APPLICATION NOTE Design Type III Compensation Network For Voltage Mode Step-down Converters Introduction This application note details how to calculate a type III compensation network and investigates the relationship between phase margin and load transient response for the Skyworks family of voltage mode control step-down converters. This family includes the AAT1184, AAT1185, AAT1189, AAT2687, AAT2688, and AAT2689. Voltage mode control has become a very popular topology for DC to DC converters, especially with low noise output systems including DSL and cable modems, notebook computers, satellite set-top boxes, and wireless LAN systems. Background In order to reduce the DC-DC converter’s output voltage ripple, the equivalent series resistance (ESR) of the output capacitor needs to be reduced. Ceramic output capacitors have a very small equivalent series resistance (ESR), low cost, and small size, making them the ideal output filter solution for DC-to-DC converters. However, the use of low ESR ceramic capacitors significantly affects the design of the error amplifier in the feedback loop. The power stage consists of a double pole due to the L COUT filter and an ESR zero. The ESR zero is pushed far away from the double pole frequency which results in inadequate phase margin at the cross-over frequency. Therefore, type III compensation is used to stabilize the loop and optimize the output transient response to dynamic load changes. Voltage Mode Control Loop As illustrated in Figure 1, a typical voltage mode control loop has three main stages: step-down power stage, compensation network, and PWM modulator. The Type III compensation network generates two zeros and two poles. The two zeros are placed from 60% to 150% of double pole frequency to counter the 180° phase lag due to the L COUT output filter. The two poles are set at the switching frequency of the converter to nullify the ESR zero and attenuate the high frequency noise. VIN STEP-DOWN POWER STAGE L Driver VOUT RDCR COUT RESR COMPENSATION NETWORK PWM MODULATOR Vreff COMP RAMP COMPARATOR ROUT Error Amp R1 C2 C1 Rfbh Cff Rff Rfbl Figure 1: Closed Loop Step-Down Converter with Type III Network Compensation. Skyworks Solutions, Inc. • Phone [781] 376-3000 • Fax [781] 376-3100 • [email protected] • www.skyworksinc.com 202376A • Skyworks Proprietary Information • Products and Product Information are Subject to Change Without Notice. • September 21, 2012 1 APPLICATION NOTE Design Type III Compensation Network For Voltage Mode Step-down Converters Step-Down Power Stage Transfer Function The transfer function of the power stage of the step-down converter can be determined by the voltage division: Eq. 1: VOUT ZOUT = VIN ZL + ZOUT Where ZL and ZOUT are the inductor impedance and output impedance of the power stage. The RDCR includes the DC winding resistance, the turn-on resistance of the MOSFET, and the trace resistance. RESR is the equivalent series resistor of the output capacitor. ZL and ZOUT are calculated using Equations 2 and 3. Eq. 2: ZOUT = RLOAD // RESR + 1 s · COUT · RLOAD · RESR + RLOAD = sCOUT s · COUT · (RLOAD + RESR) + 1 Eq. 3: ZL = s · L + RDCR Where the complex variable s = j · w and j = -1 VIN STEP-DOWN POWER STAGE ZL Driver L Z OUT RDCR VOUT COUT RESR RLOAD Figure 2: Step-Down Converter Power Stage. The step-down power stage open loop gain is given by substituting Equations 2 and 3 into Equation 1. Algebraic manipulation yields the following expression for the open-loop transfer function of the power stage: Eq. 4: GP = VOUT = VIN RLOAD · (s · COUT · RESR + 1) s2 · L · COUT · (RLOAD + RESR) + s{L + COUT · [RDCR(RLOAD + RESR) + RLOAD · RESR ]} + RLOAD + RDCR A typical Bode plot of the step-down converter power stage is illustrated in Figure 3. A double pole at the cut-off frequency causes the gain to roll off with a -40dB/decade slope (blue) and the phase to exhibit a very sharp slope downward from 0 degree to -180 degree phase lag (red). The ESR zero is observed at a very high frequency due to the ceramic output capacitor. 