Atmel AVR1618: ATxmegaB ASCII Character
Mapping
Features
•
•
•
•
ASCII character mapping available on Atmel® AVR® XMEGA® B microcontrollers
Atmel XMEGA-B1 Xplained evaluation kit compatible
On-board LCD display glass
Structures within glass
- 7-segment numeric
- 14-segment alphanumeric
8-bit Atmel
Microcontrollers
Application Note
1 Introduction
The ASCII character mapping built-in the LCD controller of Atmel AVR XMEGA B
devices allows setting and clearing pixels of a 7-, 14-, or 16-segment character
simply by writing the corresponding ASCII code.
This application note presents an example that demonstrates 7- and 14-segment
character handling using the XMEGA-B1 Xplained kit.
Figure 1-1. XMEGA-B1 Xplained kit.
Rev. 8451A-AVR-11/11
2 Environment
The demonstration is based on the Atmel XMEGA-B1 Xplained kit with Atmel
ATxmega128B1 (www.atmel.com/xplained) and its dedicated LCD glass “C42048A”.
H
H
1U
H
Firmware is available on HAtmel AVR Software FrameworkH and HAtmel AVR Studio® 5H
as the following examples:
• ”LCD C42048A glass example – XMEGA-B1 Xplained – Atxmega128B1”
• ”LCD controller example – XMEGA-B1 Xplained – Atxmega128B1”
Table 2-1. LCD definitions and acronyms.
LCD
Liquid crystal display.
A passive display panel with terminal lines leading directly to a segment.
Segment
or pixel
LCD panel active area which can be turned “ON or “OFF”.
Each segment has two lines. One is connected to a SEG line the other is
connected to a COM line.
All segments are connected in a matrix (see Figure 2-1).
COM
Common line or backplane line
SEG
Segment line
Duty
1/(number of COM lines on a LCD display)
Bias
1/(number of voltage levels used driving a LCD display -1)
DP
Decimal point
Figure 2-1. LCD matrix.
SEG1
SEG2
SEG3
Segment
Line 0
Segment
Line 1
Segment
Line 2
Segment
Line 3
3
Se
gm
en
t
2
en
t
Se
t7
Se
gm
en
t6
en
Se
gm
en
gm
Se
gm
en
t5
Line 1
Se
2
gm
en
t
gm
Common
t4
COM1
Se
Se
gm
en
t
1
Common
Line 0
0
COM0
SEG0
Atmel AVR1618
8451A-AVR-11/11
Atmel AVR1618
3 ASCII character mapping
3.1 Ease of use
The Atmel ATxmega128B1 LCD controller can automatically handle ASCII
characters. Instead of setting and clearing segments of a digit, the user enters the
ASCII code and the digit decoder updates the segment values in the display memory.
Figure 3-1. ASCII mapping.
CTRLG
Address
START_SEG
ldi
sts
n
tio
a
z
iali
Init
Data
Assembly Code
temp, DIGIT_TYPE | START_SEG
LCD_base + LCD_CTRLG_offset, temp
CTRLH
Automatic Increment
CTRLG
Address
START_SEG + 2
r
cte
a
r
a
Ch
1st
Data
Assembly Code
ldi
sts
temp, DIGIT_TYPE | START_SEG
LCD_base + LCD_CTRLG_offset, temp
ldi
sts
temp, ASCII_CODE_4
LCD_base + LCD_CTRLH_offset, temp
ASCII_CODE_4
CTRLH
Automatic Increment
CTRLG
Address
START_SEG + 4
er
act
r
a
Ch
2nd
Data
ASCII_CODE_7
Assembly Code
ldi
sts
temp, DIGIT_TYPE | START_SEG
LCD_base + LCD_CTRLG_offset, temp
ldi
sts
temp, ASCII_CODE_4
LCD_base + LCD_CTRLH_offset, temp
ldi
sts
temp, ASCII_CODE_7
LCD_base + LCD_CTRLH_offset, temp
....
CTRLH
To initiate ASCII character mapping the user has to set-up the segment type and a
pointer on the SEG line number where the group of digits begins (LCD_CTRLG).
Then, this works as a FIFO. The user writes the ASCII value of the first digit into the
control register (LCD_CTRLH). When the segments are updated, the pointer is
automatically incremented (or decremented) with the number of SEG lines used for
the digit. The pointer is now ready for a new ASCII writing.
3
8451A-AVR-11/11
Figure 3-2. Supported digit types.
7-Segment
7-Segment
14-Segment
16-Segment
- 3 COM term.
- 3 SEG term.
- 4 COM term.
