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100000
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100
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10
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10
100
1000
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1e+06
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100000
10000
1000
100
y=x
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10
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100
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1e+06
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E
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pn(E)=pn(A)
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G
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OR node
A
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md
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14
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! #" $ &% (' *),+ '.-0/214365(7839-0: ) / 1;'<143 + '>= 4'@? 3 )BADC 5E14'>3F1 );?8G 3IH JCK);C : 3L5 + -0:M:*367ONQPSRUTWVYX[Z
\^]`_bacZedfVbdeg %('>3 7839- )= = 36=h1;367 ADC 5<1;'>3 C =>3IHi3 3j/>5 C :M3 G -k5;3l-0/8/>: *+ - :*3m1 C
1 )n?>G 3oH JC / 14' ) : > 'h1 G[C 7 43>+ -k1 MC = ) gqp /r365 MG 36=h1 )J) ' C / 1;'.-k1W1;'>3s-0/>/85 C - + ' =
14'83 + '.-0/81;365 M)4 365 />5 CtG *); = > guNQPSRUTWVYX[Zv\^]`_ba@Z`dfVbd C0? 14/r365 ADC 5 Gw) JC % C2C : ) 14'83x/85;3 &*Ct?>) : 3 ) 1y1 );?>G 3oH qCz)nC : & = > /85 C > 5;- G g
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6 l
G M)!) MG :-k5`1 C 1;'>3 - ;) *+(C =>3IHi3 3-k: >tC 5 1;' G g 1 3 5 ) 1 %('>3 - !) M+ 1 / C Hi3 3^-0: >tC 5 1;' -0:*:/ C 1;36=h1 -0:3 3O/ C =h1 ) -05;3 +6C0G / ? 14367Yg C / 3 365 3 =>7 = > 1 / C) - A 3<3 3 )Q?>;) = >
14'83 - ;) *+ H3 3w-0: >tC 5 14' G *) = C 1q3L= Ct? > ' ;) = + 3 1J7 C 3 ) = C 1 / C 5 / '836=j1 / C 3 3 )
-05n37 - >tC =.-k:M: -07 - + 36=h1y- *) = 0>t? 5n32g = g ! =<14' *) 3 - G />:*3 -0:*1;' Ct? > '<=>3 14'8365BW
= C 5BF M) - ) - A 3J3 3 ADC 51;'>3q-0: >tC 5 14' GCkA '>-0/8143L5F 1;'>3 :M- + <) 1 C =>3 ) -05;3q-k: ' 30g
%('>3x= C 1 MC = C0A -<6n9zoc^Wqm 4¡i¢.¡£oEi¤J¢.¤¥¦.`F M) =c1;5 C 7 ?>+ 367#- )(ADC :M: C / ) 6
%
>t? 5n3J8g =6 p - G />:*3 = / ' *+ 'm1;'>3 - );*+qC =>3oH3 3Q-0: >tC 5 14' G§A - : ) g
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y GQ?>) 1F= C 1 3xJ ) 7 5n3 + 1y=>3 > ' C 5Lg
! A W *) -k1u1;'>3w367 > 3 C0A 1;'>3 C -k5;7 -0:M:7 - >tC =.-0:=>3 > ' C 5 ) 3 + 3L/81 ADC 5uy
-05n3 C2+L+6? / 367 7>3 A 3L=>7>3L5 ) 1 C =>3 ) g
! A W *) = C 1(-k11;'>33L7 > 3 CkA 14'83 C -05;7 -0:*:.7 5n3 + 1,=>3 > ' C 5 ) -0=>7<-0:M: ? 1 C =83
7 - >tC =>-0:Y=>3 > ' C 5(3 + : ? 7 = > F-05;3 C@+6+L? / 367 7>3 A 3L=>7>365 ) 1 C =>3 ) g
