Application Note AN-49 LinkSwitch-PH Family

Application Note AN-49
LinkSwitch-PH Family
™
Design Guide
Introduction
The LinkSwitch-PH family of devices are highly integrated monolithic
switching ICs optimized to provide an isolated, dimmable (up
1000:1), high power factor (PF), constant current driver for LED
lighting applications at output powers of up to 50 W. LinkSwitch-PH
reduces circuit complexity by integrating the MOSFET and
controller plus eliminating the optocoupler and all secondary side
feedback components.
Each member of the family has a high-voltage power MOSFET
and its controller integrated onto the same die. The continuous
conduction mode (CCM), variable duty cycle, constant frequency
operation provides both high power factor (>0.9), compliance to
IEC 6100-3-2 Class C and D harmonic current limits, high
efficiency and reduced EMI filtering requirements. Primary side
switching current is internally sensed eliminating external current
sense resistors. Internal start-up bias current is drawn from a
high-voltage current source connected to the DRAIN pin,
eliminating the need for external start-up components. The
internal oscillator is frequency modulated (jitter) to reduce EMI.
In addition, the ICs have integrated functions that provide
system-level protection. The auto-restart function limits dissipation
in the device, the transformer and the output diode during
overload, output short-circuit and open-loop conditions, while the
auto-recovering hysteretic thermal shutdown function disables
MOSFET switching during a thermal fault.
Basic Circuit Configuration
The circuit in Figure 1 shows the basic configuration of a
standard AC TRIAC dimmable LED driver using LinkSwitch-PH.
The circuit uses the flyback topology and with the high level
integration of LinkSwitch-PH devices, far fewer design issues are
left to be addressed externally, resulting in one common circuit
configuration for all output specifications. For example, different
output power levels may require different values for some circuit
components, but the circuit configuration stays unchanged.
Scope
This application note is intended for engineers designing an
isolated AC-DC LED driver using the LinkSwitch-PH family of
devices. It provides guidelines to enable an engineer to quickly
select key components and also complete a suitable transformer
design. To simplify the task, this application note refers directly
to the PIXls design spreadsheet that is part of the PI Expert™
design software suite.
In addition to this application note the reader may also find the
product Reference Design Kits (RDKs) useful. These contain a
prototype board, a link to an engineering report that contains
complete design information and test data and product samples.
Further details on downloading PI Expert, RDKs and updates to
this document can be found at www.powerint.com.
11
C9
C10
330 μF 330 μF R11
50 V
50 V 20 kΩ
FL1
L3
1000 μH
R14
374 kΩ
1%
F1
3.15 A
L2
1000 μH
D7
ES3D-13-F
D1
DL4007
VR1
P6KE200A
R15
374 kΩ
1%
C1
47 nF
275 VAC
C12
220 nF
630 V
C2
100 nF
630 V
Q1
X0202MA2BL2
C11
470 nF
50 V
Damper
R8
D5
150 Ω DL4936
R7
10 kΩ
C5
22 μF
50 V
D3
UF4004
D4
RS1B
R5
3 kΩ
V
CONTROL
S
R
BP
FB
R4
49.9 kΩ
C4
1%
10 μF
16 V
R16
130 Ω
2W
RTN
3
T1
RM8-LP
R3
2 MΩ
1%
C3
1 μF
400 V
LinkSwitch-PH
U1
LNK406EG
R13
10 kΩ
FL2
2
D
L
1
D2
UF4007
R2
2 MΩ
1%
L1
1000 μH
90 - 265
VAC RV1
275 VAC
R1
510 kΩ
1/2 W
BR1
2KBP06M
600 V
R12
10 kΩ
N
R17
510 Ω
2W
28 V,
500 mA
Bleeder
R6
150 kΩ
1%
D6
BAV21WS-7-F
Q2
MMBT3904
R9
1 kΩ
C6
100 nF
50 V
VR2
ZMM5259B-7
39 V
R10
10 kΩ
C7
1 μF
50 V
C8
2.2 nF
250 VAC
PI-6147-031411
Figure 1. Typical Circuit Example (RD-195) for a Dimmable LED Driver using a LinkSwitch-PH Device.
www.powerint.com May 2011
Application Note
Quick Start
Readers who want to start immediately can use the following
information to quickly design the transformer and select the
components for a first prototype. Only the information
described below needs to be entered into the PIXls spreadsheet, other parameters will be automatically selected based on
a typical design. References to spreadsheet cell locations are
provided in square brackets [cell reference].
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Select either TRIAC dimming (YES) or non-dimming/PMW
dimming (NO) configuration [B3]. For TRIAC dimming the
value of the R pin resistor (R4 in Figure 1) is 49.9 kW, 1% and
for non-dimming 24.9 kW, 1%.
Enter AC input voltage range VACMIN, VACMAX and minimum
line frequency fL [B4, B5, B6] based on Table 1.
Enter nominal output (LED string) voltage VO [B7], maximum
output voltage VO(MAX) [B8] and minimum output voltage VO(MIN)
[B9]. Ratio of VO(MAX)/VO(MIN) should be less than ≤ 1.66
(VO ±25%).
Enter the nominal output (LED string) current IO [B11].
Enter efficiency estimate η [B13] based on Table 2.
Select LinkSwitch-PH device from the drop down list or enter
directly [B18]. Use Table 3 for guidance based on input
voltage and output power. Where a choice between two
devices exists it is recommended to select the larger device
and operate in reduced current limit mode for higher efficiency.
Select the device Current Limit Mode operating mode that will
be used. Enter [B20] either reduced (RED) or full (FULL).
Reduced is recommended for maximum efficiency (smallest
enclosure size and heat sinking) e.g. A19 retro-fit lamp
applications.
Enter VD [B32], the forward voltage of the expected output
diode. Use 0.5 V for Schottky barrier types and 0.8 V for PN
types.
Enter the desired core type from the drop down menu or
directly [B46]. Entering Auto will select a core size suitable for
the specified output power. If the desired core is not listed,
then you may enter a core’s characteristics AE, LE and AL
([B48], [B49], [B50]). Enter in the bobbin width BW [B51].
If margin tape is required (non triple insulated wire, isolated
output design), then enter the margin tape width in [B52].
Note: This will reduce the winding width by two times the
margin tape width entered. For 230 VAC applications a value
of 3.2 mm is typical and for 100 VAC / 115 VAC use 2 mm. In
practice triple insulated wire is used in most isolated designs
to minimize the size of the transformer due to limited space.
Verify that the core’s gap LG [D78], the wire gauge AWG [D83]
and the primary’s winding current density CMA [D85] are
within acceptable limits. Follow the guidance provided in
column F to achieve this.
Once all warning and errors have been addressed click on the
Transformer Parameter and Transformer Construction tabs to
obtain detailed transformer specification and construction
details. These can be used to either construct the transformer
in house or send to an external magnetic vendor.
Using PIVS [D101] and IO [B11] determine the proper output
rectifier. Select a diode with a voltage (VRRM) rating >PIVS and
current rating >IO with a recommendation of ≥2 × IO for higher
efficiency.
AN-49
•
•
•
•
•
The value of IRIPPLE [D92] and VO(MAX) [D8] should be used to
select the appropriate output capacitor. The selected
capacitor should have a ripple current rating >IRIPPLE and
voltage rating >VO(MAX).
The value of the V pin resistor (RV) and if used the second
lower V pin resistor (RV2) are provided in cells [D27] and [D28].
A value for RV2 >10 MΩ indicates that it is not required.
The value of the R pin resistor (R4 in Figure 1) programs
TRIAC dimming or non-dimming. The value for the feedback
resistor (RFB1) is given in cell [D30]. This is the resistor
connected from the FEEDBACK pin to the bias supply and is
used to sense the output voltage.
Using IAVG [E64] determine the required input filter inductor
current rating.
If necessary, the output current can be fine tuned. After the
first prototype is built and running, enter the output current in
cells [B111] and [B112] at line voltages [B109] and [B110],
new values for RV and RV2 are then calculated [B113], [B114].
With these values adjusted measure and enter values for the
bias voltage VB1 and VB2 [B121], [B122] and associated output
current IO1 and IO2 [D123], [D124]. An adjusted value for RFB1 and
RFB2 [D125], [D126] (if needed) will be calculated.
Step-by-Step Design Procedure
Step 1. Enter Application Variables (Figure 3): Dimming,
VACMIN, VACMAX, fL , VO, VO(MAX), VO(MIN), VOVP, IO, η, VB
Dimming Required [B3]: YES, NO
Enter YES, if the driver is to be used with TRIAC phase angle
based AC dimmers else enter NO (including for PWM dimming).
This input determines the configuration of the V pin and R pin
resistors. The value of the R pin resistor configures the part into
either (TRIAC) dimming mode or normal mode. Dimming mode
reduces the amount of input line voltage compensation to
improve the dimming range obtained with TRIAC based phase
angle dimmers. In this mode the output current regulation is
maintained within narrow limits only over a single input voltage
range (e.g. 90 VAC - 132 VAC, or 185 VAC - 265 VAC). Below
this input range the output current will reduce (equivalent to
reduced conduction angle of a TRIAC dimmer) and above this
range the output current will increase.
The normal (non-dimming) mode provides input line voltage
compensation that maintains output current regulation within
narrow limits (<±10%) across universal input voltage ranges (e.g.
90 VAC – 265 VAC). This mode does not prevent the device
from being used with AC phase dimmers however dimming
range is reduced (10:1). Control range is also reduced as no
reduction in output current occurs until the phase conduction
angle reduces below 90 degrees hence as the dimmer control
is adjusted little change in the output current will occur for
~50% of the knob or slider range . Figure 2 shows a summary
of the expected output current regulation performance versus
line voltage between the two operating modes.