- 2 SEG term.
- 4 COM term.
- 4 SEG term.
- 3 COM term.
- 6 SEG term.
3.2 LCD control register G
7
6
5
4
3
TDG[1:0]
2
1
0
STSEG[5:0]
LCD_CTRLG
• TDG[1:0]: Type of Digit
This bit-field specifies the number of segments and COM/SEG lines of the digit.
TDG[1:0]
Type of digit
00
7-segment with COM[2:0] / 3 SEG
01
7-segment with COM[3:0] / 2 SEG
10
14-segment with COM[3:0] / 4 SEG
11
16-segment with COM[2:0] / 6 SEG
• STSEG[5:0]: Start Segment
STSEG bit-field defines the first segment line used to write the digit. This bit-field is
automatically incremented or decremented (according to the DEC value of
LCD.CTRLH register) by the number of SEG lines used in the digit.
TDG[1:0]
Type of digit
Increment/decrement number
00
7-segment - 3 COM / 3 SEG
3
01
7-segment - 4 COM/ 2 SEG
2
10
14-segment - 4 COM / 4 SEG
4
11
16-segment - 3 COM / 6 SEG
6
3.3 LCD control register H
7
DEC
6
5
4
3
DCODE[6:0]
2
1
0
LCD_CTRLH
• DEC: Decrement
Writing this bit to one automatically decrements the STSEG bit-field of LCD_CTRLG
register by the number of SEG lines used by the digit. If this bit is written to zero, the
STSEG bit-field is incremented by the number of segment lines used by the digit. This
action takes place once the digit decoding is finished and prepares the next call to the
Digit Decoder.
4
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8451A-AVR-11/11
Atmel AVR1618
• DCODE[6:0]: Display Code
DCODE bit-field will be computed by the digit decoder, and converted to display
codes, and then automatically written into the display memory according to the
STSEG value. The table entry code, DCODE [6:0], is the 7-bit ASCII code of the digit.
5
8451A-AVR-11/11
4 LCD C42048A glass
The LCD C42048A has been especially designed for the Atmel XMEGA-B1 Xplained
kit. It comes with four COM by 40 SEG lines LCD glass running at 3.0V and it
includes 4 groups of segments (pixels):
• Seven 14-segment alphanumeric digits
• Five 7-segment numeric digits with negative sign and DPs (decimal points)
• One bar graph of nine segments (pixels)
• 13 icons of one segment (pixel)
Total: 155 segments (pixels).
Figure 4-1. Segment groups of LCD C42048A.
C42048A
4.1 14-segment alphanumeric digits
The alphanumeric digits have been routed to match with the third digit type
(TDG[1:0]=2) supported by the Digit Decoder of the Atmel ATxmega128B1 device
and defined in LCD_CTRLG register (14-segment with four COM lines).
This assignment leaves two pixels not used by the Digit Decoder in locations
COM0/SEG(n+1) and COM3/SEG(n+2).
The alphanumeric digits are named from A0 up to A6.
•
•
•
•
NOTE
6
A6 (digit on the left) is driven by SEG[12:15]
A5 is driven by SEG[16:19]
…
A0 (digit on the right) is driven by SEG[39:36]
To keep the same character scan order than in a C-string (left to right), STSEG will
have to be incremented (DEC=0) by 4.
Atmel AVR1618
8451A-AVR-11/11
Atmel AVR1618
Figure 4-2. Alphanumeric digit routing.
A6
A5
A4
A3
A2
A1
A0
f g h i b
j
k
l
e l mn c
d
4.2 7-segment numeric digits
The numeric digits have been routed to match with the second digit type
(TDG[1:0]=1) supported by the Digit Decoder of the Atmel ATxmega128B1 and
defined in LCD_CTRLG register (7-segment with four COM lines).
This assignment leaves one pixel not used by the Digit Decoder in location
COM3/SEG(n+1). This place has been used for DP and must be manually
set/cleared.
The numeric digits are named from D0 up to D3.
•
•
•
•
NOTE
D3 is driven by SEG[8:9]
D2 is driven by SEG[6:7]
…
D0 (digit on the right) is driven by SEG[2:3]. D0 has no DP
To keep the same character scan order than in a C-string (left to right), STSEG will
have to be decremented (DEC=1) by 2.
D4 digit is specific and will only display four values: -, -1, 0 & 1. It will be manually
driven. DP for D4 is located COM3/SEG10.
7
8451A-AVR-11/11
Figure 4-3. Numeric digit routing.
