We Power Your Products Application Notes 2011 Terminology - Protection - Application Examples - Tips and Tricks SMD Reflow Soldering - Internal Block - Diagrams - Packaging Filtering - Isolation - EMC Application Notes SPECIFICATION CHECKLIST Use this checklist to help you define your specification. If you can’t find a converter that fulfils your needs then call us, fax us, e-mail us or use our Web Sample Enquiry link and we will find the best match for you. 1. c Non-Isolated c Isolation Required _____kVDC or ____kVAC 2. c Single Output c Dual Bipolar Output c Other: Output Voltages (V) _____ /______/______ Output Currents (A) _____/______/______ 3. Total Output Power (V x A) _________________ 4. c Regulated 5. Short Circuit Protection: c No c Yes 6. Remote Control Pin: c No c Yes 7. Output Voltage Trim: c No c Yes 8. Input Voltage: minimum ______ maximum ______ 9. Mounting Style: c Through Hole c Unregulated c SMD Single-In-Line Pins c SIP4 c SIP6 c SIP7 c SIP8 c SIP12 Dual-In-Line Pins c DIP8 c DIP14 c DIP16 c DIP24 - Pinout? A_B_C_ Standard Brick c 1” x 1” c 1” x 2” c 1.6” x 2” c 2” x 2” Case Style: c Metal Case c Plastic Case c Open Frame 10. Certifications Required: c None c EN 60950-1 c EN 60601-1 c UL 60950-1 11. Operating Temperature Range: minimum ______ maximum ______ 12. Heatsink required : c No c Yes 13. Other Requirements:________________________________________ REMEMBER: THERE IS AN INTERACTIVE SELECTION GUIDE ON OUR WEBSITES Go to WWW.RECOM-INTERNATIONAL.COM or WWW.RECOM-POWER.COM or WWW.RECOM-ASIA.COM then click on FIND PRODUCT APP NOTES 2011 www.recom-international.com Application Notes CHOOSING THE RIGHT CONVERTER: A GUIDE for DC/DC Converters Step 1: Do you need Isolation? (An isolated converter has outputs that are floating and not connected to the inputs i.e. they are galvanically isolated) No isolation needed: Check our Innoline parts first (R-78 series, R-5xxx, R-6xxx and R-7xxx series) Isolation needed: decide whether you need 1kVDC/1 sec (standard) or 1.6VDC/ 1 sec, 2kVDC/1 sec, 3kVDC/1 sec, 4kVDC/1 sec, 5.2kVDC/1 sec or 6kVDC/1 sec. Step 2: Decide on the output voltage and number of outputs: single, dual bipolar (+/-), dual isolated or triple. It is also important to decide whether the output voltage needs to be regulated or unregulated. Unregulated converters are offered standard without short circuit protection or optionally with short circuit protection (option /P) All Series are available with single outputs. Please note that a dual output converter can be used as a single output by leaving the common pin unconnected i.e. +/-5V = 10V, +/-12V = 24V, +/-15V = 30V, etc. Step 3: Decide on the output current. The output voltage times the output current gives the output power of the converter in Watts. DC/DC converters are designed to run at full load, so only round up the power if a suitable converter is not available. e.g. 5V @ 150mA = 0.75W = 1W converter. e.g. +/-15V @ +/-1A = 30W = 30W converter. Step 4: Decide on the input voltage. Standard input voltage ranges are: 3.3, 5, 9, 12, 15, and 24VDC with +/-10% tolerance 4.5 ~ 9V, 9 ~ 18V, 18 ~ 36V and 36 ~ 72VDC with 2:1 input voltage range 9 ~ 36V and 18 ~ 72VDC with 4:1 input voltage range. Step 5: Decide on the case style and pin-out. Many Recom series are available in either through hole or surface mount styles and with several pin-out options, including Remote On/Off Control. Step 6: Use either the Selection guide or Contents guide at the start of each section to find the most appropriate converter. REMEMBER: THERE IS AN INTERACTIVE SELECTION GUIDE ON OUR WEBSITES Go to WWW.RECOM-INTERNATIONAL.COM or WWW.RECOM-POWER.COM or WWW.RECOM-ASIA.COM then click on FIND PRODUCT www.recom-international.com 2011 APP NOTES Application Notes Contents ECONOLINE (General Apps.) ● No Load Over Voltage Lock-Out POWERLINE DC-DC Terminology Long Distance Supply Lines ● EMC Filter Suggestion Input Range LCD Display Bias ● General Test Set-Up Load Regulation Pre- and Post Regulation ● Input Voltage Range Line Voltage Regulation EIA-232 Interface ● PI Filter Output Voltage Accuracy 3V/5V Logic Mixed Supply Rails ● Output Voltage Accuracy Input and Output Ripple and Noise Isolated Data Acquisition System ● Voltage Balance EMC Considerations ● Line Regulations Insulation Resistance Power Supply Considerations ● Load Regulation Efficiency at FulI Load Interpretation of DC-DC Converter EMC Data ● Efficiency Temperature Drift Conducted and Radiated Emissions ● Switching Frequency Switching Frequency Line Impedance Stabilisation Network (LISN) ● Output Ripple and Noise No Load Power Consumption Shielding ● Output Ripple and Noise (continued) Isolation Capacitance Line Spectra of DC-DC Converters ● Transient Recovery Time Input to Output Isolation ● Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF) ● Temperature Performance of DC-DC Converters ● Current Limiting Noise ● Transfer Moulded (SMD) DC-DC Converters ● Fold Back Current Limiting Operating Temperature Range Production Guideline Application Note ● Isolation Calculation of Heatsinks Component Materials ● Break-Down Voltage Isolation Component Placement ● Temperature Coefficient Isolation Voltage vs. Rated Working Voltage Component Alignment ● Ambient Temperature ● Isolation mode in IGBT Driver Circuits Solder Pad Design ● Operating Temperature Range ● Connecting DC-DC Converters in Series Solder Reflow Profile ● Storage Temperature Range ● Connecting DC-DC Converters in Parallel Recommended Solder Reflow Profile ● Output Voltage Trimming ● Chaining DC-DC Converters Adhesive Requirements ● Heat Sinks ● Filtering Adhesive Placement Output Filtering Calculation Cleaning ● Limiting Inrush Current Vapour Phase Reflow Soldering ● Maximum Output Capacitance ● Settling Time ● Isolation Capacitance and Leakage Current INNOLINE ● Application Examples ● EMC Filter Suggestion Overload Protection ● Soft Start Circuit Input Voltage Drop-Out (brown-outs) ● Positve - to - Negative Converters ● ● POWERLINE AC/DC ● Input Fuse ● Earthing ● External Filter ● Paralleling AC/DC Converters ● Chaining Converters ● DC Inputs Tin Whisker Mitigation BLOCK DIAGRAMS Transport Tubes & Reels A-0 2011 www.recom-international.com DC-DC Converter Applications Terminology The data sheet specification for DC-DC converters contains a large quantity of information. This terminology is aimed at ensuring that the user can interpret the data provided correctly and obtain the necessary information for their circuit application. Input Range The range of input voltage that the device can tolerate and maintain functional performance over the Operating Temperature Range at full load. Load Regulation The change in output voltage over the specified change in output load. Usually specified as a percentage of the nominal output voltage, for example, if a 1V change in output voltage is measured on a 12V output device, load voltage regulation is 8.3%. For unregulated devices the load voltage regulation is specified over the load range from 10% to 100% of full load. Line Voltage Regulation The change in output voltage for a given change in input voltage, expressed as percentages. For example, assume a 12V in-put, 5V output device exhibited a 0.5V change at the output for a 1.2V change at the input, line regulation would be 1%/1%. Output Voltage Accuracy The proximity of the output voltage to the specified nominal value. This is given as a tolerance envelope for unregulated devices with the nominal input voltage applied. For example, a 5V specified output device at 100% load may exhibit a measured output voltage of 4.75V, i.e. a voltage accuracy of –5%). Input and Output Ripple and Noise The amount of voltage drop at the input, or output between switching cycles. The value of voltage ripple is a measure of the storage ability of the filter capacitors. The values given in the datasheets include the higher frequency Noise interference superimposed on the ripple due to switching spikes.The measurement is limited to 20MHz Bandwidth. Input to Output Isolation The dielectric breakdown strength test between input and output circuits. This is the isolation voltage the device is capable of withstanding for a specified time, usually 1 second (for more details see chapter “Isolation Voltage vs. Rated Working Voltage”). www.recom-international.com Insulation Resistance The resistance between input and output circuits. This is usually measured at 500V DC isolation voltage. Efficiency at FulI Load The ratio of power delivered from the device to power supplied to the device when the part is operating under 100% load conditions at 25°C. Temperature Drift The change in voltage, expressed as a percentage of the nominal, per degree change in ambient temperature. This parameter is related to several other temperature dependent parameters, mainly internal component drift. Switching Frequency The nominal frequency of operation of the switching circuit inside the DC-DC converter. The ripple observed on the input and output pins is usually twice the switching frequency, due to full wave rectification and the push-pull configuration of the driver circuit. No Load Power Consumption This is a measure of the switching circuits power cunsumption; it is determined with zero output load and is a limiting factor for the total efficiency of the device. Isolation Capacitance The input to output coupling capacitance. This is not actually a capacitor, but the parasitic capacitive coupling between the transformer primary and secondary windings. Isolation capacitance is typically measured at 1 MHz to reduce the possibility of the on-board filter capacitors affecting the results. Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF) RECOM uses MIL-HDBK-217F standard for calculation of MTBF values for +25°C as well as for max. operating temperature and 100% load. When comparing MTBF values with other vendor's products, please take into account the different conditions and standards i.e. MILHDBK-217E is not as severe and therefore values shown will be higher than those shown by RECOM. (1000 x 10³ hours =1000000 hours = 114 years!) These figures are calculated expected device lifetime figures using the hybrid circuit model of MIL-HDBK-217F. POWERLINE converters also can use BELLCORE TR-NWT-000332 for calculation of MTBF. The hybrid model has various accelerating factors for operating environment (πE), maturity (πL), screening (πQ), hybrid function (πF) and a summation of each individual component characteristic (λC). 2011 The equation for the hybrid model is then given by: λ = Σ (NC λC) (1 + 0.2πE) πL πF πQ (failures in 106 hours) The MTBF figure is the reciprocal of this value. In the data sheets, all figures for MTBF are given for the ground benign (GB) environment (πE = 0.5); this is considered the most appropriate for the majority of applications in which these devices are likely to be used. However, this is not the only operating environment possible, hence those users wishing to incorporate these devices into a more severe environment can calculate the predicted MTBF from the following data. The MIL-HDBK-217F has military environments specified, hence some interpretation of these is required to apply them to standard commercial environments. Table 1 gives approximate cross references from MIL-HDBK217F descriptions to close commercial equivalents. Please note that these are not implied by MIL-HDBK-217F, but are our interpretation. Also we have reduced the number of environments from 14 to 6, which are most appropriate to commercial applications. For a more detailed understanding of the environments quoted and the hybrid model, it is recommended that a full copy of MIL-HDBK217F is obtained. It is interesting to note that space flight and ground benign have the same environment factors. It could be suggested that the act of achieving space flight should be the determining environmental factor (i.e. missile launch). The hybrid model equation can therefore be rewritten for any given hybrid, at a fixed temperature, so that the environmental factor is the only variable: λ = k (1 + 0.2 πE) The MTBF values for other environment factors can therefore be calculated from the ground benign figure quoted at each temperature point in the data book. Hence predicted MTBF figures for other environments can be calculated very quickly. All the values will in general be lower and, since the majority of the mobile environments have the same factor, a quick divisor can be calculated for each condition. Therefore the only calculation necessary is to devide the quoted MTBF fig. by the divisor given in table 2. A-1 DC-DC Converter Applications Environment Ground Benign πE Symbol GB Ground Mobile GM Naval Sheltered NS Aircraft Inhabited Cargo AIC Space Flight SF Missile Launch ML MIL-HDBK-271F Description Non-mobile, temperature and humidity controlled environments readily accessible to maintenance Equipment installed in wheeled or tracked vehicles and equipment manually transported Sheltered or below deck equipment on surface ships or submarines Typical conditions in cargo compartments which can be occupied by aircrew Earth orbital. Vehicle in neither powered flight nor in atmospheric re-entry Severe conditions relating to missile launch Commercial Interpretation or Examples Laboratory equipment, test instruments, desktop PC's, static telecomms In-vehicle instrumentation, mobile radio and telecomms, portable PC's Navigation, radio equipment and instrumentation below deck Pressurised cabin compartments and cock-pits, in flight entertainment and non-safety critical applications Orbital communications satellite, equipment only operated once in-situ Severe vibrational shock and very high accelerating forces, satellite launch conditions VO DC VIN DC GND 0V a) Single Output DC VIN +VO 0V -VO DC GND b) Dual Output VIN GND VO1 0V1 VO 2 0V2 DC DC c) Twin Isolated Outputs Table 1: Interpretation of Environmental Factors Figure 1: Standard Isolated Configurations Environment Ground Benign Ground Mobile Naval Sheltered Aircraft Inhabited Cargo Space Flight Missile Launch πE Symbol GB GM GNS πE Divisor Value 0.5 1.00 4.0 1.64 4.0 1.64 AIC 4.0 1.64 SF ML 0.5 12.0 1.00 3.09 Table 2: Environmental Factors Noise Input conducted noise is given in the line conducted spectra for each DC-DC converter (see EMC issues for further details). Noise is affected significantly by PCB layout, measurement system configuration, terminating impedance etc., and is difficult to quote reliably and with any accuracy other than via a spectrum analysis type plot. There will be some switching noise present on top of the ripple, however, most of this is easily reduced by use of small capacitors or filter inductors, as shown in the application notes. Operating temperature range: Operating temperature range of the converter is limited due to specifications of the components used for the internal circuit of the converter. The diagram for temperature derating shows the safe operating area (SOA) within which the device is allowed to operate. At very low temperatures, the specifications are only guaranteed for full load. Up to a certain temperature 100% power can be drawn from the device, above this temperature the output power has to be less to ensure function and guarantee specifications over the whole lifetime of the converter. These temperature values are valid for natural convection only. If the converter is used