Input Voltage and Line Frequency, VACMIN [B4], VACMAX [B4], fL
Select the input voltage and line frequency from Table 1. For
TRIAC dimming designs a single input voltage specification is
preferred as this allows greater design optimization. For example
a single input 100 VAC / 115 VAC versus a universal input
2
Rev. A 05/11
www.powerint.com
Application Note
120
PI-6376-041411
Normalized Output Current (%)
AN-49
115
110
105
100
Nominal Minimum Maximum Nominal
Line
Input
Line
Line
Voltage
Voltage
Voltage Frequency
(VAC)
(VACMIN) (VACMAX) (fL(NOM) (Hz)
100/115
85
132
50
VACMIN, fL(NOM): Japan
VACMAX: USA
230/240
195
264
50
Europe/rest of world
208/277
177
320
60
Lighting in commercial
buildings in USA, (208
VAC phase to phase)
Universal
85
264
50
VACMIN, fL(NOM): Japan
VACMAX: Europe/rest
of world
95
90
Dimming mode, optimized for 115 VAC
Normal mode, optimized for 195 - 265 VAC
Normal mode, optimized for 85 - 265 VAC
Dimming mode, optimized for 230 VAC
85
80
80
100 120
140
160 180
200 220
240
260 280
Input Voltage (VAC)
Notes
Table 1. Standard Worldwide Input Line Voltages and Line Frequencies.
Figure 2. Comparison of Output Current Regulation in Dimming and Normal Modes Versus Line Voltage. Shaded Areas Represent Typical Single Input Voltage Operating Ranges (90-132 VAC and 195-265 VAC).
design requires lower voltage components, smaller safety spacing
requirements and reduced TRIAC bleeder current. This allows
the design to offer smaller size, lower cost, broader TRIAC
compatibility and higher overall efficiency. For non TRIAC
dimming specifications there is no efficiency benefit for a single
input line voltage specification. This is due to the elimination of
the damper and bleeder networks in non-dimming designs.
However the component rating, size and safety spacing benefits
still apply for a single low-line vs. a universal input specification.
Nominal Output Voltage [B7], VO (V)
Enter the nominal output voltage of the LED string to be driven.
LinkSwitch-PH based drivers are optimized to cover an output
voltage range of 2:1. Higher output voltages result in higher
overall efficiency due to a reduction in secondary diode and
winding losses. Figure 4 shows an example of this effect for a
non TRIAC dimmable 14 W output, 100 VAC / 115 VAC input
design using an RM8 core size for the transformer.
Nominal
Output Power
(W)
≤3
3-6
6-10
10-20
>20
Table 2.
Efficiency Estimate (%)
TRIAC Dimming
Non TRIAC Dimming
V O ≤12 V
V O >12 V
V O ≤12 V
V O >12 V
45
65
76
82
83
55
77
78
85
86
55
78
80
85
86
65
82
83
88
89
Initial Efficiency Estimates for a New Design.
Output Power Table
Product
LNK403/413EG
RV = 2 MW
RV = 4 MW
85-132 VAC
Minimum Maximum
Output
Output
Power
Power
2.5 W
4.5 W
85-308 VAC
Minimum
Maximum
Output
Output
Power
Power
6.5 W
12 W
LNK404/414EG
2.5 W
5.5 W
6.5 W
15 W
LNK405/415EG
3.8 W
7.0 W
8.5 W
18 W
For a TRIAC dimmable design the values would reduce by ~3%
due to the losses in the TRIAC compatibility damper and
bleeder circuit blocks.
LNK406/416EG
4.5 W
8.0 W
10 W
22 W
LNK407/417EG
5.5 W
10 W
12 W
25 W
LNK408/418EG
6.8 W
13.5 W
16 W
35 W
Maximum Output Voltage [B8], VO(MAX) (V)
Enter the maximum LED string voltage to be driven including
tolerance. If left blank a value of 1.1 × VO is assumed.
LNK409/419EG
8.0 W
20 W
18 W
50 W
Table 3.
ENTER APPLICATION VARIABLES
Dimming required
YES
VACMIN
VACMAX
fL
VO
VO_MAX
VO_MIN
V_OVP
IO
PO
n
VB
90
265
28
0.5
Info
YES
90
265
50
30.8
25.2
33.88
14
0.8
25
V
V
Hz
V
V
V
V
W
V
Device Family Power Table for Initial Device Selection.
AN49 Example
!!! Info. When configured for dimming, best output current line regulation
is achieved over a single input voltage range.
Minimum AC Input Voltage
Maximum AC input voltage
AC Mains Frequency
Typical output voltage of LED string at full load
Maximum expected LED string Voltage.
Minimum expected LED string Voltage.
Over-voltage protection setpoint
Typical full load LED current
Output Power
Estimated efficiency of operation
Bias Voltage
Figure 3. Application Variables Section of the Design Spreadsheet.
3
www.powerint.com
Rev. A 05/11
Application Note
AN-49
88.72%
89
Efficiency (%)
PI-6377-022511
90
88.16%
88.10%
88
87
Step 2. Enter LinkSwitch-PH Variables (Device Size,
Current Limit Mode, R Pin Resistor, V Pin Resistor (RV ),
FEEDBACK Pin Current IFB, Drain to Source Voltage (VDS),
Output Forward Voltage (VD), and Bias Diode Forward
Voltage (VDB)
86.91%
86
85
84.79%
84
Device Selection [B18] and Current Limit Mode [B19]
Select a LinkSwitch-PH device based on the output power
using Table 3 for guidance.
83
82
recommended and 25 V where TRIAC dimming is required.
The higher voltage ensures adequate voltage to supply the IC at
the minimum LED string voltage and with a TRIAC dimmer at
minimum conduction angle (<30 degrees).
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Output Voltage (V)
Figure 4. Effect of Output Voltage on Efficiency, Measured on 5 Designs
(14 W, RM8 Core Size, Non-dimming Design Measured at 115 VAC).
Minimum Output Voltage [B9], VO(MIN) (V)
Enter the minimum LED string voltage. If left blank a value of
0.9 × VO is assumed.
For open frame designs or designs where space is available for
heat sinking then select from the maximum output power
column and select the full current limit mode by entering FULL.
Nominal Output Current [B11], IO (A)
Enter the nominal output current the LED string is to be driven
with.
The current limit mode selection defines the value of the
BYPASS pin capacitor: 10 μF for reduced and 100 μF for full
current limit mode.
Nominal Output Power [D12], PO (W)
The calculated nominal output power.
Power Supply Efficiency [B13], η
Enter the estimated efficiency of the complete power supply
measured at the output terminals under full load conditions and
worst-case line (generally lowest input voltage). Initial values are
provided in Table 2. Measure the efficiency of the first prototypeboard at nominal output power and both VACMIN and VACMAX if
the measured efficiency is lower than estimated then enter the
measured value and refine the transformer design.
Bias Voltage, VB (V)
This entry determines the output voltage from the bias winding.
For non TRIAC dimming designs a value of 20 V is
ENTER LinkSwitch-PH VARIABLES
LinkSwitch-PH
LNK406
Chosen Device
Current Limit Mode
RED
ILIMITMIN
ILIMITMAX
fS
fSmin
fSmax
IV
RV
RV2
IFB
RFB1
VDS
LNK406
Power Out
For thermally challenging designs, e.g. incandescent lamp
replacement, where either the ambient temperature local to the
LinkSwitch-PH device is high and/or there is minimal space for
heat sinking use the minimum output power column and select
the reduced current limit mode by entering RED.
The recommended maximum operating device temperature
under worst-case conditions (input line and external product
ambient temperature) is 100 °C for the tightest output current
distribution over production, and 115 °C to provide adequate
design margin and ensure thermal shutdown is not triggered.
Upper V Pin Resistor Value [B27], RV, MΩ (Entry Optional)
If left blank a default value of 4 MΩ is used for dimming designs
and 3.909 MΩ for non-dimming. In conjunction with the lower
V pin resistor (RV2) these values provide the best output current
regulation for non-dimming and without RV2, the widest dimming
range in dimmable applications.
Universal
22.5W
RED
1.19
1.36
66000
62000
70000
39.9
4
1.00E+12
155.7
141.3
10
A
A
Hz
Hz
Hz
uA
M-ohms
M-ohms
uA
k-ohms
V
VD
0.5
V
VDB
0.7
V
115 Doubled/230V
22.5W
Select "RED" for reduced Current Limit mode or "FULL" for Full current
limit mode
Minimum current limit
Maximum current limit
Switching Frequency
Minimum Switching Frequency
Maximum Switching Frequency
V pin current
Upper V pin resistor
Lower V pin resistor
FB pin current (85 uA < IFB < 210 uA)
FB pin resistor
LinkSwitch-PH on-state Drain to Source Voltage
Output Winding Diode Forward Voltage Drop (0.5 V for Schottky and 0.8
V for PN diode)
Bias Winding Diode Forward Voltage Drop
Figure 5. LinkSwitch-PH Variables Section of the Design Spreadsheet.
4
Rev. A 05/11
www.powerint.com
AN-49
Application Note
In Figure 1 RV is made up of the series connection of R2 and
R3. 1% or better tolerance should be used to obtain the
narrowest output current tolerance. The voltage stress equals
the peak of the AC line voltage so an equivalent rating of 500 V is
recommended for high-line or universal input specifications 500 V
rating is recommended, or two 250 V rated resistors in series.