2 Skyworks Solutions, Inc. • Phone [781] 376-3000 • Fax [781] 376-3100 • [email protected] • www.skyworksinc.com 202376A • Skyworks Proprietary Information • Products and Product Information are Subject to Change Without Notice. • September 21, 2012 APPLICATION NOTE Design Type III Compensation Network For Voltage Mode Step-down Converters Gain (dB) and Phase (degree) Output Double Pole at cut -off frequency -40dB/dec ESR zero at very high frequency -20dB/dec -180 degree phase lag due to double pole Frequency (Hz) Figure 3: The Bode Plot of the Output Stage. Error Amplifier Transfer Function Calculation The error amplifier transfer function with type III compensation as shown in Figure 4 is calculated from Equation 5: Eq. 5: GE = VCOMP = VOUT 1 1 // R1 + s · C2 s · C1 Rfbh // Rff + 1 s · Cff Z1 VREF VCOMP Rfbh V OUT Error Amp R1 Cff C1 P1 Rff Z2 C2 Rfbl P2 Figure 4: Error Amplifier With Type III Compensation Network. Skyworks Solutions, Inc. • Phone [781] 376-3000 • Fax [781] 376-3100 • [email protected] • www.skyworksinc.com 202376A • Skyworks Proprietary Information • Products and Product Information are Subject to Change Without Notice. • September 21, 2012 3 APPLICATION NOTE Design Type III Compensation Network For Voltage Mode Step-down Converters By algebraic manipulation, GE can be explicitly expressed in terms of zeros and poles in Equation 6. Eq. 6: GE = Rfbh + Rff · Rfbh · Rff · C2 s+ 1 1 · s+ R1 · C1 (Rfbh + Rff) · Cff s· s+ (C1 + C2) 1 · s+ R1 · C1 · C2 Rff · Cff Equation 6 gives two zeroes at frequencies FZ1 and FZ2 and two poles at frequencies FP1 and FP2 in the following expressions: FZ1 = 1 1 and FZ2 = 2π · (Rfbh + Rff) · Cff 2π · R1 · C1 FP1 = 1 and FP2 = 2π · Rff · Cff 1 2π · R1 · C1 · C2 C1 + C2 Gain (dB) and Phase (degree) 180 degree phase boost Placing the two zeros close to the output double pole frequency Placing the two poles at cross -over frequency Figure 5: Error Amplifier With Type III Compensation Bode Plot. Type III compensation provides two zeros and two poles which push the cross-over frequency as high as possible and boosts the phase margin greater than 45 degree. A higher bandwidth yields a faster load transient response. The faster transient response results in a smaller output voltage spike. PWM Modulator Stage The PWM modulator gain is inversely proportional to the peak-to-peak input ramp voltage of the oscillator and is derived via Equation 7. Eq. 7: GM = 4 VIN VRAMP Skyworks Solutions, Inc. • Phone [781] 376-3000 • Fax [781] 376-3100 • [email protected] • www.skyworksinc.com 202376A • Skyworks Proprietary Information • Products and Product Information are Subject to Change Without Notice. • September 21, 2012 APPLICATION NOTE Design Type III Compensation Network For Voltage Mode Step-down Converters Step-Down Converter Loop Gain with Type III Compensation The loop gain of the system is expressed in terms of GM, GE, and GP factors as shown in Equation 8. Eq. 8: GLOOP = GM · GE · GP The magnitude in dB and the phase in degree of the converter loop gain are derived from Equations 9 and 10. Eq. 9: GLOOP (dB) = 20.log (GLOOP) = 20.log (GM · GE · GP) Eq. 10: PLOOP = arg(GLOOP) · 180 π Gain (dB) and Phase (degree) The magnitude and phase Bode plots of the converter loop gain with type III compensation are shown in Figure 5. By placing the two zeros close to the output double pole and the two poles at switching frequency, the crossover frequency is pushed to 10% to 60% of switching frequency and in the vicinity of maximum phase boost in order to achieve an optimum phase margin ΦM. Placing the two zeros close to the output double pole frequency ΦM Output Double Pole Cross-Over Frequency at 1/10 Switching Frequency Figure 6: Step-Down Converter Loop Gain With Type III Compensation Bode Plot . Skyworks Solutions, Inc. • Phone [781] 376-3000 • Fax [781] 376-3100 • [email protected] • www.skyworksinc.com 202376A • Skyworks Proprietary Information • Products and Product Information are Subject to Change Without Notice. • September 21, 2012 5 APPLICATION NOTE