flows through PGND.
19, 20
LX
Power Inductor Switching Node and High-Side Power MOSFET Source
21
CS
Battery Current-Sense Positive Input. Connects to internal 0.1Ω resistor between BATT and CS.
22
BST
High-Side MOSFET Gate Drive Bias. Connect a 0.1µF capacitor from BST to LX.
23
CCS
Charger Source Current Regulation Loop Compensation Point. See Compensation section.
24
CCI
Battery Charge Current Regulation Loop Compensation Point. See Compensation section.
25
CCV
Voltage Regulation Loop Compensation Point. See Compensation section.
26
CSSN
Source Current-Sense Negative Input. See Input Current Regulator section.
27
CSSP
Source Current-Sense Positive Input. See Input Current Regulator section.
28
DCIN
Power-Supply Input. DCIN is the input supply for the VL regulator. Bypass DCIN to GND with a 0.1µF or
greater capacitor. See Detailed Description.
Battery Charging Current Adjust. Use a voltage-divider to set the voltage between 0 and VREF. See
Charging Current Regulator section.
Maxim Integrated
MAX1758
Stand-Alone, Switch-Mode
Li+ Battery Charger with Internal 28V Switch
MBRS340
D1
INPUT
SUPPLY
D2
28 DCIN
CSSP
27
C7
0.1μF
C8
0.1μF
R1
0.05Ω
MAX1758
CSSN
26
C9
0.1μF
17
TO VL
5
2
R4
3
C3
1μF
7
11
R5
VL
ISETIN
ISETOUT
VADJ
CELL
R6
10k
25
C17
1nF
C1
0.1μF
24
CCI
BST
HSD
HSD
12
FAULT
9
20
C14
0.1μF
L1
22μH
19
D4
MBRS340
PGND
CS
CCS
BATT
18
21
TIMER1
THM
13
15
16
14
8
C18
0.1μF
C5
1nF
FULL CHARGE
10
C16
0.1μF
23
FAST CHARGE
C11
22μF
TO
SYSTEM
LOAD
22
LX
C2
0.1μF
C6
1nF
C10
22μF
+
C13
4.7μF
GND
CCV
C12
0.22μF
+
D3
REF
LX
6
C4
0.1μF
SHDN
1
+
C15
68μF
Li+ BATTERY
1 TO 4 CELLS
4
THERM
TIMER2
FASTCHG
FULLCHG
FAULT
Figure 1. Typical Application Circuit
Detailed Description
The MAX1758 includes all of the functions necessary to
charge 1, 2, 3, or 4 Li+ battery cells in series. It
includes a step-down DC-DC converter that controls
charging voltage and current. It also includes input
source current limiting, battery temperature monitoring,
battery undervoltage precharging, battery fault indication, and a state machine with timers for charge termination.
Maxim Integrated
The DC-DC converter uses an internal power MOSFET
switch to convert the input voltage to the charging current or voltage. Figure 1 shows the typical application
circuit. Figure 2 shows a typical charging sequence and
Figure 3 shows the functional diagram. The charging
current is set by the voltage at ISETOUT. The battery
voltage is measured at the BATT pin. The battery regulation voltage limit is set to 4.2V per cell and can be
adjusted ±5% by changing the voltage at the VADJ pin.
By limiting the adjust range, the voltage limit accuracy is
better than 1% while using 1% setting resistors.