Care should be taken when placing the V pin resistor(s) on the
PCB to avoid noise coupling from the DRAIN node. In designs
where encapsulation (potting) is used leakage currents and
noise coupling may cause changes in V pin current post potting.
This effect can be minimized again by careful layout and/or the
addition of a 100 nF capacitor connected from the VOLTAGE
pin to SOURCE pin. Place the capacitor as close to the device
as possible and return directly to the SOURCE pin rather than
via any other source connected nodes.
R Pin Resistor Value
This component is not included in the design spreadsheet as it
is selected from one of two values. The value of the R pin
resistor is determined based on whether TRIAC dimming is
required. For TRIAC dimming select a value 49.9 kW and for
non (TRIAC) dimming 24.9 kW. When configured for dimming
the UV threshold is lowered and line compensation of output
current reduced. This reduces dimmer dead band and increases
the dimming range (>100:1). In the non-dimming configuration
the UV threshold and the line compensation of the output
current maintain tight regulation across a universal input voltage
range.
FEEDBACK Pin Current, IFB, μA (Optional)
If left blank a calculated value is used. The calculation depends
on the value of the R pin resistor (dimming or non dimming
configuration) and the value of VOR. IFB is used to regulate the
output current and must be in the range of 85 μA to 210 μA
under normal operating conditions including variation in the LED
string voltage. Therefore to maximize the allowable output
voltage variation and give smallest output current variation a
value of 150 μA is idea allowing an LED string voltage variation
of up to 2:1, (VO(MAX):VO(MIN)). In practice most designs have a
smaller output voltage variation and any value in the range 110
μA to 170 μA is acceptable.
Feedback Resistor Value, RFB1, kΩ
This is the calculated value for the resistor connected to the
FEEDBACK pin from the bias winding output to give the value of
IFB at the nominal output voltage (VO).
LinkSwitch-PH Device ON-State Drain to Source Voltage,
VDS, V (Optional)
This parameter is the average ON state voltage developed
across the DRAIN and SOURCE pins of LinkSwitch-PH. By
Key Design Parameters
KP
LP
VOR
Expected IO (average)
KP_VACMAX
TON_MIN
PCLAMP
0.8
1246
80
0.51
1.02
1.94
0.12
uH
V
A
us
W
KP ≡ KRP =
IR
IR
IP
IP
(a) Continuous, KP < 1
IR
IP
(b) Borderline Continuous/Discontinuous, KP = 1
PI-2587-011410
Figure 7. Continuous Conduction Mode Current Waveform (KP<1) Showing Definition of KP.
default, if the grey override cell is left empty, a value of 10 V is
assumed. Use the default value if no better data is available.
Output Diode Forward Voltage Drop, VD, V
Enter the average forward drop for the output diode used. A
value of 0.5 V is recommended for a Schottky diode and 0.8 V
for a PN Ultrafast diode.
Bias Winding Forward Voltage Drop, VD, V
Enter the average forward drop for the bias winding output
diode. Use 0.7 V for a PN diode.
Step 3. Enter Key Design Variables: Ripple to Peak
Current Ratio (KP), Reflected Output Voltage (VOR)
Ripple to Peak Current Ratio (KP)
Figure 7a shows KP < 1, indicating continuous conduction
mode, KP is the ratio of ripple to peak primary current.
LinkSwitch-PH devices require that the design operates in
continuous conduction mode to achieve high power factor.
The recommended range for the value of KP is 0.4 ≤ KP ≤ 0.9.
For reference a KP value of <0.7 is gives a PF >0.95 and THD
<20% while a design with a KP of 0.9 gives PF >0.9 with THD
<30%. Both PF and THD values are at the worst case of
230 VAC. At lower power levels higher KP values may be used
to trade smaller transformer core size against lower PF and
efficiency. By default a value of 0.8 for PO ≤25 W and 0.4 for PO
>25 W is used. For reference Figure 8 shows the measured
effect of KP on PF in a universal input, 28 V, 14 W output design.
Ripple to Peak Current Ratio (For PF > 0.9, 0.4 < KP < 0.9)
Primary Inductance
Reflected Output Voltage.
Expected Average Output Current
Expected ripple current ratio at VACMAX
Minimum on time at maximum AC input voltage
Estimated dissipation in primary clamp
Figure 6. Key Design Variables Section of the Design Spreadsheet.
5
www.powerint.com
Rev. A 05/11
AN-49
KP = 0.82
KP = 0.87
KP = 0.94
KP = 0.97
KP = 1.06
0.90
22 W
210
190
IFB (μA)
Power Factor
0.95
230
PI-6378-041411
1
16 W
170
PI-6381-022511
Application Note
14 W
150
10 W
130
110
90
0.85
85
115
145
175
205
235
70
265
60
70
80
Input Voltage (VAC)
1. Higher values of VOR (with low values of KP) typically requires
a larger core size due to the increased primary inductance
and number of primary turns.
2. Higher values of VOR reduces the output diode voltage stress.
For VO(MAX) values below ~18 V this allows a Schottky output
diode to be selected for lower losses and higher efficiency.
3. Higher values of VOR reduces the maximum power capability
of a given LinkSwitch-PH device.
Optimal selection of the VOR value depends on the specific
application and is based on a compromise between the factors
mentioned above. Figure 9 may be used as a guide and
210
170
150
130
An example of using these selection curves for a 14 W, universal
input, LNK406EG design is shown in Figure 10. Start by
labeling the upper and lower lines with the minimum and
maximum power levels from the device data sheet power table.
For the LNK406EG the maximum power table value in a universal
or high line only design is 22 W. The minimum is 10 W. Therefore
the middle line can be calculated as 16 W. Draw a parallel line
between the existing lines on the chart representing the output
power required, 14 W in this case. Then find the intersection
between the 14 W power line and desired value of IFB, with a
value of 150 μA being ideal. In this example that intersection
indicated a value for VOR of 97 V.
230
210
190
170
150
130
110
110
90
90
90
100
110
120
130
70
60
70
80
90
100
VOR (V)
VOR (V)
(a)
(b)
110
120
Figure 9. VOR Selection Curves for Designs Using a 2 MΩ (100/115 VAC) (a) and 4 MΩ (Universal or 230 VAC) (b) V Pin Resistor Values.
6
Rev. A 05/11
130
provides an initial value based on the value of the V pin resistor
and the output power. The upper line represents the maximum
and lower line the minimum output power from the selected
LinkSwitch-PH device as shown in the data sheet power table.
The middle line is the mid point between these two power
levels. The unshaded region is the recommended range for the
feedback current IFB.
IFB (μA)
IFB (μA)
190
80
120
Figure 10. Example of Selecting VOR for a Universal Input, 14 W Design Using LNK406EG.
PI-6379-022511
230
70
110
PI-6380-022511
Reflected Output Voltage, VOR (V)
This parameter is the secondary winding voltage during diode
conduction, reflected back to the primary through the turns ratio
of the transformer. Effectively VOR is the parameter that sets the
turns ratio of the transformer. The default value is 80 V; however
the target range for VOR is between 65 V and 135 V, provided
that no warnings in the spreadsheet are triggered. For design
optimization purposes, the following trade-offs should be
considered:
60
100
VOR (V)
Figure 8. Illustration of the Impact of the Design Parameter KP on PF.
70
90
www.powerint.com
130
AN-49
Application Note
ENTER TRANSFORMER CORE/CONSTRUCTION VARIABLES
Core Type
Auto
EF25
Bobbin
EF25_BOBBIN
AE
0.518
LE
5.78
AL
2000
BW
15.6
M
L
NS
P/N:
cm^2
cm
nH/T^2
mm
0
2
mm
2
28
*
Core Effective Cross Sectional Area
Core Effective Path Length
Ungapped Core Effective Inductance
Bobbin Physical Winding Width
Safety Margin Width (Half the Primary to Secondary Creepage Distance)
Number of Primary Layers
Number of Secondary Turns
Figure 11. Transformer Variables Section of the Design Spreadsheet.
Primary Inductance, LP (μH)
This is the calculated nominal value of primary inductance for
the transformer. Designs using LinkSwitch-PH are insensitive to
variations in the value of LP in terms of output current and power
delivery with the limitation being that the design maintains
operation in continuous conduction mode. A tolerance of ±10%
is typical when specifying the design to a transformer vendor.
Note some core and bobbin types may not meet safety spacing
requirements (e.g. RM or smaller EE sizes). In these cases it is
common to use a triple insulated secondary winding terminated
as flying leads (rather than to the bobbin pins). This allows
safety creepage and clearance distances to be met and saves
PCB board area by eliminating the need for a bobbin with
increased spacings.
Expected Average Output Current, Expected IO(AVERAGE) (A)
The calculated average output current, for a valid design this
should match specified output current IO.
Safety Margin, M (mm)
For designs that require safety isolation between primary and
secondary but do not use triple-insulated wire, the width of the
safety margin to be used on each side of the bobbin should be
entered here. For universal input designs, a total margin of
6.4 mm would be required, and a value of 3.2 mm would be
entered into the spreadsheet. For low line only input designs
(100/115/127 VAC) a total margin of 4 mm would be required
and 2 mm entered into the spreadsheet. For vertical bobbins
the margin may not be symmetrical. However, if a total margin
of 6.2 mm were required, then 3.1 mm would still be entered
even if the physical margin were only on one side of the bobbin.
Ripple to Peak Current Ratio at VACMAX, (KPVAC(MAX))
This is the calculated value of KP at the peak of the maximum
input voltage (VAC(MAX)). This value should remain below 1.12 to
ensure a PF of <0.9 at nominal AC input.
