Metal Oxide Varistor： ：TVR-V Series Disc Type Varistor for Surge Protection (Medium Surge Series) Features 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. RoHS compliant Halogen-free series are available Body size: Ф10 and Ф14 mm Wide operating voltage range: 130Vac ~ 680Vac Operating temperature range: -40°C ~ +85°C Storage temperature range：-40°C ~ +125°C rd 6. Agency recognition: UL 1449 3 /cUL/VDE/CQC 7. Meet IEC 60950-1:2013 Annex Q requirement Note: V of the marking stands for TVR-V series Recommended Applications 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Power supply Home appliance Industrial equipment Telecommunication or telephone system Smart meter PLC (Power line communication) Lighting products Photovoltaic industry Part Number Code T V R 1 4 2 4 1 K S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 TVR Product Type Body Size THINKING Varistor TVR Series 10 Φ10mm 241 24x101V=240V 14 Φ14mm 102 10x102V=1000V Varistor Voltage (V1mA) V 11 13 14 Internal Control Code Tolerance of V1mA K 12 ±10% 01~ZZ 15 16 Optional Suffix V Medium surge series, RoHS compliant B Medium surge series, RoHS compliant & Halogen-free Packaging Appearance S Straight lead, epoxy coating F Y kink lead, epoxy coating T L kink lead, epoxy coating AR ER AB EB C Blank Tape & reel packing (hole pitch:12.7mm) Tape & reel packing (hole pitch:15.0mm) Tape & ammo box packing (hole pitch:12.7mm) Tape & ammo box packing (hole pitch:15.0mm) Bulk & cut lead (followed by the codes of 2 leaded length Bulk th Note: Optional suffix will be the 11 digit if packaging and internal control codes are not coded. THINKING ELECTRONIC INDUSTRIAL Co., LTD. All specifications are subject to change without notice. 40 www.thinking.com.tw 2015.04 Metal Oxide Varistor： ：TVR-V Series Disc Type Varistor for Surge Protection (Medium Surge Series) Structure and Dimensions S Type (Straight lead) D Max. 3.0 W A T L P d P Bottom view W (Unit: mm) Series D Lmin. d P Amax. TVR10-V 9.5~12.5 26.5 0.8±0.02 7.5±1 15.0 TVR14-V 13.5~16.0 26.5 0.8±0.02 7.5±1 W Please refer to Electrical 18.5 (for TVR14201-511-V) Characteristics Table 19.0 (for TVR14561-112-V) T D F Type (Y kink lead) Tmax. A Max 30° P d C (Unit: mm) Series D Cmin. d P Amax. Tmax. TVR10-V 9.5~12.5 20 0.8±0.02 7.5±1 16.0 TVR14-V 13.5 ~16.0 20 0.8±0.02 7.5±1 19.0 Please refer to Electrical Characteristics Table D T Type (L kink lead) T H C d P Series D TVR10-V 9.5~12.5 TVR14-V 13.5 ~16.0 Cmin. 3.8±0.8 THINKING ELECTRONIC INDUSTRIAL Co., LTD. All specifications are subject to change without notice. d (Unit: mm) L1 P Hmax. L1 Tmax. 7.5±1 20.0 7.0±1 7.5±1 23.5 7.0±1 Please refer to Electrical Characteristics Table 0.8±0.02 41 www.thinking.com.tw 2015.04 Metal Oxide Varistor： ：TVR-V Series Disc Type Varistor for Surge Protection (Medium Surge Series) Electrical Characteristics 10-V Series Varistor Voltage (@ 1mA DC) Max. Continuous Voltage Part No. Max. Clamping Voltage (8/20µs) Max. Surge Current (8/20µs) Rated Power Max. Reference Energy Capacitance (10/1000µs) @1KHz Dimension UL 1449 3rd SPD W ±1.0 Application V1mA VAC(rms) VDC VP IP Imax P Wmax Cp Tmin Tmax (V) (V) (V) (V) (A) (A) (W) (J) (pF) (mm) TVR10201-V 200 (180~220) 130 170 340 25 3500 0.4 35 570 2.9 4.4 1.7 TVR10221-V 220 (198~242) 140 180 360 25 3500 0.4 39 520 3.0 4.5 1.7 TVR10241-V 240 (216~264) 150 200 395 25 3500 0.4 42 480 3.1 4.6 1.8 TVR10271-V 270 (243~297) 175 225 455 25 3500 0.4 49 425 3.3 5.0 1.9 TVR10301-V 300 (270~330) 195 250 500 25 3500 0.4 53 380 3.5 5.3 2.1 TVR10331-V 330 (297~363) 215 275 550 25 3500 0.4 58 350 3.8 5.7 2.2 TVR10361-V 360 (324~396) 230 300 595 25 3500 0.4 65 320 4.0 6.0 2.3 TVR10391-V 390 (351~429) 250 320 650 25 3500 0.4 70 295 4.2 6.2 2.5 TVR10431-V 430 (387~473) 275 350 710 25 3500 0.4 80 260 4.3 6.5 2.5 TVR10471-V 470 (423~517) 300 385 775 25 3500 0.4 85 240 4.4 6.6 2.6 Type 3 Application TVR10511-V 510 (459~561) 320 410 845 25 3500 0.4 92 220 4.6 6.8 2.8 TVR10561-V 560 (504~616) 350 450 930 25 3500 0.4 92 200 4.7 7.1 3.0 TVR10621-V 620 (558~682) 395 510 1020 25 3500 0.4 95 180 4.8 7.2 3.2 TVR10681-V 680 (612~748) 420 560 1120 25 3500 0.4 98 175 4.9 7.4 3.4 TVR10751-V 750 (675~825) 465 615 1235 25 3500 0.4 100 160 5.1 7.6 3.7 TVR10821-V 820 (738~902) 510 670 1355 25 3500 0.4 110 150 5.2 7.8 3.4 TVR10911-V 910 (819~1001) 550 745 1500 25 3500 0.4 130 130 5.3 8.0 3.7 TVR10102-V 1000 (900~1100) 625 825 1650 25 3500 0.4 140 120 5.3 8.3 4.0 TVR10112-V 1100 (990~1210) 680 895 1815 25 3500 0.4 155 110 5.7 8.6 4.3 THINKING ELECTRONIC INDUSTRIAL Co., LTD. All specifications are subject to change without notice. 42 www.thinking.com.tw For SPD 2015.04 Metal Oxide Varistor： ：TVR-V Series Disc Type Varistor for Surge Protection (Medium Surge Series) 14-V Series Part No. Varistor Voltage (@ 1mA DC) Max. Continuous Voltage Max. Clamping Voltage (8/20µs) Max. Nominal Max. Reference Surge Discharge Rated Energy Capacitance *1 Current Current Power (10/1000µs) @1KHz (8/20µs) (8/20µs) Dimension W ±1.0 V1mA VAC(rms) VDC VP IP Imax In P Wmax Cp Tmin Tmax (V) (V) (V) (V) (A) (A) (A) (W) (J) (pF) (mm) TVR14201-V 200 (180~220) 130 170 340 50 6000 3000 0.6 84 970 2.9 4.4 1.7 TVR14221-V 220 (198~242) 140 180 360 50 6000 3000 0.6 91 880 3.0 4.5 1.7 TVR14241-V 240 (216~264) 150 200 395 50 6000 3000 0.6 98 820 3.1 4.7 1.8 TVR14271-V 270 (243~297) 175 225 455 50 6000 3000 0.6 112 720 3.3 4.9 1.9 TVR14301-V 300 (270~330) 195 250 500 50 6000 3000 0.6 123 650 3.4 5.1 2.1 TVR14331-V 330 (297~363) 215 275 550 50 6000 3000 0.6 133 600 3.5 5.3 2.2 TVR14361-V 360 (324~396) 230 300 595 50 6000 3000 0.6 147 550 3.6 5.5 2.3 TVR14391-V 390 (351~429) 250 320 650 50 6000 3000 0.6 161 500 3.7 5.6 2.5 TVR14431-V 430 (387~473) 275 350 710 50 6000 3000 0.6 182 440 3.8 5.7 2.5 TVR14471-V 470 (423~517) 300 385 775 50 6000 3000 0.6 196 400 3.9 5.9 2.6 TVR14511-V 510 (459~561) 320 420 845 50 6000 3000 