9
MAX1758
Stand-Alone, Switch-Mode
Li+ Battery Charger with Internal 28V Switch
Table 1. Charging State Table
STATE
ENTRY CONDITIONS
STATE CONDITIONS
Reset
From initial power-on
or from done state if battery voltage < recharge voltage threshold
or VDCIN - VBATT < dropout threshold
or VBATT > battery overvoltage threshold
Timers reset, charging current = 0,
FASTCHG = high, FULLCHG = high,
FAULT = high
Prequalification
From reset state if input power, reference, and internal bias are within limits
Battery voltage ≤ undervoltage threshold,
charging current = (fast-charge current / 10),
timeout = 7.5min typ (CTIMER1 = 1nF),
FASTCHG = low, FULLCHG = high,
FAULT = high
From prequalification state if battery voltage >
undervoltage threshold
Undervoltage threshold ≤ battery voltage ≤
battery regulation voltage,
charging current = charge current limit,
timeout = 90min typ (CTIMER2 = 1nF),
FASTCHG = low, FULLCHG = high,
FAULT = high
From fast-charge state if battery voltage = battery
regulation voltage
Battery voltage = battery regulation voltage,
charging current ≤ current limit,
timeout = 90min typ (CTIMER1 = 1nF),
FASTCHG = high, FULLCHG = low,
FAULT = high
From full-charge state if full-charge timer expires
or if charging current ≤ 330mA
Battery voltage = battery regulation voltage,
charging current ≤ 330mA,
timeout = 45min typ
(CTIMER1 = 1nF), FASTCHG = high,
FULLCHG = high, FAULT = high
Done
From top-off state if top-off timer expires
Recharge voltage threshold ≤ battery,
voltage ≤ voltage limit, charging current = 0,
FASTCHG = high, FULLCHG = high,
FAULT = high
Over/Undertemperature
From fast-charge state or full-charge state if battery
temperature is outside limits
Charge current = 0, timers suspended,
FASTCHG = no change,
FULLCHG = no change,
FAULT = no change
Fault
From reset state if battery temperature ≥ maximum
battery temperature
or from prequalification state if prequalification timer
expires
or from fast-charge state if fast-charge timer expires
Charging current = 0, FASTCHG = high,
FULLCHG = high, FAULT = low
Fast Charge
(Constant Current)
Full Charge
(Constant Voltage)
Top-Off
(Constant Voltage)
10
Maxim Integrated
MAX1758
Stand-Alone, Switch-Mode
Li+ Battery Charger with Internal 28V Switch
The MAX1758 includes a state machine that controls
the charging algorithm. Figure 4 shows the state diagram. Table 1 is the charging state table. When power
is applied, or SHDN input is driven high, the part goes
into the reset state where the timers are reset to zero to
prepare for charging. From the reset state, it enters the
prequalification state. In this state, 1/10 of the fastcharge current charges the battery, and the battery
temperature and voltage are measured. If the voltage is
above the undervoltage threshold and the temperature
is within the limits, then it will enter the fast-charge
state. If the battery voltage does not rise above the
undervoltage threshold before the prequalification timer
expires, the charging terminates and the FAULT output
goes low. The prequalification time is set by the
TIMER1 capacitor (CTIMER1). If the battery is outside
the temperature limits, charging and the timer are suspended. Once the temperature is back within limits,
charging and the timer resume.
In the fast-charge state, the FASTCHG output goes low
and the batteries charge with a constant current (see
Charging Current Regulator section). If the battery voltage reaches the voltage limit before the fast timer
expires, the part enters the full-charge state. If the fastcharge timer expires before the voltage limit is
reached, charging terminates and the FAULT output
goes low. The fast-charge time limit is set by the
TIMER2 capacitor (CTIMER2). If the battery temperature
is outside the limits, charging pauses and the timers
are suspended until the temperature returns to within
the limits.
In the full-charge state, the FULLCHG output goes low
and the batteries charge at a constant voltage (see the
Voltage Regulation section). When the charging current
drops below 150mA (330mA peak inductor current), or
if the full-charge timer expires, the state machine enters
the top-off state. In the top-off state, the batteries continue to charge at a constant voltage until the top-off
timer expires when it enters the done state. In the done
state, charging stops until the battery voltage drops
below the recharge-voltage threshold when it enters the
reset state to start the charging process again. In the
full-charge or the top-off state, if the battery temperature is outside the limits, charging pauses and the
timers are suspended until the battery temperature
returns to within limits.