Minimum On Time at VAC(MAX), tON(MIN) (μs)
This is the calculated minimum on time of the internal MOSFET
at the peak of VAC(MAX). This value is should be greater than the
minimum device on time of 1.5 μs.
Clamp Dissipation, PCLAMP (W)
This is the calculated dissipation in the primary clamp. The
calculation includes the effect of the variation in instantaneous
dissipation over each AC half-cycle.
For designs using triple insulated wire, it may still be necessary
to enter a small margin in order to meet the required safety
creepage distances.
Step 4 – Select Transformer Core and Bobbin Based on
Output Power and Enter AE, LE, AL , BW, M, L, NS
Many bobbins exist for any core size and each will have
different mechanical spacing. Refer to the bobbin data sheet or
seek guidance from your safety expert or transformer vendor to
determine what specific margin is required.
Core effective cross-sectional area, AE (cm2)
Core effective path length, LE (cm)
Core ungapped effective inductance, AL (nH/turn2),
Bobbin width, BW: (mm)
Tape margin width equal to half the total margin, M (mm)
Primary Layers, L
Secondary Turns, NS
As the margin reduces the available area for the windings, the
margin format described above may not be suitable for small
core sizes. If after entering the margin, more than 3 primary
layers (L) are required, it is suggested that either a larger core
be selected or switch to a zero margin design approach using
triple insulated wire.
Core Type
If the core type cell is left as the default of Auto, the spreadsheet will default to the smallest commonly available core
suitable for the output power specified. The entire list of cores
available can be selected from the drop down list in the tool bar
of the PIXls design software.
The grey override cells can be used to enter the core and
bobbin parameters directly. This is useful if a core is selected
that is not on the list, or the specified core or bobbin information
differs from that referenced by the spreadsheet.
Primary Layers, L
Primary layers should be in the range of 1 < L < 3, with a default
value of 3. This provides a good compromise between winding
losses and leakage inductance for a transformer core size
appropriate for the output power. Three layers also results in
lower capacitance hence improving efficiency, especially at
higher input voltages. The lower limit on the value for L is set by
the primary winding current density limits (circular mils per amp
or CMA). CMA has a strong influence on the winding losses and
therefore transformer temperature rise and efficiency. CMA values
as low as 200 for designs <10 W scaling linearly to 600 at >50 W
are good design targets for convection cooled designs.
7
www.powerint.com
Rev. A 05/11
Application Note
AN-49
For designs where the driver will be encapsulated for thermal
management a lower value of CMA may be acceptable.
Whether or not an encapsulant is used verification of the winding
temperatures (using non ferrous T type thermocouples) is
recommended. This is achieved by embedding a thermocouple into the transformer between two of the insulation tape
layers that are present between the primary and secondary
windings during construction. Most designs will fall into insulation
class A or class B limiting maximum winding temperatures (at
maximum external ambient) to 105 °C and 130 °C respectively.
Designs with more than 3 layers are possible, but the increased
leakage inductance and issues associated with the physical fit
of the windings should be considered. A split primary construction
may be helpful for designs where leakage inductance clamp
dissipation is too high and providing there is sufficient winding
window. In a sandwich construction half of the primary winding
is placed on either side of the secondary (and bias) windings.
Sandwich construction is recommended for all design >20 W.
3100 Gauss (310 mT). In general, it is not necessary to enter a
number in the override cell except in designs where a lower
operating flux density is desired (see the explanation of BM limits).
Secondary Turns, NS
If the grey override cell is left blank, the minimum number of
secondary turns is calculated such that the maximum operating
flux density BM is kept below the recommended maximum of
Primary Inductance, LP (μH)
This is the target nominal primary inductance of the transformer.
TRANSFORMER PRIMARY DESIGN PARAMETERS
LP
NP
NB
ALG
BM
BP
BAC
ur
LG
BWE
OD
INS
DIA
AWG
CM
CMA
LP_TOL
1246
79
25
202
2845
3442
1138
1776
0.29
31.2
0.4
0.06
0.34
28
161
524
10
Step 5 – Iterate Transformer Design / Generate Prototype
Iterate the design making sure that no warnings are displayed.
Any parameters outside the recommended range of values can
be corrected by following the guidance given in the right hand
column.
Once all warning and errors have been addressed click on the
Transformer Parameter and Transformer Construction tabs to
obtain detailed transformer specification and construction
details. These can be used to either construct the transformer
in house or send to an external magnetic vendor.
The key transformer electrical parameters are:
Number of Primary Turns, NP
uH
Primary Inductance
Primary Winding Number of Turns
Bias Winding Number of Turns
nH/T^2
Gapped Core Effective Inductance
Gauss
Maximum Flux Density at PO, VMIN (BM<3100)
Gauss
Peak Flux Density (BP<3700)
Gauss
AC Flux Density for Core Loss Curves (0.5 X Peak to Peak)
Relative Permeability of Ungapped Core
mm
Gap Length (Lg > 0.1 mm)
mm
Effective Bobbin Width
mm
Maximum Primary Wire Diameter including insulation
mm
Estimated Total Insulation Thickness (= 2 * film thickness)
mm
Bare conductor diameter
AWG
Primary Wire Gauge (Rounded to next smaller standard AWG value)
Cmils
Bare conductor effective area in circular mils
Cmils/Amp Primary Winding Current Capacity (200 < CMA < 600)
Tolerance of primary inductance
Figure 12. Transformer Primary Design Parameters Section of the Design Spreadsheet.
TRANSFORMER SECONDARY DESIGN PARAMETERS (SINGLE OUTPUT EQUIVALENT)
Lumped parameters
ISP
2.61
A
Peak Secondary Current
ISRMS
0.98
A
Secondary RMS Current
IRIPPLE
0.85
A
Output Capacitor RMS Ripple Current
CMS
197
Cmils
Secondary Bare Conductor minimum circular mils
Secondary Wire Gauge (Rounded up to next larger standard AWG
AWGS
27
AWG
value)
DIAS
0.36
mm
Secondary Minimum Bare Conductor Diameter
ODS
0.56
mm
Secondary Maximum Outside Diameter for Triple Insulated Wire
Figure 13. Transformer Secondary Design Parameters Section of the Design Spreadsheet.
VOLTAGE STRESS PARAMETERS
VDRAIN
544
V
PIVS
167
V
PIVB
151
V
Estimated Maximum Drain Voltage assuming maximum LED string
voltage (Includes Effect of Leakage Inductance)
Output Rectifier Maximum Peak Inverse Voltage (calculated at VOVP,
excludes leakage inductance spike)
Bias Rectifier Maximum Peak Inverse Voltage (calculated at VOVP,
excludes leakage inductance spike)
Figure 14. Voltage Stress Parameters Section of the Design Spreadsheet.
8
Rev. A 05/11
www.powerint.com
AN-49
Gapped Core Effective Inductance, ALG (nH/T2)
Used by the transformer vendor to specify the core center leg
air gap. This is the value of inductance obtained (in nH) for the
number of turns placed around the core squared.
Maximum Operating Flux Density, BM (Gauss)
A maximum value of 3100 Gauss during normal operation is
recommended. This prevents core saturation during start-up
or output short-circuit
Peak Flux Density, BP (Gauss)
A maximum value of 3700 Gauss is recommended to limit the
maximum flux density under start-up and output short-circuit
conditions. In these cases the output voltage is low and little
reset of the transformer core occurs during the MOSFET off
time. This can allow the transformer flux density to increase
during the next and subsequent cycles (stair casing) until the
core saturates. A value of 3700 Gauss, calculated at the
maximum device current limit, together with the built-in
protection features of LinkSwitch-PH devices, provides
sufficient margin to prevent core saturation under start-up or
output short-circuit conditions.
This calculation assumes worst-case current limit and nominal
inductance values and accounts for high ambient temperatures
as this reduces the saturation flux density of ferrite materials. It
is important to verify that core saturation does not occur at
maximum ambient temperature under start-up and overload
conditions just prior to loss of regulation.
Maximum Primary Wire Diameter, OD (mm)
This is the calculated maximum wire size diameter that will allow
the number of primary turns (NP) to fit into the specified bobbin
width (BW) with the specified number of layers (L).
The other factors automatically calculated by the spreadsheet
include:
Estimated Total Insulation Thickness, INS (mm)
Primary wire size, DIA: (mm)
Primary wire gauge, AWG
Number of primary layers, L
Estimated core center leg gap length: LG: (mm)
Number of secondary turns, NS
Secondary wire size, DIAs: (mm)
Secondary wire gauge, AWG
Application Note
tolerance plus temperature variation of less than ±50%. Larger
variation may cause the 100 mF capacitor to be incorrectly
detected as a 10 mF value.
REFERENCE (R) Pin Resistor (R4)
This pin determines the operating mode between dimming and
non dimming operation. For dimming operation a 49.9 kW 1%
part and for non-dimming operation a 24.9 kW 1% part should
be used. Resistors with 1% tolerance (or better) should be as
variations in the resistor value directly impacts the supply output
current and V pin thresholds for line UV and OV.
VOLTAGE MONITOR (V) Pin Resistor(s) (RV1 and RV2)
The initial value of the total resistance connected from the V pin
to the DC bus is provided in the design spreadsheet as parameter
RV1. Resistor RV2 is connected from the V pin to SOURCE,
typically only present in non-dimming designs to provide
constant output current vs. line voltage. Both resistors should
have 1% tolerance (or better) to provide unit to unit matching of
both the line undervoltage threshold (to ensure parallel connected
units turn on together) and dimming characteristics. A value for
RV2 of >5 MW indicates that it is not required as it will be
minimal. In Figure 1 RV1 is made up of R2 and R3 while RV2 is
not shown as it was not required for this design.