in a closed case or in a potted PCB board, higher temperatures will be present in the area around thermal converter because the convection may be blocked. If the same power is also needed at higher temperatures either the next higher wattage series should be chosen or if the converter has a metal case, a heatsink may be considererd. Please refer to the Powerline Application Notes Section for more information on thermal impedance and heatsinking. A-2 2011 VCC +VO DC DC -VO 0V GND a) Non-lsolated Dual Rails VCC DC DC +VO 0V -VO GND b) Non-lsolated Negative Rail VCC DC DC +VO (VO+VIN) 0V GND c) Dual Isolated Outputs (U/T) Figure 2: Alternative Supply Configurations www.recom-international.com DC-DC Converter Applications Isolation One of the main features of the majority of Recom DC-DC converters is their high galvanic isolation capability. This allows several variations on circuit topography by using a single DC-DC converter. bias, resistor feed). Having an alternative return path can upset the regulation and the performance of the system may not equal that of the converter. The basic input to output isolation can be used to provide either a simple isolated output power source, or to generate different voltage rails, and/or dual polarity rails (see figure 1). These configurations are most often found in instrumentation, data processing and other noise sensitive circuits, where it is necessary to isolate the load and noise presented to the local power supply rails from that of the entire system. Usually local supply noise appears as common mode noise at the converter and does not pollute the main system power supply rails. The isolated positive output can be connected to the input ground rail to generate a negative supply rail if required. Since the output is isolated from the input, the choice of reference voltage for the output side can be arbitrary, for example an additional single rail can be generated above the main supply rail, or offset by some other DC value (see figure 2). Regulated converters need more consideration than the unregulated types for mixing the reference level. Essentially the single supply rail has a regulator in its +Vout rail only, hence referencing the isolated ground will only work if all the current return is through the DC-DC and not via other external components (e.g. diode Isolation Voltage vs. Rated Working Voltage The isolation voltage given in the datasheet is valid for 1 second flash tested only. If a isolation barrier is required for longer or infinite time the Rated Working Voltage has to be used. Conversion of Isolation Voltage to Rated Working Voltage can be done by using this table or graph. Figure 5: IEC950 Test Voltage for Electrical Strength Tests Isolation Test Voltage (V) Rated Working Voltage (V) 1000 130 1500 230 3000 1100 6000 3050 Table 2: Typical Breakdown Voltage Ratings According to IEC950 The graph and table above show the requirements from IEC950. According to our experience and in-house tests, we can offer the following conversion tables. Please note that these equivalence tables are for information only and that RECOM assumes no resposibility for their use: DC 1 Sec 1 Min 500VDC 400VDC 1000VDC 800VDC 1500VDC AC 1 Sec 1 Min 350VAC 250VAC 130VDC 700VAC 500VAC 130VAC 1200VDC 230VDC 1080VAC 750VAC 230VAC 2kVDC 1.6kVDC 550VDC 1.4kVAC 1kVAC 550VAC 3kVDC 2.4kVDC 1.1kVDC 2.1kVAC 1.5kVAC 1.1kVAC 4kVDC 3.2kVDC 1.8kVDC 2.8kVAC 2kVAC 1.8kVAC 6kVDC 4.8kVDC 3kVDC 4.2kVAC 3kVAC 3kVAC 8kVDC 6.4kVDC 4kVDC 5.6kVAC 4kVAC 4kVAC 10kVDC 8kVDC 5kVDC 7kVAC 5kVAC 5kVAC www.recom-international.com Cont. 2011 Cont. A-3 DC-DC Converter Applications Isolation mode in IGBT driver circuits An application for DC/DC converters is to isolate driver circuits for IGBT stacks. In these applications, the maximum DC voltage applied across the isolation gap is not the only factor to be considered because the highly dynamic switching waveforms are an additional stressing factor (typical switching transients can exceed 20kV/µs.) Taking into account that both factors mean a permanent stress on the converter, it is recommended to over specify the converter in terms of isolation voltage and coupling capacitance. Even if a 3kVDC product seems to be appropriate if you just look at the rated working voltage that is required, it is still recommended to choose a product which is specified to 5.2kVDC or 6kVDC to also cover the high dv/dt rates. The higher the isolation voltage rating for a DC/DC converter is, the lower the coupling (isolation) capacitance and a low coupling capacitance is essential in AC or highly dynamic switched DC usage. This will ensure a safe usage and avoid a shortened lifetime in such a highly demanding situation. In the example below, A RP-0524S is used to provide a 5200V isolated supply for the high side drivers and a second, non-isolated converter is used to boost the 5V supply voltage up to 15V for the low side drivers. A-4 2011 www.recom-international.com DC-DC Converter Applications Connecting DC-DC Converters in Series Galvanic isolation of the output allows multiple converters to be connected in series, simply by connecting the positive output of one converter to the negative of another (see figure 3). In this way non-standard voltage rails can be generated, however, the current output of the highest output voltage converter should not be exceeded. When converters are connected in series, additional filtering is strongly recommended, as the converters switching circuits are not synchronised. As well as a summation of the ripple voltages, the output could also produce relatively large beat frequencies. A capacitor across the output will help, as will a series inductor (see filtering). Connecting DC-DC Converters in Parallel Vcc DC DC DC DC Vcc +Vo DC 0V +Vo The only possibility to balance out the individual currents is to use a converter with a special load balance function (like the R-5xxx series) or use converters with an external loadshare controller. Refer to figure 5 for an application example using the LTC4416 Dual PowerPath controller and two external FETs. If two or more converters are operated from a common supply voltage (inputs in parallel), then input decoupling via LC-filters is recommended (see input filters in figure 5). This helps to avoid hard-to-handle conducted EMI caused by totally un-synchronized oscillators. Also inrush current peaks are lowered. Having several smaller filters, one for each converter, is recommended instead of using one common filter for all converters, as this helps to reduce the possibility of the converters beating against each other. Chaining DC-DC Converters Connecting the output of one DC/DC converter to the input of a second converter is sometimes a very useful technique. For example, the benefits of the very wide input voltage range of the innoline series can be combined with the high isolation of the econoline series to create www.recom-international.com Balance Link 2Vo DC 0V DC 0V GND GND Figure 4: Paralleled DC-DC Converters with Balance Function. Figure 3: Connecting DC-DC Converters in Series 100W DC/DC Power Supply DC/DC Converter 1 RPP50-2405S Si7495DP +Vout -Vout E1 Connecting the outputs of DC/DC converters in parallel is possible but not recommended. Usually DC/DC converters have no possibility to balance out the output currents. So there is potential danger that if the loading is asymmetrical, that one of the converters starts to be overloaded while the others have to deliver less current. The over-loaded converter may then drop out of circuit leading to power supply oscillation. +V DC GND E2 V1 Load Share Controller LTC4416 V2 5V @ 20A G1 Vs G2 +Vout DC/DC Converter 1 RPP50-2405S Si7495DP -Vout Figure 5: Doubling Output Power via Paralleled DC-DC Converters and a Load Share Controller a combination converter which is both isolated and with an exceptionally wide 7:1 input voltage range. Similarly, an isolated DC/DC converter can be used to power a R-78 switchning regulator to provide dual positive outputs with nonstandard voltages. In every case, some care has to be taken concerning the inrush current of the second converter in the chain. If the peak inrush current is too high, then then the first converter in the chain may not start up. The solution to this problem is to add some capacitance to supply the peak inrush current and/or to delay the start-up of the second converter in the chain. Figure 5a shows some typical examples. 2011 Vcc = 5V +12V REC5-0512SRW/H6/A DC DC +Vo -Vo 10µ R-783.3 -0.5 0V GND +15V Vcc = 9-39V RP15-2415SAW DC DC GND +3.3V RP08-1205DA +Vo C1 -Vo DC CTRL DC +5V 0V -5V RP08 starts up after delay C1 provides inrush start up current Figure 5a: Chained DC-DC Converter Examples A-5 DC-DC Converter Applications Filtering When reducing the ripple from the converter, at either the input or the output, there are several aspects to be considered. Recom recommend filtering using simple passive LC networks at both input and output (see figure 6). A passive RC network could be used, however, the power loss through a resistor is often too high.The self-resonant frequency of the inductor needs to be significantly higher than the characteristic frequency of the device (typically 1OOkHz for Recom DC-DC converters). The DC current rating of the inductor also needs consideration, a rating of approximately twice the supply current is recommended. The DC resistance of the inductor is the final consideration that will give an indication of the DC power loss to be expected from the inductor. Output Filtering calculation: Calculating of the filtering components can be done using fc = 1 2π L OUT C0 This frequency should be significant lower than the switching frequency of the converter. Example - RC series: Operating frequency = 85kHz max. then, fc =10 % of 85 kHz = 8,5 kHz Figure 6: Input and Output Filtering Common Mode Chokes Better results in filtering can be achieved if common mode chokes are used instead of a single choke. Common mode chokes are multiple chokes sharing a core material so the common mode rejection (Electrical noise which comes through one power line and returns to the noise source through some type of ground path is common mode noise.) is higher. Please refer to our page "Common Mode Chokes for EMC" also part of these application notes. These can be used for input filtering as well as for the output side. Limiting Inrush Current Using a series inductor at the input will limit the current that can be seen at switch on (see figure 7). If we consider the circuit without the series inductor, then the input current is given by; Figure 7: Input Current & Voltage at Switch On However, depending on your application design and loadsituation may interfer with the calculated filter so testing in the final application and re-adjustment of the component’s values may be necessary. When choosing a value for the filtering capacitor please take care that the maximum capacitive load is within the specifications of the converter. A-6 ( ) i = V exp – t R RC When the component is initially switched on (i.e. t=O) this simplifies to; i=V R 2011 This would imply that for a 5V input, with say 50mOhm track and wire resistance, the inrush current could be as large as 1OOA. This could cause a problem for the DC-DC converter. A series input inductor therefore not only filters the noise from the internal switching circuit, but also limits the inrush current at switch on. A typical value for an input inductor used to reduce the inrush current is 1mH or higher. A typical value for an inductor used to filter the input is 50-300µH. So although the circuit diagram may look similar, the input inductors have very different functions and different values. If a common mode choke is used as an inrush current limiter, it has the added advantage over a single inductor that the inrush currents flowing in the two windings cancel out and the ferrite is less likely to go into saturation. Short Circuit Protection in 0.25W - 2W Econoline converters In the low wattage, unregulated converter Portfolio we offer continuous short circuit protection (option /P). Especially in applications where the output of converters is connected via a plug and socket to an external module, the chances of having a short circuit across the output is quite high. A conventional unregulated converter can withstand a short circuit across the outputs for only a limited time. The same condition can occur with high capacitive loads if they have a low ESR. RECOM uses balancing between transformer core saturation ratings and the maximum electrical ratings of the switching transistors in the primary side oscillator to create a converter that can withstand a continuous short circuit (<1 Ohm) across the outputs without failing. However, this is NOT an overload protection. If the coverters are over-loaded but not short circuited, the converters may still overheat and fail. www.recom-international.com DC-DC Converter Applications Maximum Output Capacitance A simple method of reducing the output ripple is simply to add a large external capacitor. This can be a low cost alternative to the LC filter approach, although not as effective. There is, however, also the possibility of causing start up problems, if the output capacitance is too large. Recom uses the following definition for maximum capacitive load: “the maximum output capacitance that permits start-up in less than one second and does not damage the converter” With a large output capacitance at switch on, there is no charge on the capacitors and the DC-DC converter immediately experiences a large current demand at its output. The inrush current can be so large as to exceed the ability of the DC-DC converter, and the device can go into current limit. For converters with a constant power limit, the effect of a large capacitive load is to make the output voltage slowly ramp up over time. However, for converters with a hiccup protected output, the device could continuously oscillate as it tries to start, goes into overload shutdown and then retries again. The DC-DC converter may not survive if this condition persists. For unregulated converters, the overload condition caused by the capacitor charging current could damage the converter. If instead of single capacitors on outputs an RC-filter or LC-Filter is used, the maximum capacitive load can be higher because the resistor/choke reduces the capacitor inrush current peak. However, fairly large resistors or inductances are required to have a meaningful effect. be calculated. Settling Time The general isolation impedance equation for a given frequency (f) is given by: The main reason for not fitting a series inductor internally, apart from size constraints, is that many applications require a fast switch on time. When the input voltage is a fast ramp, then the output can respond within 500µs of the input reaching its target voltage (measured on a range of RA/RB and RC/RD converters under full output load without external filters). The use of external filters and additional input or output capacitance will slow this reaction time. It is therefore left to the designer to decide on the predominant factors important for their circuit: settling time or noise performance. Isolation Capacitance and Leakage Current The isolation barrier within the DC-DC converter has a capacitance, which is a measure of the coupling between input and output