Voltage Regulator
Li+ batteries require a high-accuracy voltage limit while
charging. The MAX1758 uses a high-accuracy voltage
regulator (±0.8%) to limit the charging voltage. The battery regulation voltage is nominally set to 4.2V per cell
and can be adjusted ±5% by changing the voltage at
Maxim Integrated
FASTCHARGE
STATE
BATTERY
CURRENT
FULLCHARGE
STATE
TOP-OFF
STATE
DONE
CHARGE I = 1C
BATTERY
VOLTAGE
FASTCHG
OUTPUT
OPENDRAIN
LOW
FULLCHG
OUTPUT
OPENDRAIN
LOW
TOP-OFF TIMER
TIMES OUT, END OF ALL
CHARGE FUNCTIONS
BATTERY
INSERTION
OR SHDN HIGH
TRANSITION TO
VOLTAGE MODE
(APPROX 85% CHARGE)
FULL-CHARGE TIMER
TIMES OUT OR
BATTERY CURRENT
DROPS TO C/10
(APPROX 95% CHARGE)
Figure 2. Charge State and Indicator Output Timing for a
Typical Charging Sequence
the VADJ pin between reference voltage and ground.
By limiting the adjust range of the regulation voltage, an
overall voltage accuracy of better than 1% is maintained while using 1% resistors. CELL sets the cell
count from 1-to-4 series cells (see Setting the Battery
Regulation Voltage section).
An internal error amplifier (GMV) maintains voltage regulation (Figure 3). The GMV amplifier is compensated
at CCV. The component values shown in Figure 1 provide suitable performance for most applications.
Individual compensation of the voltage regulation and
current regulation loops allows for optimum stability.
Charging Current Regulator
The charging current-limit regulator limits the charging
current. Current is sensed by measuring the voltage
across the internal current-sense resistor RCS between
BATT and CS. The voltage at ISETOUT adjusts the
charging current. Full-scale charging current is
achieved when ISETOUT is connected to REF.
The charging current error amplifier (GMI) is compensated at CCI. A 0.1µF capacitor at CCI provides suitable performance for most applications.
11
MAX1758
Stand-Alone, Switch-Mode
Li+ Battery Charger with Internal 28V Switch
DCIN
TO
BATT
CSS
LEVEL SHIFT
AND
GAIN OF 10
CSSP
CSSN
ENABLE
VL
5.4V
REGULATOR
INTERNAL
REFERENCE
REF
ON
CCV
CSI
LEVEL SHIFT
AND
GAIN OF 7
CS
RCS
BATT
CCI
CCS
BST
ON
HSD
GMS
ISETIN
LEVEL
SHIFT
+1
DRIVER
LX
MIN AND CLAMP
3Rx
Rx
GMI
ISETOUT
+1
3Rx
Rx
REF/2
TO
BATT
CELL
REF/2 =
ZERO
CURRENT
SUMMING
COMPARATOR
BLOCK
ON
PGND
GMV
BDIV
FASTCHG
CNTRL
LOGIC
R2
R2 = R(2N -1)
WHERE
N = CELL NUMBER
MAX1758
R
V/I MODE
OSCILLATOR, SM, TIMERS
THERM CONTROL
TEST CIRCUITRY
FULLCHG
FAULT
TIMER 1
TIMER 2
THM
TO REF
9R
VADJ
R
+1
R
GND
Figure 3. MAX1758 Functional Diagram
Input Current Regulator
The total input current (from a wall cube or other DC
source) is the sum of system load current plus the battery-charging current. The input current regulator limits
the source current by reducing charging current when
input current exceeds the set input current limit. System
current will normally fluctuate as portions of the system
are powered up or put to sleep. Without input current
regulation, the input source must be able to supply the
12
maximum system load current plus the maximum
charger input current. By using the input current limiter,
the current capability of the AC wall adapter may be
lowered, reducing system cost.