D4
b
D3
a
D1
D0
b
f
g
a
c
c
e
p
8
D2
d
p
Atmel AVR1618
8451A-AVR-11/11
Atmel AVR1618
5 Software implementation
5.1 Software driver
5.1.1 Code of driver
/**
* \brief Send a sequence of ASCII characters to LCD glass.
*
* This function enables LCD segments (pixels) via the Digit Decoder.
* The function will write the maximum number of bytes passed as
* argument, and will stop writing if a ‘NULL’ character is found.
*
* \param lcd_tdg
Type of digit to decode.
* \param first_seg First SEG where the first data will be written.
* \param data
Data buffer.
* \param width
Maximum number of data.
* \param dir
Direction (==0: Left->Right, !=0: Left<-Right).
*/
void lcd_write_packet(enum LCD_TDG_enum lcd_tdg, uint8_t first_seg,
const uint8_t *data, size_t width, uint8_t dir)
{
LCD.CTRLG = lcd_tdg | ((first_seg<<LCD_STSEG_gp) & LCD_STSEG_gm);
if (dir != 0) {
dir = LCD_DEC_bm;
}
while (width--) {
if (*data == '\0') {
break; // Stop on NULL char
}
LCD.CTRLH = dir | (*data++);
}
}
}
5.1.2 Driver arguments
• “lcd_tdg”
This argument is used to choose one element of LCD_TDG_enu included in the
device header (“iox128b1.h” if GCC, “ATxmega128B1.h” if IAR™):
typedef enum LCD_TDG_enum
LCD_TDG_7S_3C_gc
LCD_TDG_7S_4C_gc
LCD_TDG_14S_4C_gc
LCD_TDG_16S_3C_gc
} LCD_TDG_t
{
=
=
=
=
(0x00
(0x01
(0x02
(0x03
<<
<<
<<
<<
6),
6),
6),
6),
/*
/*
/*
/*
7-segment
7-segment
14-segment
16-segment
with
with
with
with
3
4
4
3
COMs
COMs
COMs
COMs
*/
*/
*/
*/
• “first_seg”
Define the first SEG line of the first digit to write.
Note that inside the digit, the scanning of the SEG lines is incremental but outside
the digit, this means considering the set of digits, the scanning order is defined by
the “dir” argument
• “*data”
Pointer on the ASCII string to display
• “width”
Number of digits of the line or maximum of digits to drive.
Note that “size_t” is an ANSI type equal to an “unsigned char”
In the driver, this value can be cut off if a null character is found (end of ASCII
string marker)
9
8451A-AVR-11/11
• “dir”
Define the direction of the digit scanning
If this scanning is the same as in “*data++”, this argument must be equal to zero.
If not this argument must be different of zero
5.1.3 Arguments for the 14-segment digits of C42048A
• “lcd_tdg”
LCD_TDG_14S_4C_gc (14-segment with 4 COM lines)
• “first_seg”
12 (refer to Figure 4-2. Alphanumeric digit routing.) It corresponds to the first SEG
line of the left digit A6
• “*data”
lcd_text (name defined and used in the example)
• “width”
7 (refer to Figure 4-2. Alphanumeric digit routing.)
• “dir”
0 (refer to Figure 4-2. Alphanumeric digit routing.) A6 is the left digit, it will receive
the character “lcd_text[0]”, first character pointed by “*data++”
5.1.4 Arguments for the 7-segment digits of C42048A
Because D4 is manually managed, D3 becomes the left digit for the driver.
•
“lcd_tdg”
LCD_TDG_7S_4C_gc (7-segment with 4 COM lines)
• “first_seg”
8 (refer to Figure 4-3. Numeric digit routing.) It corresponds to the first SEG line of
the left digit D3
• “*data”
lcd_num (name defined and used in the example)
• “width”
4 (refer to Figure 4-2. Alphanumeric digit routing.)
• “dir”
1 (refer to Figure 4-3. Numeric digit routing.) D3 is the left digit, it will receive the
character “lcd_numdata[0]”, first character pointed by “*data++”
5.1.5 Control of limits
The Digit Decoder itself surveys the address limit. The automatic
increment/decrement doesn’t overwrite the last addressed LCD data registers
(LCD_DATAn) or adjacent registers.
5.2 Specialized macro functions for C42048A
5.2.1 Macro for the 14-segment digits
/**
* \brief Write string to c42048a LCD glass alphanumeric field.
*
* This function will write the input string to the alphanumeric
* field of the LCD glass.