circuits. Providing this is the largest coupling source, a calculation of the leakage current between input and output circuits can Assuming we have a known isolation capacitance (Cis - refer to datasheet) and a known frequency for either the noise or test signal, then the expected leakage current (iL) between input and output circuits can be calculated from the impedance. Zf = ___1___ j 2 π C is For an RB-0505D, the isolation capacitance is 18pF, hence the isolation impedance to a 50Hz test signal is: Z50 = ___1_______ = 177 M Ω j 2 π 50 18 pf If using a test voltage of 1kVrms, the leakage current is: iL = Vtest = _1000V_ = 5.65 µA 177 M Ω Zf It can be easily observed from these simple equations that the higher the test or noise voltage, the larger the leakage current, also the lower the isolation capacitance, the lower the leakage current. Hence for low leakage current, high noise immunity designs, high isolation DC-DC converters should be selected with an appropriate low isolation capacitance. RECOM converters with Power Limiting Overload Protection RECOM converters with Hiccup Overload Protection RY-P, R1Z, R0.25Z, RSO, RS, RW2, RS3, RW-S, RW-D, REC3, REC3.5, REC5, REC6, REC7.5, REC8, REC10, REC15, Rxx-B, RP08, RP12, RAC05-A, RAC05-B, RAC10-A, RAC10-B, RAC15-A, RAC15-B, RAC20-A, RAC20-B, RAC30-A, RAC40-A, RAC40-B RP10-E, RP12-SOF, RP15-A, RP15-F, RP20-A, RP20-F, RP30-E, RP30-F, RP40-G, RP60-G, RAC03-A, RAC04-A, RAC06-C, RAC60-B RECOM converters with Power Limiting Overload Protection, but need diode protection with high capacitive loads RECOM converters with Hiccup Overload Protection, but can cope well with high capacitive loads R-78xx, R-78Bxx, R-78HBxx, R-5xxx, R-6xxx, R-7xxx RPP20, RPP30, RPP40, RPP40, RPP50 www.recom-international.com 2011 A-7 DC-DC Converter Applications Application Examples Overload Protection Although the use of filtering will prevent excessive current at power-on under normal operating conditions, many of the lower cost converters have no protection against an output circuit taking excessive power or even going short-circuit. When this happens, the DC-DC converter will take a large input current to try to supply the output. Eventually the converter will overheat and destroy itself if this condition is not rectified (short circuit overload duration is only for 1s on a standard unregulated part). There are several ways to prevent overload at the outputs destroying the DC-DC converter. The simplest being a straight forward fuse. Sufficient tolerance for inrush current is required to ensure the fuse does not blow on power-on (see figure 8). Another simple scheme that can be applied is a circuit breaker. There is also the potential to add some intelligence to the overload scheme by either detecting the input current, or the output voltage (see figure 9). If there is an intelligent power management system at the input, using a series resistor (in place of the series inductor) and detecting the voltage drop across the device to signal the management system can be used. A similar scheme can be used at the output to determine the output voltage, however, if the management system is on the input side, the signal will need to be isolated from the controller to preserve the system isolation barrier (see figure 10). There are several other current limiting techniques that can be used to detect an overload situation, the suitability of these is left to the designer. The most important thing to consider is how this information will be used. If the system needs to signal to a controller the location or module causing the overload, some form of intelligence will be needed. If the device simply needs to switch off, a simple fuse type arrangement will be adequate. Unregulated RECOM DC/DC converters usually are short circuit protected only for a short time, e.g. 1 second. By option they can be continous short circuit protected (option /P), then their design is able to withstand the high output current in a short circuit situation without any need for extra circuit protection. All Recom DC-DC converters which include an internal linear regulator have a thermal overload shut-down condition which protects these devices from excessive over-load. If this condition is to be used to signal a power management system, the most suitable arrangement is the output voltage detector (see figure 10a), since this will fall to near zero on shut-down. Wide input range regulated converters offer overload protection / short circuit protection via an internal circuit that interfers with the primary oscillator so the switching is regulated back in situations of overload or output short circuit. VIN DC Fuse DC GND Figure 8: Simple Overload Protection Rin Vcc DC DC Vout GND a) Series Resistor for Input Current Measurement Ilimit Vcc DC R1 DC Rgnd R2 GND b) Ground Current Monitor Choose current limit (ILIMIT) and ground resistor (RGND) so that : 0.7V = RGND x ILIMIT. Figure 9: Input Monitored Overload Protection A-8 2011 www.recom-international.com DC-DC Converter Applications Input Voltage Drop-Out (brown-outs) When the input voltage drops, or is momentarily removed, the output circuit would suffer similar voltage drops. For short period input voltage drops, such as when other connected circuits have an instantaneous current demand, or devices are plugged in or removed from the supply rail while 'hot', a simple diode-capacitor arrangement can prevent the output circuit from being effected. Opto-Isolated Power Good / Overload Detector (On overload +VO falls and the LED switches off, the VOL. line is then pulled high.) Figure 10 : Ouput Monitored Overload Protection The circuit uses a diode feed to a large reservoir capacitor (typically 47µF electrolytic), which provides a short term reserve current source for the converter, the diode blocking other circuits from draining the capacitor over the supply rail. When combined with an in-line inductor this can also be used to give very good filtering. The diode volt drop needs to be considered in the power supply line under normal supply conditions. A low drop Schottky diode is recommended (see figure 11). No Load Over Voltage Lock-Out Unregulated DC-DC converters are expected to be under a minimum of 10% load, hence below this load level the output voltage is undefined. In certain circuits this could be a potential problem. Figure 11 : Input Voltage Drop-out The easiest way to ensure the output voltage remains within a specified tolerance, is to add external resistors, so that there is always a minimum 10% loading on the device (see figure 12). This is rather inefficient in that 10% of the power is always being taken by this load, hence only 90% is available to the additional circuitry. Zener diodes on the output are another simple method. It is recommended that these be used with a series resistor or inductor, as when the Zener action occurs, a large current surge may induce signal noise into the system. Figure 12: No Load over Voltage Lock-Out Long Distance Supply Lines RB-0512D RO-2405 DC Vin GND Cable DC DC DC Target Circuit When the supply is transmitted via a cable, there are several reasons why using an isolated DC-DC converter is good design practice (see figure 13). The noise pick up and EMC susceptibility of a cable is high compared to a pcb track. By isolating the cable via a DC-DC converter at either end, any cable pick-up will appear as common mode noise and should be self-cancelling at the converters. Figure 13: Long Distance Power Transfer www.recom-international.com 2011 A-9 DC-DC Converter Applications Another reason to use converter pairs is to reduce the cable power loss is by using a high voltage, low current power transfer through the cable and reconverting at the terminating circuit. This will also reduce noise and EMC susceptibility, since the noise voltage required to affect the rail is also raised. For example, compare a system having a 5V supply and requiring a 5V, 500mW output at a remote circuit. Assume the connecting cable has a 100 Ohm resistance. Using an RO-0505 to convert the power at either end of the cable, with a 100mA current, the cable will lose 1W (I2R) of power. The RO would not be suitable, since this is its total power delivery; hence there is no power available for the terminating circuit. Using a RB-0512D to generate 24V and a RO-2405S to regenerate the 5V, only a 21 mA supply is required through the cable, a cable loss of only 44mW. Some high power, low output voltage circuits experience significant voltage drops even along the short tracks on a circuit board. The Powerline RP40 and RP60 and the Innoline R-5xxxA converters feature a sense connection which can automatically compensate for voltage losses in a circuit (see Figure 13a). The sense inputs are used by the internal regulator in the converters so that the set output voltage is measured at the load rather than on the output pins of the converter. RP60-xxxxS DC DC Pre- and Post Regulation The usefulness of many DC-DC converters can be enhanced by pre- or post-regulation. The usual input voltage range of a DC-DC converter is either fixed, 2:1 or 4:1 depending on the converter technology used inside the device. Switching regulators have typically a much wider input voltage range - up to 8:1, but do not have the advantage of the DC-DC converter’s galvanic isolation. By combining the two techniques and using a switching regulator as a pre-regulator, an ultra-wide range, isolated DC-DC converter supply can be built (see Figure 15a) Vcc = 9~72VDC R-78HB05-0.5 LCD Display Bias DC -24V Load -Sense -Vo Post regulation is useful to combine the advantages of a linear regulator’s low noise output with the ability of a DC-DC converter to boost a lower input voltage to a higher output voltage. Vcc = 5V RB-053.3D DC DC GND +6.6V +Vo 7805 LDO +5V 100n 2µ2 -Vo (Optional Link) <5µV Low Noise Regulated 5V Output 0V Figure 15b: Post-Regulation Example RI-0505S DC +5V @ 400mA Isolated Vout In this example, a low cost RB unregulated converter is used to boost a 5V supply up to 6.6V so that a low drop out linear regulator can produce a low noise, regulated 5V output. EIA-232 Interface GND Figure 15a: Pre-Regulation Example RO-0524S DC +Sense Figure 13a: Using Sense Inputs to Compensate for Voltage Drops in the Connections to the Load DC A LCD display typically requires a positive or negative 24V supply to bias the crystal. The RO-0524S converter was designed specifically for this application. Having an isolated OV output, this device can be configured as a +24V supply by connecting this to the GND input, or a –24V supply by connecting the +Vo output to GND (see figure 14). +Vo Liquid Crystal Display In a mains powered PC often several supply rails are available to power a RS232 interface. However, battery operated PC’s or remote equipment having a RS232 interface added later, or as an option, may not have the supply rails to power a RS232 interface. Using a RB-0512S is a simple single chip solution, allowing a fully EIA-232 compatible interface to be implemented from a single 5V supply rail, and only two additional components (see figure 16a). (up to 42mA) Figure 14: LCD Display Bias A-10 2011 www.recom-international.com DC-DC Converter Applications 3V/5V Logic Mixed Supply Rails +12V EIA-232 Port VCC 5V VDD DCD RB-0512D DB9S Connector DSR +VO RX DC OV RTS TX -VO CTS DC DTR GND RI There is now another option, mixed logic functions running from separate supply rails. A single 3.3V line can be combined with a range of DC-DC converters from Recom, to generate voltage levels to run virtually any standard logic or interface IC. SN75C185 The Recom range includes dual output parts for powering analogue bipolar and amplifier functions (RB series), as well a single output function for localised logic functions (RM, RN or RNM series). A typical example might be a RS232 interface circuit in a laptop PC using a 3.3V interface chip (such as the LT1330), which accepts 3.3V logic signals but requires a 5V supply (see figure 16b). Recom has another variation on this theme and has developed two 5V to 3.3V step down DC-DC converters (RNM-053.3S and R0-053.3S). These have been designed to allow existing systems to start incorporating available 3.3V l.C.’s without having to redesign their power supply. Figure 16a: Optimised RS232 Interface 3.3VCC RNM-3.305S 3 1 8 DC DC +5V 7 OV GND GND VCC 1µF 100nF -V +V 1 2 28 3 26 4 27 TX1 14 25 5 TX1 RX1 24 6 RX1 + 3.3V This is particularly important when trying to reduce the overall power demand of a system, but not having available all of the functions at the 3.3V supply. + 220nF 3.3V Logic There has been a lot of attention given to new l.C.'s and logic functions operating at what is rapidly emerging as the standard supply level for notebook and palmtop computers. The 3.3V supply is also gaining rapid acceptance as the defacto standard for personal telecommunications, however, not all circuit functions required are currently available in a 3.3V powered IC. The system designer therefore has previously had only two options available; use standard 5V logic or wait until the required parts are available in a 3.3V form, neither being entirely satisfactory and the latter possibly resulting in lost market share. 200nF RS232 The main application for this range of devices are system designers, who want to provide some functionality that requires a higher voltage than is available from the supply rail, or for a single localised function. Using a fully isolated supply is particularly useful in interface functions and systems maintaining separate analogue and digital ground lines. 17 LT1330 GND Figure 16b: RS232 Interface with 3V Logic www.recom-international.com 2011 A-11 DC-DC Converter Applications Isolated Data Acquisition System Any active system requiring isolation will need a DC-DC converter to provide the power transfer for the isolated circuit. In a data acquisition circuit there is also the need for low noise on the supply line; hence good filtering is required. The circuit shown (see figure 17) provides a very high voltage isolation barrier by using an RH converter to provide the power isolation and opto isolators for the data isolation. An overall system isolation of 2.5kV is achieved. EMC Considerations: When used for isolating a local power supply and incorporating the appropriate filter circuits as illustrated in Fig. 17), DC-DC converters can present simple elegant solutions to many EMC power supply problems. The range of fixed frequency DC-DC converters is particularly suitable for use in EMC problem situations, as the stable fixed switching frequency gives easily characterised and easily filtered output. The following notes give suggestions to avoid common EMC problems in power supply circuits. 