% / C / C 1436=h1 -0:W3 3 / C =h1 ) W -k=>7 y#-05;3 ,¤ 6n9 oh¡ A 1;'>3 ADC :M: C / = >
+6C =>7 1 MC = ) ' C :M7 6
W *) - ) - A 3q3 3 / 14'm5;3 ) /r3 + 1y1 C y9g
y *) - ) - A 3q3 3 / 14'm5;3 ) /r3 + 1y1 C WIg
W(-k=>7 y ) '.-05n3x-0:M: 783 A 36=87>365 : C@+ c) g
! = 14'>3 - ;) M+ 1 / C H3 3u-k: >tC 5 1;' G A 14'>3J7>3 A 36=>78365 + -0= +LC = ) 1;5 ?>+ 1(1 / Cs) - A 3J3 3 )
= - >' 3L=5;3 >MC = 14'>3 7>3 A 36=>78365 / = ) g > 5 Ct? / / 14' 1 / Cj) - A 3 3 3 ) *) -0: / - @)
) - A 3 ;) = + 3w-0:M: : C@+ c)x+LC = ) 145 ?8+ 1 = > 1 / C 3 3 ) -0: / - @) '.- 3w1 / C : 3L5n1 3 ) Wq-k=>7
y / ' *+ ' + -0=!= C 1 3l/>:M- 367 -k1m- 1 *G 3 1;'>3 -k1;14- + 3L56g 36= + 3 1;' M)*) ) /r3 V+ -0: + - ) 3 C0A ,36= )nC = )y? = +6C =>7 1 MC =>-0: ) - A 3L1 ) - g ! A :M3 )n) 14'>-0= 1 / C = C =>-07 - + 36=h1
/ C 143L=c1 -0:3 3#/ C =h1 ) 5;3 G - = = 1;'>3 5;3 >MC = 1;'>3}-k1n1¡- + 365 / = ) g ) 783 3 =>3L7 =
3 + 1 *C =#2g = ) 3 &)*) 7>3L1;3 + 1;367 O) 39-k5 + '-k=>7 *) - / = ADC 5B14'>3q7>3 A 36=>783656g
,? 5;5n36=h14: 1;' M) -0/>/85 C - + ' + -0=>= C 17>3o143 + 1: ' 3 ) 1 C =>3 ) 14'>-k17 C = C 1`'.- 3,1 / CJ) - A 3
3 3 ) g >t? 5;3[8g A^ :M: ?8) 145;-k143 ) -0= 3 - G />:*3 CkA();?>+ ' -#/ Ct!) 1 MC = g ! = 14' *) 3 - G /8:M3 :M- + ) 1 C =>3 )qG -05 3L7 / 14'l145 -0= > :M3 ) -05;3s-k: ' 3 -k:*14' Ct? > '1;'>3 lG 365n36: '.- 3s1 / C
A -0: ) 33 3 ) g ! =J14'>3E- C 3E-0: >0C 5 14' G 1;' M) / Ct;) 1 *C = M) 7839-07 3 + - ?>) 3 1 M)f+6C = ;) 7>365n367
1 C '.- 3[= C 3 3 ) /.- + 30g %(' *)u+ - ) 3 M)q+6? 5;5;3L=h14: > = C 5n367 3 + - ?>) 3 1 C2+L+6? 5 ) 365 54-k5;36: g ?>+ ' - + - ) 3 +LCt? :*7 3W783L143 + 1;367 uMG />:M3 G 3L=h1 = > ,3L= );C = ) -0: >tC 5 14' G ) C 5 ? :*:M3L5 )BG 3o14' C 7 ADC 5 ) 14-k1 *+ 7>3L1;3 + 1 MC = C0A`) - A 3 ) 1 C =83 ) ) = - g
=>3 *G /85 C 3 G 3L=c1q1;'.-k1 M)J+6? 5;5;3L=h14: -0787>367 C =>: D =l14'>3s1 )n?>G 3oH JCm);C : 365 *)
7>3o143 + 1 *C = C0A :-05 > 3y3 3 ) g ! A 1 / C -07 - + 36=h1B/ C 1;36=h1 -0:.3 3W/ C =h1 ) -05;3 );? 5;5 C0? =>7>3L7 7>3 A 36=>7>3L5 ) 1 C =>3 ) 1;'>3 -05;3 +6C = ;) 7>365n3671 C 3Q-[:-k5 > 3x3 30g f3L1WJ 3Q-</ C 1436=h1 -0:
3 3u/ C =c16g 0 @J6n9Koc^Wqm 4¡i¢.¡£oi¤J¢.¤¥¦. F M) 7>3 3 =>3L7- )(ADC :*: C / () 6
= +
>0? 5;3q8g A 6 : ! 3W/ Ct)! 1 *C = / ;1 ' Ct? 1(1 / C 3 3 ) g
y GQ?>) 1 3x3 G /21 g
'>3 + -0:*:-k7 - + 3L=h1s/ C =h1 ) 1 C Wog ! A 14'>3L5;3 M)uC =>: C =>3O/ C =h1z K14'>-k1 *)
3 14'8365(3 G /81 C 5y-0= ? = ) - A 3u-¥1;1¡- + 365 ) 1 C =>3 14'>3x-0: >tC 5 14' G§+ '>3 + c) 14'83x=83 1
/>5 C2+ 3 )n) g 1;'>365 / M) 3 W *) = C 1^-z:-05 > 3 ) - A 3x3 3kg
3 1;'>365yW(= C 5y M) -k7 - + 3L=h1F1 C y9g
:M:Y7 5;3 + 1y=>3 > ' C 5 )yC0A W(-k=>7 GK?>) 1 3 C@+6+6? / 3L7 7>3 A 36=>78365 ) 1 C =>3 ) g
f3L1B 3JW C 5, g '83 + 1;'>3 ADC :*: C / = >u+LC =>7 1 MC = )EADC 5 C 14'OJ-0=87 8