Input current is measured through an external sense
resistor at CSSP and CSSN. The voltage at ISETIN also
adjusts the input current limit. Full-scale input current is
achieved when ISETIN is connected to REF, setting the
full-scale current-sense regulation voltage to 100mV.
Maxim Integrated
MAX1758
Stand-Alone, Switch-Mode
Li+ Battery Charger with Internal 28V Switch
SHUTDOWN
SHUTDOWN IS
ENTERED FROM ALL STATES
WHEN SHDN IS LOW.
FASTCHG = HIGH
FULLCHG = HIGH
FAULT = HIGH
VDCIN < BATT
SHDN HIGH
RESET
VBATT < UNDERVOLTAGE
THRESHOLD
VDCIN > VBATT
FASTCHG = HIGH
FULLCHG = HIGH
FAULT = HIGH
PREQUAL
FAULT
PREQUAL
TIMEOUT
FASTCHG = LOW
FULLCHG = HIGH
FAULT = HIGH
FASTCHG = HIGH
FULLCHG = HIGH
FAULT = LOW
VBATT > 2.5V
TEMP
NOT OK
TEMP
OK
FAST CHARGE
FASTCHG = LOW
FULLCHG = HIGH
FAULT = HIGH
ONCE PER
SECOND
TEMP
OK
ONCE PER
SECOND
TEMP
QUAL
TEMP
OK
VBATT < 0.95 × VBATTR
VBATT = BATTERY
REGULATION VOLTAGE (VBATTR)
FULL CHARGE
VBATT < 0.95 × VBATTR
FASTCHG = HIGH
FULLCHG = LOW
FAULT = HIGH
TEMP
OK
TEMP
NOT OK
FAST-CHARGE
TIMEOUT
TEMP
NOT OK
ICHARGE < IMIN OR
FULL-CHARGE
TIMEOUT
TOP-OFF
FASTCHG = HIGH
FULLCHG = HIGH
FAULT = HIGH
TOP-OFF
TIMEOUT
DONE
FASTCHG = HIGH
FULLCHG = HIGH
FAULT = HIGH
Figure 4. State Diagram
When the current-sense resistor is chosen, note that the
voltage drop across this resistor adds to the power
loss, reducing efficiency. Reducing the voltage across
the current-sense resistor may degrade input current
limit accuracy due to the input offset of the input current-sense amplifier.
The input current error amplifier (GMS) is compensated
at CCS. A 0.1µF capacitor at CCS provides suitable
performance for most applications.
PWM Controller
The PWM controller drives the internal high-side MOSFET to control charging current or voltage. The input to
the PWM controller is the lowest of CCI, CCV, or CCS.
Maxim Integrated
An internal clamp limits the noncontrolling signals to
within 200mV of the controlling signal to prevent delay
when switching between regulation loops.
The current mode PWM controller measures the inductor current to regulate the output voltage or current,
simplifying stabilization of the regulation loops.
Separate compensation of the regulation circuits allows
each to be optimally stabilized. Internal slope compensation is included, ensuring stable operation over a
wide range of duty cycles.
The controller drives an internal N-channel MOSFET
switch to step the input voltage down to the battery
voltage. The high-side MOSFET gate is driven to a voltage higher than the input source voltage by a bootstrap
13
MAX1758
Stand-Alone, Switch-Mode
Li+ Battery Charger with Internal 28V Switch
capacitor. This capacitor (between BST and LX) is
charged through a diode from VL when LX is low. An
internal N-channel MOSFET turns on momentarily after
the high-side switch turns off, pulling LX to PGND to
ensure that the bootstrap capacitor charges. The highside MOSFET gate is driven from BST, supplying sufficient voltage to fully drive the MOSFET gate even when
its source is near the input voltage.
Timers
The MAX1758 includes safety timers to terminate
charging and to ensure that faulty batteries are not
charged indefinitely. TIMER1 and TIMER2 set the timeout periods.