5V 4K7 Data Opto Isolators RH-0505 1K2 5V 5V Logic Circuit Data CS 4K7 5V CS 1K2 4K7 Status VCC +5V 1K2 ZN509 CLK +5V CLK Vref Status 47µH +5V AIN 1K2 DC DC +5V 1µF 470vF GND 4K7 1K2 SFH610 Figure 17: Isolated Serial ADC System Power Supply Considerations VCC PSU CCT1 ● Eliminate loops in supply lines (see figure 18). ● Decouple supply lines at local boundaries (use LC filters with low Q, 8 CCT2 see figure 19). ● Place high speed sections close to the power line input, slow speed sections furthest away (reduces power plane transients, see figure 20). ● Isolate individual systems where possible (especially analogue and digital systems) on both power supply and signal lines (see figure 21). An isolated DC-DC converter can provide a significant benefit to help reduce susceptibility and conducted emission due to the isolation of both power rail and ground from the system supply. Recom primarily uses toroidal transformers in our DC-DC converters and as such they have negligible radiated EMI, but all DC-DC converters are switching devices and as such will have a characteristic switching frequency, which may need some additional filtering. GND VCC PSU CCT1 3 CCT2 GND Interpretation of DC-DC Converter EMC Data Figure 18: Eliminate Loops in Supply Line Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of electrical and electronic products is a measure of electrical pollution. Throughout the world there are increasing statutory and regulatory requirements to demonstrate the EMC of end products. In Europe the EC directive 89/336/EEC requires that any product sold after 1 January 1996 complies with a series of EMC limits, otherwise the product will be prohibited from sale within the EEC and the seller could be prosecuted and fined. Although DC-DC converters are generally exempt from EMC restrictions on the grounds that they are components, it is the belief of Recom that information on the EMC of these components can help designers plan ahead so that their end products can meet the relevant statutory EMC requirements. It must be remembered however, that a DC-DC converter is unlikely to be the only com-ponent in the power supply chain, hence the information quoted needs interpretation by the circuit designer to determine its impact on the final EMC performance of their system. VCC CCT1 CCT2 GND Figure 19: Decouple Supply Lines at Local Boundaries A-12 2011 www.recom-international.com DC-DC Converter Applications Hence, the EC directive covers the frequency spectrum 150kHz to 1GHz, but as two separate and distinct modes of transmission. Local P S U Power Input High Speed Circuit DC Circuit The Recom range of DC-DC converters feature toroidal transformers. These have been tested and proved to have negligible radiated noise. The low radiated noise is primarily due to toroidal shaped transformers maintaining the magnetic flux within the core, hence no magnetic flux is radiated by design. Due to the exceptionally low value of radiated emission, only conducted emissions are quoted. CCT2 Conducted emissions are measured on the input DC supply line. Unfortunately no standards exist for DC supplies, as most standards cover mains connected equipment. This poses two problems for a DC supplied device, firstly no standard limits can be directly applied, since the DC supplied device does not directly connect to the mains, also all reference material uses the earth-ground as a reference point. In a DC system often the OV is the reference, however, for EMC purposes, it is probably more effective to maintain the earth as the reference, since this is likely to be the reference that the shielding is connected to. Consequently all measurements quoted are referenced to the mains borne earth. Low Speed Circuit Medium Speed Circuit Filter Figure 20: Place High Spead Circuit Close to PSU VCC DC DC CCT1 DC DC GND Figure 21 : Isolate Individual Systems Line Impedance Stabilisation Network (LISN) Power Supply 50Ω Termination – LISN DC Load DC + LISN To Spectrum Analyser Figure 22: Filtered Supply to DC-DC Converter The notes given here are aimed at helping the designer interpret the effect the DC-DC converter will have on the EMC of their end product, by describing the methods and rationale for the measurements made. Where possible CISPR and EN standards have been used to determine the noise spectra of the components, however, all of the standards reference to mains powered equipment and interpretation of these specifications is necessary to examine DC supplied devices. www.recom-international.com Conducted and Radiated Emissions There are basically two types of emissions covered by the EC directive on EMC: radiated and conducted. Conducted emissions are those transmitted over wire connecting circuits together and covers the frequency spectrum 150kHz to 30MHz. Radiated are those emissions transmitted via electromagnetic waves in air and cover the frequency spectrum 30MHz to 1GHz. 2011 It is necessary to ensure that any measure-ment of noise is from the device under test (DUT) and not from the supply to this device. In mains connected circuits this is important and the mains has to be filtered prior to supply to the DUT. The same approach has been used in the testing of DC-DC converters and the DC supply to the converter was filtered, to ensure that no noise from the PSU as present at the measuring instrument. A line impedance stabilisation network (LISN) conforming to CISPR 16 specification is connected to both positive and negative supply rails and referenced to mains earth (see figure 22). The measurements are all taken from the positive supply rail, with the negative rail measurement point terminated with 50 Ohm to impedance match the measurement channels. A-13 DC-DC Converter Applications 2 100 Conducted Emission (dBuV) and the full rectified spectra, at twice the fundamental switching frequency (even line spectra). Quasi-resonant converters, such as the Recom range, have square wave switching waveforms, this produces lower ripple and a higher efficiency than soft switching devices, but has the drawback of having a relatively large spectrum of harmonics. 4 1 80 8 6 12 10 3 60 5 7 9 11 13 40 20 0 0 100 300 200 400 500 Frequency (kHz) Figure 23: Individual Line Spectra 50 40 Frequency (kHz) 30 20 10 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Input Voltage (V) Figure 24: Frequency Voltage Dependency The conducted emissions are measured under full load conditions in all cases. Under lower loads the emission levels do fall, hence full load is the worst case condition for conducted line noise. Conducted Emission (dBuV) 100 80 60 40 Econoline Filters for Conducted and Radiated Emissions 20 0 100kHz 1MHz 10MHz 100MHz Frequency Figure 25 : V Spectrum Shielding At all times the DUT, LlSN’s and all cables connecting any measurement equipment, loads and supply lines are shielded. The shielding is to prevent possible pick-up on cables and DUT from external EMC sources (e.g. other equipment close by). The shielding is referenced to mains earth (see figure 22). Line Spectra of DC-DC Converters All DC-DC converters are switching devices, hence, will have a frequency spectra. A-14 The EC regulations for conducted interference covers the bandwidth 150kHz to 30MHz. Considering a converter with a 100kHz nominal switching frequency, this would exhibit 299 individual line spectra. There will also be a variation of absolute switching frequency with production variation, hence a part with a 90kHz nominal frequency would have an additional 33 lines over the entire 30MHz bandwidth. Absolute input voltage also produces slight variation of switching frequency (see figure 24). Hence, to give a general level of conducted noise, we have used a 100kHz resolution bandwidth (RBW) to examine the spectra in the data sheets. This wide RBW gives a maximum level over all the peaks, rather than the individual line spectra. This is easier to read as well as automatically compensating for variances in switching frequency due to production variation or differences in absolute input voltage (see figure 25). Fixed input DC-DC converters have fixed switching frequency, for example the RC/RD range of converters has a typical switching frequency of 50kHz. This gives a stable and predictable noise spectrum regardless of load conditions. Econoline converters will meet the requirements for FCC / EN55022 Class A and Class B limits for conducted and radiated emissions with the addition of an external filter. The following filter circuit suggestions are based on EMC tests carried out in an EMC test facility on single converters. Different component values or filter configurations may be required if several converters share a common supply, if different types of converter are used together or if the supply voltage or load is not placed close to the converters. If we examine the noise spectrum closely (see figure 23) we can see several distinct peaks, these arise from the fundamental switching frequency and its harmonics (odd line spectra) 2011 www.recom-international.com DC-DC Converter Applications Econoline EMC Filter Suggestions: Low Power Regulated and Unregulated Converters For R1S, R2S: see Datasheet EN55022 Class A (Omit C1, L1 and C3) RM, RSS, RSD, RNM,ROM, RO, RBM,RB,RE.RK, RH, RN, RTS, RTD, RI, RD, RKZ,RJZ, RZ, RSZ, RY C2=3.3µF L1 Input + + C1 C2 Output RP, RxxPxx, RU, RxxP2xx, RUZ, RV C2=10µF C3 EN55022 Class B EN55022 Class A EN55022 Class B RM, RSS, RSD, RNM,ROM, RO, RBM,RB,RE.RK, RH, RN, RTS, RTD, RI, RD, RKZ,RJZ, RZ, RSZ, RY C1=10µF, L1 = 470µH, C2=4.7µF, C3 = 2.2nF (omit C3) RS0, RS, RW2 RS3, RW-S, RW-D, REC3-R C1=10µF, L1 = 1mH, C2=20µF, C3 = 2.2nF RS0, RS, RW2 RS3, RW-S, RW-D, REC3-R C1=10µF, L1 = 1mH, C2=10µF RP, RxxPxx, RU, RxxP2xx, RUZ, RV C1=10µF, L1 = 470µH, C2=10µF, C3 = 2.2nF All capacitors are MLCC Econoline EMC Filter Suggestion: 3W - 15W Regulated Converters EN55022 Class B 2:1 and 4:1 REC3-REC7.5 Converters: CMC=CMC-08 (2x 830µH) C1=10µF, C2=15µF, C3=2.2nF Input + + C1 C2 CMC C3 2:1 and 4:1 REC8-REC15 Converters: CMC=CMC-03 (2x 1300µH) C3=1nF REC08-05xx: C1= C2 = 22µF REC08/10/15-12xx: C1=C2=10µF REC08/10/15-24xx: C1=C2=4.7µF REC08/10/15-48xx: C1=C2 =2.2µF For details of common mode chokes refer to Powerline application notes section Single Output Input + + C1 C2 Dual Output CMC "A" Pinning Single Output C1 C3 4 3 1 2 C2 Ground Plane Bottom View CMC www.recom-international.com 2011 A-15 DC-DC Converter Applications Figure 26: Typical Switching Frequency vs. Temperature Temperature Performance Surface Mount DC-DC Converters The temperature performance of the DC-DC converters detailed in this book is always better than the quoted operating temperature range. The main reason for being conservative on the operating temperature range is the difficulty of accurately specifying parametric performance outside this temperature range. Production Guideline Application Note The introduction by Recom of a new and innovative method of encapsulating hybrid DCDC converters in a transfer moulded (TM) epoxy molding compound plastic has enabled a new range of surface mount (SMD) DC-DC converters to be brought to market, which addresses the component placement with SOIC style handling. There are some limiting factors which provide physical barriers to performance, such as the Curie temperature of the core material used in the DC-DC converter (the lowest Curie temperature material in use at Recom is 125°C). Ceramic capacitors are used almost exclusively in the DC-DC converters because of their high reliability and extended life properties, however, the absolute capacity of these can fall when the temperature rises above 85°C (i.e. the ripple will increase). Other considerations are the power dissipation within the active switching components, although these have a very high temperature rating. Their current carrying capacity derates as temperature exceeds 100°C. Therefore this allows the DC-DC converters to be used above their specified operating temperature, providing the derating of power delivery given in the specification is adhered to. Components operating outside the quoted operating temperature range cannot be expected to exhibit the same parametric performance that is quoted in the specification. An indication of the stability of a device can be obtained from the change in its operating frequency, as the temperature is varied (see figure 26). A typical value for the frequency variation with temperature is 0.5% per °C, a very low value compared to other commercial parts. This illustrates the ease of filtering of Recom DC-DC converters, since the frequency is so stable across load and temperature ranges. A-16 With any new component there are of course new lessons to be learned with the mounting technology. With the Recom SMD DC-DC converters, the lessons are not new as such, but may require different production techniques in certain applications. Component Materials Recom SMD converters are manufactured in a slightly different way than the through-hole converters. Instead of potting the PCB board inside a plastic case with conventional epoxy the whole package is molded around the PCB board with epoxy molding compound plastic. Open frame SMD parts have no moulding compound and the case (when fitted) is provided purely to allow the pick-amd-place machine to be able to grip the part and to provide a surface for the part number and datecode. As the parts are nor encapsulated, they have more freedom to expand and contract which makes them ideal for vapour phase reflow processes and allows greater flexibility in the termperature profile. All materials used in RECOM lead-free products are ROHS compliant, thus the total amount of the restricted materials (lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, PBBs and PBDEs) are below the prescribed limits. Detailed chemical analysis reports are available. 2011 Component Placement Recom SMD DC-DC converters are designed to be handled by placement machines in a similar way to standard SOIC packages. The parts are available either in tubes (sticks) or in reels. The parts can therefore be placed using machines with either vibrational shuttle, gravity feeders, or reel feeders.The vacuum nozzle for picking and placing the components can be the same as used for a standard 14 pin or 18 pin SOIC (typically a 5 mm diameter nozzle). An increase in vacuum pressure may be beneficial, due to the heavier weight of the hybrid compared to a standard SOIC part (a typical 14 pin SOIC weighs 0.1g, the Recom 12.00 8 5 1 2 4 1.20 Top View 1.80 SMD DC-DC converter weighs 1.5 ~ 2,7g). It is advisable to consult your machine supplier on the best choice of vacuum nozzle if in doubt. If placing these components by hand, handle the components only by the central body area where there are no component pins. Component Alignment The components can be aligned by either optical recognition or manual alignment. If using manual alignment it should be ensured that the tweezers press on the component body and not on the pins. The components themselves are symmetrical along their axis, hence relatively easy to align using either method. Solder Pad Design The Recom SMD DC-DC converters are designed on a pin pitch of 2,54mm (0.1") with 1,20 mm pad widths and 1,80 mm pad lengths. This allows pads from one part to be used within a PCB CAD package for forming the pad layouts for other SMD converters. These pads are wider than many standard SOIC pad sizes (0.64mm) and CAD packages may not accommodate these pins with a standard SOIC pad pattern. It should be remembered that these components are power supply devices and as such need broader pads and thicker component leads to minimise resistive losses within the interconnects. www.recom-international.com DC-DC Converter Applications The adhesive prevents the SMD parts being ”washed off“ in a wave solder, and being ”vibrated off“ due to handling on a double sided SMD board. Lead-free Recommended Soldering Profile (SMD parts) 300 10-30s min. 300s Temperature (°C) 250 (245°C) 200 150 Pre - Heat 100 50 50 100 200 150 250 300 350 400 450 500 Time (seconds) Lead-free Recommended Soldering Profile (Through hole parts) Double Wave 340 320 300 3 - 5 seconds Temperature (°C) 280 260 240 220 Forced Cooling 60°C/s Min. 100°C ~ 150°C Max. 