! A *) -k1e14'>3(3L7 > 3 C0A 14'83 C -05;7 -0:M:@7 - >tC =.-0:@=>3 > ' C 5 )C0A y3 + 3L/81
ADC 5^y^-05;3 C@+6+L? / 3L7 783 A 36=87>365 ) 1 C =>3 ) g
! A *) = C 1Q-k1q14'>3[367 > 3 C0A 1;'>3 C -k5;7 -0:M:7 5;3 + 1x=>3 > ' C 5 ) -0=>7 -0:M:
? 1 C =>3s7 - >0C =.-0:=83 > ' C 5q3 + : ? 7 = > FQ-05;3 C@+6+L? / 3L7 7>3 A 36=>7>3L5
) 1 C =83 ) g ! AC =>3z7 - >tC =.-0:e=83 > ' C 5W3 + 36/21 ADC 5WFx7 C 3 ) = C 1 +LC =h1¡- =j783 A 36=87>365 ) 1 C =83 ADC 5 -0:*:r7 - >tC =.-0:.=>3 > ' C 5 ) 3 + 3L/81 ADC 5y GK?>) 1 3
C@+6+L? / 367 783 A 36=87>365 ) 1 C =>3 )(ADC 5B1;'>3 C 14'8365 + - ) 30g
,3 + - ?>) 3Ky GK?8) 1 3q3 G /81 = 14'>3x- C 3x7>3 3 = 1 *C = 1(3 + : ? 7>3 ) 1;'>3 + - ) 3 =
/ ' *+ ' ) 1 C =83 ) -05;3 + -0/81 ? 5;3L7 /8:- & = >= = ;) 7>3Q1;'>3z3 3 ) /.- + 3kg >t? 5n3z8g ) ' C / )
-0=m3 - G />:M3kg ! =m1;' M) 3 - G />:*3 M) -s:-k5 > 3W3 3u/ C =h1 / 14'}5n3 ) /r3 + 1^1 C ? 1
= G
>t? 5n3J8g 6 m= 3 - G />:M3W1;'.-k1 M) = C 1F-z:-05 > 3 ) - A 3q3 30g
M) = C 1B-u:M-05 > 3y3 3W/ C =h1 / 1;'<5;3 ) /r3 + 1B1 C g ! A 14'837>3 A 36=>7>3L5 + -k= +6C = ) 1;5 ?>+ 1(3 14'>3L5
1 / C :-05 > 3 ) - A 3K3 3 ) C =>3K:M-05 > 3 ) - A 3K3 3s-0=>7 C =>3 ) - A 3K3 3 C 5^1 / C ) - A 3Q3 3 ) 14'83
7>3 A 36=>7>3L5 / = ) g %('>3 ) 3W1 / C 3 3 ) -05;3-0: )nCK) - A 3 3 + - ?>) 314'>3 -k5;3W- ) /r3 +2 -0: + - ) 3 C0A
,3L= );C = )B? = +6C =87 1 MC =.-k: ) - A 3L1 C 514'833 *) 143L= + 3 CkAfG[C 3 ) 1;'.-k1:M39-k7[1 C ,36= );C = )
) - A 3L1 -0: 14365n=.-k1 = > />:M- =M)A>0? -054-k=c1;363L7 g %(' M):M) /85 C 3L=- )(ADC :*: C / () 6
= + 3F1 / Cz) - A 3 !) = > :*3^/ C =c13 3 ) -05n3 ) - A 3 1;'>3 + - ) 3 )BC0A 1 / C :-05 > 3 ) - A 3W3 3 ) -0=87 C =83J:-05 > 3 ) - A 3q3 3u-0=>7 C =>3 ) - A 3x3 3u-05;3 +LC = ;) 7>365n367 g
%('>3 ) 14-k143 = / ' *+ '#1;'>365n3Q-05n3x1 / C<) 1 C =83 )FC0A 1;'>3Q-¥1;1¡- + 365 =m-w:-05 > 3J3 3 *)
*G / Ct);!) :*30g
! A 1;'>365n3 M) - ) 1 C =>3 C0A 1;'>3l-k1n1¡- + 365 = 14'>3 :-05 > 3#3 3 1;'>3 A - + 1<14'>-k1O14'83
7>3 A 36=>78365'.- ) -0= C 14'>3L5 ) - A 3,3 3 C 5 C =>3 ) - A 3E3 3 >t? -k54-0=h143L3 ) 1;'.-k1 14'>3,-k1;14- + 3L5
+ -0=>= C 1e/>:- \ = ;) 78314'83,:-k5 > 3E3 30g 3L= + 3 14'>37>3 A 3L=>7>3L5 : C@+ '.- 3,1 / CJ);? 5n3
: 365n1 3 ) g
) = - :M-05 > 3 3 3 / 14' 5;3 ) / 3 + 1}1 C / C =c1
! A 14'8365;3j-k5;3 1 / C 3 G /81 / C =h1 =
-0=87m1;'>3Q-¥1;1¡- + 365F/>:M- @:) = ;) 783 14'83x783 A 36=87>365 + -0= + -0/21 ? 5n3x1;'>3 ) 1 C =>3 CkA 14'83
-k1n1¡- + 365 3 :*: = > 1;'>3J:-k5 > 3W3 3 G - k = > 14'83W:-05 > 3W3 3x- ) - A 3 ;) = > :M3W/ C =c1
3 3 / 14'}5n3 ) /r3 + 1^1 C fg
{}| Q -'
:
) = 3L=c1;367 ADC 514'>3 C =>3IHi3 3 )nC : 365E-05n3 = +6C 5;/ C 54-k1;367 =h1 C 1;'>3(1 );?8G 3IH JC
% 3 + '>= 4'c? 3 *
);C : 3L56gEp- + '}143 + '8= 'c? 3 M) 5 3 5;3 & 3 / 367 6
==
,C =8=>3 + 1 MC = ) 14'>-k1W/>5 CtGwC 143 ? = ) - A 3