0.6 210 370 4.1 6.1 2.8 TVR14561-V 560 (504~616) 350 460 930 50 6000 3000 0.6 231 340 4.2 6.4 3.0 TVR14621-V 620 (558~682) 395 510 1020 50 6000 3000 0.6 252 300 4.5 6.7 3.2 TVR14681-V 680 (612~748) 420 560 1120 50 6000 3000 0.6 266 290 4.7 7.1 3.4 TVR14751-V 750 (675~825) 465 615 1235 50 6000 3000 0.6 280 270 5.0 7.5 3.7 TVR14821-V 820 (738~902) 510 670 1355 50 6000 3000 0.6 280 250 5.2 7.9 3.4 TVR14911-V 910 (819~1001) 550 745 1500 50 6000 3000 0.6 308 220 5.6 8.4 3.7 TVR14102-V 1000 (900~1100) 625 825 1650 50 6000 3000 0.6 336 200 5.9 8.9 4.0 TVR14112-V 1100 (990~1210) 680 895 1815 50 6000 3000 0.6 364 180 6.3 9.5 4.3 UL 1449 3rd SPD Type*2 Type 5 Note: *1: Nominal discharge current is the specification defined in UL 1449 3rd and use 8/20µs current waveform to test the varistor. *2: SPD Type 5 also can be applied for SPD Type 2 application based on selecting suitable "Nominal Discharge Current" rating. THINKING ELECTRONIC INDUSTRIAL Co., LTD. All specifications are subject to change without notice. 43 www.thinking.com.tw 2015.04 Metal Oxide Varistor： ：TVR-V Series Disc Type Varistor for Surge Protection (Medium Surge Series) Safety Approvals Agency Certified Model No. 5944 IEC60950-1:2013 Annex Q GB/T10193-1997 GB/T10194-1997 CQC10001041748 CQC10001041749 CQC10001041748 CQC10001041749 √ √ √ √ √ TVR10221-V √ √ √ √ √ TVR10241-V √ √ √ √ √ TVR10271-V √ √ √ √ √ TVR10301-V √ √ √ √ √ TVR10331-V √ √ √ √ √ TVR10361-V √ √ √ √ √ TVR10391-V √ √ √ √ √ TVR10431-V √ √ √ √ √ TVR10471-V √ √ √ √ √ TVR10511-V √ √ √ √ √ TVR10561-V √ √ √ √ √ TVR10621-V √ √ √ √ √ TVR10681-V √ √ √ √ √ TVR10751-V √ √ √ √ √ TVR10821-V √ √ √ √ √ TVR10911-V √ √ √ √ √ TVR10102-V √ √ √ √ √ TVR10112-V √ √ √ √ √ rd UL1449 3 & cUL: E314979 TVR10201-V THINKING ELECTRONIC INDUSTRIAL Co., LTD. All specifications are subject to change without notice. 44 GB8898-2011 GB4943.1-2011 www.thinking.com.tw 2015.04 Metal Oxide Varistor： ：TVR-V Series Disc Type Varistor for Surge Protection (Medium Surge Series) Agency Certified Model No. rd GB/T10193-1997 GB/T10194-1997 GB8898-2011 GB4943.1-2011 CQC10001041748 CQC10001041749 CQC13001089857 CQC10001041859 UL1449 3 & cUL: E314979 5944 IEC60950-1:2013 Annex Q TVR14201-V √ √ √ √ TVR14221-V √ √ √ √ TVR14241-V √ √ √ √ TVR14271-V √ √ √ √ TVR14301-V √ √ √ √ TVR14331-V √ √ √ √ TVR14361-V √ √ √ √ TVR14391-V √ √ √ √ TVR14431-V √ √ √ √ √ TVR14471-V √ √ √ √ √ TVR14511-V √ √ √ √ √ TVR14561-V √ √ √ √ √ TVR14621-V √ √ √ √ √ TVR14681-V √ √ √ √ √ TVR14751-V √ √ √ √ √ TVR14821-V √ √ √ √ √ TVR14911-V √ √ √ √ √ TVR14102-V √ √ √ √ √ TVR14112-V √ √ √ √ √ THINKING ELECTRONIC INDUSTRIAL Co., LTD. All specifications are subject to change without notice. 