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Natural Cooling Enter Wave Pre - Heat 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Time (seconds) 90 100 110 120 Notes: 1. The wave solder profile is measured on lead temperature. 2. Need to keep the solder parts internal temperature less than about 210°C Solder Reflow Profile RECOM’s SMD converters are designed to withstand a maximum reflow temperature of 245°C (for max. 30seconds) in accordance with JEDEC STD-020C. If multiple reflow profiles are to be used (i.e. the part is to passthrough several reflow ovens), it is recommended that lower ramp rates be used than the maximum specified in JEDEC STD020C. Continual thermal cycling to this profile could cause material fatigue, if more than 5 maximum ramp cycles are used. In general these parts will exceed the re-flow capability of most IC and passive components on a PCB and should prove the most thermally insensitive component to the reflow conditions www.recom-international.com Recommended Solder Reflow Profile: The following 2 graphs show the typical recommended solder reflow profiles for SMD and through-hole ROHS compliant converters. The exact values of the profile’s peak and its maximum allowed duration is also given in the datasheet of each converter. Adhesive Requirements If SM surface mount components are going to be wave soldered (i.e. in a mixed through hole and SMD PCB) or are to be mounted on both sides of a PCB, then it is necessary to use an adhesive to fix them to the board prior to reflow. 2011 As mentioned previously, the Recom range of SMD DC-DC converters are heavier than standard SOIC devices. The heavier weight is a due to their size (volume) and internal hybrid construction. Consequently the parts place a larger than usual stress on their solder joints and leads if these are the only method of attachment. Using an adhesive between component body and PCB can reduce this stress considerably. If the final system is to be subjected to shock and vibration testing, then using adhesive attachment is essential to ensure the parts pass these environmental tests. The Recom SMD DC-DC converters all have a stand-off beneath the component for the application of adhesive to be placed, without interfering with the siting of the component. The method of adhesive dispensing and curing, plus requirements for environmental test and in-service replacement will determine suitability of adhesives rather than the component itself. However, having a thermoset plastic body, thermoset epoxy adhesive bonding between board and component is the recommended adhesive chemistry. If the reflow stage is also to be used as a cure for a heat cure adhesive, then the component is likely to undergo high horizontal acceleration and deceleration during the pick and place operation. The adhesive must be sufficiently strong in its uncured (green) state, in order to keep the component accurately placed. Adhesive Placement The parts are fully compatible with the 3 main methods of adhesive dispensing; pin transfer, printing and dispensing. The method of placing adhesive will depend on the available processes in the production line and the reason for using adhesive attachment. For example, if the part is on a mixed though-hole and SMD board, adhesive will have to be placed and cured prior to reflow. If using a SMD only board and heat cure adhesive, the reflow may be used as the cure stage. If requiring adhesive for shock and vibration, but using a conformal coat, then it may be possible to avoid a separate adhesive alltogether, and the coating alone provides the mechanical restraint on the component body. A-17 DC-DC Converter Applications Patterns for dispensing or printing adhesive are given for automatic lines. If dispensing manually after placement the patterns for UV cure are easily repeated using a manual syringe (even if using heat cure adhesive).If dispensing manually, dot height and size are not as important, and the ad-hesive should be applied after the components have been reflowed. When dispensing after reflow, a chip underfill formulation adhesive would be the preferred choice. These types 'wick' under the component body and offer a good all round adhesion from a single dispensed dot. The patterns allow for the process spread of the stand-off on the component, but do not account for the thickness of the PCB tracks. If thick PCB tracks are to be used, a grounded copper strip should be laid beneath the centre of the component (care should be exercised to maintain isolation barrier limits). The adhesive should not retard the pins reaching their solder pads during placement of the part, hence low viscosity adhesive is recommended. The height of the adhesive dot, its viscosity and slumping properties are critical. The dot must be high enough to bridge the gap between board surface and component, but low enough not to slump and spread, or be squeezed by the component, and so contaminate the solder pads. If wishing to use a greater number of dots of smaller diameter (common for pin transfer methods), the dot pattern can be changed, by following a few simple guidelines. As the number of dots is doubled their diameter should be halved and centres should be at least twice the printed diameter from each other, but the dot height should remain at 0.4mm. The printed dot should always be positioned by at least its diameter from the nearest edge of the body to the edge of the dot. The number of dots is not important, provided good contact between adhesive and body can be guaranteed, but a minimum of two dots is recommended. Cleaning The thermoset plastic encapsulating material used for the Recom range of surface mount DC-DC converters is not fully hermetically sealed. As with all plastic encapsulated active devices, strongly reactive agents in hostile environments can attack the material and the internal parts, hence cleaning is recommended in inert solutions (e.g. alcohol or water based A-18 solvents) and at room temperature in an inert atmospheres (e.g. air or nitrogen). A batch or linear aqueous cleaning process would be the preferred method of cleaning using a deionised water solution. Vapour Phase Reflow Soldering Vapour phase soldering is a still upcoming soldering practice; therefore there are no standard temperature profiles available. Principally, the Lead-free Soldering Profile recommended by RECOM can be used for vapour phase soldering. RECOM has tested large quantities of 8-pin and 10-pin SMD converters and recommends as an absolute maximum condition 240°C for 90s dwell time. In standard applications with small sized components on a pcb, 230°C and shorter dwell times will still deliver good results. After discussions with various contract manufacturers, we recommended that the temperature gradients used during preheat and cooling phases are between 0.5°K/s up to 3°K/s. Other form factors than 8-pin or 10-pin SMDpackages have not been fully tested under vapour phase conditions. Please contact RECOM in this case. Custom DC-DC Converters In addition to the standard ranges shown in this data book, Recom have the capability to produce custom DC-DC converters designed to your specific requirements. In general, the parts can be rapidly designed using computer based CAD tools to meet any input or output voltage requirements within the ranges of Recom standard products (i.e. up to 48V at either input or output). Prototype samples can also be produced in short timescales. Custom parts can be designed to your specification, or where the part fits within a standard series, the generic series specification can be used. All custom parts receive the same stringent testing, inspection and quality procedures, as standard products. However there is a minimum order quantity as the additional documentation and administrative tasks must be covered in terms of costs. A general figure for this MOQ can be around 3000pcs of low wattage converters (0,25W ~ 2W), 1000pcs medium sized wattage (2W~15W) and 500pcs for higher wattages (> 20W). 2011 Recom custom parts are used in many applications, which are very specific to the individual customer, however, some typical examples are: ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ECL Logic driver Multiple cell battery configurations Telecommunications line equipment Marine apparatus Automotive electronics LCD display power circuitry Board level instrumentation systems To discuss your custom DC-DC converter requirements, please contact Recom technical support desk or your local distributor. Tin Whisker Mitigation The use of pure tin coating has caused considerable customer concern about the possibility of tin whisker formation. Although it is the opinion of Recom that the risks of converter failure due to tin whisker formation are vanishingly small (the only actual recorded failures due to tin whiskers were in exceptional environments such as deep space or as a contributary factor to corona discharge flashover in a UHV transformer), we have undertaken tin whisker mitigation procedures as recommended by Jedec in their JP002 guidelines. Through Hole Devices: The pins used in all of our through-hole converters are made of hard silver-copper alloy. The pins are then nickel underplated to 0.5µm before being pure tin electroplated to 6µm thickness. This thickness of overplating is a compromise between reasonable manufacturing costs and having a thick enough coating to impair tin whisker formation. The surface is not ‘brightened’, also to mitigate tin whisker formation. Finally the pins are annealed according to JIS C3101. This reduces any residual forming stresses, which is one of the other potential causes of tin whisker formation Surface Mount Devices: The carrier frames used in our SMD converters are made from DF42N nickel alloy which is pure tin plated. The pins are hot dipped in Sn-Ag-Cu solder just before injection molding. Hot dipping with SnAg4 or SnAgCu is generally an effective mitigation practice and considered whisker free. www.recom-international.com Innoline Application Notes Contents Innoline Application Notes ● Positive-to-Negative Converters ● EMC Considerations R-78xx-0.5 Series R-78HBxx-xx Series ● Soft Start Circuit R-78Axx-0.5SMD Series R-62xxP_D Series R-78xx-1.0 Series Pos-to-Neg Circuit Ideas R-78Axx-1.0SMD Series R-78Bxx-1.0 Series EMC Considerations Although all Innoline converters are switching regulators, and contain internal high frequency oscillators, they have been designed to minimise radiated and conducted emissions. If the end-application is particularly sensitive to conducted interference, the following input filter can be used for all R-78, R-5xxx, R-6xxx and R-7xxx converters. Vin 50µH Input 10µF Vout GND Output 10µF 50µH Output Soft Start Innoline converters with Vadj pins (R-78Axx-xxSMD, R-5xxx, R-6xxx and R-7xxx families) can be fitted with an external circuit to create an output soft start. Any general purpose PNP transistor and diode can be used for TR1 and D1 and typical values for R1 = 100K and C1 = 10µF. +Vin Vcc +Vout Ctrl GND Vadj R1 D1 TR1 On/Off C1 GND www.recom-international.com 2011 A-19 Innoline Application Notes Positive to Negative Converters Features ● Innoline Switching Regulators ● ● ● Innoline Switching Regulators can also be used to convert a positive voltage into a negative voltage The standard parts can be used - only two extra capacitors are required Fixed and variable output voltages are available. Input voltage range can be lower than the output voltage for higher output voltages Positive-to-Negative Switching Regulators Selection Guide Series R-78xx-0.5 R-78AAxx-0.5SMD R-78xx-1.0 R-78AAxx-1.0SMD R-78Bxx-1.0 R-78Bxx-1.5 R-78HBxx-0.5 Maximum Output Current -0.4A -0.2A -0.4A -0.2A Input Voltages (VDC) min. max. 4.75 – 28, 5.0 – 26, 8.0 – 18 4.75 – 28, 5.0 – 26, 8.0 – 18 Output Voltages (VDC) No. of Outputs Case Adjustable Vout? -1.5, -1.8, -2.5, -3.3, -5.0, -6.5, -9.0, -12, -15 -1.5, -1.8, -2.5, -3.3, -5.0, -6.5, -9.0, -12, -15 S SIP3 No Max Cap. Load 220µF S SMD Yes 220µF No 220µF No 100µF -1A/-0.8A/-0.6A 9 - 28, 9-26 -1.8, -2.5, -3.3, -5, -9, -12 S SIP12 Yes Not recommended to be used in this mode due to the reduced efficiency and higher Ripple & Noise figures. 470µF Not recommended to be used in this mode due to the reduced input and output voltage range Not recommended to be used in this mode due to the reduced input and output voltage range -0.6A 4.75 – 28, -1.5, -1.8, -2.5, -3.3, -5.0, S SIP3 -0.4A 8.0 – 28, 8.0 – 26 -6.5, -9.0, -0.3A 8.0 – 18 -12, -15 Not recommended to be used in this mode due to the reduced input and output voltage range -0.4A/-0.35A 15 – 65, -3.3, -5.0,-6.5 S SIP3 -0.3A/-0.25A/-0.2A 15 – 62, 15 – 59, 15 – 56, -9.0, -12, -15 -0.2A 20 – 48 -24 R-5xxxP/DA Not recommended to be used in this mode due to the reduced input and output voltage range R-61xxP/D Not recommended to be used in this mode as R-78B series offer a lower cost alternative R-62xxP/D R-7xxxP/D Circuit Ideas A-20 2011 www.recom-international.com INNOLINE Positive to Negative Converter DC/DC-Converter 0V 0V +Vin 1 R-78xx-0.5 C1 and C2 are required and should be fitted close to the converter pins. 3 Maximum capacitive load including C2 is 220µF 2 C1 C2 -Vout Pin Connections Pin # Negative Output 1 +Vin 2 -Vout 3 GND RECOM R-785.0-05 **** Positive Output +Vin GND +Vout R-78xx-0.5 Series Positive to Negative Converter 1 2 3 Selection Guide Part Number SIP3 Input Range (1) (V) Output Voltage (V) Output Current (A) Efficiency Min. Vin Max. Vin (%) (%) External Capacitors C1 C2* R-781.5-0.5 4.75 – 28 -1.5 -0.4 68 67 10µF/35V 22µF/6.3V R-781.8-0.5 4.75 – 28 -1.8 -0.4 71 70 10µF/50V 22µF/6.3V R-782.5-0.5 4.75 – 28 -2.5 -0.4 75 76 10µF/50V 22µF/6.3V R-783.3-0.5 4.75 – 28 -3.3 -0.4 77 80 10µF/50V 22µF/6.3V R-785.0-0.5 4.75 – 28 -5.0 -0.4 79 84 10µF/50V 22µF/10V R-786.5-0.5 5.0 – 26 -6.5 -0.3 81 86 10µF/50V 10µF/10V R-789.0-0.5 8.0 – 18 -9.0 -0.2 87 89 10µF/50V 10µF/16V R-7812-0.5 8.0 – 18 -12 -0.2 87 90 10µF/50V 10µF/25V R-7815-0.5 8.0 – 18 -15 -0.2 87 91 10µF/50V 10µF/25V * Maximum capacitive load including C2 is 220µF Application Example (see also Circuit Ideas at end of section) +Vin 1 R-78xx-0.5 3 +Vout Derating-Graph (Ambient Temperature) 2 120 100 1 R-78xx-0.5 3 Maximum capacitive load ±220µF 2 C1 C2 -Vout www.recom-international.com 2011 Output Power (%) 0V 0V 80 60 40 20 0 Safe Operating Area -40 0 25 50 Operating Temperature (°C) 85 75 100 71 A-21 INNOLINE Positive to Negative Converter DC/DC-Converter 0V 0V +Vin C1 10 On/Off 4,5 R-78AAxx0.5SMD 1,2 (Referenced to -Vout) R1 6 3,7 8,9 C1 and C2 are required and should be fitted close to the converter pins. C2 Maximum capacitive load including C2 is 220µF R2 -Vout Pin Connections Pin # Negative Output 1,2 +Vin 3,7,8,9 -Vout 4,5 GND 6 -Vout Adj. 10 On/Off 10 9 8 7 6 Positive Output +Vin GND +Vout +Vout Adj. On/Off R-78AA xx-0.5 SMD Positive to Negative Converter RECOM R-78Axx-0.5SMD xxxx 1 2 3 4 5 Selection Guide Part Number SIP3 Input Range (1) (V) Output Voltage (V) Output Current (A) Efficiency Min. Vin Max. Vin (%) (%) External Capacitors C1 C2 R-78AA1.5-0.5SMD 4.75 – 28 -1.5 -0.4 68 67 10µF/35V 22µF/6.3V R-78AA1.8-0.5SMD 4.75 – 28 -1.8 -0.4 71 70 10µF/50V 22µF/6.3V R-78AA2.5-0.5SMD 