-k1n1¡- + 365 ) 1 C =83 ) 1 C ) - A 3#-05;3 +6C = ); 7>365n367 g C / 3 365 +6C =>=83 + 1 MC = ) 14'>-k1w'>36:*/ 14'83
7>3 A 36=>7>3L5 G - 3m1 / C 3 3 ) -k5;3 = C 1 *G />:*3 G 36=h143L7 3L1 3 + - ?>) 3 C0A 14'83 ADC :M: C / = >
+6C0G />:*3 1 3 () 6
%('>3L5;3q-05n3 GwC 5;3 + - ) 3 ) 1 CK+LC = !) 7>3L5 =O1 );?>G 3oH qC 1;'.-0= =<14'>3 C =>3oH3 3J/>5 C H
:*3 G );?8+ '- ) 6
=>3l5n3 >*C = +LC =h1¡- = = > 1 / C +6C0G />:*3L1;33 3 ) M) 5;3 +LC > = 3L7!-k=>7 +6C =@H
=83 + 1;367m1 C - + 5 ?>V+ -0: : C@+ g
% / C};) = > :M3x3 3 ) -05n3Q5;3 +6C > = 367j-0=>7 +6C =>=83 + 1;367 F
g %('>3L= 14'83K3 3 ) -05n3
+LC =>=>3 + 1;367 1 C -k= + 5 ?>V+ -0: : C@+ g
! =}14'>3q7>3 3 = 1 MC = CkA 14'83 C =>3oH3 3x/>5 C :M3 G -0:M: + 5 ?>V+ -0: ) 1 C =>3 )FGK?>) 1 3 +6C =@H
=>3 + 1;367<1 C -0=w3 30g %('>3^-0: >0C 5 14' G 1 Cx+6CtG / ? 1;3 +LC =>=>3 + 1 MC = `) M)S = 0C 3L7 C = + 3
1 C^+ '>3 + 4 A -0:*: C0A 1;'>3 G -05n3 +LC =>=>3 + 1;367 g =x14'>3 C 14'8365 '.-0=>7 ADC :M: C / = > C : A )
7>3 3 = 1 MC = ADC 5U1 )n?>G 3IH JC 1;'>3,783 A 36=87>365 / = Z) A -0= uC =>3 CkA 14'>3 + 5 ?82+ -k: ) 1 C =>3 )
*) -0: ! 3kg C0G 3 + 5 ?>V+ -0: ) 1 C =>3 )+ -0=z/ Ct);!) : 3 + -k/81 ? 5n367 g ! A 1;'>365n3y-05;3 ! + 5 ? H
V+ -0: : C2+ c) +LC =>=>3 + 1 MC = )FGK?>) 1 3 +6CtG / ? 1;367m1 Cw+ '>3 + ^*A`C =>3 C0A 1;'>3 : C@+ c)
-05n3[/85 C 3L= 1 C '.- 3<1 / C ) - A 3<3 3 ) 7g %('8365;3 ADC 5;3 14'83<-0: >tC 5 14' G+6C0G / ? 1 = >
+LC =>=>3 + 1 *C = )GQ?>) 1 3 = 0C 3L"7 !<1 *G 3 ) / ' M+ ' G - \ = +6? 5-^' > '8365 C 365;'839-07
1 Cw+LCtG / ? 143kg
# > $ %&' .C 5 + 367 GwC 3 )(!) MG :-k51 C 14'>3 C =>3oH3 3 )nC : 365(-05n3 = +LC 5;/ C 5;-k143L7
=h1 C 1;'>31 );?>G 3oH qCF);C : 3L56g 9¤¥ 4£¡) (x0 @+£ *ho- ,</¤ .0 *)@> 36=>3L54-k1;367 C =Q-^/ C =h1 0y'>365n3
14'83Q7>3 A 36=>7>3L5 +6C0? :M7 G - 1k3x21 0 C 43 3t3 )J)n?>+ 'j- ) / C =h1 = >t? 5;3u8g - g 9¤¥ 4£¡) (
(@D9o¦(@o 5,<¤/.0 M):> 36=83654-¥14367 C = -u/ C =c160y'>3L5;31;'>3783 A 36=87>365 GQ?>) 1,/>:-73 + '>3 + 1 = >
14'83 ADC :M: C 0 = >K+6C =>7 1 MC = 9) 8
5 =8: C@+ 1@?A0y' M+ 'l'>- ) - ;) = > :*3oH GwC 3 +6C =@H
;: '>3L5;3 *)C =><: 3 C =>3 ? = ) - A 3s-k1n1¡- + 1k36>
=>3 + 1 MC = 1 Cw) - A 3 ) 1 C =>3 ) g
;B A 14'83l7>3 A 3L=>7>365}/>:M7- 3 ) -0= 3 C 1;'>365 GwC 3j-0=>7 1;'>3j-k1n1¡- + 1k365 +6C =8=>3 + 1 ) ?m1 C
) - A 3L21 3 14'83Q7>3 A 36=>7>3L5W'.- ) 3 14'>3L5^= C / C 1;36=h1 -0:U3 303K/ C =h1 C =>3u/ C 1436=h1 -0:U3 303
/ C =h1 C 5B21 0 C -07 - + 3L=c1F/ C 143L=h1 -k: 3 303u/ C =h1 ) g
8
8
CCC
- = 0>t? 5n3q8g 8 .C 5 + 367 G[C 3 ) g
<= 1;' M)+ - ) 3 14'>3^7>3 A 3L=>7>3L5 M)ADC 5 + 367[1 C /8:-73 );C 14'.-k1E14'83W-k1n1¡- + 1k365 + -0=>= C 1 +6C =>=>3 + 1
?x1 C ) - A 3 ) 1 C =>3 ) g 14'>3L5 0 *) 3 1;'>3z-k1n1¡- + 1k365 +6C0? :M7 ) 1439-k:`14'83z/ C 1;36=h1 -0:e343t3z/ C =h1 )