External Bias Current (R5, D5)
Resistor R5 provides the operating current for U1 during normal
operation. The inclusion of external bias is recommended even
though, with the exception of the LNK403, LinkSwitch-PH devices
can operate without any external bias. Providing an external
bias reduces the device dissipation and allows operation to
smaller conduction angles when used with phase angle dimmers.
The design goal is to provide a current into the BP equal to
ICD1(MAX) under worst case conditions. Worst-case usually occurs
at VO(MIN) and lowest output current (due to dimming).
As an initial starting value or dimming designs the value of R5
should be selected to provide approximately 5 mA into the
BYPASS pin at the nominal output voltage (VO) according to the
expression,
R5 = V B - V BP
3 # I CD1^MAX h
Step 6 – Selection of LinkSwitch-PH External
Components
where VB is the bias voltage from the design spreadsheet and
VBP is the BYPASS pin voltage (5.9 V TYP) and ICD1(MAX) is the IC
supply current from the device data sheet. The factor of 3
provides adequate margin due to variations in the bias voltage
due to LED string (output) voltage, especially the reduction in
the value of VB that occurs during dimming.
The schematic shown in Figure 1 shows the external
components for a typical LinkSwitch-PH power supply design.
Each of these is dealt with in the relevant section below.
For non dimming designs the factor of 3 can be omitted.
Dissipation in R5 is <50 mW and tolerance is not critical (5% is
acceptable).
BYPASS Pin Capacitor (C4)
The BYPASS pin is both the supply rail for the IC and sets the
operating mode between reduced and full power. For reduced
power mode a 10 μF capacitor should be selected and for full
power a 100 μF capacitor based on the selection entered into
the design spreadsheet. Either ceramic or electrolytic types
may be used with a voltage rating of 10 V or above and
Diode D5 can be any small signal diode with a voltage rating
above 10 V (e.g. 1N4148, BAV21 etc). It is included to isolate the
BP pin from the bias winding capacitor (C5) to prevent
increased start-up delay and misdetection of the value of the
BP capacitor.
9
www.powerint.com
Rev. A 05/11
33
Output Voltage (VDC)
32
AN-49
PI-6382-022511
Application Note
VO(MAX)
31
30
29
28
Resistor R8 also optimizes output current regulation with changes
in output voltage. Figure 15 shows the effect of changing R8
over a 10:1 range. It can be seen that a value of 150 W in this
case gave the best output current regulation as the output
voltage was varied ±15%.
VO
27
R8 = 150 Ω
R8 = 37.4 Ω
R8 = 499 Ω
26
25
24
23
VO(MIN)
92
94
96
98
100
102
104
106
108
Output Current Normalized (%)
Figure 15. Effect of R8 (Bias Winding Filter Resistor) on Output Current Regulation vs. LED String Voltage (±15%).
Bias Diode (D5)
The primary referenced auxiliary winding on the transformer is
rectified and filtered to create a bias supply that provides both
the operating current into the BYPASS pin and feedback
information into the FEEDBACK pin. The rectifier diode (D5) can
be any fast or ultra fast recovery type with a voltage rating above
the value given in the design spreadsheet (PIVB), typically >200 V,
and current rating >200 mA. The 1N4936 and UF4004 or SMD
equivalents are good examples.
Filter Resistor (R8) and Capacitor (C5)
These two components form a low pass filter (pole). The corner
frequency (1/2×π×R8×C5) should be where fL is the minimum
line frequency to prevent line frequency ripple modulating the
FEEDBACK pin. A corner frequency of 50 Hz results in a power
factor above 0.9 at 230 VAC input. If lower power factor is
acceptable the corner frequency can be increased to allow the
use of a lower value capacitor. The value of R8 should be in the
range of 47 W to 200 W (5% tolerance). Making the value too
high results in a reduction in the bias voltage which can reduce
VRCLAMP
RCLAMP3
DBLOCK
S
(a)
R
FB
Peak Detector (D1, R1 and C3)
This network is used to provide a DC voltage from which a
current is fed into the V pin of the LinkSwitch-PH device.
Diode D2 allows C3 to charge to the peak of the incoming
rectified AC. Resistor R1 provides a discharge path to allow the
voltage across C3 to track changes in the incoming AC. The
value of C3 should be ≥100 nF for a PF of >0.9. Larger values
(up to 1 mF) further increase the acheiveable PF up to 0.99.
Values above 1 uF provide only incremental improvement but
do provide additional filtering during differential line surges,
reducing the peak drain voltage. A voltage rating of >1.41 ×
VACMAX is required and both film, ceramic or electrolytic types
may be used. Resistor R1 should be selected such that R1 ×
C3 >80 ms so that the voltage across C3 is essential constant
over one AC half cycle. A voltage rating of >1.41 × VACMAX is
recommended. A standard 1N4007 plastic rectifier is
recommended for D1.
RCLAMP
VRCLAMP
CCLAMP
RCLAMP
DCLAMP
RCLAMP3
RCLAMP3
CCLAMP
RCLAMP2
RCLAMP3
DCLAMP
DBLOCK
V
D
CONTROL
Feedback Resistor (R6)
For the first prototype use the value provided in the design
spreadsheet (RFB1). As this resistor directly impacts the output
regulation it should have a 1% tolerance.
DCLAMP
DBLOCK
V
D
Bleed Resistor (R7)
This resistor provides an addition load on the bias supply to
prevent the voltage from peak charging due to the effects of
transformer leaking inductance. Select the value (5% tolerance)
to generate a current of ~2 mA at the bias voltage (VB).
VRCLAMP
(optional)
VRCLAMP
DCLAMP
the minimum conduction angle at which the supply will operate.
Making the value too small results in the value of C5 increasing
which is undesirable due to board space constraints. Capacitor
C5 should have a voltage rating above the value of VB × (VO(MAX) /
VO) and can be either an electrolytic or ceramic type.
S
(b)
R
FB
CONTROL
BP
S
R
(c)
V
D
V
D
CONTROL
BP
FB
CONTROL
BP
S
R
(d)
BP
FB
PI-6375-042711
Figure 16. Recommended Clamp Configurations for LinkSwitch-PH Designs. (a) Zener Clamp, (b) Zener Clamp with Series Connected Zeners for Higher Power,
(c) RCD / RCD+Z Clamp, (d) Zener Bleed Clamp.
10
Rev. A 05/11
www.powerint.com
AN-49
PO (W)
Application Note
Reference
Document
Configuration
(Figure 10)
DBLOCK
VRCLAMP (V)
DCLAMP
RCLAMP (kW)
RCLAMP2 (W)
RCLAMP3 (W)
CCLAMP (pF)
7
RDR-193
A
ES1D
P6KE200
UF4007
-
-
-
-
6.9
DER-269
C
US1D
-
RS1J
100
-
100
1000
8
DER-264
C
US1D
-
RS1J
50
-
100
1000
14
RDR-195
A
UF4006
P6KE200
UF4007
-
-
-
-
15
DER-256
C
MUR120
-
FR107
82
-
100
1000
15
DER-278
A
UF4004
P6KE200
UF4007
-
-
-
-
Table 4. Example Clamp Component Values for LinkSwitch-PH Designs.
Step 7 – Selection of Primary Clamp Components
(D2 , D3 and VR1)
more energy is dissipated in the clamp and less is delivered to
the output thereby reducing efficiency.
Several different clamp configuration are shown in Figure 16.
Diode DBLOCK (D3 in Figure 1) prevents current flow occurring
from source to drain during the period of each AC half-cycle
where the rectified AC voltage is below the reflected output
voltage (VOR) of the design. The diode should be an ultra-fast
type and have a current rating above the average drain current
(IAVG) and voltage rating of >1.2 × VOR × (VO(MAX) / VO). Good choices
for this components include the UF4002 (1 A) and UF5402 (3 A).
When the internal MOSFET turns off, leakage inductance
induces a voltage spike on the drain. To limit this voltage to
below the 725 V BVDSS rating of the internal MOSFET a clamp is
required across the primary of the transformer. The clamp both
limits the drain voltage and dissipates the leakage inductance
energy. Clamp selection and design is similar to that of a
standard flyback converter however the absence of bulk storage
capacitance after the rectifier (to give high power factor)
requires additional consideration.
The Zener configuration (Figure 16a) is the simplest to design,
gives the highest efficiency across variations in output voltage
and requires the fewest components but may have higher EMI
generation due to higher dv/dt and di/dt.
The peak voltage on the drain is a function of the value of the
input voltage, VOR and the clamp voltage.
During each AC half-cycle, the primary peak current varies to
provide an envelope that follows the AC voltage (giving high
power factor). As the leakage energy is a function of the peak
primary current this also varies during each AC half-cycle (ELEAK
= 0.5 × LLEAK × IP2). Peak leakage energy occurs at the peak of
the rectified input AC corresponding to the design spreadsheet
value of IP and it is at this point where the maximum peak drain
voltage occurs.
The clamp must therefore be designed to provide sufficient drain
voltage margin at the peak of the maximum AC input voltage
(1.41 × VACMAX) and the maximum output voltage. In addition
the clamp voltage must also remain significantly above the value
of VOR to minimize the amount of magnetizing energy (the energy
that is stored in the transformer during the switch on time) being
dissipated in the clamp.
The Zener or Zener Bleed configurations are preferred because
the clamp voltage does not reduce below a fixed value (defined
by the voltage of the Zener) irrespective of the value of ELEAK. In
comparison an RCD clamp has a clamping voltage that varies
with the value of ELEAK, reducing with the value of ELEAK. As the
clamp voltage reduces, towards the value of VOR, proportionally
The Zener Bleed configuration provides the lower EMI generation
of an RCD clamp but has a defined minimum clamp voltage.
