19-2235; Rev 1; 3/02 Cold-Junction-Compensated K-Thermocoupleto-Digital Converter (0°C to +1024°C) Features The MAX6675 performs cold-junction compensation and digitizes the signal from a type-K thermocouple. The data is output in a 12-bit resolution, SPI™-compatible, read-only format. This converter resolves temperatures to 0.25°C, allows readings as high as +1024°C, and exhibits thermocouple accuracy of 8LSBs for temperatures ranging from 0°C to +700°C. The MAX6675 is available in a small, 8-pin SO package. ♦ Direct Digital Conversion of Type -K Thermocouple Output ♦ Cold-Junction Compensation ♦ Simple SPI-Compatible Serial Interface ♦ 12-Bit, 0.25°C Resolution ♦ Open Thermocouple Detection Ordering Information PART MAX6675ISA TEMP RANGE PIN-PACKAGE -20°C to +85°C 8 SO Applications Pin Configuration Industrial TOP VIEW Appliances HVAC Automotive GND 1 8 N.C. T- 2 7 SO 3 6 CS VCC 4 5 SCK MAX6675 T+ SO SPI is a trademark of Motorola, Inc. Typical Application Circuit Vcc 0.1µF MAX6675 MICROCONTROLLER 68HC11A8 GND SO MISO T+ SCK SCK T- CS SSB ________________________________________________________________ Maxim Integrated Products For pricing, delivery, and ordering information, please contact Maxim/Dallas Direct! at 1-888-629-4642, or visit Maxim’s website at www.maxim-ic.com. 1 MAX6675 General Description MAX6675 Cold-Junction-Compensated K-Thermocoupleto-Digital Converter (0°C to +1024°C) ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS Supply Voltage (VCC to GND) ................................ -0.3V to +6V SO, SCK, CS, T-, T+ to GND .......................-0.3V to VCC + 0.3V SO Current ........................................................................ 50mA ESD Protection (Human Body Model) ........................... ±2000V Continuous Power Dissipation (TA = +70°C) 8-Pin SO (derate 5.88mW/°C above +70°C) .............. 471mW Operating Temperature Range ..........................-20°C to +85°C Storage Temperature Range ............................-65°C to +150°C Junction Temperature .................................................... +150°C SO Package Vapor Phase (60s) . .....................................................+215°C Infrared (15s) ..............................................................+220°C Lead Temperature (soldering, 10s) ............................... +300°C Stresses beyond those listed under “Absolute Maximum Ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only, and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated in the operational sections of the specifications is not implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability. ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (VCC = +3.0V to +5.5V, TA = -20°C to +85°C, unless otherwise noted. Typical values specified at +25°C.) (Note 1) PARAMETER SYMBOL Temperature Error CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX TTHERMOCOUPLE = +700°C, TA = +25°C (Note 2) VCC = +3.3V -5 +5 VCC = +5V -6 +6 TTHERMOCOUPLE = 0°C to +700°C, TA = +25°C (Note 2) VCC = +3.3V -8 +8 VCC = +5V -9 +9 TTHERMOCOUPLE = +700°C to +1000°C, TA = +25°C (Note 2) VCC = +3.3V -17 +17 VCC = +5V -19 +19 Thermocouple Conversion Constant 10.25 Cold-Junction Compensation Error TA = -20°C to +85°C (Note 2) -3.0 +3.0 VCC = +5V -3.0 +3.0 Thermocouple Input Impedance Supply Voltage VCC Supply Current ICC Power-On Reset Threshold 1 Power-On Reset Hysteresis °C 60 kΩ 5.5 V 0.7 1.5 mA 2 2.5 50 Conversion Time (Note 2) °C 0.25 3.0 VCC rising LSB µV/LSB VCC = +3.3V Resolution UNITS 0.17 V mV 0.22 s 0.3 x VCC V SERIAL INTERFACE Input Low Voltage VIL Input High Voltage VIH Input Leakage Current Input Capacitance 2 ILEAK CIN 0.7 x VCC V ±5 VIN = GND or VCC 5 _______________________________________________________________________________________ µA pF Cold-Junction-Compensated K-Thermocoupleto-Digital Converter (0°C to +1024°C) (VCC = +3.0V to +5.5V, TA = -20°C to +85°C, unless otherwise noted. Typical values specified at +25°C.) (Note 1) PARAMETER SYMBOL CONDITIONS Output High Voltage VOH ISOURCE = 1.6mA Output Low Voltage VOL ISINK = 1.6mA MIN TYP MAX VCC 0.4 UNITS V 0.4 V 4.3 MHz TIMING Serial Clock Frequency fSCL SCK Pulse High Width tCH 100 ns SCK Pulse Low Width tCL 100 ns CSB Fall to SCK Rise tCSS CL = 10pF 100 ns CSB Fall to Output Enable tDV CL = 10pF 100 ns CSB Rise to Output Disable tTR CL = 10pF 100 ns SCK Fall to Output Data Valid tDO CL = 10pF 100 ns Note 1: All specifications are 100% tested at TA = +25°C. Specification limits over temperature (TA = TMIN to TMAX) are guaranteed by design and characterization, not production tested. Note 2: Guaranteed by design. Not production tested. Typical Operating Characteristics (VCC = +3.3V, TA = +25°C, unless otherwise noted.) OUTPUT CODE ERROR vs. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE 6 4 MAX6675 toc02 8 10 OUTPUT CODE ERROR (LSB) MAX6675 toc01 OUTPUT CODE ERROR (LSB) 10 OUTPUT CODE ERROR vs. VOLTAGE DIFFERENTIAL 5 0 2 -5 0 0 15 30 45 60 TEMPERATURE (°C) 75 90 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 VOLTAGE DIFFERENTIAL (mV) _______________________________________________________________________________________ 3 MAX6675 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued) Cold-Junction-Compensated K-Thermocoupleto-Digital Converter (0°C to +1024°C) MAX6675 Pin Description PIN NAME 1 GND 2 T- FUNCTION Ground Alumel Lead of Type-K Thermocouple. Should be connected to ground externally. 3 T+ Chromel Lead of Type-K Thermocouple 4 VCC Positive Supply. Bypass with a 0.1µF capacitor to GND. 5 SCK Serial Clock Input 6 CS Chip Select. Set CS low to enable the serial interface. 7 SO Serial Data Output 8 N.C. No Connection Detailed Description The MAX6675 is a sophisticated thermocouple-to-digital converter with a built-in 12-bit analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The MAX6675 also contains cold-junction compensation sensing and correction, a digital controller, an SPI-compatible interface, and associated control logic. The MAX6675 is designed to work in conjunction with an external microcontroller (µC) or other intelligence in thermostatic, process-control, or monitoring applications. Temperature Conversion The MAX6675 includes signal-conditioning hardware to convert the thermocouple’s signal into a voltage compatible with the input channels of the ADC. The T+ and Tinputs connect to internal circuitry that reduces the introduction of noise errors from the thermocouple wires. Before converting the thermoelectric voltages into equivalent temperature values, it is necessary to compensate for the difference between the thermocouple cold-junction side (MAX6675 ambient temperature) and a 0°C virtual reference. For a type-K thermocouple, the voltage changes by 41µV/°C, which approximates the thermocouple characteristic with the following linear equation: Where: VOUT is the thermocouple output voltage (µV). TR is the temperature of the remote thermocouple junction (°C). TAMB is the ambient temperature (°C). Cold-Junction Compensation The function of the thermocouple is to sense a difference in temperature between two ends of the thermocouple wires. The thermocouple‘s hot junction can be read from 0°C to +1023.75°C. The cold end (ambient temperature of the board on which the MAX6675 is mounted) can only range from -20°C to +85°C. While the temperature at the cold end fluctuates, the MAX6675 continues to accurately sense the temperature difference at the opposite end. The MAX6675 senses and corrects for the changes in the ambient temperature with cold-junction compensation. The device converts the ambient temperature reading into a voltage using a temperature-sensing diode. To make the actual thermocouple temperature measurement, the MAX6675 measures the voltage from the thermocouple’s output and from the sensing diode. The device’s internal circuitry passes the diode’s voltage (sensing ambient temperature) and thermocouple voltage (sensing remote temperature minus ambient temperature) to the conversion function stored in the ADC to calculate the thermocouple’s hot-junction temperature. Optimal performance from the MAX6675 is achieved when the thermocouple cold junction and the MAX6675 are at the same temperature. Avoid placing heat-generating devices or components near the MAX6675 because this may produce cold-junction-related errors. Digitization The ADC adds the cold-junction diode measurement with the amplified thermocouple voltage and reads out the 12-bit result onto the SO pin. A sequence of all zeros means the thermocouple reading is 0°C. A sequence of all ones means the thermocouple reading is +1023.75°C. VOUT = (41µV / °C) ✕ (TR - TAMB) 4 _______________________________________________________________________________________ Cold-Junction-Compensated K-Thermocoupleto-Digital Converter (0°C to +1024°C) Serial Interface The Typical Application Circuit shows the MAX6675 interfaced