14'>-k1q-05n3z=>3 + 3 );) -05 3 ADC 514'>3z783 A 36=87>365 =3/>:M-73 = > C =1;'.-k1q/ C =h19g = 3 - G /8:M3 *)
/ C =h1 = >0? 5;3J2g = g
MGK? :-k1 MC = M)g = 0C 103L7 =O14'>3 ) - G 3>0B-73}- )R =O14'83 C =>3oH33t3 )nC : 365Lg
> ^););?8G 3J14'>-k1B14'83q-k1;14- + 103L5 *) 14'83J/>:-73t3L5B1 C />5 C 3x/ Ct;) 1 MC = -0=>7<1;'>37>3 A 36=>78365 *),C =>3F1 C 7 M) /85 C 3kg B = C 5;7>3L51 4C = 1 -0: 3B/85 C@C0A = ?>G H
) M)S = +LC 5;/ C 5;-k143L7
=r365 ) 1;'>3 ) - G 3F3 -0: ? -k1 *C = AD? = + 1 MC =w1;'.-k114'>3 C =83oHi343t3 );C : 365 ?>) 3 *
=h1 C 14'83F1 );?>G 3oH qCu);C : 365Lg : '>3 !) = > :M3oH/>:7- 303657 M) 1¡-0= + 3^1 CQG - 103y21 0 C 3 303 g) *)+LCtG H
/ ? 1;3671 uC = 1 -0: 3W7 M) /85 C@C0A = ?>G =r365 ) g : ' M)Q*)^!) MG :M-05,1 C 14'>3u'>3 ? 5 M) 1 M+qAD? = + 1 *C =
A 5 C0G 14'83 C :M7m\^]`_bacZedfVbdl1 );?>G 3oH qCs)nC : 365 g : '83x'83 ? 5 M) 1 M+WAD? = + 1 *C = 145 3 ) 1 C
-0/>/85 C MG -k143w14'>3 +L? 5;5n36=h1 n7 M) 14-0= + 3 1 C + 5;36-k143[21 0 C 43 3t3 )sC =21 0 C / C 143L=c1 -0:E3 303
/ C =h1 ) z-0=87 ¡g : '>3L= =.- ) 3L7 C =j1;'>3 +6? 5n5;3L=c1x7 *) 14-0= + 3 14'>3s7 *) 1¡-k= + 3K1 C 21 0 C
3303 ) - A 1;365 G[C 3 M) />:-73t3L7 M)F+6CtG / ? 1;367 0y' M+ ' *)^?8) 367 - ) -0= = 1 -0: 7 M) /85 C@C0A
= ?>G =r365 ADC 5 lg : ' *) /85 C@+ 3 )n)y+ -0= = 3 )n?>G[G -05 3L7}- )(ADC :M: C 0 9) 8
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: '>3m1 MG 3 ) /r36=h1=3 NuPSR TV X[Z \^]`_bacZedfVbd *) />: C 1;1;367 C = 14'>3^Hi- M) - > - = ) 1
C : C@C : )KC =14'>3 ^H - M)zC = : C > -05 14' G *+w)n+ -0:*3 ) g B = / C =h1 ) - = C 3 1;'>3}7 - >0C =.-0:
NQPSRUTWVYX[Z \^]`_ba@Z`dfVbdj/r365 ADC 5 G 367 =r3L1;1;365Lg B = + - ) 3 CkA 36- ) 3}/>5 C =>:*3 Gw) 1 M) '.-05n7
1 CF) 3L3B-F7 3 365n36= + 3 =u/r365 ADC 5 G -0= + 3 =r3L120363L=K14'>3120 C);C : 365 ) g CtG 3L1 *G 3 ) C : C@C : )
/r365 ADC 5 Gw) = 3o1;143L5J14'.-0= NQPSRUTWVYX[Z\^]`_racZ`dfVrd =r3 + - ?>) 3 C0*A 1 ) :-05 > 3s- GwCt? =h1 C0A
'.-0=872H +LC 7>3L7 1c= C 0y:M3L7 > 30g C 5x3 8- G />:M3 C : C2C : )q);C : 3L7 14'>3[/ C0;) 1 MC = = >t? 5;3
8g = 8g ) 3 +LC =>7 ) g : '>3 ) 39-05 + 'O145;3L3 C0A C : C@C : )+LC =h1¡- =>367 C x:*39- A = C 7>3 ) g : '>3
7>3L36/r3 ) 1w7>3L/814' 3 8/8: C 5n367 =3 C : C@C : r) M) C 8g C : C2C : ) =836367 ) - !) MG :M-05u= ?>G = 3L5
C0A :*39- A = C 783 ) ' C C = C 7>3 ) )(1 C />5 C 3Q1;'.-k1 ' 1;3 0 = )^ADC 5y14'>3u/ C0;) 1 MC =#- A 1;365 M) />:7- 3t3L7 g C : C@C : Q) M) 1;'>365n3 ADC 5n3 = 3L: 3 3L7l1 C 145 3 5 ) 1x-0=87 ' 143 *) />5 C 36=
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TsumeGo Explorer (sec)
;5 3j2g 8 / Ct!) 1 MC = 1;'.-k1 C : C@C : )O)nC : 3 )#G[C 5n3 ?$M+ 1c: 3 1;'.-0= NQPSRUTWVYX[Z
\^]`_bacZedfVbd ' C C ,h ' 143q: ' 3 ) 0 1;' )og