*
10
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Atmel AVR1618
* \param data Pointer to the data input string
*/
static inline void c42048a_write_alpha_packet(const uint8_t *data)
{
lcd_write_packet(LCD_TDG_14S_4C_gc, FIRST_14SEG_4C, data, \
WIDTH_14SEG_4C, DIR_14SEG_4C);
}
Where:
Defined in device header:
•
LCD_TDG_14S_4C_gc (see Section 5.1.2 Driver arguments)
Defined in glass component header:
•
•
•
#define
#define
#define
FIRST_14SEG_4C
WIDTH_14SEG_4C
DIR_14SEG_4C
12
7
0
5.2.2 Macro for the 7-segment digits
/**
* \brief Write string to c42048a LCD glass numeric field.
*
* This function will write the input string to the numeric
* field of the LCD glass.
*
* \param data Pointer to the data input string
*/
static inline void c42048a_write_num_packet(const uint8_t *data)
{
lcd_write_packet(LCD_TDG_7S_4C_gc, FIRST_7SEG_4C, data, \
WIDTH_7SEG_4C, DIR_7SEG_4C);
}
Where:
Defined in device header:
•
LCD_TDG_7S_4C_gc (see Section 5.1.2 Driver arguments)
Defined in glass component header:
•
•
•
#define
#define
#define
FIRST_7SEG_4C
WIDTH_7SEG_4C
DIR_7SEG_4C
8
4
1
11
8451A-AVR-11/11
6 Measurements
To measure the efficiency of the Digit Decoder built-in the Atmel ATxmega128B1
device, we will create a specific software driver to manually handle (setting or
clearing) digit segments (pixels), directly writing to the LCD.DATAn registers.
This exercise is only done for 14-segment digit routed as defined for a digit type
number 2 in the LCD.CTRLG register (TDG[1:0] = 2, LCD_TDG_14S_4C_gc) and for
a direction “left to right” only.
Since the built-in Digit Decoder is not used, we will define our own ASCII table with
16-bit elements. The LSB nibble will be the set of ordered bits for COM0, and so, the
MSB nibble will be the set of ordered bits for COM3. The index used to get digit
segments (pixels) in this table will be the ASCII character code.
6.1 Code of manual driver
// 40 SEG lines in ATxmega128B1
#define
LCD_MAX_NBR_OF_SEG
40
// ASCII 14-segment table
const uint16_t ascii_table[] = {
0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000,
0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000,
0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000,
0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000,
0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000,
0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000,
0x2E74, 0x0440, 0x23C4, 0x2544,
0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000,
0x2365, 0x07E4, 0xA545, 0x2224,
0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000,
0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000,
0x1818, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000,
0x0004, 0x07E4, 0xA545, 0x2224,
0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000,
0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000,
0x1818, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000,
0x0000,
0x0000,
0x0000,
0x0000,
0x0000,
0x0000,
0x05E0,
0x0000,
0xA445,
0x2220,
0x0000,
0x0000,
0xA445,
0x2220,
0x0000,
0x0000,
0x0000,
0x0000,
0x0000,
0x0000,
0x0000,
0x0000,
0x25A4,
0x0000,
0x22A4,
0x0678,
0x2660,
0x0000,
0x22A4,
0x0678,
0x2660,
0x0000,
0x0000,
0x0000,
0x0000,
0x0000,
0x0000,
0x0000,
0x27A4,
0x0000,
0x02A4,
0x1668,
0x0000,
0x0000,
0x02A4,
0x1668,
0x0000,
0x0000,
0x0000,
0x0000,
0x0000,
0x0000,
0x0000,
0x0000,
0x0444,
0x0000,
0x2724,
0x0000,
0x0000,
0x0000,
0x2724,
0x0000,
0x0000,
0x0000 };
/**
* \brief Send a sequence of ASCII characters to LCD glass.
*
* This function enables and disables LCD segments (pixels)
* to display ASCII 14-segment character.
* The function will write the maximum number of byte passed as
* argument, and will stop writing if a ‘NULL’ character is found.
*
* \param lcd_tdg
Type of digit to decode.
* \param data
Data buffer.
* \param width
Maximum number of data.