with a microcontroller. In this example, the MAX6675 processes the reading from the thermocouple and transmits the data through a serial interface. Force CS low and apply a clock signal at SCK to read the results at SO. Forcing CS low immediately stops any conversion process. Initiate a new conversion process by forcing CS high. Force CS low to output the first bit on the SO pin. A complete serial interface read requires 16 clock cycles. Read the 16 output bits on the falling edge of the clock. The first bit, D15, is a dummy sign bit and is always zero. Bits D14–D3 contain the converted temperature in the order of MSB to LSB. Bit D2 is normally low and goes high when the thermocouple input is open. D1 is low to provide a device ID for the MAX6675 and bit D0 is three-state. Figure 1a is the serial interface protocol and Figure 1b shows the serial interface timing. Figure 2 is the SO output. Open Thermocouple Bit D2 is normally low and goes high if the thermocouple input is open. In order to allow the operation of the open thermocouple detector, T- must be grounded. Make the ground connection as close to the GND pin as possible. Noise Considerations The accuracy of the MAX6675 is susceptible to powersupply coupled noise. The effects of power-supply noise can be minimized by placing a 0.1µF ceramic bypass capacitor close to the supply pin of the device. mounting technique, and the effects of airflow. Use a large ground plane to improve the temperature measurement accuracy of the MAX6675. The accuracy of a thermocouple system can also be improved by following these precautions: • Use the largest wire possible that does not shunt heat away from the measurement area. • If small wire is required, use it only in the region of the measurement and use extension wire for the region with no temperature gradient. • Avoid mechanical stress and vibration, which could strain the wires. • When using long thermocouple wires, use a twistedpair extension wire. • Avoid steep temperature gradients. • Try to use the thermocouple wire well within its temperature rating. • Use the proper sheathing material in hostile environments to protect the thermocouple wire. • Use extension wire only at low temperatures and only in regions of small gradients. • Keep an event log and a continuous record of thermocouple resistance. Reducing Effects of Pick-Up Noise The input amplifier (A1) is a low-noise amplifier designed to enable high-precision input sensing. Keep the thermocouple and connecting wires away from electrical noise sources. Chip Information TRANSISTOR COUNT: 6720 PROCESS: BiCMOS Thermal Considerations Self-heating degrades the temperature measurement accuracy of the MAX6675 in some applications. The magnitude of the temperature errors depends on the thermal conductivity of the MAX6675 package, the _______________________________________________________________________________________ 5 MAX6675 Applications Information MAX6675 Cold-Junction-Compensated K-Thermocoupleto-Digital Converter (0°C to +1024°C) CS SCK SO D14 D15 D13 D12 D11 D10 D9 D7 D8 D6 D5 D4 D3 D0 D2 D1 Figure 1a. Serial Interface Protocol tCSS CS tCH tCL SCK tDV tDO tTR SO D15 D3 D2 D1 D0 Figure 1b. Serial Interface Timing BIT DUMMY SIGN BIT 12-BIT TEMPERATURE READING Bit 15 14 0 MSB 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 THERMOCOUPLE DEVICE STATE INPUT ID 6 5 4 3 2 LSB Figure 2. SO Output 6 _______________________________________________________________________________________ 1 0 0 Threestate Cold-Junction-Compensated K-Thermocoupleto-Digital Converter (0°C to +1024°C) VCC 0.1µF 4 DIGITAL CONTROLLER COLD-JUNCTION COMPENSATION DIODE S5 5 SCK 300kΩ 3 ADC 30kΩ S3 T+ SO 1MΩ S2 A2 A1 30kΩ T- 7 S4 2 S1 6 20pF CS MAX6675 300kΩ REFERENCE VOLTAGE 1 GND _______________________________________________________________________________________ 7 MAX6675 Block Diagram Cold-Junction-Compensated K-Thermocoupleto-Digital Converter (0°C to +1024°C) SOICN.EPS MAX6675 Package Information Maxim cannot assume responsibility for use of any circuitry other than circuitry entirely embodied in a Maxim product. No circuit patent licenses are implied. Maxim reserves the right to change the circuitry and specifications without notice at any time. 8 _____________________Maxim Integrated Products, 120 San Gabriel Drive, Sunnyvale, CA 94086 408-737-7600 © 2002 Maxim Integrated Products Printed USA is a registered trademark of Maxim Integrated Products.