The operation is similar to the RCD clamp. When the primary
switch turns off, the leakage inductance energy charges CCLAMP
to above the voltage rating of VRCLAMP. For the remainder of the
switching period CCLAMP is discharged via RCLAMP and VRCLAMP
ready for the next turn-off event. The addition of VRCLAMP in series
with RCLAMP ensures that the voltage across CCLAMP cannot discharge
to below the voltage rating of VRCLAMP. Dissipation is shared
between VRCLAMP and RCLAMP with the recommended voltage
rating of VRCLAMP being ~10% higher than the VOR of the design.
The RCD configuration (Figure 16c with VRCLAMP omitted) is
attractive because of low EMI generation, low cost and scalability
for higher power designs. The higher dissipation may be
accommodated by sizing the power rating of RCLAMP or using
multiple resistors in parallel. However the RCD clamp requires
more careful design as the clamping voltage varies with output
voltage and peak drain current. This requires that the maximum
clamp voltage is set at VO(MAX) and therefore results in lower
efficiency at the nominal output voltage (VO).
By adding a Zener to the RCD configuration (Figure 16c with
VRCLAMP present) to form the RCD+Z provides a good compromise
between the fixed clamping voltage of a Zener and high power
capability of the RCD. The Zener provides a fixed voltage clamp
during transients (start-up or output short-circuit) but during
normal operation the RC network clamps the peak drain voltage.
Zener diode peak current for configuration 16a and 16b is
typically 0.6 to 0.8 × IP and therefore transient suppressor
diodes (TVS) are recommended. The P4KExxxA (1 W),
P6KExxxA (5 W) and 1.5KExxxA (6.5 W) are good examples
(where xxx represents the voltage rating and A indicates
uni-directional.
For the RCD+Z and Zener Bleed configurations (Figures 16c
and 16d) the peak Zener currents are significantly lower and
standard 1-2 W Zener diode may be selected such as the
BZY97Cxxx.
11
www.powerint.com
Rev. A 05/11
Application Note
For high-power capability multiple Zener diodes may be placed
in series (as shown in Figure 16b) with the overall voltage being
equal to the desired clamping voltage. This is typically only
required in output powers above 30 W based on Zener
temperature rise.
For Figure 16 configurations (a), (b) and (c) a voltage rating of
200 V is recommended for VRCLAMP but this can be lowered to
provide additional drain voltage margin providing the value of
VRCLAMP is >1.4 × VOR(MAX), where VOR(MAX) is equal to VOR × (VO(MAX)/VO).
Select the power rating of the clamp Zener(s) and/or resistor(s)
based on the value for PCLAMP given in the Key Design Parameters
section of the design spreadsheet. This value represents the
average energy dissipated in the clamp over one AC line cycle.
Table 4 provides a good starting point for component selection
based on output power.
Once a prototype is constructed verify the clamp component
temperature to ensure that there is sufficient design margin
when operated inside the final product enclosure (including
LED) and highest ambient temperature.
DCLAMP should be a fast or ultra fast type with a reverse recovery
time <500 ns. Under no circumstances should a standard
recovery rectifier diode be used. The high dissipation that may
result during start-up or an output short-circuit can cause failure
of the diode.
Step 8 – Output Overvoltage
(Disconnected Load Protection – Optional)
(D6, C7, R1, VR2, C5 and Q2 in Figure 1)
The purpose of this optional functional block is to limit the output
voltage should the load (LED string) be disconnected. Without
this protection the output voltage will rise to a high value that
can cause failure of the output capacitors, the clamp components
and the LinkSwitch-PH device. Even in LED retro-fit lamp
applications, where disconnection of the LED load is a fault
condition and represents product failure, output OVP may still
be desirable to protect the supply during the manufacturing
process and maintain the output voltage within SELV (safety
extra low voltage) safety limits.
During unloaded operation the output voltage will rise, resulting
in a proportional rise in the bias winding voltage. Once VR2
conducts and Q2 is biased on the FEEDBACK pin of U1 is pulled
to source, initiating auto-restart mode. Once in auto-restart the
800 ms off time allows the output voltage to discharge via R11.
As soon as the load is reconnected normal operation resumes
after the completion of the auto-restart off period.
The bias voltage is separately rectified and filtered by D6 and C7
to allow a faster response time than using the voltage across C5.
Diode D6 can be any small signal diode with a voltage rating
greater that the value given in the design spreadsheet (PIVB) and
a current rating >150 mA. The value of C7 is not critical, use a 1 μF
value and voltage rating above the bias voltage if no better data
is available. Resistor R10 provides some load across C7
preventing peak charging. Start with a value of 10 kΩ, 5%.
AN-49
Select the initial voltage rating of VR2 to be VOVP + 5 V where the
value of VOVP is given in the Applications Variables section of the
design spreadsheet. The 5 V figure compensates for the effects
of peak charging and prevents false triggering under normal
operation. Parts with power ratings ≤0.5 W and a tolerance of
5% are recommended.
Capacitor C6 provides noise filtering. Select any generic 100 nF,
50 V ceramic capacitor. Resistor R9 defines the current before
Q3 is biased on, improving accuracy by operating the Zener
closer to its data sheet test current. A value of 330 Ω to 1 kΩ,
5% is recommended, giving a Zener current of 0.5 mA to 2 mA.
Transistor Q2 can be any small signal NPN transistor (collector
voltage is <10 V and currents <1 mA). Once a prototype is
constructed adjust the voltage of VR3 to be 5 – 10 V above the
measured voltage across C7 at VO(MAX) (the maximum LED string
voltage). This ensures that Q2 remains completely off during
normal operation, preventing changing the output current.
Step 9 – Output Diode, Capacitors and Pre-load
(D7, C9, C10 and R11)
Select an output diode with a current rating of ≥IO and a voltage
rating VRRM >PIVS where IO and PIVS are values from the design
spreadsheet. A current rating of ≥ 2 × IO results in higher
efficiency and should be considered where necessary.
Ultrafast (tRR<150 ns) or Schottky types should be selected.
Schottky types will give higher efficiency, especially in lower
output voltage designs where the diode forward voltage is a
larger proportion of the secondary winding voltage.
Low or very low ESR capacitors should be used. Select the
values based on allowable output (LED) current ripple with an
initial value = ~1.5 μF per mA of output current for ±50% output
current ripple. The capacitance value may be split across
several capacitors for space reasons. When using low ESR
types the ripple current rating of the capacitors is typically much
higher than actual ripple current so typically this rating doesn’t
need to be considered.
Larger values of output capacitance reduces the output ripple
and improves dimming range by maintaining feedback into the
LinkSwitch-PH device even at very small TRIAC conduction
angles.
Output LED ripple currents of ≤50% vs. DC have little
performance impact, with negligible change in LED efficiency or
color temperature.
Both electrolytic or ceramic capacitors may be used. Ceramic
capacitors offer longer lifetime than electrolytic types however
when used as output capacitors there is less benefit. This is
due to the effect on LED operation at end life. Here the
reduction in capacitance and increase in ESR results in higher
LED ripple current but not outright failure of the driver. Lifetime
of electrolytic capacitors is directly affected by operating
temperature. However when using low ESR types with
sufficient capacitance to limit output current ripple to ≤50%
then capacitor self-heating is negligible and the operating
temperature is equal to the ambient temperature.
12
Rev. A 05/11
www.powerint.com
AN-49
Application Note
Working with TRIAC Dimmers
The requirement to provide output dimming with low cost,
TRIAC based, leading edge phase dimmers introduces a
number of trade-offs in the design.
Rectified Input Voltage (V)
Due to the much lower power consumed by LED lighting the
input current drawn by the lamp is below the holding current of
the TRIAC within the dimmer. The input capacitance of the
driver allows large inrush currents to flow when the TRIAC fires.
This then generates input current ringing with the input stage
and line inductance which may cause the current to fall below
the TRIAC holding current. Both of these mechanisms cause
undesirable behavior such as limited dimming range and/or
flickering.
350
Voltage
Current
250
0.25
0.15
150
0.05
50
-50
0.35
0.5
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
-0.05
-150
-0.15
-250
-0.25
-350
-0.35
Conduction Angle (°)
Figure 17. Ideal Input Voltage and Current Waveforms for a Leading Edge
TRIAC Dimmer at 90° Conduction Angle.
Figure 17 shows the line voltage and current at the input of a
leading edge TRIAC dimmer. In this example, the TRIAC
conducts at 90 degrees.
Figure 18 shows the desired rectified bus voltage and current.
Line Current (Through Dimmer) (A)
Line Voltage (at Dimmer Input) (V)
To overcome these issues two circuit blocks, damper and
bleeder, are incorporated in dimming applications. The drawback of these circuits is increased dissipation and therefore
reduced efficiency of the supply.
0.35
Voltage
Current
300
0.3
250
0.25
200
0.2
150
0.15
100
0.1
50
0.05
0
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Conduction Angle (°)
Figure 18. Resultant Waveforms Following Rectification of Ideal TRIAC
Dimmer Output.
PI-5985-102810
350
Rectified Input Voltage (V)
For correct operation incandescent phase angle dimmers
typically have a specified minimum load, typically ~40 W for a
230 VAC rated unit. This is to ensure that the current through
the internal TRIAC stays above its specified holding current
threshold.
PI-5983-060810
PI-5984-060810
350
Rectified Input Current (A)
Step 10 – TRIAC Leading Edge Dimmer Compatibility
Components
Figure 19 shows undesired rectified bus voltage and current
with the TRIAC turning off prematurely and restarting. On the
first half cycle this is due to the input current ringing below the
holding current of the TRIAC, excited by the initial inrush current.