TIMER1 controls the maximum prequalification time,
maximum full-charge time, and the top-off time. TIMER2
controls the maximum fast-charge time. The timers are
set by external capacitors. The typical times of 7.5 minutes for prequalification, 90 minutes for full charge, 45
minutes for top-off, and 90 minutes for fast charge are
set by using a 1nF capacitor on TIMER1 and TIMER2
(Figure 1).
Charge Monitoring Outputs
FASTCHG, FULLCHG, and FAULT are open-drain outputs that can be used as LED drivers. FASTCHG indicates the battery is being fast charged. FULLCHG
indicates the charger has completed the fast-charge
cycle (approximately 85% charge) and is operating in
voltage mode. The FASTCHG and FULLCHG outputs
can be tied together to indicate charging or done
(Figure 2). FAULT indicates the charger has detected a
charging fault and that charging has terminated. The
charger can be brought out of the FAULT condition
only by removing and reapplying the input power, or by
pulling SHDN low.
Thermistor
The intent of THM is to inhibit charging when the battery is too cold or too hot (+2.5°C ≤ TOK ≤ +47.5°C),
using an external thermistor. THM time multiplexes two
sense currents to test for both hot and cold qualification. The thermistor should be 10kΩ at +25°C and have
a negative temperature coefficient (NTC); the THM pin
expects 3.97kΩ at +47.5°C and 28.7kΩ at +2.5°C.
Connect the thermistor between THM and GND. If no
temperature qualification is desired, replace the thermistor with a 10kΩ resistor. Thermistors by Philips/BC
components (2322-640-63103), Cornerstone Sensors
(T101D103-CA), and Fenwall Electronics (140-103LAGRB1) work well. The battery temperature is measured at
a 1.12Hz rate (CTIMER1 = CTIMER2 = 1nF). Charging
pauses briefly to allow accurate measurement.
14
Table 2. Cell-Count Programming Table
CELL
CELL COUNT (N)
GND
1
Float
2
REF
3
VL
4
If the temperature goes out of limits while charging is in
progress, charging will be suspended until the temperature returns to within the limits. While charging is suspended, the timers will also be suspended but will
continue counting from where they left off when charging resumes.
Shutdown
When SHDN is pulled low, the MAX1758 enters the
shutdown mode and charging is stopped. In shutdown,
the internal resistive voltage-divider is removed from
BATT to reduce the current drain on the battery to less
than 5µA. The high-side power MOSFET switch is off.
However, the internal linear regulator (VLO) and the reference (REF) remain on. Status outputs FASTCHG,
FULLCHG, and FAULT are high impedance. When exiting the shutdown mode, the MAX1758 goes to the
power-on reset state, which resets the timers and
begins a new charge cycle.
Source Undervoltage Shutdown (Dropout)
If the voltage on DCIN drops within 100mV of the voltage on BATT, the charger turns off. This prevents battery discharge by the charger during low input voltage
conditions.
Design Procedure
Setting the Battery Regulation Voltage
VADJ sets the per-cell voltage limit. To set the VADJ
voltage, use a voltage-divider from REF to VADJ. A
GND-to-VREF change at VADJ results in a ±5% change
in the battery limit voltage. Since the full VADJ range
results in only a 10% change on the battery regulation
voltage, the resistor-divider’s accuracy need not be as
high as the output-voltage accuracy. Using 1% resistors for the voltage dividers results in no more than
0.1% degradation in output-voltage accuracy. VADJ is
internally buffered so that high-value resistors can be
used. Set VVADJ by choosing a value less than 100kΩ
for R5 (Figure 1) from VADJ to GND. The per-cell battery termination voltage is a function of the battery
chemistry and construction; thus, consult the battery
manufacturer to determine this voltage. Once the per-
Maxim Integrated
MAX1758
Stand-Alone, Switch-Mode
Li+ Battery Charger with Internal 28V Switch
cell voltage limit battery regulation voltage is determined, the VADJ voltage is calculated by the equation:
VVADJ = (9.5 VBATTR / N) - (9.0 x VREF)
CELL is the programming input for selecting cell count
N. Table 2 shows how CELL is connected to charge 1,
2, 3, or 4 cells.