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;5 3Q8g 8 / Ct;) 1 *C =#1;'.-k1xNuP¥RUTWVYX[Zv\^]`_bacZedfVbd );C : 3 )JG[C 5n3 ?M+ 1c:<3 14'>-0=
C : C@C : ) ' C 1,:- + 1 1 :M: ) 0 1;' )og
1 C =r3}-0: ' 3kg =1;'>3 C 14'8365z'.-0=87 NQPSRUTWVYX[Z\^]`_racZ`dfVrd =>3L367 ) 8g-,, ) 3 +6C =>7 )
0 1;' }= C 7>3w3 2/.-k= );*C = ) g : '>3[7>363L/ 3 ) 1 ) 39-k5 + '7>3L/814' =1;'>3w/>5 C@C0A 1;5;3L3 *)
8g : '83 ) 3x= ?>G =r365 ) *G /8: 3s14'.-¥1^NQPSRUTWVYX[Z \F]e_bacZedfVbdl=>363L7 ) 1 Cs) 36-05 + '#7>363L/ 3L5
0 1;
' 0 7>365 =>5;-0= + '>3 ) 1;'.-0= C : C2C : )<ADC 5 1;'>3/85 C =>:*3 G g ^C 0,3 3L5 NQPSRUTWVYX[Z
\^]`_bacZedfVbd ?>);? -0:M<: 3q/ 3L5 ADC 5 G[) = 3o1;143L5 ADC 5`'.-05n7K/>5 C =>:M3 G[) g 1;' M)0M) = 3L: 3 3L7 = 3 + - ?>) 3
C0A - G[C 5n3 );C />' M) 1 *+ -k1;367 ) 36-05 + ' -0: >tC 5 1;' G g C 5W3 8- G /8:M3 C : C2C : ) =>3L367>3L7 CC
) 3 +6C =87 ) 1 Cj);C : 3<1;'>3 / Ct;) 1 MC = = >t? 5n3 8g 0y'>365n39- ) NuP¥RUTWVYX[Z\^]`_bacZedfVbd
);C : 3 :) 1 = CC g ) 3 +6C =87 ) 0 14' ,c , z= C 7>3 ) g
>0? 5;3 ) 8g u/8: C 1 ) 1;'>33 23 +6? 1 MC =<1 *G 3 ADC 5/>5 C =>:M3 G[)E);C : 3L7 =3 = C 1;'</>5 C > 5;- G[)
= pEp Jpyg : '83 )n? /r365 *C 5 21 3 CkA NuPSR TV X[Z \^]`_bacZedfVbd C =j'.-05n7l/>5 C =8:M3 GwO) *)
GwC 5;3 a!& 7><: 3 ) ' C 0y= = 1;' M) 143 ) 1 )n? 1;30g NuP¥RUTWVYX[Z \^]`_bacZedfVbd Ct? 1;/ 3L5 ADC 5 G[)
C : C@C : ) =3j-O:-k5 > 3 G -05 > = g >t? 5n3z8g C ) ' C 0 ) -0=j3 8- G />:*30g C : C@C : ) =>363L7>367
C C ) 3 +6C =>7 ) 1 Cy);C : 314' M) />5 C =>:M3 G 0y'>3L5;36- ) 1;'>3/>5 C =>:M3 G 0B- ) 36- ) 3 ADC 5 NQPSRUTWVYX[Z
\^]`_bacZedfVbd ' 8g C , ) 3 +LC =>7 ) 0 14' O= C 7>3 ) )og ^C 03 3L5 1;'>3 C 1c= C 0y:M3L7 > 3 C0A
C : C@C : ) M)();C0G 3o1 MG 3 #) 365 3 -0: ? - =>:*30g C 5(3 8- G />:*3 >t? 5;3q2g CC 0 1;' ' 1;3q1 C
/>:M- 3 *),) 1¡-k1 M+ -k:M: 3 );C : 3L7 = 3 C : C2C : ) 0y' :M3NQPSRUTWVYX[Z \^]`_bacZedfVbd =>3L367 ) C = C 7>3 ) g
>0? 5;32g C ,/8: C 1 ) 14'>3/>5 C =>:*3 Gw) );C : 3L7 C =>: 3 =3xNQPSRUTWVYX[Z\^]`_bacZedfVbdeg = + 3
C : C@C : )J+6Ct? :*7 = C 1 )nC : 3w1;'>3</85 C =>:*3 Gwe) = G = ? 1;3 ) G = ? 1;3 \) M) />: C 1;1;367 C =
14'83 Hi- M) g : '>3W7 w+6? : 21 3 ADC 5(NuP¥RUTWVYX[Z \^]`_ba@Z`dfVbd 54-0= > 3 )A 5 CtG 3L5 3<39- ) 3w1 C
'.-05n7 g > - = 14'83>= 3L=>3 1 C0A 14'>3 ) 39-k5 + '2H=.- ) 3L7 -k/>/>5 C - + ' M)) ' C 0y= g C 5,3 8- G /8:M3 >t? 5;38g C +LCt? :*7K= C 1 = 3 );C : 3L7 = 3 C : C@C : ) 0 14' =z G = ? 1;3 ) 0y' :M3,NQPSRUTWVYX[Z
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5;32g 8 p 23 +L? 1 *C =u1 MG 3 DA C f5 />5 C =>:M3 G[)f)nC : 367
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C 1;'x/85 C> 5;- Gw)z = pp Jp(g
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;5 38g C 8 / Ct!) 1 *C =[1;'.-k1 *) '.-k5;7 ADC 5 C : C2C : ) = ? 1 365 3O39- ) 3 ADC 5(NQPSRUTWVYX[Z