4.75 – 28 -2.5 -0.4 75 76 10µF/50V 22µF/6.3V R-78AA3.3-0.5SMD 4.75 – 28 -3.3 -0.4 77 80 10µF/50V 22µF/6.3V R-78AA5.0-0.5SMD 4.75 – 28 -5.0 -0.4 79 84 10µF/50V 22µF/10V R-78AA6.5-0.5SMD 5.0 – 26 -6.5 -0.3 81 86 10µF/50V 10µF/10V R-78AA9.0-0.5SMD 8.0 – 18 -9.0 -0.2 87 89 10µF/50V 10µF/16V R-78AA12-0.5SMD 8.0 – 18 -12 -0.2 87 90 10µF/50V 10µF/25V R-78AA15-0.5SMD 8.0 – 18 -15 -0.2 87 91 10µF/50V 10µF/25V * Maximum capacitive load including C2 is 220µF Application Example (see also Circuit Ideas at end of section) +Vin 1,2 On/Off 10 R-78AAxx0.5SMD 3,7 8,9 +Vout 4,5 R1 6 Maximum capacitive load ±220µF (Ambient Temperature) R2 0V 120 100 0V 1,2 C1 Optocoupler 10 R-78AAxx0.5SMD 3,7 8,9 6 Output Power (%) Optocoupler A-22 Derating-Graph 4,5 R1 C2 R2 -Vout 2011 80 60 40 20 0 Safe Operating Area -40 0 25 50 Operating Temperature (°C) 85 75 100 71 www.recom-international.com INNOLINE R-78AAxx-0.5 SMD Positive to Negative DC/DC-Converter Table 1: Adjustment Resistor Values 0.5Adc R-78AA1.8 -0.5SMD 1.8Vdc Vout (nom.) Vout (adj) R1 -1.5 (V) 3KΩ R-78AA2.5 -0.5SMD 2.5Vdc R2 R1 R2 R-78AA3.3 -0.5SMD 3.3Vdc R1 R-78AA5.0 -0.5SMD 5.0Vdc R2 R1 R-78AA6.5 -0.5SMD 6.5Vdc R2 R1 R-78AA9.0 -0.5SMD 9.0Vdc R2 R1 R2 R-78AA12 -0.5SMD 12.0Vdc R1 R2 200Ω -1.8 (V) 12KΩ -2.5 (V) 11.8KΩ -3.0 (V) 4.64KΩ 44.2KΩ 88.4KΩ 17KΩ -3.3 (V) 27KΩ 6.7KΩ -3.6 (V) 60.4KΩ 42KΩ 14KΩ -3.9 (V) 28KΩ 58KΩ 23KΩ -4.5 (V) 11.3kΩ 180KΩ 49KΩ 26KΩ 17KΩ -4.9 (V) 7.15kΩ 850KΩ 77kΩ 36KΩ 24KΩ -5.0 (V) 6.34kΩ 86kΩ 39KΩ 26KΩ -5.1 (V) 5.9kΩ 231kΩ 97KΩ 42KΩ 28KΩ -5.5 (V) 3.9kΩ 56.2kΩ 160KΩ 56KΩ 36KΩ 112KΩ 63KΩ 24.6KΩ 400KΩ 125KΩ -6.5 (V) 14kΩ -8.0 (V) 2.32kΩ -9.0 (V) 10.7KΩ 200KΩ -10 (V) 4.75KΩ 54.9KΩ 345KΩ -11 (V) 1.65KΩ 16.5KΩ 740KΩ -12 (V) 3.6KΩ -12.6 (V) 0Ω 180KΩ Typical Application 1,2 + 10 Vin=15VDC R-78AA120.5SMD 3,7 8,9 +Vout 4,5 26k 6 +5V 100k +7.5V 200k +9V +12V - 0V 1,2 10µF 10 R-78AA120.5SMD 3,7 8,9 4,5 22µF 26k 6 -5V 100k -7.5V 200k -9V -12V Dual Rail Selectable Output Voltage Power Supply www.recom-international.com 2011 -Vout A-23 INNOLINE Positive to Negative Converter DC/DC-Converter 0V 0V +Vin 1 R-78Bxx1.0 Series Positive to Negative Converter C1 and C2 are required and should be fitted close to the converter pins. 3 R-78Bxx-1.0 Maximum capacitive load including C2 is 220µF 2 C1 C2 -Vout Pin Connections Pin # Negative Output 1 +Vin 2 -Vout 3 GND Positive Output +Vin GND +Vout RECOM R-78B5.0-1.0 **** Pb 1 2 3 Selection Guide Part Number SIP3 Input Range (1) (V) Output Voltage (V) Output Current (A) Efficiency Min. Vin Max. Vin (%) (%) External Capacitors C1 C2* R-78B1.5-1.0 4.75 – 28 -1.5 -0.6 70 68 10µF/50V 22µF/6.3V R-78B1.8-1.0 4.75 – 28 -1.8 -0.6 72 72 10µF/50V 22µF/6.3V R-78B2.5-1.0 4.75 – 28 -2.5 -0.6 75 77 10µF/50V 22µF/6.3V R-78B3.3-1.0 4.75 – 28 -3.3 -0.6 77 80 10µF/50V 22µF/6.3V R-78B5.0-1.0 6.5 – 28 -5.0 -0.6 83 85 10µF/50V 22µF/10V R-78B6.5-1.0 8.0 – 26 -6.5 -0.4 84 87 10µF/50V 10µF/10V R-78B9.0-1.0 8.0 – 18 -9.0 -0.4 88 89 10µF/25V 10µF/25V R-78B12-1.0 8.0 – 18 -12 -0.3 89 90 10µF/25V 10µF/25V R-78B15-1.0 8.0 – 18 -15 -0.3 89 91 10µF/25V 10µF/25V * Maximum capacitive load including C2 is 220µF Application Example (see also Circuit Ideas at end of section) +Vin 1 R-78Bxx-1.0 3 2 +Vout Derating-Graph Maximum capacitive (Ambient Temperature) load ±220µF 1 R-78Bxx-1.0 Output Power (%) 0V 0V 3 2 C1 C2 -Vout A-24 120 100 2011 80 60 40 20 0 Safe Operating Area -40 0 25 50 Operating Temperature (°C) 85 75 100 71 www.recom-international.com INNOLINE Positive to Negative Converter 0V 0V +Vin 1 C1 and C2 are required and should be fitted close to the converter pins. 3 R-78HBxx-0.5 Maximum capacitive load including C2 is 100µF 2 C1 C2 -Vout Pin Connections Pin # Negative Output 1 +Vin 2 -Vout 3 GND Positive Output +Vin GND +Vout RECOM DC/DC-Converter R-78HBxx0.5 Series Positive to Negative Converter R-78HB5.0-0.5 **** Pb 1 2 3 Selection Guide Part Number SIP3 Input Range (1) (V) Output Voltage (V) Output Current (A) Efficiency Min. Vin Max. Vin (%) (%) External Capacitors C1 C2* R-78HB3.3-0.5 15 – 65 -3.3 -0.4 78 75 1µF/100V 22µF/6.3V R-78HB5.0-0.5 15 – 65 -5.0 -0.4 82 80 1µF/100V 22µF/10V R-78HB6.5-0.5 15 – 65 -6.5 -0.35 84 82 1µF/100V 22µF/10V R-78HB9.0-0.5 15 – 62 -9.0 -0.3 87 85 1µF/100V 10µF/16V R-78HB12-0.5 15 – 59 -12 -0.25 88 86 1µF/100V 10µF/25V R-78HB15-0.5 15 – 56 -15 -0.2 89 87 1µF/100V 10µF/25V R-78HB24-0.5 15 – 48 -24 -0.2 89 87 1µF/100V 10µF/35V * Maximum capacitive load including C2 is 100µF Application Example (see also Circuit Ideas) +Vin 1 3 R-78HBxx-0.5 2 +Vout Maximum capacitive Derating-Graph (Ambient Temperature) load ±100µF 120 100 1 Output Power (%) 0V 0V 3 R-78HBxx-0.5 2 C1 C2 -Vout www.recom-international.com 2011 80 60 40 20 0 Safe Operating Area -40 0 25 50 Operating Temperature (°C) 85 75 100 71 A-25 INNOLINE Positive to Negative Converter DC/DC-Converter 0V +Vin On/Off (Referenced to -Vout) R-62xxP/D SIP12 Positive to Negative Converter 0V 2,3,4 C1 R-62xxP/D 1 5,6 7,8 C1 and C2 are required and should be fitted close to the converter pins. 9,10, 11 R1 12 C2 R2 Maximum capacitive load including C2 is 220µF -Vout Pin Connections Pin # Negative Output 2,3,4 +Vin 5,6,7,8 -Vout 9,10,11 GND 12 -Vout Adj. 1 On/Off Positive Output +Vin GND +Vout +Vout Adj. On/Off RECOM R-6212P 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Selection Guide Part Number SIP3 Input Range (1) (V) Output Voltage (V) Output Current (A) Efficiency Min. Vin Max. Vin (%) (%) External Capacitors C1 C2* R-621.8P/D 9 – 28 -1.8 (-1.5~-3.6) -1.0 72 65 10µF/50V 100µF/6.3V R-622.5P/D 9 – 28 -2.5 (-1.5~-4.5) -1.0 76 72 10µF/50V 100µF/6.3V R-623.3P/D 9 – 28 -3.3 (-1.8~-6V) -1.0 79 76 10µF/50V 100µF/10V R-625.0P/D 9 – 28 -5.0 (-1.8~-9V) -1.0 81 80 10µF/50V 100µF/10V R-629.0P/D 9 – 26 -9.0 (-3.3~-15V) -0.8 84 85 10µF/50V 100µF/25V R-6212P/D 9 – 26 -12 (-3.3~-15V) -0.6 86 88 10µF/50V 100µF/25V * Maximum capacitive load including C2 is 220µF Max output current calculation: Internal power dissipation (1W) = Io x Vo x (1-Efficiency) Io = 1(W) / Vo x (1-Efficiency) Example : R-625.0P at Vin = +9VDC, Vout=-5.0V Efficiency = 80% (see ”Selection Guide” table) Io = 1W / 5V x (1-0.8) = -1000mA at Vin = +9VDC, Vout=-8.0V (with trim) Efficiency = 80% (see ”Selection Guide” table) Io = 1W / 8V x (1-0.8) = -625mA Ambient Temperature (°C) Derating 90 85 80 60 40 20 0 0.5 0.7 1 1.5 Internal Power Dissipation (W) A-26 2011 www.recom-international.com R-62xxP_D Positive to Negative INNOLINE DC/DC-Converter Remote On/Off Control Application Example +Vin 2,3,4 On/Off 1 R-6xxxP R1 12 5,6 7,8 +Vout 9,10,11 100µF R2 0V 0V Optocoupler 2,3,4 C1 1 R-62xxP 9,10, 11 R1 12 5,6 7,8 Maximum capacitive load ±220µF C2 R2 Optocoupler -Vout Table 1: Adjustment Resistor Values -1Adc Vout (nominal) R-621.8P/D R-622.5P/D R-623.3P/D 1.8VDC 2.5VDC 3.3VDC Vout (adj) R1 1.5 13.6KΩ R2 R1 R2 R1 R2 R-625.0P/D 5VDC R1 R2 3.3KΩ 1.8 8.2KΩ 3.1KΩ 820Ω 15KΩ 5.1KΩ 1.5KΩ 13KΩ 3.6KΩ 51KΩ 7.0KΩ 2.0 10KΩ 2.5 5.1KΩ 3.0 2.5KΩ 10KΩ 3.3 1.7KΩ 5.9KΩ 3.6 1.2KΩ 3.9KΩ 18KΩ 14KΩ 3.9 2.8KΩ 9.1KΩ 20KΩ 4.5 1.6KΩ 3.9KΩ 60KΩ 9.7KΩ 5.0 2.4KΩ 5.1 2.2KΩ 60KΩ 5.5 1.6KΩ 15KΩ 6.0 1.1KΩ 7.2KΩ 7.0 2.8KΩ 8.0 1.5KΩ www.recom-international.com 2011 A-27 Positive to Negative Circuit Ideas INNOLINE DC/DC-Converter Application Examples Negative Voltage Doubler 0V 0V -12V 1 R-78B12-1.0 3 2 10µF/ 25V 10µF/ 25V -24V @ 300mA 12V Battery Stabilisor Vbatt = 8~18V -Ve 12V 1 +Ve 3 R-7812-0.5 2 10µF/ 25V 10µF/ 25V 0V Negative Rail Generator for Asymmetric Rails L N 0.1µF RAC1012SB C1 1 R-7805-0.5 47µF/ 16V C2 +12V @ 655mA 0V 3 2 10µF/ 25V C3 C1 RAC10 AC/DC Converter C3 C4 R-78 27.2mm C2 C4 22µF/ 10V -5V @ -400mA Ultra-compact low noise regulated and protected AC/DC dual output supply. 60mm A-28 2011 www.recom-international.com Powerline Application Notes Contents Powerline DC/DC Application Notes Switching Frequency ● Undervoltage Lockout Tables Output Ripple and Noise ● Output Voltage Trim Tables ● Powerline Heat Sinks ● Common Mode Chokes for EMC Transient Recovery Time ● Powerline Definitions and Testing Current Limiting Introduction Fold Back Current Limiting Input Voltage Range Isolation Pi Filter Break Down Voltage Output Voltage Accuracy Temperature Coefficient Voltage Balance Ambient Temperature Input Fuse Line Regulation Operating Temperature Range Earthing Load Regulation Storage Temperature Range Combining Converters Heat Sink Dimensions Powerline AC/DC Application Notes DC Inputs Efficiency Common Mode Chokes for EMC Recom offers a range of Common Mode Chokes useful for EMI Filtering to meet the requirements of EN-55022, Class B. The component values given are suggested values and may need to be optimised to suit the application. The effectiveness of any filter network is heavily dependent on using quality capacitors, the layout of the board and having a low impedance path to ground. See section on filtering elsewhere in the Application Notes for more details. Class B EMC Filter Suggestion Standard EMC Filter C4 Input + + C1 C2 Output 100nF (fit close to pins) CMC C3 www.recom-international.com 2011 A-29 Powerline DC-DC Application Notes RP15-SO_DO and RP15-SOW_DOW Series Only 470pF/ 3kV Vout+ L1 Input + + + C1 C2 RP15-SO_DO Output C3 Vout- CMC 470pF/ 3kV RP30-SF_DF and RP30-SF W_DFW Series Only C4 Vout+ RP30-SF_DF RP30-SFW_DFW Input + + + C1 C2 C3 Trim or Common VoutCMC-09 CMC-10 C5 C6 A-30 2011 www.recom-international.com Powerline DC-DC Application Notes Component Values All capacitors MLCC (Multi Layer Ceramic Capacitor). RP08-A Vin = 12VDC nom., C1=4.7µF/50V, C2=Not Required, C3,C4=1nF/3kV, CMC-06 Vin = 24VDC nom., C1=6.8µF/50V, C2=Not Required, C3,C4=1nF/3kV, CMC-06 Vin = 48VDC nom., C1=2.2µF/100V, C2=2.2µF/100V, C3,C4=1nF/3kV, CMC-06 RP08-AW Vin = 9~36VDC, C1=4.7µF/50V, C2=Not Required, C3,C4=1nF/3kV, CMC-06 Vin = 18~75VDC, C1=2.2µF/100V, C2=2.2µF/100V, C3,C4=1nF/3kV, CMC-06 RP10-E RP12-A Vin = 12VDC nom., C1=3.3µF/50V, C2=Not Required, C3,C4=1nF/2kV, CMC-06 Vin = 24VDC nom., C1=4.7µF/50V, C2=Not Required, C3,C4=1nF/2kV, CMC-06 Vin = 48VDC nom., C1=2.2µF/100V, C2=2.2µF/100V, C3,C4=1nF/2kV, CMC-06 RP10-EW RP12-AW Vin = 9~36VDC, C1=3.3µF/50V, C2=Not Required, C3,C4=1nF/2kV, CMC-06 Vin = 18~75VDC, C1=2.2µF/100V, C2=2.2µF/100V, C3,C4=1nF/2kV, CMC-07 RP15-A Vin = 12VDC nom., C1=10µF/25V, C2=10µF/25V, C3,C4=470pF/2kV, CMC-07 Vin = 24VDC nom., C1=6.8µF/50V, C2=6.8µF/50V, C3,C4=470pF/2kV, CMC-06 Vin = 48VDC nom., C1=2.2µF/100V, C2=2.2µF/100V, C3,C4=470pF/2kV, CMC-01 RP15-AW Vin = 9~36VDC, C1=6.8µF/50V, C2=6.8µF/50V, C3,C4=470pF/2kV, CMC-05 Vin = 18~75VDC, C1=2.2µF/100V, C2=2.2µF/100V, C3,C4=470pF/2kV, CMC-06 RP15-O Vin = 12VDC nom., C1=10µF/25V, C2=10µF/25V, L1 = 10µH, , CMC-07 Vin = 24VDC nom., C1=6.8µF/50V, C2=6.8µF/50V, L1 = 10µH, , CMC-07 Vin = 48VDC nom., C1=2.2µF/100V, C2=2.2µF/100V, L1 = 18µH, CMC-07 RP15-OW Vin = 9~36VDC, C1, C2, C3 =6.8µF/50V, CMC-07 Vin = 18~75VDC, C1=2 x 2.2µF/100V in parallel, C2,C3 =2.2µF/100V, L1 = 33µH, CMC-06 RP15-F Vin = 12VDC nom., C1=4.7µF/50V, C2=Not Required, C3,C4=1nF/2kV, CMC-06 Vin = 24VDC nom., C1=3.3µF/50V, C2=Not Required, C3,C4=1nF/2kV, CMC-06 Vin = 48VDC nom., C1=2.2µF/100V, C2=2.2µF/100V, C3,C4=1nF/2kV, CMC-06 RP15-FW Vin = 9~36VDC, C1=2.2µF/50V, C2=Not Required, C3,C4=1nF/2kV, CMC-05 Vin = 18~75VDC, C1=2.2µF/100V, C2=2.2µF/100V, C3,C4=1nF/2kV, CMC-06 RP20-F Vin = 12VDC nom., C1=4.7µF/50V, C2=Not Required, C3,C4=1nF/2kV, CMC-05 Vin = 24VDC nom., C1=4.7µF/50V, C2=Not Required, C3,C4=1nF/2kV, CMC-05 Vin = 48VDC nom., C1=2.2µF/100V, C2=2.2µF/100V, C3,C4=1nF/2kV, CMC-05 RP20-FW Vin = 9~36VDC, C1=4.7µF/50V, C2=Not Required, C3,C4=1nF/2kV, CMC-05 Vin = 18~75VDC, C1=2.2µF/100V, C2=2.2µF/100V, C3,C4=1nF/2kV, CMC-06 RP30-E Vin = 12VDC nom., C1=4.7µF/25V, C2=Not Required, C3,C4=1nF/2kV, CMC-05 Vin = 24VDC nom., C1=6.8µF/50V, C2=6.8µF/50V, C3,C4=1nF/2kV, CMC-05 Vin = 48VDC nom., C1=2.2µFII2.2µF/100V, C2=2.2µFII2.2µF/100V, C3,C4=1nF/2kV, CMC-05 RP30-EW Vin = 9~36VDC, C1=6.8µF/50V, C2=6.8µF/50V, C3,C4=1nF/2kV, CMC-05 Vin = 18~75VDC, C1=2.2µF II 2.2µF/100V, C2=2.2µF II 2.2µF/100V, C3,C4=1nF/2kV, CMC-05 Continued on next page www.recom-international.com 2011 A-31 Powerline DC-DC Application Notes RP30-F Vin = 12VDC nom., C1, C2, C3 =10µF/25V, C4, C5, C6=1nF/2kV, CMC1 = CMC-09, CMC2 = CMC-10 Vin = 24VDC nom., C1, C2, C3 =4.7µF/50V, C4, C5, C6=1nF/2kV, CMC1 = CMC-09, CMC2 = CMC-10 Vin = 48VDC nom., C1, C2, C3 =2.2µF/100V, C4, C5, C6=1nF/2kV, CMC1 = CMC-09, CMC2 = CMC-10 RP30-FW Vin = 9~36VDC, C1, C2, C3 =4.7µF/50V, C4, C5, C6=1nF/2kV, CMC1 = CMC-09, CMC2 = CMC-10 Vin = 18~75VDC, C1, C2, C3 =4.7µF/50V, C4, C5, C6=1nF/2kV, CMC1 = CMC-09, CMC2 = CMC-10 RP40-G Vin = 12VDC nom., C1=4.7µF/50V, C2=Not Required, C3,C4=1nF/2kV, CMC-05 Vin = 24VDC nom., C1=6.8µF/50V, C2=6.8µF/50V, C3,C4=1nF/2kV, CMC-05 Vin = 48VDC nom., C1=2.2µF II 2.2µF/100V, C2=2.2µF II 2.2µF/100V, C3,C4=1nF/2kV, CMC-08 RP40-GW Vin = 9~36VDC, C1=4.7µF/50V, C2=4.7µF/50V, C3,C4=1nF/2kV, CMC-05 Vin = 18~75VDC, C1=2.2µF II 2.2µF/100V, C2=2.2µF II 2.2µF/100V, C3,C4=1nF/2kV, CMC-08 RP60-G Vin = 24VDC nom., C1=4.7µF/50V, C2=4.7µF/50V, C3,C4=1nF/2kV, CMC-05 Vin = 48VDC nom., C1=2.2µF II 2.2µF/100V, C2=2.2µF II 2.2µF/100V, C3,C4=1nF/2kV,CMC-08 Recommended PCB Layouts C3 Standard EMC Filter C1 4 3 1 2 C2 100 nF CMC C4 470 pF RP15-O Open Frame Converters C1 4 3 1 2 CMC C2 C3 L1 470 pF A-32 2011 www.recom-international.com Powerline DC-DC Application Notes Recommended PCB Layouts C6 C5 RP30-S_DF RP30-S_DFW C1 4 3 1 2 C2 4 1 3 C3 2 CMC-10 CMC-09 C4 General Information about Recom Common Mode Chokes Recom common mode chokes are all RoHS conform. Maximum Rated Voltage = 500VDC Operating Temperature = -40°C ~ +105°C (All Chokes except CMC-03) 2.54 4 3 1 2 Top View 2.54 Typical Impedance curve (CMC-08) 4 9.5 ± 0.1 4 3 13 ± 0.3 2 1 2 1 j 0.8 ± 0.1 j 0.6 ± 0.1 13 max. 7.8 max. 4.5 ± 0.3 2.5 min. 7.4 ± 0.3 7.62 ± 0.2 CMC-03 CMC-01 Component CMC-01 3 10.0 ± 0.3 9.5 ± 0.1 7.5 ± 0.2 15 ± 0.1 Component CMC-03 Inductance Rating DCR 620µHx2 1.7A 80mOhm www.recom-international.com 2011 Inductance Rating DCR 1300µHx2 4.7A 40mOhm A-33 Powerline DC-DC Application Notes 4 11.0 max 4 3 11.0 max 7.5 ± 0.2 3 11.0 max 7.5 ± 0.2 2 1 2 1 11.0 max j 0.6 ± 0.1 j 0.6 ± 0.1 8.8 max. 9.8 max. 2.5 min. 2.5 min. 7.62 ± 0.2 7.62 ± 0.2 CMC-05 Component CMC-05 CMC-06 Inductance Rating DCR 450µHx2 5.2A 25mOhm 4 11.0 max Component CMC-06 Inductance Rating DCR 325µHx2 3.3A 35mOhm 3 4 11.0 max 7.5 ± 0.2 3 11.0 max 7.5 ± 0.2 2 1 11.0 max 2 1 j 0.6 ± 0.1 j 0.6 ± 0.1 8.8 max. 9.8 max. 2.5 min. 2.5 min. 7.62 ± 0.2 7.62 ± 0.2 CMC-07 Component CMC-7 CMC-08 Inductance Rating DCR 145µHx2 5.2A 20mOhm 4 11.0 max Component CMC-8 Inductance Rating DCR 830µHx2 5.2A 31mOhm 3 4 11.0 max 7.5 ± 0.2 11.0 max 2 1 j 0.6 ± 0.1 j 0.6 ± 0.1 8.8 max. 8.8 max. 2.5 min. 2.5 min. 7.62 ± 0.2 7.62 ± 0.2 CMC-09 Component CMC-09 A-34 3 7.5 ± 0.2 2 1 11.0 max CMC-10 Inductance Rating DCR 33,3µHx2 3.3A 10mOhm Component CMC-10 2011 Inductance Rating DCR 55µHx2 4A 7mOhm www.recom-international.com Powerline DC-DC Application Notes Definitions and Testing General Test Set-Up DC Power Source A +V A DC/DC Converter under Test V V ( VDC or VRMS ) Adjustable load -V Figure 1-3: General DC/DC converter test set-up Note: If the converter is under test with remote sense pins, connect these pins to their respective output pins. All tests are made in ”Local sensing“ mode. Input Voltage Range The minimum and maximum input voltage limits within which a converter will operate to specifications. PI Filter An input