45 www.thinking.com.tw 2015.04 Metal Oxide Varistor： ：TVR-V Series Disc Type Varistor for Surge Protection (Medium Surge Series) Power Derating Curve Surge Current Standard Waveform 100 90 100 Current (%) Max. Power Rating (%) Example: Example: 8/20 8/20µs µs :: Tr Tr == 88µs µs Td Td== 20µs 20µs LCT=-40 LUT=85 Leading edge Trailing edge Imax 50 10 0 125 Time Tr Ambient temperature (℃) Td Max. Surge Current Derating Curves TVR14201-V to TVR14112-V TVR10201-V TVR 10201-Vto toTVR10112-V TVR10112-V 10000 10000 1 2 10 103 10 104 1000 102 1000 2 105 10 63 10 10 10 100 4 5 106 10 10 1 Max. Surge Current (A) 1000 Max. Surge Current (A) Max. Surge Current (A) 21 12 10 2 103 10 4 100 105 10 100 6 10 1 0.1 10 100 1000 0.1 10000 10 Td Td (µs) (µs) THINKING ELECTRONIC INDUSTRIAL Co., LTD. All specifications are subject to change without notice. 100 1000 10000 Td (µs) 46 www.thinking.com.tw 2015.04 Metal Oxide Varistor： ：TVR-V Series Disc Type Varistor for Surge Protection (Medium Surge Series) Max. Leakage Current and Max. Clamping Voltage Curves Max. Leakage Current and Max. Clamping Voltage Curves (TVR10201-V to TVR10621-V) 10000 TVR10621-V TVR10561-V TVR10511-V TVR10471-V TVR10431-V TVR10391-V TVR10361-V TVR10331-V TVR10301-V TVR10271-V TVR10241-V TVR10221-V TVR10201-V Max. Clamping Voltage Max. Leakage Current Voltage (V) 1000 100 10 10 -6 10 -5 10 -4 10 -3 10 -2 10 -1 1 10 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 Current (A) Max. Leakage Current and Max. Clamping Voltage Curves (TVR10681-V to TVR10112-V) 10000 Max. Clamping Voltage TVR10112-V TVR10102-V TVR10911-V TVR10821-V TVR10751-V TVR10681-V Voltage (V) Max. Leakage Current 1000 100 10 -6 10 -5 10 -4 10 -3 10 -2 10 -1 1 10 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 Current (A) THINKING ELECTRONIC INDUSTRIAL Co., LTD. All specifications are subject to change without notice. 47 www.thinking.com.tw 2015.04 Metal Oxide Varistor： ：TVR-V Series Disc Type Varistor for Surge Protection (Medium Surge Series) Max. Leakage Current and Max. Clamping Voltage Curves Max. Leakage Current and Max. Clamping Voltage Curves (TVR14201-V to TVR14471-V) 10000 Max. Clamping Voltage TVR14471-V TVR14431-V TVR14391-V TVR14361-V TVR14331-V TVR14301-V TVR14271-V TVR14241-V TVR14221-V TVR14201-V Max. Leakage Current Voltage (V) 1000 100 10 10 -6 10 -5 10 -4 10 -3 10 -2 10 -1 1 10 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 Current (A) Max. Leakage Current and Max. Clamping Voltage Curves (TVR14511-V to TVR14112-V) 10000 Max. Clamping Voltage TVR14112-V TVR14102-V TVR14911-V TVR14821-V TVR14751-V TVR14681-V TVR14621-V TVR14561-V TVR14511-V Voltage (V) Max. Leakage Current 1000 100 10 -6 10 -5 10 -4 10 -3 10 -2 10 -1 1 10 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 Current (A) THINKING ELECTRONIC INDUSTRIAL Co., LTD. All specifications are subject to change without notice. 48 www.thinking.com.tw 2015.04 Metal Oxide Varistor： ：TVR-V Series Disc Type Varistor for Surge Protection (Medium Surge Series) Soldering Recommendation Wave Soldering Profile Preheating Soldering Cooling Temperature 260℃ max. Note 2 Note 3 Note 1: (1~3℃)/sec Note 2: Approx. 