Design Type III Compensation Network For Voltage Mode Step-down Converters Type III Compensation Design Process For Voltage Mode Control Step-Down Converter: For example, assume the voltage mode step-down converter has the following specifications: VIN = 6V to 24V VOUT = 3.3V RFBL = 6.04KΩ, RFBH = RFBL · VRAMP = VOUT - VREF 3.3V - 0.6V = 6.04K · = 27.4KΩ VREF 0.6V VIN 12 L = 4.7µH COUT = 2x22µF, ESR = 2mΩ IOUT = 2.5A FSW = 490KHz 1. Set the crossover frequency in the range of 1/6 to 1/10 of switching frequency to avoid the Niquist pole: Eq. 11: FC = FSW = 49KHz 10 2. Place the first zero from 60% to 150% of the double pole frequency of the L COUT filter: Eq. 12: Cff = L · COUT 4.7µH · 44µF = = 481pF K · Rfbh 1.1 · 27.4KΩ Where the value of factor K is within the range of 0.6 to 1.5. 3. Set the first pole at switching frequency and calculate Rff from: Eq. 13: Rff = 1 1 = = 675Ω 2π · Cff · FSW 2π · 481pF · 490KHz 4. At cross-over frequency (FC) the loop gain is unity. Setting |GLOOP|= 1 at s = jwc, the value of R1 is given by Equation 14. Eq. 14: R1 = (2π · FC)2 · L · COUT + 1 VRAMP (2π · 49KHz)2 · 4.7µH · 44µF · = = 11.6KΩ VIN 2π · FC · Cff 2π · 49KHz · 481pF 5. Set the second zero to coincide with the first zero, and solve for C1: Eq. 15: C1 = L · COUT 4.7µH · 44µF = = 112pF K · R1 1.1 · 11.6KΩ 6. Place the second pole from switching frequency to one decay higher for adequate phase margin, and solve for C2: Eq. 16: C2 = 6 1 1 = = 28pF 2π · R1 · FSW 2π · 11.6KΩ · 490KHz Skyworks Solutions, Inc. • Phone [781] 376-3000 • Fax [781] 376-3100 • [email protected] • www.skyworksinc.com 202376A • Skyworks Proprietary Information • Products and Product Information are Subject to Change Without Notice. • September 21, 2012 APPLICATION NOTE Design Type III Compensation Network For Voltage Mode Step-down Converters The Relationship between Frequency Domain and Time Domain in a Step-Down Converter Knowing the relationship between the phase margin in the frequency domain and load transient response in time domain is beneficial to achieving the best results. In this way, we can select either a slow output transient response but without any overshoot or, a faster output transient response with a small amount of overshoot. Let’s concentrate on the small area in the vicinity of the cross over frequency (see Figure 7). The curve has two different slopes (-20dB/ decade and -40dB/ decade) due to the location of the original pole w0 and the high frequency pole w2. Assuming the other compensation pole w1 and the ESR zero are cancelled out. The open loop transfer function in this region can be approximated by Equation 17: 1 Eq. 17: T(s) ≈ s s 1+ ω0 ω2 The close loop transfer function can derive from T(s): Eq. 18: GLOOP (s) = 1 = 1 + T(s) 1 s s +1 + ω0 · ω 2 ω 0 2 = 1 s s +1 + 2 ωr ωr · Q 2 Where the quality coefficient Q and the resonant frequency wr are defined using Equations 19 and 20. Eq. 19: Q = ω0 ω2 Eq. 20: ωr = ω0ω2 The cross-over frequency wc can be solved by equating Equation 18 to unity at the crossover frequency: 1+4 2 -1 = ω2 2 Gain (dB) and Phase (degree) Eq. 21: ωc = ω2 ω0 ω2 1 + 4(Q) 2 - 1 2 Placing the two zeros close to the output double pole frequency ΦM Output Double Pole Cross-Over Frequency at 1/10 Switching Frequency Figure 7: The Gain Curve Has Two Different Slopes (-20dB/decade and -40dB/decade) at Crossover Frequency due to the Location of the Original Pole ω0 and the High Frequency Pole ω2. Skyworks Solutions, Inc. • Phone [781] 376-3000 • Fax [781] 376-3100 • [email protected] • www.skyworksinc.com 202376A • Skyworks Proprietary Information • Products and Product Information are Subject to Change Without Notice. • September 21, 2012 7 APPLICATION NOTE Design Type III Compensation Network For Voltage Mode Step-down Converters ωC ωC -1 ω0 Eq. 22: arg T(ωC) = - tan + tan-1 ω2 0 Eq. 23: ϕM = π + arg T(ωC) = tan -1 = -tan-1 ω2 = tan-1 ωC ωC π ω2 2 2 1 + 4Q4 - 1 The relationship between the phase margin and the quality coefficient can be derived from Equation 23: Eq. 24: Q = 1 + tan(ϕM)2 