filter, consisting of two capacitors, connected before and after a series inductor to reduce input reflected ripple current. The effective filter is C1/L + L/C2, so the inductor filter element is doubly effective. Output Voltage Accuracy With nominal input voltage and rated output load from the test set-up, the DC output voltage is measured with an accurate, calibrated DC voltmeter. Output voltage accuracy is the difference between the measured output voltage and specified nominal value as a percentage. Output accuracy (as a %) is then derived by the formula: L Input C1 C2 Output Figure 2: PI Filter Vout – Vnom Vnom N X100 Vnom is the nominal output specified in the converter data sheet. Voltage Balance For a multiple output power converter, the percentage difference in the voltage level of two outputs with opposite polarrities and equal nominal values. Line Regulations Make and record the following measurements with rated output load at +25°C: ● Output voltage at nominal line (input) voltage. Vout N ● Output voltage at high line (input) voltage. Vout H ● Output voltage at low line (input) voltage. Vout L The line regulation is Vout M (the maximum of the two deviations of output) for the value at nominal input in percentage. www.recom-international.com 2011 Vout M – Vout N Vout N X100 A-35 Powerline DC-DC Application Notes Definitions and Testing Make and record the following measurements with rated output load at +25°C: ● Output voltage with rated load connected to the output. (Vout FL) ● Output voltage with no load or the minimum specified load for the DC-DC converter. (Vout ML) Load regulation is the difference between the two measured output voltages as a percentage of output voltage at rated load. Efficiency The ratio of output load power consumption to input power consumption expressed as a percentage. Normally measured at full rated output power and nominal line conditions. Switching Frequency The rate at which the DC voltage is switched in a DC-DC converter or switching power supply. The ripple frequency is double the switching frequency in pushpull designs. Output Ripple and Noise Because of the high frequency content of the ripple, special measurement techniques must be employed so that correct measurements are obtained. A 20MHz bandwidth oscilloscope is used, so that all significant harmonics of the ripple spike are included. This noise pickup is eliminated as shown in Figure 3, by using a scope probe with an external connection ground or ring and pressing this directly against the output common terminal of the power converter, while the tip contacts the voltage output terminal. This provides the shortest possible connection across the output terminals. Load Regulation Vout ML – Vout FL Vout FL X100 Figure 3: A-36 2011 www.recom-international.com Powerline DC-DC Application Notes Definitions and Testing Output Ripple and Noise (continued) Transient Recovery Time Figure 4 shows a complex ripple voltage waveform that may be present on the output of a switching power supply. There are three components in the waveform, first is a charging component that originates from the output rectifier and filter, then there is the discharging component due to the load discharging the output capacitor between cycles, and finally there are small high frequency switching spikes imposed on the low frequency ripple. Peak-Peak Amplitude Time Figure 4: Amplitude The time required for the power supply output voltage to return to within a specified percentage of rated value, following a step change in load current. Transient Recovery Time Overshoot Output Voltage 5V + U 5V Undershoot 5V - L V out U: upper limit L: lower limit Load I out Figure: 5 Transient Recovery Time Time Current Limiting output current is limited to prevent damage of the converter at overload situations. If the output is shorted, the Fold Back Current Limiting A method of protecting a power supply from damage in an overload condition, reducing the output current as the load approaches short circuit. output voltage is regulated down so the current from the outputs cannot be excessive. V out Rated Io I out Figure 6: Fold Back Current LimitingTime www.recom-international.com 2011 A-37 Powerline DC-DC Application Notes Definitions and Testing Isolation The electrical separation between the input and output of a converter, (consisting of resistive and capacitive isola- Break-Down Voltage The maximum continuous DC voltage, which may be applied between the input and output terminal of a power supply without causing damage. Typical break-down voltage for DC-DC converters is 1600VDC because the equivalent DC isolation for 230VAC continuous rated working voltage is 1500VDC. tion) normally determined by transformer characteristics and circuit spacing. R Resistive and Capacitive Isolation C Input Rectifier and Regulator Output Breakdown Voltage Figure 7: Temperature Coefficient With the power converter in a temperature test chamber at full rated output load, make the following measurements: ● Output voltage at +25°C ambient temperature. ● Set the chamber for maximum operating ambient temperature and allow the power converter to stabilize for 15 to 30 minutes. Measure the output voltage. ● Set the chamber to minimum operating ambient temperature and allow the power converter to stabilize for 15 to 30 minutes. ● Ambient Temperature The temperature of the still-air immediately surrouding an operating power supply. Care should be taken when comparing manufacturer’s da- tasheets that still-air ambient temperature and not case temperature is quoted. Operating Temperature Range The range of ambient or case temperature within a power supply at which it operates safely and meets its specifications. Storage Temperature Range The range of ambient temperatures within a power supply at non-opera- ting condition, with no degradation in its subsequent operation. A-38 2011 Divide each percentage voltage deviation from the +25°C ambient value by the corresponding temperature change from +25°C ambient. The temperature coefficient is the higher one of the two values calculated above, expressed as percent per change centigrade. www.recom-international.com Powerline DC-DC Application Notes Trim Tables Some converters from our Powerline offer the feature of trimming the output voltage in a certain range around the nominal value by using external trim resistors. Because different series use different circuits for trimming, no general equation can be given for calculating the trim resistors. Output Voltage Trimming: The following trimtables give values for chosing these trimming resistors. If voltages between the given trim points are required, extrapolate between the two nearest given values to work out the resistor required or use a variable resistor to set the voltage. Single Output Voltage Trim Tables RP15-, RP20-, RP30-, RP40-, RP60- xx3.3S (For RP15-SA/SAW and RP15-SO/SOW see next page) Trim up Vout = RU = 1 3,333 57.93 2 3,366 26.16 3 3,399 15.58 4 3,432 10.28 5 3,465 7.11 6 3,498 4.99 7 3,531 3.48 8 3,564 2.34 9 3,597 1.46 10 3,63 0.75 % Volts KOhms Trim down Vout = RD = 1 3,267 69.47 2 3,234 31.23 3 3,201 18.49 4 3,168 12.12 5 3,135 8.29 6 3,102 5.74 7 3,069 3.92 8 3,036 2.56 9 3,003 1.50 10 2,97 0.65 % Volts KOhms RP15-, RP20-, RP30-, RP40-, RP60- xx05S (For RP15-SA/SAW and RP15-SO/SOW see next page) Trim up Vout = RU = 1 5,05 36.57 2 5,1 16.58 3 5,15 9.92 4 5,2 6.58 5 5,25 4.59 6 5,3 3.25 7 5,35 2.30 8 5,4 1.59 9 5,45 1.03 10 5,5 0.59 % Volts KOhms Trim down Vout = RD = 1 4,95 45.53 2 4,9 20.61 3 4,85 12.31 4 4,8 8.15 5 4,75 5.66 6 4,7 4.00 7 4,65 2.81 8 4,6 1.92 9 4,55 1.23 10 4,5 0.68 % Volts KOhms RP15-, RP20-, RP30-, RP40- ,RP60-xx12S (For RP15-SA/SAW and RP15-SO/SOW see next page) Trim up Vout = RU = 1 12,12 367.91 2 12,24 165.95 3 12,36 98.64 4 12,48 64.98 5 12,6 44.78 6 12,72 31.32 7 12,84 21.70 8 12,96 14.49 9 13,08 8.88 10 13,2 4.39 % Volts KOhms Trim down Vout = RD = 1 11,88 460.99 2 11,76 207.95 3 11,64 123.60 4 11,52 81.42 5 11,4 56.12 6 11,28 39.25 7 11,16 27.20 8 11,04 18.16 9 10,92 11.13 10 10,8 5.51 % Volts KOhms RP15-, RP20-, RP30-, RP40-, RP60- xx15S (For RP15-SA/SAW and RP15-SO/SOW see next page) Trim up Vout = RU = 1 15,15 404.18 2 15,3 180.59 3 15,45 106.06 4 15,6 68.80 5 15,75 46.44 6 15,9 31.53 7 16,05 20.88 8 16,2 12.90 9 16,35 6.69 10 16,5 1.72 % Volts KOhms Trim down Vout = RD = 1 14,85 499.82 2 14,7 223.41 3 14,55 131.27 4 14,4 85.20 5 14,25 57.56 6 14,1 39.14 7 13,95 25.97 8 13,8 16.10 9 13,65 8.42 10 13,5 2.282 % Volts KOhms www.recom-international.com 2011 A-39 Powerline DC-DC Application Notes Trim Tables RP15-S_DA, RP15 S:DAW Output Voltage Trim Tables RP15-xx3.3SA, RP15-xx3.3SAW, RP15-xx3.3SO, RP15-xx3.3SOW Trim up Vout = RU = 1 3,333 385.07 2 3,366 191.51 3 3,399 126.99 4 3,432 94.73 5 3,465 75.37 6 3,498 62.47 7 3,531 53.25 8 3,564 46.34 9 3,597 40.96 10 3,63 36.66 % Volts KOhms Trim down Vout = RD = 1 3,267 116.72 2 3,234 54.78 3 3,201 34.13 4 3,168 23.81 5 3,135 17.62 6 3,102 13.49 7 3,069 10.54 8 3,036 8.32 9 3,003 6.60 10 2,97 5.23 % Volts KOhms RP15-xx05SA, RP15-xx05SAW, RP15-xx05SO, RP15-xx05SOW Trim up Vout = RU = 1 5,05 253.45 2 5,1 125.70 3 5,15 83.12 4 5,2 61.82 5 5,25 49.05 6 5,3 40.53 7 5,35 34.45 8 5,4 29.89 9 5,45 26.34 10 5,5 23.50 % Volts KOhms Trim down Vout = RD = 1 4,95 248.34 2 4,9 120.59 3 4,85 78.01 4 4,8 56.71 5 4,75 43.94 6 4,7 35.42 7 4,65 29.34 8 4,6 24.78 9 4,55 21.23 10 4,5 18.39 % Volts KOhms RP15-xx12SA, RP15-xx12SAW, RP15-xx12SO, RP15-xx12SOW Trim up Vout = RU = 1 12,12 203.22 2 12,24 99.06 3 12,36 64.33 4 12,48 46.97 5 12,6 36.56 6 12,72 29.61 7 12,84 24.65 8 12,96 20.93 9 13,08 18.04 10 13,2 15.72 % Volts KOhms Trim down Vout = RD = 1 11,88 776.56 2 11,76 380.72 3 11,64 248.78 4 11,52 182.81 5 11,4 143.22 6 11,28 116.83 7 11,16 97.98 8 11,04 83.85 9 10,92 72.85 10 10,8 64.06 % Volts KOhms RP15-xx15SA, RP15-xx15SAW, RP15-xx15SO, RP15-xx15SOW Trim up Vout = RU = 1 15,15 161.56 2 15,3 78.22 3 15,45 50.45 4 15,6 36.56 5 15,75 28.22 6 15,9 22.67 7 16,05 18.70 8 16,2 15.72 9 16,35 13.41 10 16,5 11.56 % Volts KOhms Trim down Vout = RD = 1 14,85 818.22 2 14,7 401.56 3 14,55 262.67 4 14,4 193.22 5 14,25 151.56 6 14,1 123.78 7 13,95 103.94 8 13,8 89.06 9 13,65 77.48 10 13,5 68.22 % Volts KOhms A-40 2011 www.recom-international.com Powerline DC-DC Application Notes Trim Tables Dual Output Voltage Trim Tables RP15-, RP20, RP30-, RP40- xx12D Trim up Vout = RU = 1 24,24 218.21 2 24,48 98.10 3 24,72 58.07 4 24,96 38.05 5 25,2 26.04 6 25,44 18.03 7 25,68 12.32 8 25,92 8.03 9 26,16 4.69 10 26,4 2.02 % Volts KOhms Trim down Vout = RD = 1 23,76 273.44 2 23,52 123.02 3 23,28 72.87 4 23,04 47.80 5 22,8 32.76 6 22,56 22.73 7 22,32 15.57 8 22,08 10.20 9 21,84 6.02 10 21,6 2.67 % Volts KOhms RP15-, RP20-, RP30-, RP40- xx15D Trim up Vout = RU = 1 30,3 268.29 2 30,6 120.64 3 30,9 71.43 4 31,2 46.82 5 31,5 32.06 6 31,8 22.21 7 32,1 15.1 8 32,4 9.91 9 32,7 5.81 10 33 2.53 % Volts KOhms Trim down Vout = RD = 1 29,7 337.71 2 29,4 152.02 3 29,1 90.13 4 28,8 59.18 5 28,5 40.61 6 28,2 28.23 7 27,9 19.39 8 27,6 12.76 9 27,3 7.60 10 27 3.47 % Volts KOhms www.recom-international.com 2011 A-41 Powerline DC-DC Application Notes Undervoltage Lockout Undervoltage Lockout At low input voltages, the input currents can exceed the rating of the converter. Therefore, converters featuring under- voltage lockout will automitically shut down if the input voltage is too low. As the input voltage rises, they will restart. Undervoltage Lockout Tables Converter Series Nominal Input Voltage Switch ON input voltage Switch OFF input voltage RP08-S_DAW 24V (9~36VDC) 48V (18~75VDC) 9VDC 18VDC 8VDC 16VDC RP12-S_DA 12V (9~18VDC) 24V (18~36VDC) 48V (36~75VDC) 9VDC 18VDC 36VDC 8VDC 16VDC 33VDC RP12-S_DAW 24V (9~36VDC) 48V (18~75VDC) 9VDC 18VDC 8VDC 16VDC RP15-S_DA, RP15-S_DO 12V (9~18VDC) 24V (18~36VDC) 48V (36~75VDC) 9VDC 17VDC 33VDC 8VDC 14.5VDC 30.5VDC RP15-S_DAW, RP15-S_DOW 24V (9~36VDC) 48V (18~75VDC) 9VDC 18VDC 8VDC 16VDC RP15-S_DFW 24V (9~36VDC) 48V (18~75VDC) 9VDC 18VDC 7.5VDC 15VDC RP20-S_DFW 24V (9~36VDC) 48V (18~75VDC) 9VDC 18VDC 7.5VDC 15VDC RP30-S_DE 12V (9~18VDC) 24V (18~36VDC) 48V (36~75VDC) 9VDC 17.8VDC 36VDC 8VDC 16VDC 33VDC RP30-S_DEW 24V (10~40VDC) 48V (18~75VDC) 10VDC 18VDC 8VDC 16VDC RP40-S_D_TG 12V (9~18VDC) 24V (18~36VDC) 48V (36~75VDC) 9VDC 17.8VDC 36VDC 8VDC 16VDC 34VDC RP30-S_DGW 24V (9~36VDC) 48V (18~75VDC) 9VDC 18VDC 8VDC 16VDC RP60-SG 24V (18~36VDC) 17VDC 15VDC A-42 2011 www.recom-international.com DC-DC Converter Applications Thermal ManagementThe Laws of Thermodynamics Thermal ManagementThermal Impedance Smaller, more powerful, better performance …are the buzzwords in the area of DC/DC module power supplies. Good thermal management of the heat generated has become an important part of the designprocess. But what needs to be done? The Thermal Impedance is a measure of how effectively heat can flow from inside the converter to its surroundings. It is measured in °C/Watt. It is possible to further lower the thermal resistance to ambient by fitting an external heat sink as this increases the surface area from which heat can be transferred to the surrounding air. The thermal impedance can also be lowered by blowing air across the converter as moving air can transfer more heat away from the converter as stationary air. An indisputable fact is that the efficiency of any energy conversion process is always less than 100%. This means that a part of the energy being converted goes astray as heat and that ultimately this waste heat must be removed. The laws of thermodynamics state that heat energy can only flow from a warmer to a colder environment. So, for DC/DC converters, this means that if the internal heat is to be dissipated out of the module, that the ambient temperature must always be lower than the maximum allowable internal temperature. The larger this difference, the more effectively waste heat can flow out of the converter. But which temperature specifications in the datasheets are to be consulted for the thermal calculations? RECOM declares two values in its datasheets, Operating Temperature Range (with or without derating) and the Maximum Case Temperature. Some manufacturers even claim that these two values are the same. The case (surface) temperature of DC/DC modules are typically given as around +100°C. This value appears at first to be very high; however this figure includes not only the selfwarming through internal losses but also the ambient temperature itself. Remember: The smaller the difference between case surface and ambient, so the smaller the amount of heat that can be lost to the surroundings. If a converter has high internal dissipation, then it will be more affected by a small temperature difference than a converter with low internal dissipation. The internal losses occur mainly through switching losses in the transistors, rectification losses, core losses in the transformer and resistive losses in the windings and tracks. The maximum allowable internal temperature is determined by either the curie temperature of the transformer core material, the maximum junction temperature of the switching transistors or rectification diodes or the maximum operating temperature of the capacitors: whichever is the lowest. www.recom-international.com Recom datasheets always show the thermal impedance without a heatsink and with natural convection (still air). The datasheets also state the minimum and maximum