Setting the Charging Current Limit
A resistor-divider from REF to GND sets the voltage at
ISETOUT (VISETOUT). This determines the charging current during the current-regulation (fast-charge) mode.
The full-scale charging current is 1.5A.
The charging current (ICHG) is, therefore:
⎛ VISETOUT ⎞
ICHG = 1.5A ⎜
⎟
⎝ VREF ⎠
Connect ISETOUT to REF to get the full-scale current
limit.
Setting the Input Current limit
A resistor-divider from REF to GND sets the voltage at
ISETIN (VISETIN). This sets the maximum source current
allowed at any time during charging. The source current IFSS is set by the current-sense resistor RSOURCE
between CSSP and CSSN. The full-scale source current
is IFSS = 0.1V / R1 (Figure 1).
The input current limit (IIN) is therefore:
⎛V
⎞
IIN = IFSS ⎜ ISETIN ⎟
⎝ VREF ⎠
Connect ISETIN to REF to get the full-scale input current limit. Short CSSP and CSSN if the input source current limit is not used.
In choosing the current-sense resistor, note that the drop
across this resistor adds to the power loss and thus
reduces efficiency. However, too low a resistor value
may degrade input current-limit accuracy.
Inductor Selection
The inductor value may be changed for more or less
ripple current. The higher the inductance, the lower the
ripple current will be; however, as the physical size is
kept the same, typically, higher inductance will result in
higher series resistance and lower saturation current. A
good tradeoff is to choose the inductor so that the ripple current is approximately 30% to 50% of the DC
average charging current. The ratio of ripple current to
Maxim Integrated
DC charging current (LIR) can be used to calculate the
optimal inductor value:
L =
(
VBATT VDCIN(MAX) − VBATT
)
VDCIN(MAX) x fOSC x ICHG x LIR
where f OSC is the switching frequency (300kHz).
The peak inductor current is given by:
LIR ⎞
⎛
I PEAK = I ISETOUT⎜1 +
⎟
⎝
2 ⎠
Capacitor Selection
The input capacitor shunts the switching current from
the charger input and prevents that current from circulating through the source, typically an AC wall cube.
Thus, the input capacitor must be able to handle the
input RMS current. Typically, at high charging currents,
the converter will operate in continuous conduction (the
inductor current does not go to 0). In this case, the
RMS current of the input capacitor may be approximated by the equation:
ICIN ≅ ICHG
D − D2
where:
ICIN is the input capacitor RMS current.
D is the PWM converter duty ratio (typically VBATT /
VDCIN).
ICHG is the battery charging current.
The maximum RMS input current occurs at 50% duty
cycle; thus, the worst-case input ripple current is 0.5 x
ICHG. If the input-to-output voltage ratio is such that the
PWM controller will never work at 50% duty cycle, then
the worst-case capacitor current will occur where the
duty cycle is nearest 50%.
The input capacitor impedance is critical to preventing
AC currents from flowing back into the wall cube. This
requirement varies depending on the wall cube impedance and the requirements of any conducted or radiated EMI specifications that must be met. Aluminum
electrolytic capacitors are generally the cheapest, but
usually are a poor choice for portable devices due to
their large size and poor equivalent series resistance
(ESR). Tantalum capacitors are better in most cases, as
are high-value ceramic capacitors. For equivalent size
and voltage rating, tantalum capacitors will have higher
capacitance, but also higher ESR than ceramic capacitors. This makes consideration of RMS current and power
15
MAX1758
Stand-Alone, Switch-Mode
Li+ Battery Charger with Internal 28V Switch
dissipation ratings more critical when using tantalum
capacitors.