\^]`_bacZedfVbd ' C =>3L33t3 + g C 8g )>0A 1,:M- + 1[1 C 1 :M: =3 />:M-73 = > -k1 )og
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1 C 1 *: : =3 />:M-3 = > k- 1 # )og :
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100
;5 3 8g C 8 p 83 +6? 1 MC =!1 MG 3 ADC 5m/>5 C =8:M3 Gw)});C : 3L7 C =>:<3= 3 NuP¥RUTWVYX[Z&\^]
_bacZedfVbd = p p Jp(g
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>t? 5;3q2g C 8 / Ct); 1 *C = );C : 3L7 C =>:<3 =3#NQPSRUTWVYX[Z \^]`_ba@Z`dfVbd ' C =>36343t363kg 2g )>0A ,:M- + 1<1 C : ' 3A=3 /8:-73 = > -k1 )og
\^]`_bacZedfVbd )nC : 367 1 = 2g ) 3 +6C =>7 ) 0 14' C s= C 7>3 ) g
=>3x-07 -0=h1¡- > 3 C0A 7 A Hi/>= M) 1;'.-k1 1 ?>) 3 ) 1;'>3J145;-0= ) / Ct)! 1 *C =O1¡- =>:M3 GwC 5;33 @143L=2H
);! 3L: 3tg =>: 3 );C : 3L7j/ Ct)! 1 MC = ) -05;3 ) - 3L7 =14'>3Q1;54-0= ) / Ct); 1 MC = 1¡-=8:M3 = C : C@C : )
0y' :M3 =x7 A H/>=u/85 C@C0A -0=87Q7 *) />5 C2C0A = ?>G =r365 )`C0A />5;3 a*Ct?>) 1;3654-¥1 MC = ) -05;3 ) 1 C 5n367
=j14'83[145;-0= ) / Ct!) 1 MC =l1¡- =>:M3s1 dC MG />5 C 3z1;'>3 C 5n7>365 C0A 1;5;3L3[3 8/>-0= );*C = 0 g ) 5;3 );? : 1 )nCtG 3</>5 C =>:M3 G[) 14'.-¥1z-05n3 3L5 3 '.-05;7 ADC 5 C : C2C : ) -05;3 ? *+ 1c: 3 );C : 3L7 = 3
NQPSRUTWVYX[Z \^]`_ba@Z`dfVbdeg
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3L5 ? : A 5;340y5 C 1;3 C : C@C : ) = -0=87 MG />5 C 367@0y'>3L=j'>3 = +6C 5n/ C 5;-k143L7 1 =h1 C
G -05n1 C C g : ' M) 3L5 )!MC = CkA C : C@C : )*) - = Ct? 1 8g-,s1 MG 3 )yA - ) 14365y14'>-0= 14'83
C 5 > =.-0: C =/85 C =>:*3 Gw)Q = J2g C ,8g ^C 03 3L5 1J-0: );C<+LCt? :*7= C 1 );C : 3 GwCt) 1 C0A 14'83
/>5 C =>:M3 G[) = pp Jp 14'>-k1^-05;3 ? = );C : 367 =3O14'>3 C 5 > =.-0: C : C@C : ) g
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NQPSRUTWVYX[Z\F]e_bacZedfVbd +6? 5n5;36=h1;: 3 + -k=>= C 1 );C : 3# /85 C =>:*3 Gw)Y = 14'>3}143 ) 1 );? 1430g
: - =>:M3 8g /85;3 ) 36=h1 ) - : M) 1 CkAz? = )nC : 367 />5 C =>:*3 Gw) g : '8365;3 -05;3 GwC 5;3j/>5 C =>:M3 G[)
5;3 G - = = > ? = );C : 3671;'.-0= =3 1;'>3 C =>3IHi3 303 );C : 365Lg =8363 30367 g 2g ) >0AADC 5 ' 143<1 C
: ! 3 M)E);C : 3L7 =3 NuP¥RUTWVYX[Z \^]`_ba@Z`dfVbd 0 1;' CC , x= C 7>3 R) = ) 3 +LC =>7 ) g
^C 03 365 1 + -0=>= C 1 =r3 );C : 3L7 0 14' = G = ? 1;3 ) =r3 + - ?>) 3 C0A 14'>3 ) : C 0365 ) 39-k5 + '
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- 8:M3x8g 8 M)C 1 CkAeG ? = );C G : 367m/>,5 C C =>C :M3 G[C ) = pp Jp(g
5 =>:M3 =.- 3 : 5,1 />:-73
C =>3L330367 g 2g )>0A 1,:- + 1
C =>3L330367 g 2g )>0A ' 143
C =>3L3 30367 g 8g ) >0A 1,:- + 1
C =>3L3 30367 g 8g ) >0A ' 143
C =>3L3 3t3L30+g 2g ) >0A 1,:- + 1
C =>3L3 3t3L30g CC g ) >0A 1,:- + 1
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) /r363L7 + - ?>) 3L7 =3Q- G[C 5;3 +6CtG />: M+ -¥14367 AD? = + 1 *C =x1 C+LCtG / ? 14314'>3E'>3 ? 5 *) 1 *+ 7 M) 14-0= + 3