The second half cycle also shows the TRIAC turning off due to
the current falling below the holding current towards the end of
the conduction angle. This difference in behavior on alternate
half cycles is often seen due to a difference in the holding
current of the TRIAC between the two operating quadrants.
0.35
Voltage
Current
300
0.3
250
0.25
200
0.2
150
0.15
100
0.1
50
0.05
Rectified Input Current (A)
Select the value of the output discharge and pre-load resistor to
provide a current of 1.5 mA at the output voltage (R15 = VO / 1.5 mA).
This resistor causes the output to discharges below the LED
string voltage when the AC is removed and therefore ensures
the LED extinguish rather than there being a slight glow for
several seconds after AC is removed.
0
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Conduction Angle (°)
Figure 19. Example of Phase Angle Dimmer Showing Erratic Firing.
If the TRIAC is turning off before the end of the half cycle or
rapidly turning on and off then a bleeder and damper circuit are
required.
In general as power dissipated in the bleeder and damper
circuits increases, so does dimmer compatibility.
Initially install a bleeder network across the rectified power bus
(R7 and C12 in Figure 1) with initial values of 0.22 mF and a total
resistance of 510 W and power rating of 2 W.
Reduce the capacitance value to find the minimum acceptable
value. Reducing the capacitance value reduces power dissipation
and therefore increases efficiency.
13
www.powerint.com
Rev. A 05/11
Application Note
(a)
70
60
(b)
50
40
30
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
20
10
10
0
0
Figure
Showing 0 20. Example
0.5 of TRIAC1Dimmer Output
1.5 Voltage and
2 Current 2.5
Half-Cycle Dissymmetry Upper: AC Voltage (200 V / div.),
Lower: AC Current
(1 A /Current
div.)
Load
(A)
0 21. Example
0.5 Waveforms
1 Showing1.5
2 Operation2.5
Figure
Correct TRIAC
at Minimum Conduction Angle. Upper: Rectified AC Input Voltage (100 V / div.), Lower: AC Input Current (1 A / div.)
If the bleeder circuit does not maintain conduction in the TRIAC
on both AC half-cycles, then add a damper. Figure 20 shows a
typical waveform where the bleeder circuit alone is not sufficient
to maintain correct TRIAC conduction on both AC half-cycles.
On positive half-cycles (a) the TRIAC conducts for the full
conduction angle but on the negative half-cycle (b) the TRIAC
fires twice. In this case a damper is required. The purpose of
the damper is to limit the inrush current that flows through the
input stage and line inductances as the input capacitance charges.
Without limiting this current the input capacitor (C2 in Figure 1)
voltage can reach significantly above the peak of the incoming
AC voltage which causes the TRIAC current to fall to zero and
therefore turn off. This cycle then repeats causing flicker.
maximum value of R14 and R15. SCRs with low gate trigger
currents are recommended (Table 5). Maximum dissipation in
the resistors of the damper and bleeder occurs at 90 degree
TRIAC conduction and therefore thermal testing should be
performed under this condition to verify component temperatures.
For high-line designs it may be necessary to use a wirewound
construction for the active damper resistor to prevent failure.
This is due to the high instantaneous power dissipated when
AC is first applied. In this case a single resistor is acceptable,
for example the CRF series from Vitrohm.
For higher power designs or if the passive damper is insufficient
to prevent incorrect TRIAC operation then an active damper is
required. This is typical in high-line applications due to the
much larger inrush current that flows when the TRIAC turns on.
A low cost active damper circuit is formed by R14, R15, C11,
and Q1 in Figure 1. Resistor R16 limits the inrush current and
can be a much higher value than the passive case as they are in
circuit for only a fraction of the line cycle. Silicon controlled
rectifier (SCR) Q1 shorts R16 after a delay defined by R14, R15
and C3. The delay is adjusted to give the shortest time that
provides acceptable dimmer performance to minimize the
dissipation in R16. Figure 21 shows the effect of adding the
damper compared to the waveform in Figure 20. Here the TRIAC
correctly conducts once each half-cycle. The SCR required is a
low current, low cost device available with very low gate current
requirements. The gate drive requirement of the selected SCR
together with the minimum specified line voltage defines the
PI-5986-060810
350
Voltage
Current
250
0.35
0.25
150
0.15
50
0.05
-50 0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
-0.05
-150
-0.15
-250
-0.25
-350
-0.35
Conduction Angle (°)
Figure 22. Ideal Dimmer Output Voltage and Current Waveforms for a Trailing Edge Dimmer at 90° Conduction Angle.
Part Number
Supplier
Specification
MCRZZ-6
On Semi
1.5 A, 400 V, TO-92, 200 mA
P0118DA
ST
0.8 A, 400 V, TO-92, 5 mA
Table 5. Example of SCRs Suitable for use in an Active Damper.
14
Rev. A 05/11
Dimmer Output Current (A)
For designs with an output power of less than 6 W, a passive
damper may be used. Here a simple resistor in series with the
AC input. Values in the range of 10 W – 100 W are typical with
the upper range being limited by the allowed dissipation /
temperature rise and reduction in efficiency. Values below 10 W
may also be used but are less effective especially in high AC
line input designs.
It’s common for different dimmers to behave differently across
manufacturers and power ratings. For example a 300 W
dimmer requires less dampening and requires less power loss
in the bleeder than a 600 W or 1000 W dimmer due to the use
Dimmer Output Voltage (V)
Efficiency (%)
80
100
PI-6438-050311
90
Efficiency (%)
PI-6437-050311
100
AN-49
www.powerint.com
AN-49
Application Note
of a lower current rating TRIAC which typically have lower
holding currents. Line impedance differences can also cause
variation in behavior so during development the use of an AC
source is recommended for consistency however testing using
AC building power should also be performed.
Electronic Trailing Edge Dimmers
Figure 22 shows the line voltage and current at the input of the
power supply with a trailing edge electronic dimmer. In this
example, the dimmer conducts at 90 degrees. This type of
dimmer typically uses a power MOSFET or IGBT to provide the
switching function and therefore no holding current is necessary.
Also since the conduction begins at the zero crossing, high
current surges and line ringing are not an issue. Use of these
types of dimmers typically does not require damper and
bleeder circuits.
RV1
LinkSwitch-PH
V
D
CONTROL
S
R
RFB1
FB
RFB2
PI-6432-041411
Figure 23. Partial Schematic Defining the Location of Resistors RV1, RV2, RFB1 and RFB2 Used During Output Fine Tuning.
Step 11 – Fine Tuning
Once a prototype has been built it may be necessary to adjust
the values of the V and FEEDBACK pin resistors. This adjustment
FINE TUNING (Enter measured values from prototype)
V pin Resistor Fine Tuning
RV1
4
RV2
1E+12
VAC1
115
VAC2
230
IO_VAC1
0.5
IO_VAC2
0.5
RV1 (new)
4
RV2 (new)
20911.63
V_OV
319.6
V_UV
66.3
FB pin resistor Fine Tuning
RFB1
141
RFB2
1.00E+12
VB1
22.5
VB2
27.5
IO1
0.5
IO2
0.5
RFB1 (new)
141.3
RFB2(new)
1.00E+12
Start by adjusting the V pin resistor values before moving onto
the FEEDBACK pin resistors. Figure 23 shows the location of
both the V pin and FEEDBACK pin resistors.
Enter the actual values of RV1 and RV2 (if fitted) into the V pin
Resistor Fine Tuning section of the design spreadsheet. If left
blank then the original spreadsheet values are assumed. For
non-dimming designs measure the output current at the nominal
line voltages of the input specification e.g. 115 VAC and 230 VAC
for a universal input specification. For designs that will operate
with phase angle TRIAC dimmers measure at the minimum and
maximum input voltage of the specified single line input voltage
range e.g. for 230 VAC nominal measure at 195 VAC and 265 VAC.
Once entered the spreadsheet will provide new values (RV1(NEW),
RV2(NEW)). Values for RV2(NEW) above 10 MΩ can be ignored and
RV2(NEW) omitted. As the new values will also modify the line
undervoltage and line overvoltage values these are shown for
reference. Change the resistor values on the prototype and
re-measure the output current and move to FEEDBACK pin
resistor adjustment.
BP
RV2
compensates for the actual bias voltage in operation (tracking
between bias winding and secondary) the actual nominal
output voltage (LED string voltage) and any voltage drops in the
input stage. A two step procedure is required as both the V pin
and feedback resistors change the output current. The V pin
resistors optimize line voltage regulation whereas the FEEDBACK
pin resistors primarily center the output current. Typically one
or two iterations are required.
Enter the actual values of RFB1 and RFB2 (if fitted) into the
FEEDBACK pin resistor Fine Tuning section of the design
spreadsheet. If left blank then the original spreadsheet values
are assumed.
For non-dimming designs measure the bias voltage and output
current at the nominal line voltages of the input specification.
For example for a universal input voltage specification measure
the bias voltage and output current at 115 VAC (VB1, IO1) and
230 VAC (VB2, IO2). For designs that will operate with phase
M-ohms
M-ohms
V
V
A
A
M-ohms
M-ohms
V
V
Upper V Pin Resistor Value
Lower V Pin Resistor Value
Test Input Voltage Condition1
Test Input Voltage Condition2
Measured Output Current at VAC1
Measured Output Current at VAC2
New RV1
New RV2
Typical AC input voltage at which OV shutdown will be triggered
Typical AC input voltage beyond which power supply can startup
k-ohms
k-ohms
V
V
A
A
k-ohms
k-ohms
Upper FB Pin Resistor Value
Lower FB Pin Resistor Value
Test Bias Voltage Condition1
Test Bias Voltage Condition2
Measured Output Current at Vb1
Measured Output Current at Vb2
New RFB1
New RFB2
Figure 24. Fine Tuning Section of the Design Spreadsheet.