ambient operating temperature rather than just the maximum case temperature because this is easiest for the end user to measure and to monitor. The advantage is that true ambient temperature can be measured in the actual application and it need not be calculated theoretically, plus the results are valid for both sealed and vented constructions with a through-flow of cooling air. Nevertheless, the maximum case temperature is useful to decide on a suitably dimensioned heat sink so that the maximum case temperature is not exceeded at the maximum ambient temperature. The internal losses and thermal resistances can also be derived mathematically. For the calculations, Ohm’s Law of R=V/I can be modified so that R becomes thermal resistance, V becomes temperature and I becomes power dissipation. The following equations can thus be derived: where R THcase-ambient = Thermal impedance (from the case to the ambient surroundings) T case =Case temperature T ambient=Environment temperature P dissipation =Internal losses P in =Input power P out =Output power η(oper) =efficiency under the given operating conditions 2011 With help of the above formulae, the maximum allowable ambient temperature for a given set of operating conditions can be calculated - but it is important to remember that efficiency is dependent on both the output load and the input voltage. The formulae also demonstrate that case temperature is not the same as operating temperature, as is so often falsely claimed. A practical example: Take the RP30-4805SE with 80% load: What is the maximum operating temp? From the datasheet text and graphs, the following information can be found: R THcase-ambient = 10°C/W T case = 100°C maximum T ambient=unknown P dissipation must be calculated from: P out = 30 x 80% = 24W η(oper) = 90% (from Eff vs Load Graph) P diss. = 24/0.9 -24 = 2.66 Watts. Thus 10W/°C = (100 - T amb) / 2.66W and T amb max. = 73.4°C At 100% load, this figure reduces to 64.4°C At 100% load and over the full input voltage range, this figure reduces further to 59.1°C If the thermal dissipation calculations reveal that the DC/DC Module will overheat at the desired ambient operating temperature, then there are still a number of options available to reach a solution. One option is to derate the converter, i.e, use a higher power converter running at less than full load. The derating diagrams in the datasheets essentially define the maximum load at any given temperature within the operating temperature range. The derating curves are in reality not so linear as they are declared in most datasheets. However, reliable manufacturers will always err on the safe side so that the values given can be safely relied on in practice. If the converter has a plastic case, then the next largest case size with the same power rating could be chosen to increase the available surface area. However, care must be taken not to compromise on efficiency otherwise no net gain will be made. A-43 DC-DC Converter Applications If the converter has a metal case, then adding a heat sink is can be very effective, particularly in conjunction with a forced-air cooling system. If a heat sink is used with fan cooling, then the thermal resistance equation becomes: RTHcase-ambient = RTHcase-heatsink + RTHheatsink-ambient where RTHcase-ambient =Thermal impedance (from the case to the ambient surroundings) RTHcase-heatsink =Thermal impedance (from the case to the heat sink) RTHheatsink-ambient =Thermal impedance (from the heat sink to ambient) The value of RTH heatsink-ambient includes the thermal resistance of the heat sink as well as the thermal resistance of any thermally conductive paste or silicon pads used for a better thermal contact to the case. If these heat transfer aids are not applied, then a value of approximately 0.2 K/W must be added to the thermal resistance of the heat sink alone. When establishing of the value of RTH heatsink-ambient it is also necessary to know how much air is being blown across the heat sink fins. These values are most often given in lfm (linear feet per minute) and declared by the fan manufacturer. The conversion to m/s is 100lfm = 0.5 m/s. Heatsink mounted on case without thermal conductivity paste RTH case-heatsink = ca. 1…2 °C/W Heatsink mounted on case with thermal conductivity paste RTH case-heatsink = ca. 0,5…1 °C/W Heatsink mounted on case with thermal conductivity paste and electrical isolation film RTH case-heatsink = ca. 1…1,5 °C/W Therefore, If a heatsink is mounted on the converter, it’s thermal resistance has to be at least: RTHcase-ambient = RTHcase-heatsink + RTHheatsink-ambient = 6.1°C/W - 1°C/W = 5.1°C/W If however, the results of your calculations or measurements are border-line, then the issue must be examined in more depth. So, for example, there is a difference in thermal performance between vertically and horizontally mounted modules, between static air and freely convecting air and with air at low atmospheric pressures. 1.0 NATURAL CONVECTION EFFECTIVENESS Thermal ManagementHeat Sinking 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0 2000 4000 8000 20000 40000 80000 ALTITUDE (FT) Calculation of heatsinks size: Example: RP30-2405SEW starts derating without heatsink at +65°C but the desired operation is 30W at +75°C so the size of the heatsink has to be calculated. Pout = 30W Efficiency = 88% max. Pd = Pout - Pout Efficiency = 30W - 30W = 4.1W 88% Tcase = 100°C (max. allowed case temperature) Tambient = 75°C RTHcase-ambient = Tcase-Tambient = 100°C-75°C PD 4.1°C =6.1°C/W So it has to be ensured that the thermal resistance between case and ambient is 6,1°C/W max. When mounting a heatsink on a case there is a thermal resistance RTH case-heatsink between case and heatsink which can be reduced by using thermal conductivity paste but cannot be eliminated totally. A-44 2011 www.recom-international.com Powerline DC-DC Application Notes Heat Sinks available from Recom 7G-0047C (12°C/W)- includes double-sided adhesive pad and clips 7G-0020C (9.5°C/W) - includes double-sided adhesive pad and clips A : A ( 5 : 1mm) 3.2 ±0.1 49.80 ±0.2 1.30 R 0.65 24.20±0.2 12.00 ±0.2 A :A R2 1.30 1.40 1.2 ±0.1 1.30 1.40 2.00 12.00 ±0.2 5.60 ±0.1 1.70 ±0.1 www.recom-international.com 2011 A-45 Powerline DC-DC Application Notes Heat Sinks available from Recom 7G-0011C (8.24°C/W)- includes double-sided adhesive pad and clips A : A ( 5 : 1mm) 50.00 ±0.2 R 0.65 37.40±0.2 15.00 ±0.2 1.30 A :A 1.40 1.30 3.00 ±0.1 1.00 2.00 27.00 ±0.2 5.60 ±0.1 1.70 ±0.1 7G-0026C (7.8°C/W)- includes double-sided adhesive pad and clips 3.2 ±0.1 49.80 ±0.2 A : A ( 5 : 1mm) 1.30 49.80 ±0.2 12.00 ±0.2 1.30 1.40 A :A 1.30 1.2 ±0.1 12.00 ±0.2 1.40 1.30 R 0.65 5.60 ±0.1 1.70 ±0.1 A-46 2011 www.recom-international.com AC/DC Application Notes Input Fuse +Vout L Live Time Delay Fuse Neutral AC/DC Converter N - Vout L +Vout Time Delay Fuses AC INPUT AC/DC Converter Adjustable load Adjustable load - Vout N Note: An input fuse is recommended for safety and protection. A time-delay or slo-blo fuse should be fitted. If the AC connector is not-polarised, then fuses can be fitted to both inputs Recommended Fuse Ratings <40W 1.5Amp 40W 2 Amp 60W 3 Amp Earthing +Vout L Live Time Delay Fuse Neutral Earth AC/DC N Converter Adjustable load - Vout FG Optional Link Note: If the converter has a ground pin (FG), then it must be earthed to a safety ground point. Use thicker,shorter cables to ensure a good connection as this will also reduce the EMC interference. -Vout can be also connected to FG to reference the output to Ground. External Filter L Live Neutral Time Delay Fuse Line Filter Earth www.recom-international.com AC/DC N Converter FG Note: The RECOM RAC series contain a built-in line filter to meet EN 55022 Class B Conducted Emissions. 2011 +Vout Adjustable load - Vout If additional filtering is required, then an external line filter module can be fitted. The cabling between the external filter and the converter should be kept as short as possible and a central star-earth wiring should be used. A-47 AC/DC Application Notes Combining Converters L DC -in Parallel AC DC Note: AC/DC converters can be paralleled to increase the output voltage or to make a hot-swap circuit. The inputs of two AC/DC converters cannot be wired in series to increase the input voltage range AC N L DC AC DC AC N +Vo 0V +Vo 2Vo 0V +Vo 0V +Vo Vo 0V Combining Converters -in Series Neutral Note: A DC/DC converter or switching regulator can be powered from the output of an AC/DC converter to add an auxilliary output or negative rail. +Vout L Live Time Delay Fuse Earth Live Neutral Time Delay Fuse Earth AC/DC N Converter R-78xx FG 0V L +Vout AC/DC N Converter FG Aux. load DC Main load +Vo Main load DC 0V -Vout DC Inputs Note: All AC/DC converters will also work with DC inputs. Check the individual datasheets for the DC input voltage ranges. L 200VDC Time Delay Fuse AC/DC Converter N A-48 2011 +Vout Adjustable load - Vout www.recom-international.com Application Notes DC/DC Block Diagrams Unregulated Single Output RM, RL , RNM, RN, RQS, RO, RE, ROM, RSS, R1S, RB-xxxxS, RA-xxxxS, RBM-xxxxS, RK, RP-xxxxS, RxxPxxS, RxxP2xxS, R2S, RTS, RI, REZ, RKZ-xxxxS, RV-xxxxS, RGZ +Vin +Vout Oscillator -Vout -Vin Unregulated Dual Output RQD, RSD, R1D, RB-xxxxD, RA-xxxxD, RBM-xxxxD, RH, RP-xxxxD, RxxPxxD, RxxP2xxD, RTD, R2D, RC-xxxxD, RD-xxxxD, RKZ-xxxxD, RV-xxxxD, RJZ +Vin +Vout Oscillator Com -Vout -Vin Unregulated Dual Isolated Output RU, RUZ +Vin +Vout1 -Vout1 Oscillator +Vout2 -Vout2 -Vin Post-Regulated Single Output RZ, RSZ (P), RY-xxxxS, RX-xxxxS, REC3-xxxxSR/H1 +Vin Reg +Vout Oscillator -Vout -Vin Post-Regulated Dual Output RY-xxxxD, REC3-xxxxDR/H1 +Vin Reg Oscillator Com Reg -Vin www.recom-international.com +Vout 2011 -Vout A-49 Application Notes DC/DC Block Diagrams Regulated Single Output RSO, RS, RS3, RW-xxxxS, REC3-xxxxSRW(Z)/H*, REC5-xxxxSRW(Z)/H*, REC7.5-xxxxSRW/AM/H*, RP08-xxxxSA, RP08-xxxxSAW, RP10-xxxxSE, RP10-xxxxSEW, RP12-xxxxSA, RP12-xxxxSAW, RP15-xxxxSO, RP15-xxxxSOW, RP15-xxxxSA, RP15-xxxxSAW, RP15-xxxxSF, RP15-xxxxSFW, RP20-xxxxSA, RP20-xxxxSAW, RP20-xxxxSF, RP20-xxxxSFW +Vin Noise Filter +Vout -Vout -Vin Oscillator & Controller Isolation Reference & Error AMP Regulated Dual Output RSO-xxxxD, RS-xxxxD, RW-xxxxD, REC3-xxxxDRW(Z)/H*, REC5-xxxxDRW(Z)/H*, REC7.5-xxxxDRW/AM/H*, RP08-xxxxDA, RP08-xxxxDAW, RP10-xxxxDE, RP10-xxxxDEW, RP12-xxxxDA, RP12-xxxxDAW, RP15-xxxxDF, RP15-xxxxDFW, RP15-xxxxDA, RP15-xxxxDAW, RP20-xxxxDA, RP20-xxxxDAW, RP20-xxxxDF, RP20-xxxxDFW, RP30-xxxxDE, RP30-xxxxDEW, RP40-xxxxDG, RP40-xxxxDGW +Vin Noise Filter +Vout Com -Vout -Vin Oscillator & Controller A-50 Isolation 2011 Reference & Error AMP www.recom-international.com Application Notes DC/DC Block Diagrams Regulated Dual Output RP40-05xxTG +Vaux Com +Vin Noise Filter -Vaux +Vout1 -Vout1 -Vin Oscillator & Controller Isolation Reference & Error AMP Regulated Single Output, Synchronous Rectification RP20-xxxxSF, RP30-xxxxSE, RP30-xxxxSEW, RP40-xxxxSG, RP40-xxxxSGW, RP60-xxxxSG +Vin +Vout Switch Control Com -Vin PWM Controller Isolation Reference & Error AMP Trim ON/OFF Control www.recom-international.com 2011 A-51 Application Notes AC/DC Block Diagrams RAC04-xxSA, RAC05-xxSA, RAC10-xxSA, RAC15-xxSA, RAC20-xxSA, RAC30-xxSA, RAC60-xxSB +Vout L Line Filter N Rectifier -Vout FG PWM Controller Isolation Reference & Error AMP RAC05-xxSB, RAC10-xxSB, RAC15-xxSB, RAC30-xxSB, RAC40-xxSA L +Vout Rectifier -Vout N PWM Controller A-52 Isolation 2011 Reference & Error AMP www.recom-international.com Application Notes AC/DC Block Diagrams RAC05-xxDA, RAC10-xxDA, RAC15-xxDA, RAC20-xxDA, RAC30-xxDA L +Vout Filter Rectifier Com -Vout N FG Overcurrent Protection PWM Controller Isolation Reference & Error AMP RAC15-xxDB, RAC30-xxDB, RAC40-xxSA L +Vout Filter Rectifier -Vout N Overcurrent Protection www.recom-international.com PWM Controller Isolation 2011 Reference & Error AMP A-53 Application Notes AC/DC Block Diagrams RAC15-05xxTA, RAC20-05xxTA +5Vout +5V Rtn +Vout L N Line Filter Com Rectifier -Vout FG Overcurrent Protection PWM Controller Isolation Reference & Error AMP RAC15-05xxTB, RAC30-05xxTA, RAC40-05xxTA +5Vout +5V Rtn +Vout L Line Filter Com Rectifier -Vout N Overcurrent Protection A-54 PWM Controller Isolation 2011 Reference & Error AMP www.recom-international.com Transport Tubes No. Types 1. RO, RM, RN, RNM, RE, ROM, RB, RBM, RK, RH, RP, RU, RI, RD, RKZ, RUZ, RY, R-78xx-0.5, R-78xx-1.0, R-78Cxx-1.0 RS, RSO, RS3 RJZ, RGZ, RW2(B) RSS, RSD, RZ, R1S, R1D, R1Z, R0.5Z RTD, RTS, RSZ, R-78Axx-xx SMD, R2S, R2D, R-78AAxx-xx SMD RV, RW-S, RxxPxx, RxxP2xx, RW2(A)-SMD R-5xxxPA, R-6xxxP, R-7xxxP, RW-D, REC3-, REC3.5, REC5-, REC6-, REC7.5RP08, RP12, REC8, REC10, RCD-24-xxx RP15-O, RP15-OW, RP15-A, RP15-AW, REC15 RP08-SMD, REC3-SMD, REC5-SMD, REC7.5-SMD RP10, RP15, RP20, RP30, RP40 R-78Bxx-xx, R-78HBxx-xx R-78Bxx-xxL, R-78HBxx-xxL R-5xxxDA, R-6xxxD, R-7xxxD 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 1. 2. TUBE LENGTH = 520±2.0 www.recom-international.com 3. TUBE LENGTH = 520±1.5 2011 TUBE LENGTH = 520±1.0 A-55 Transport Tubes 4. 5. TUBE LENGTH = 530±2.0 6. TUBE LENGTH = 530±2.0 7. 8. TUBE LENGTH = 530±2.0 TUBE LENGTH = 530±2.0 9. 10. TUBE LENGTH = 530±2.0 A-56 TUBE LENGTH =530±2.0 TUBE LENGTH =530±2.0 2011 www.recom-international.com Transport Tubes 11. 54.0 ± 0.5 50.0 ± 0.5 22.0 ± 0.5 20.0 ± 0.5 7.0 ± 0.5 1.2 ± 0.2 6.0 ± 0.5 10.0 ± 0.5 15.0 ± 0.5 12. TUBE LENGTH = 254mm ± 2.0 13 9.3 ± 0.25 0.63 ± 0.15 23.8 ± 0.25 18.5 ± 0.25 6.5±0.25 0.7±0.2 4.3 ± 0.25 17.8±0.25 9.2±0.25 5±0.25 TUBE LENGTH = 520mm ± 2.0 11.1±0.25 10.2±0.25 3.3±0.25 14. 17.15±0.25 7.62± 0.25 0.5± 0.127 2.41±0.25 18.42±0.25 11.68±0.25 12.32±0.25 TUBE LENGTH = 520mm ± 2.0 www.recom-international.com 2011 A-57 Tape and Reel (Suffix -R) RSS(8)-xxxx & R1S(8)-xxxx tape outline dimensions 13.2 Spocket hole Ø1.50+0.1/-0 Spocket hole tolerance over any 10 pitches ±0.2 0.40 ±0.05 16.00 2.00 4.00 11.4 1.75 7.6 11.5 24.0 ±0.2 RECOM R1S-0505 xxxx All dimensions in mm xx.xx ±0.1 1. 10 sprocket hole pitch cumulative tolerance ±0.20 2. All dimensions meet EIA-481-2 requirements 3. Component load per 13" reel : 500 pcs RECOM R1S-0505 xxxx 4. The diameter of disc center hole is 13.0mm A-58 RECOM R1S-0505 xxxx 2011 www.recom-international.com Tape and Reel (Suffix -R) RSD(10)-xxxx, RSS12-xxxx, RSD12-xxxx, R1D(10)-xxxx, R1S12-xxxx, R1D12-xxxx, & RZ-xxxx tape outline dimensions 17.75 Spocket hole Ø1.50+0.1/-0 Spocket hole tolerance over any 10 pitches ±0.2 0.35 ±0.05 16.00 2.00 4.00 11.4 1.75 7.6 11.5 24.0 ±0.2 RECOM RSD-0505 xxxx All dimensions in mm xx.xx ±0.1 RECOM RSD-0505 xxxx 1. 10 sprocket hole pitch cumulative tolerance ±0.20 2. All dimensions meet EIA-481-2 requirements 3. Component load per 13" reel : 500 pcs RECOM RSD-0505 xxxx 4. The diameter of disc center hole is 13.0mm www.recom-international.com 2011 A-59 Tape and Reel (Suffix -R) RSZ-xxxx, RTS-xxxx, R2S-xxxx, RTD-xxxx, R2D-xxxx R-78Axx-xxSMD & R-78AAxx-xxSMD tape outline dimensions 15.5 Spocket hole Ø1.50+0.1/-0 Spocket hole tolerance over any 10 pitches ±0.2 0.5 ±0.05 20.00 2.00 4.00 12.5 1.75 9.9 11.5 24.0 ±0.3 RECOM RSZ-0505 xxxx All dimensions in mm xx.xx ±0.1 1. 10 sprocket hole pitch cumulative tolerance ±0.20 2. All dimensions meet EIA-481-2 requirements 3. Component load per 13" reel : 500 pcs RECOM RSZ-0505 xxxx 4. The diameter of disc center hole is 13.0mm A-60 RECOM RSZ-0505 xxxx 2011 www.recom-international.com