tan(ϕM) cos(ϕM) = sin(ϕM) The percent overshoot and quality factor in the second order system are given by Equation 25. Eq. 25: %OS = 100 · e -π 4Q2 - 1 = 100 · e -π 4cosϕM -1 sin2ϕM Figure 8 plots the percent overshoot versus phase margin of a typical second order system. Percent Overshoot vs. Phase Margin 80 Pecent Overshoot (%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Phase Margin (degree) Figure 8: Percent Overshoot vs. Phase Margin for Second Order System. The output transient response of a 3.3V output step-down converter with different phase margin is measured in Figure 9. The step load is generated from 200mA to 2.5A with 2A/µs slew rate. The red curve corresponding to 68° phase margin has 160µs recovery time without overshoot and a transient voltage spike of 404mV. The black and green curves experience very fast recovery time (40µs) with very small overshoot and a small transient voltage spike of 280mV. Finally, the blue and pink curves reveal an unstable system due to the phase margin of less than 45°. 8 Skyworks Solutions, Inc. • Phone [781] 376-3000 • Fax [781] 376-3100 • [email protected] • www.skyworksinc.com 202376A • Skyworks Proprietary Information • Products and Product Information are Subject to Change Without Notice. • September 21, 2012 APPLICATION NOTE Design Type III Compensation Network For Voltage Mode Step-down Converters 3.6V PM=68º PM=58º PM=48º PM=33º PM=26º Output Voltage (100mV/div) 3.5V 3.4V 3.3V 3.2V 3.1V 3.0V Time (40µs/div) Figure 9: The Relationship Between Phase Margin, Overshoot and Recovery Time of the Output Transient Response of a 3.3V Output Buck Converter. Phase Margin and Transient Response vs. DC Gain (FC = 50KHz) Based on the discussion above of the frequency domain and time domain, the recovery time can be adjusted faster to reduce the peak-to-peak output transient response of a step-down converter. This can be done by pushing the zeros a bit above the double poles frequency (K = 1.1) in order to boost the DC gain from 65dB to 75dB. Figure 10 illustrates the relationship between the phase margin and load transient response for K = 0.6 and K = 1.1 at the same crossover frequency of 50KHz. A higher DC gain along with a smaller phase margin of 58° yields a faster recovery time of 60µs, which results in a smaller peak-to-peak output transient response (280mV) for a 200mA to 2.5A dynamic load. Frequency Domain Time Domain tr=140 us K=0.6 = 1nF VPP =404mV Cff Rff = 365Ω PM=68º DC Gain = 65dB R1 = 3.34kΩ C1 = 3300pF C2 = 47pF 2.5A 200mA Fco =50KHz Time (40μs/div) Frequency (Hz) tr=60us K=1.1 DC Gain = 75dB PM=58º VPP =280mV 2.5A Fco =50KHz Frequency (Hz) Cff = 470pF Rff = 681Ω R1 = 11.5kΩ C1 = 1nF C2 = 27pF 200 mA Time (40μs/div) Figure 10: Phase Margin and Transient Response For Differing K Factors (K = 0.6 and K = 1.1). Skyworks Solutions, Inc. • Phone [781] 376-3000 • Fax [781] 376-3100 • [email protected] • www.skyworksinc.com 202376A • Skyworks Proprietary Information • Products and Product Information are Subject to Change Without Notice. • September 21, 2012 9 APPLICATION NOTE Design Type III Compensation Network For Voltage Mode Step-down Converters Phase Margin and Transient Response vs. Bandwidth (K = 1.1) As illustrated in Figure 11, the output voltage spike can be further improved by pushing the crossover frequency (FC) to 80KHz if a small amount of overshoot is acceptable. However, further increasing the bandwidth reduces the phase margin below 45°, resulting in an unstable system. In addition, increasing the bandwidth to exceed the effective control bandwidth no longer reduces the output voltage spike due to the voltage drop across the ESR of the output capacitor which dominates the transient voltage spike. For a 3.3V output voltage buck converter using a 4.7µH inductor during a load transient step from 200mA to 2.5A, the effective control bandwidth is derived from Equation 26. Eq. 26: FCE = VO 3.3V = = 76KHz 4 · ∆IO · L 4 · 2.5A · 4.7µH Frequency Domain Time Domain K=1.1 K=1.1 PM=58º VPP =280mV 2.5A Fco =50KHz Cff = 470pF Rff = 681Ω R1 = 11.5kΩ C1 = 1nF C2 = 27pF 200mA Frequency (Hz) Time (40μs/div) K=1.1 K=1.1 VPP = 266mV PM=55º 2.5A Fco =80KHz Frequency (Hz) Cff = 470pF Rff = 681Ω R1 = 18.7kΩ C1 = 680pF C2 = 18pF 200mA Time (40μs/div) Figure 11: Frequency Domain vs. Time Domain For Different Bandwidth (FCO = 50KHz and FCO = 80KHz). 