200℃/sec Note 3: 5℃/sec. (Max) 130±20℃ Note 1 Tamb 30~90 sec. ＜1 sec. ＜10 sec. Time Recommended Reworking Conditions with Soldering Iron Item Conditions Temperature of Soldering Iron-tip 360℃ (max.) Soldering Time 3 sec (max.) Distance from Varistor 2 mm (min.) THINKING ELECTRONIC INDUSTRIAL Co., LTD. All specifications are subject to change without notice. 49 www.thinking.com.tw 2015.04 Metal Oxide Varistor： ：TVR-V Series Disc Type Varistor for Surge Protection (Medium Surge Series) Reliability Item Standard Test conditions / Methods Specifications Gradually apply the specified force and keep the unit fixed for 10±1 sec. Tensile IEC 60068-2-21 Strength of Terminals Terminal diameter (mm) 0.5<d≦0.8 0.8<d≦1.25 Force (Kg) 1.0 2.0 │△ V1mA/V1mA│≦ 5% No visible damage Hold specimen and apply the force specified below to each lead. Bend the specimen to 90°, then return to the original position. Repeat the procedure in the opposite direction. Bending Strength of Terminals IEC 60068-2-21 Vibration IEC 60068-2-6 Terminal diameter (mm) 0.5<d≦0.8 0.8<d≦1.25 Frequency range: 10 ~ 55 Hz 2 Amplitude: 0.75mm or 98 m/s Direction: 3 mutually perpendicular directions, 2 hrs each. Solderability IEC 60068-2-20 Resistance to Soldering IEC 60068-2-20 Heat High Temperature IEC 60068-2-2 Storage Damp Heat, IEC 60068-2-78 Steady State Rapid Change IEC 60068-2-14 of Temperature │△ V1mA/V1mA│≦ 5% No visible damage Force (Kg) 0.5 1.0 │△ V1mA/V1mA│≦ 5% No visible damage 245 ± 3 ℃, 3 ± 0.3 sec At least 95% of terminal electrode is covered by new solder 260 ± 3 ℃, 10 ± 1 sec │△ V1mA/V1mA│≦ 5% No visible damage 125±5℃ x 1000± 24 hrs │△ V1mA/V1mA│≦ 5% No visible damage │△ V1mA/V1mA│≦ 5% No visible damage Insulation Resistance ≧100MΩ a. 40±2℃, 90 ~ 95 % RH, 1344 hrs b. 40±2℃, 90 ~ 95 % RH, at 10%Vdc, 1344 hrs The conditions shown below shall be repeated 5 cycles Step Temperature (℃) Period (minutes) 1 -40±3 30±3 2 Room temperature 5±3 3 85±2 30±3 4 Room temperature 5±3 │△ V1mA/V1mA│≦ 5% No visible damage High Temp. Load MIL-STD-202 Method 108 85±2℃, 1000±24 hrs at VDC or Vrms (Max. Continuous Voltage) 8/20µs Surge Life IEC 61051-1 8/20µs waveform, 10 surge currents, unipolar, interval 30 sec,amplitude corresponding to max. surge current derating curves for 20µs. 10/1000µs Surge Life IEC 61051-1 Operating Duty Cycle Test Nominal Discharge Current Test Voltage Proof Varistor Voltage Temp. Coefficient UL 1449 3 rd UL 1449 3 rd 10/1000µs waveform, 10 surge currents, unipolar, interval 2 mins, amplitude corresponding to max. surge current derating curves for 1000µs. 6KV/3KA 1.2/50µs +8/20µs combination waveform with Vac(@ Deg 90) for 15 times. Interval time between tests is 60 sec. (For TVR10-V series test only) rd Refer to UL 1449 3 item 37A, the test condition is 3KA 8/20µs surge current waveform for 15 times. (For TVR14-V (SPD Type 5) series test only) IEC 61051-1 Specification Standard │△ V1mA/V1mA│≦ 10% No visible damage Metal balls method, 2500 Vac 1 min V1mA @ 85 ℃ − V1mA @ 25℃ V1mA @ 25 ℃ THINKING ELECTRONIC INDUSTRIAL Co., LTD. All specifications are subject to change without notice. × 1 × 100 %(% / °C ) 60 V1mA @ − 40℃ − V1mA @ 25℃ V1mA @ 25℃ , 50 × │△ V1mA/V1mA│≦ 10% No visible damage │△ V1mA/V1mA│≦ 10% No visible damage ∣△Vp /Vp∣≦10 % No visible damage ∣△ V1mA/V1mA∣≦10 % No visible damage No visible damage 1 × 100 %(% / °C ) 65 -0.05≦TC≦0.05 (%/℃) www.thinking.com.tw 2015.04 Metal Oxide Varistor： ：TVR-V Series Disc Type Varistor for Surge Protection (Medium Surge Series) Packaging Taping Specification S Type (Straight lead) h P p p h P F P1 H1 d W2 H W1 W0 P0 L1 W P1 D0 Figure A Figure B T P P F P1 H1 d W2 H W1 W0 L1 P0 W D0 P1 Figure C Figure D (Unit: mm) Taping Code Series P0 F P P1 H H1 d W0 ±0.3 ±1 ±1 ±0.7 +2/-0 Max. ±0.02 ±1 W1 +0.75/ -0.5 W2 Max W +1/ -0.5 △P △h L1 D0 T Max. Max. Max. ±0.2 ±0.2 Figure A (P0:12.7) 10-V 12.7 7.5 12.7 8.95 18 33.5 0.8 12 9 3 18 1 2 0.5 4 0.6 14-V 12.7 7.5 25.4 8.95 18 38.0 0.8 12 9 3 18 1 2 0.5 4 0.6 B E (P0:15.0) 10-V 15 7.5 15.0 3.75 18 33.5 0.8 12 9 3 18 1 2 0.5 4 0.6 C 14-V 15 7.5 30.0 3.75 18 38.0 0.8 12 9 3 18 1 2 0.5 4 0.6 D THINKING ELECTRONIC INDUSTRIAL Co., LTD. All specifications are subject to change without notice. 51 www.thinking.com.tw A 2015.04 Metal Oxide Varistor： ：TVR-V Series Disc Type Varistor for Surge Protection (Medium Surge Series) F Type (Y kink lead) p p h P h P F H1 d W2 P1 H0 W1 W W0 P0 L1 P1 D0 Figure A Figure B T P P F H1 d W2 P1 H0 W1 W0 P0 L1 W D0 P1 Figure C Figure D (Unit: mm) Taping Code Series P0 F P P1 H0 H1 d W0 ±0.3 ±1 ±1 ±0.7 ±0.5 Max. ±0.02 ±1 W1 +0.75/ -0.5 W2 Max W +1/ -0.5 △P △h L1 D0 T Max. Max. Max. ±0.2 ±0.2 Figure A 10-V 12.7 7.5 12.7 8.95 16 33.5 0.8 12 9 3 18 1 2 0.5 4 0.6 (P0:12.7) 14-V 12.7 7.5 25.4 8.95 16 38.0 0.8 12 9 3 18 1 2 0.5 4 0.6 B E 10-V 15.0 7.5 15.0 3.75 16 33.5 0.8 12 9 3 18 1 2 0.5 4 0.6 C (P0:15.0) 14-V 15.0 7.5 30.0 3.75 16 38.0 0.8 12 9 3 18 1 2 0.5 4 0.6 D THINKING ELECTRONIC INDUSTRIAL Co., LTD. All specifications are subject to change without notice. 52 www.thinking.com.tw A 2015.04 Metal Oxide Varistor： ：TVR-V Series Disc Type Varistor for Surge Protection (Medium Surge Series) Quantity Bulk Packing Series Quantity (pcs/bag) TVR10-V 200 TVR14-V 100 Reel Packing Series A (mm) Quantity (pcs/reel) TVR10(201~471)-V TVR10(511~112)-V TVR14(201~391)-V 750 500 46 750 TVR14(431~112)-V 500 (Unit: mm) Ammo Packing Series Quantity (pcs/box) TVR10(201~361)-V 750 TVR10(391~621)-V 500 TVR10(681~112)-V 400 TVR14(201~271)-V 500 Series W±5 L±5 H±5 TVR14(301~112)-V 250 TVR10-V 348 275 60 TVR14-V 348 185 60 (Unit: mm) Warehouse Storage Conditions of Products Storage Conditions: 1. Storage Temperature: -10℃~+40℃ 2. Relative Humidity: ≦75%RH 3. Keep away from corrosive atmosphere and sunlight. Period of Storage: 1 year THINKING ELECTRONIC INDUSTRIAL Co., LTD. All specifications are subject to change without notice. 53 www.thinking.com.tw 2015.04