*/
void lcd_pix_write_packet(uint8_t first_seg, const uint8_t *data,
uint8_t width)
{
register8_t *pix_reg;
uint8_t txt_i, com_i;
uint8_t
shift_todo, temp_data;
// Loop on the Array of ASCII characters
for (txt_i = 0; txt_i <
width; txt_i++) {
if (*data == '\0') {
break; // Stop on NULL char
}
12
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Atmel AVR1618
// Determine how many shift to do (0 or 4)
shift_todo = ((first_seg + (4 * txt_i)) % 8);
// Scanning all COM lines
for (com_i = 0; com_i < 4; com_i++) {
// Address of the corresponding
data register
pix_reg = (register8_t*) ((uint16_t) &LCD.DATA0)
+ (com_i * ((LCD_MAX_NBR_OF_SEG + 7) / 8))
+ ((first_seg + (4 * txt_i))/ 8);
// Get data
temp_data = (uint8_t)
((ascii_table[data[txt_i]] &
(0x000F << (4 * com_i))) >> (4 * com_i));
temp_data <<= shift_todo;
// Writing in data register
*pix_reg = (*pix_reg & ~(0x0F << shift_todo)) |
temp_data;
}
}
}
6.2 Automatic versus manual handling
6.2.1 Code size
Compiler: GCC
Compiler option: -Os
Automatic handling = 23% of manual handling
• Automatic handling: 42 bytes
• Manual handling:
180 bytes + 256 bytes per ASCII table
6.2.2 Execution time
Compiler: GCC
Compiler option: -Os
System frequency: 2 MHz
Number of digits (“width”): 7
Automatic handling = 30 times faster than manual handling
• Automatic handling: 59.705µs
• Manual handling:
1817.315μs
6.2.3 Execution time formulas
Unit: μC cycle
Function set-up: ST
Execution or set-up per digit: DG
Number of digits: n
Execution per COM: COM
Number of COM: y
• Automatic handling: ST = 23, DG = 14, COM = 0
ST + n DG
• Manual handling:
ST = 89, DG = 139, COM = 92
ST + n*DG + n*y*COM
13
8451A-AVR-11/11
6.2.4 Benefits of automatic handling
If there is no display update to do, the microcontroller can enter power-save mode. In
active mode, the consumption typically is 1.1mA. In power-save mode, while LCD is
running, the consumption typically is 5.1μA with the C42048A LCD glass connected.
• Less execution time
• Less time in active mode
• Less power consumption
Figure 6-1. Benefits of ASCII character mapping.
i (μA)
Active mode
1100 μA
With ASCII character mapping
1100
1000
Without ASCII character mapping
30x
Less execution time
Less time in Active mode
Less power consumption
500
rs
cte
ara
h
II C
SC
7A
250
Power-save
mode 5.1 μA
100
60
14
200
400
1000
1800
100
t (μs)
Atmel AVR1618
8451A-AVR-11/11
Atmel AVR1618
7 Recommended reading
It is recommended to read the following documents to get an overall idea about Atmel
AVR XMEGA and especially about XMEGA B devices:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
XMEGA Manual and Datasheets
AVR1000: Getting Started Writing C-code for XMEGA
AVR1005: Getting started with XMEGA
AVR1010: Minimizing the power consumption of XMEGA devices
AVR1500: Xplain training - XMEGA Basics
AVR1912: XMEGA-B1 Xplained Hardware User Guide
AVR 1926: XMEGA-B1 Xplained Getting Started
15
8451A-AVR-11/11
8 Table of contents
Features ............................................................................................... 1
1 Introduction ...................................................................................... 1
2 Environment ..................................................................................... 2
3 ASCII character mapping ................................................................ 3
3.1 Ease of use.......................................................................................................... 3
3.2 LCD control register G......................................................................................... 4
3.3 LCD control register H......................................................................................... 4
4 LCD C42048A glass ......................................................................... 6
4.1 14-segment alphanumeric digits ......................................................................... 6
4.2 7-segment numeric digits .................................................................................... 7
5 Software implementation ................................................................ 9
5.1 Software driver .................................................................................................... 9
5.1.1 Code of driver ............................................................................................................ 9
5.1.2 Driver arguments ....................................................................................................... 9
5.1.3 Arguments for the 14-segment digits of C42048A ................................................... 10
5.1.4 Arguments for the 7-segment digits of C42048A..................................................... 10
5.1.5 Control of limits........................................................................................................ 10
5.2 Specialized macro functions for C42048A ........................................................ 10
5.2.1 Macro for the 14-segment digits .............................................................................. 10
5.2.2 Macro for the 7-segment digits ................................................................................ 11
6 Measurements................................................................................ 12
6.1 Code of manual driver ....................................................................................... 12
6.2 Automatic versus manual handling ................................................................... 13
6.2.1 Code size ................................................................................................................ 13
6.2.2 Execution time......................................................................................................... 13
6.2.3 Execution time formulas .......................................................................................... 13
6.2.4 Benefits of automatic handling ................................................................................ 14
7 Recommended reading ................................................................. 15
8 Table of contents ........................................................................... 16
16
Atmel AVR1618
8451A-AVR-11/11
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