10 Skyworks Solutions, Inc. • Phone [781] 376-3000 • Fax [781] 376-3100 • [email protected] • www.skyworksinc.com 202376A • Skyworks Proprietary Information • Products and Product Information are Subject to Change Without Notice. • September 21, 2012 APPLICATION NOTE Design Type III Compensation Network For Voltage Mode Step-down Converters Loop Gain Measurement The following guidelines show the method used to measure the loop gain of a DC-DC converter: 1. Break the feedback loop and insert a 50Ω resistor between the broken original connection. Insert the secondary winding terminal of the one-to-one isolation transformer between the 50Ω resistor. Configure the specified test equipment as shown in Figure 11. 2. Inject a sinusoidal signal from SOURCE OUT of the network analyzer to the loop through the primary winding terminal of the transformer while monitoring the ratio of CHA and CHB on the network analyzer. 3. Set the converter output current to heavy load while monitoring the LX node of the converter on the oscilloscope (to obtain a good result the converter must be in continuous PWM mode). 4. Sweep the frequency from SOURCE OUT of the network analyzer from 10Hz to 1MHz and adjust the magnitude of the injected signal (around 10mV to 100mV) in order to have a clean PWM waveform at the LX node. Analog Network Analyzer Oscilloscope SOURCE OUT CHA CHB LOAD Power Supply 12V 2A 5A L1 4.7µH 50 Broken Original Connection LX VIN VIN CIN Isolation Transformer Buck Converter Rfbh VOUT Rff Cff FB COUT Rfbl PGND Figure 12: Loop Gain Measurement Set-up. Skyworks Solutions, Inc. • Phone [781] 376-3000 • Fax [781] 376-3100 • [email protected] • www.skyworksinc.com 202376A • Skyworks Proprietary Information • Products and Product Information are Subject to Change Without Notice. • September 21, 2012 11 APPLICATION NOTE Design Type III Compensation Network For Voltage Mode Step-down Converters Conclusion Using low ESR ceramic output capacitors for voltage mode controlled buck converters yields very low output voltage ripple, but requires type III compensation for adequate phase margin. The type III compensation network provides two zeros and two poles that push the crossover frequency to a possible maximum value with adequate phase margin for the control loop. The trade-off between the stability and output transient response can be adjusted by using the factor K, which represents the position of zeros in the vicinity frequency of the output double poles. In applications which require no overshoot, the two zeros are placed at 60% (K = 0.6) of the output double poles frequency to achieve approximately 70 degrees of phase margin. However, if the transient output voltage spike is critical, the two zeros can be placed up to 150% (K = 1.5) of the output double pole frequency if a small amount of overshoot is acceptable. In addition, a higher bandwidth yields a faster transient response. However, a bandwidth higher than the critical bandwidth can no longer reduce the transient output voltage spike. A typical bandwidth for type III compensation is in the range of 10% to 60% of switching frequency. Copyright © 2012 Skyworks Solutions, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Information in this document is provided in connection with Skyworks Solutions, Inc. 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Additional information, including relevant terms and conditions, posted at www.skyworksinc.com, are incorporated by reference. 12 Skyworks Solutions, Inc. • Phone [781] 376-3000 • Fax [781] 376-3100 • [email protected] • www.skyworksinc.com 202376A • Skyworks Proprietary Information • Products and Product Information are Subject to Change Without Notice. • September 21, 2012