The output filter capacitor is used to absorb the inductor ripple current. The output capacitor impedance
must be significantly less than that of the battery to
ensure that it will absorb the ripple current. Both the
capacitance and ESR rating of the capacitor are important for its effectiveness as a filter and to ensure stability of the PWM circuit. The minimum output capacitance
for stability is:
⎛
VBATT ⎞
VREF ⎜1 +
VDCIN(MIN ) ⎟⎠
⎝
COUT >
VBATT × fOSC × RCS
where:
COUT is the total output capacitance.
VREF is the reference voltage (4.2V).
V BATT is the maximum battery regulation voltage
(typically 4.2V per cell).
VDCIN (MIN) is the minimum source input voltage.
The maximum output capacitor ESR required for stability is:
RESR <
RCS x VBATT
VREF
where:
RESR is the output capacitor ESR.
RCS is the current-sense resistor from CS to BATT
(100mΩ typ).
Compensation
Each of the three regulation loops—the input current
limit, the charging current limit, and the charging voltage limit—can be compensated separately at the CCS,
CCI, and CCV pins, respectively.
The charge-current loop error amp output is brought
out at CCI. Likewise, the source-current error amplifier
output is brought out at CCS. The current loops in most
charger designs can be compensated by 0.1µF capacitors to ground at CCI and CCS. Raising the value of
these capacitors reduces the bandwidth of these loops.
The voltage-regulating loop error amp output is brought
out at CCV. Compensate this loop by connecting a
capacitor in parallel with a series resistor-capacitor (RC)
from CCV to GND. Recommended values are shown in
Figure 1.
Applications Information
Diode Selection
A Schottky rectifier with a rating of at least 1.5A must
be connected from LX to PGND.
VL and REF Bypassing
The MAX1758 uses an internal linear regulator to drop
the input voltage down to 5.4V, which powers the internal circuitry. The output of the linear regulator is the VL
pin. The internal linear regulator may also be used to
power external circuitry as long as the maximum current of the linear regulator is not exceeded.
A 4.7µF bypass capacitor is required at VL to ensure that
the regulator is stable. A 1µF bypass capacitor is also
required between REF and GND to ensure that the internal 4.2V reference is stable. In both cases, use a low-ESR
ceramic capacitor.
Setting the Timers
The MAX1758 contains four timers: a prequalification
timer, fast-charge timer, full-charge timer, and top-off
timer. Connecting a capacitor from TIMER1 to GND
and TIMER2 to GND sets the timer periods. The
TIMER1 input controls the prequalification, full-charge,
and top-off times, while TIMER2 controls the fastcharge timeout. The typical timeouts for a 1C charge
rate are set to 7.5 minutes for the prequalification timer,
90 minutes for the fast-charge timer, 90 minutes for the
full-charge timer, and 45 minutes for the top-off timer by
connecting 1nF capacitors to TIMER1 and TIMER2.
Each timer period is directly proportional to the capacitance at the corresponding pin (see Typical Operating
Characteristics).
16
Chip Information
TRANSISTOR COUNT: 5996
Maxim Integrated
MAX1758
Stand-Alone, Switch-Mode
Li+ Battery Charger with Internal 28V Switch
Package Information
Maxim Integrated cannot assume responsibility for use of any circuitry other than circuitry entirely embodied in a Maxim Integrated product. No circuit patent
licenses are implied. Maxim Integrated reserves the right to change the circuitry and specifications without notice at any time. The parametric values (min and
max limits) shown in the Electrical Characteristics table are guaranteed. Other parametric values quoted in this data sheet are provided for guidance.
Maxim Integrated 160 Rio Robles, San Jose, CA 95134 USA 1-408-601-1000 ________________________________ 17
© 2001 Maxim Integrated Products, Inc.
Maxim Integrated and the Maxim Integrated logo are trademarks of Maxim Integrated Products, Inc.