15
www.powerint.com
Rev. A 05/11
Application Note
Tips and Tricks
Accurately Measuring Output Power
When measuring the efficiency of a LinkSwitch-PH design it is
critical to accurately measure the output power. The normal
practice of using a digital multimeter to measure the output
current and voltage can cause significant errors if the line
frequency output ripple is significant. For example a design
with 100% output ripple compared to a design of the same
output power but 10% ripple measured with DVMs will result in
an efficiency measurement error of -3%. To avoid the error in
design with output current ripple >~30% either use a power
meter to directly measure the output power (for example the
Yokogawa WT2xx series measures accurately to DC) or
temporarily connect a large additional output capacitance
during measurement (2200 mF). Once the output current and
voltage are close to a DC level the measurement error when
using DVMs becomes negligible.
PWM Dimming
Figure 25 shows a circuit configuration for implementing PWM
dimming which converts the digital signal into an analog current
which adjusts the FEEDBPACK (FB) pin current and therefore
the output current. The dimming range achievable is 16:1.
The PWM signal is injected via Q1. This may be either a small
signal NPN transistor or for isolation the transistor side of an
optocoupler. With no PWM signal the value of IFB (the current
into the FEEDBACK pin) is unchanged and the output is
regulated as normal. As the PWM signal duty cycle increases
the current into the FEEDBACK pin is lowered, lowering output
current. At 100% duty cycle the FEEDBACK pin current is at a
minimum giving the lowest output current.
The value for RFB provided by the PIXls design spreadsheet is
split between R1 and R3 but must be increased to account for
the 20 mA provided via R4. The expression for R1 is shown in
the Figure. The value of R3 is not critical but should be a 1%
type to give output current matching unit to unit.
The calculation for R2 is designed to limit the minimum voltage
at the output of the resistor divider formed by R2 and R3 to be
equal to 2.5 V when the PWM signal duty cycle is 100% duty
cycle. For this example R2 would be 11 k.
The value of C1 is selected such that the time constant formed
by C1 and R2 is >5 times the period of the PWM signal.
PWM frequencies above the eye’s response (>100 Hz) are
recommended to greatly reduce the likelihood of perceiving
shimmer in the output.
1.6
PI-6434-041411
Replace the existing resistors in the prototype with new values
and measure the output current. If the output current is
centered and line voltage regulation acceptable then no further
adjustment is required. However if further improvement is
desired complete a second iteration, entering the updated
values for RFB1, RFB2, RV1 and RV2 into the relevant cells in the
Fine Tuning section of the spreadsheet.
With the value as shown R4 provides a bias from the BYPASS
pin into the FEEDBACK pin which prevents the FEEDBACK pin
current falling below the auto-restart threshold current of 20 mA
when Q1 is fed with a 100% duty cycle signal. This will also
disable auto-restart during a fault condition such as output
short-circuits. This can be avoided if the maximum PMW duty
cycle is limited or the value of R2 is adjusted to limit the
maximum current through the optocoupler such that IFB is
always >20 mA
1.4
Output Current (A)
angle TRIAC dimmers measure at the minimum and maximum
input voltage of the specified single line input range. For
example a design with a nominal input voltage of 115 VAC
should be measured at 85 VAC (VB1, IO1) and 132 VAC (VB2, IO2).
Once these values have been entered the spreadsheet with
calculate new values for the FEEDBACK pin resistors (RFB1(NEW),
RFB2(NEW)). Values for RFB2 >4 MΩ can be ignored and RFB2
omitted.
AN-49
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Duty Cycle
Figure 26. Duty Cycle to Output Current Characteristic for the PWM Dimming Circuit Shown in Figure 25.
16
Rev. A 05/11
www.powerint.com
1
AN-49
Application Note
V
D
LinkSwitch-PH
CONTROL
S
R
R3
24.9 kΩ
BP
R4
175 kΩ
FB
Bias
Voltage
R2
R1
Q1
CBP
C1
PWM
PI-6433-050311
2.5 × R3
R1 = ((VBIAS-VFB) / (IFB – 20 μA)) – R3
C1 ≥ 5/(fPWM × R2
R2 =
Where:
VBIAS = Bias voltage
IFB = FEEDBACK pin (from PIXls)
VFB = FEEDBACK pin voltage (2.4 VTYP)
20 μA is the current through R4
Where:
fPWM = PWM frequency
Where:
VBIAS = Bias voltage at full
dimming, assume VBIAS/3
VBIAS(FD) – 2.5
Figure 25. Circuit Configuration for PWM Dimming.
17
www.powerint.com
Rev. A 05/11
Revision
A
Notes
Date
Initial Release
05/11
For the latest updates, visit our website: www.powerint.com
Power Integrations reserves the right to make changes to its products at any time to improve reliability or manufacturability. Power
Integrations does not assume any liability arising from the use of any device or circuit described herein. POWER INTEGRATIONS MAKES
NO WARRANTY HEREIN AND SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE IMPLIED
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, AND NON-INFRINGEMENT OF THIRD PARTY RIGHTS.
Patent Information
The products and applications illustrated herein (including transformer construction and circuits external to the products) may be covered
by one or more U.S. and foreign patents, or potentially by pending U.S. and foreign patent applications assigned to Power Integrations. A
complete list of Power Integrations patents may be found at www.powerint.com. Power Integrations grants its customers a license under
certain patent rights as set forth at http://www.powerint.com/ip.htm.
Life Support Policy
POWER INTEGRATIONS PRODUCTS ARE NOT AUTHORIZED FOR USE AS CRITICAL COMPONENTS IN LIFE SUPPORT DEVICES OR
SYSTEMS WITHOUT THE EXPRESS WRITTEN APPROVAL OF THE PRESIDENT OF POWER INTEGRATIONS. As used herein:
1. A Life support device or system is one which, (i) is intended for surgical implant into the body, or (ii) supports or sustains life, and (iii) whose failure to perform, when properly used in accordance with instructions for use, can be reasonably expected to result in significant
injury or death to the user.
2. A critical component is any component of a life support device or system whose failure to perform can be reasonably expected to cause
the failure of the life support device or system, or to affect its safety or effectiveness.
The PI logo, TOPSwitch, TinySwitch, LinkSwitch, DPA-Switch, PeakSwitch, CAPZero, SENZero, LinkZero, HiperPFS, HiperTFS, Qspeed,
EcoSmart, Clampless, E-Shield, Filterfuse, StakFET, PI Expert and PI FACTS are trademarks of Power Integrations, Inc. Other trademarks
are property of their respective companies. ©2011, Power Integrations, Inc.
Power Integrations Worldwide Sales Support Locations
World Headquarters
5245 Hellyer Avenue
San Jose, CA 95138, USA.
Main: +1-408-414-9200
Customer Service:
Phone: +1-408-414-9665
Fax: +1-408-414-9765
e-mail: [email protected]
China (Shanghai)
Room 1601/1610, Tower 1
Kerry Everbright City
No. 218 Tianmu Road West
Shanghai, P.R.C. 200070
Phone: +86-21-6354-6323
Fax: +86-21-6354-6325
e-mail: [email protected]
China (Shenzhen)
Rm A, B & C 4th Floor, Block C,
Electronics Science and
Technology Bldg., 2070
Shennan Zhong Rd,
Shenzhen, Guangdong,
China, 518031
Phone: +86-755-8379-3243
Fax: +86-755-8379-5828
e-mail: [email protected]
Germany
..
Rueckertstrasse 3
D-80336, Munich
Germany
Phone: +49-89-5527-3910
Fax: +49-89-5527-3920
e-mail: [email protected]
India
#1, 14th Main Road
Vasanthanagar
Bangalore-560052 India
Phone: +91-80-4113-8020
Fax: +91-80-4113-8023
e-mail: [email protected]
Italy
Via De Amicis 2
20091 Bresso MI
Italy
Phone: +39-028-928-6000
Fax: +39-028-928-6009
e-mail: [email protected]
Japan
Kosei Dai-3 Bldg.
2-12-11, Shin-Yokomana,
Kohoku-ku
Yokohama-shi Kanagwan
222-0033 Japan
Phone: +81-45-471-1021
Fax: +81-45-471-3717
e-mail: [email protected]
Korea
RM 602, 6FL
Korea City Air Terminal B/D, 159-6
Samsung-Dong, Kangnam-Gu,
Seoul, 135-728, Korea
Phone: +82-2-2016-6610
Fax: +82-2-2016-6630
e-mail: [email protected]
Taiwan
5F, No. 318, Nei Hu Rd., Sec. 1
Nei Hu Dist.
Taipei, Taiwan 114, R.O.C.
Phone: +886-2-2659-4570
Fax: +886-2-2659-4550
e-mail: [email protected]
Europe HQ
1st Floor, St. James’s House
East Street, Farnham
Surrey GU9 7TJ
United Kingdom
Phone: +44 (0) 1252-730-141
Fax: +44 (0) 1252-727-689
e-mail: [email protected]
Applications Hotline
World Wide +1-408-414-9660
Singapore
51 Newton Road
Applications Fax
#19-01/05 Goldhill Plaza
World Wide +1-408-414-9760
Singapore, 308900
Phone: +65-6358-2160
Fax: +65-6358-2015
e-mail: [email protected]