ADC 5B120 C 343t3 ) g
{}| ) = 36=h143L7 = '.-k/8143L5,>0365;3^-07.-k/8143L7w1 C 1 );?>G 3oH C g :-k5 > 3(5n367 ?>+ 1 *C =
: '>3 7>36- W
C0A 1;'>3 ) 36-05 + ' ) /.- + 3 0,- ) - + ' 3 367 1;' ?>) 14'>3-= 3 ) 11 );?>G 3oH CW)nC : 365 0,- ) = ? : 19g : '>3
+6? 5;5;3L=h1ONuPSR TV X[Z§\^]`_bacZedfVbd + -0= )nC : 3 36= + : Ct) 367 / Ct)! 1 MC = ) 0 1;' -k5 Ct? =87 3 G /821 3[/ C =h1 *) =O-u5;39- );C =.- =>:M3- G[C0? =h1 C0A 1 MG 30g ? 7 > = > =3[1;'>3 ); 3 C0AU? = )nC : 367
/>5 C =>:M3 G[) 14'>3 ;) 3F: *G 1 C0A NQPSRUTWVYX[Z \F]e_bacZedfVbd ) 363 G[) 1 C = 3 =r3L120363L= x-k=>7
3 G /8123j/ C =h1 ) g : ' *)u+LCtG /.-05;3 )xA - 0C 54-=8: 31 C C : C2C : ) 0y' *+ ' '.- ) -}: MG 1 C0A
) =}5n39- )nC =.- =>:*3J1 MG 30g
- = Ct? 1 C ,s3 G /821 3O/ C =h1 = + 3B14'83 1@= C 0y:*367 > 3^-k7>7>367z1 C 3L=>'.-0= + 3^NQPSRUTWVYX[Z \^]`_bacZedfVbd *) ? 1;3 ;) *G H
/>:*3 14'>3L5;3 *) -<: C 1 C0A 5 C@CtG ADC 5 AD? 5n1;'>365 MG />5 C 3 G 36=h19g ) 3 2/>:- =>367 = '>-0/8143L5
/ Ct);!) =>:*3F3L=>'.-0= + 3 G 36=h1 g) = + : ? 783F5n3 +LC > = 2 = > :M-05 > 3653 303 ) 5;3 = = >u+LC =>=>3 + 1 *C = ) > 3L=>365;-0: 2 = >#ADC 5 + 367 GwC 3 ) -0=>7 )nClC = g C 5u1 );?>G 3oH C#) /r3 V+ + 3L=>'.-0= + 3 G 36=h1 ) 5;3 +6C > = V = >sGwC 5;3 +6C0G />: M+ -k143L7m43 3t3 ));?8+ 'l- ) -w'>-0: A 3 303K-0=>7 C =>3x-0=>7 -w'>-0: A 3 303 )
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: = 3<- + '.-0:*:M3L= > = > 1 C / M+ g : ' M)QG 7- 3 '>36:*/ 1 C 7>3 +LCtG / Ct) 3 -m1 );?>G 3oH C />5 C =@H
:M3 G = )n? =>/>5 C =>:M3 G[) )n?>+ '- )xG - 1 = > 1;'>3 5 ) 1u3 303 = )nCtG 3 ) /.- + 3 -k=>7 1;'>36= ) 3 +6C =87l33t3x14'.-¥1 + -0= =r3 +LC =>=>3 + 143L71 C 14'>3 5 ) 1W33030g ?>+ 'l-@(0 .(@K0¦(m£¡¤¥¦ bo o¢h¢r 4¤6@£¡ ADC 5y14'>3 ;) MG />:*365 + - ) 3 C0A 1;'>3 C =83oHi43 3t3K/85 C =>:*3 G 0 :*: = 3Q7 M)n+6?>)n) 367 = 14'83
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"!2 , ,1. , h ( 5>0 .@, 7 & 247W7 F C_( 2N5>0G0 ( " F 0 .;, ,/. E
G
u
A
D
B
C
E
F
G
I
J
H
K
L
M
N
B
C
pn(B)= 2
dn(B)= 1
B
E
pn(C)= 1
dn(C)= 1
D
E
b8 e
b$ e
pn(D)= 1 pn(E)= 1
dn(D)= 1 dn(E)= 1
AND node
thpn(F)= 2
thdn(F)= 2
F
H
D
E
G
pn(F)= 1
dn(F)= 2
H
b, e
pn(H)= 1 pn(I)= 1
dn(H)= 1 dn(I)= 1
F
H
pn(H)= 1
dn(H)= 1
I
G
pn(J)= 1
dn(J)= 2
J
pn(I)= 1
dn(I)= 1
pn(G)= 1
dn(G)= 3
K
pn(K)= 1
dn(K)= 1
bF e
O
pn(O)= 1
dn(O)= 2
P
pn(P)= 1
dn(P)= 1
A
thpn(C)= 3
thdn(C)=
-1
B
C
D
E
F
thpn(F)= 2
thdn(F)= 4
G
I
thpn(I)= 2
thdn(I)= 3
J
H
thpn(L)= 2
L thdn(L)= 3
thpn(N)= 2
N thdn(N)= 2
M
b? e
I
pn(B)= 2
dn(B)= 1
pn(H)= 1
dn(H)= 1
pn(M)= 1
dn(M)= 1
u
K
pn(K)= 1
dn(K)= 1
O
pn(O)= 1
dn(O)= 2
P
pn(P)= 1
dn(P)= 1
pn(G)= 1
dn(G)= 3
K
pn(K)= 1
dn(K)= 1
O
thpn(O)= 2
thdn(O)= 2
P
pn(P)= 1
dn(P)= 1
thpn(A)=
thdn(A)=
thpn(C)= 3
thdn(C)=
-1
pn(B)= 2
dn(B)= 1
B
C
D
E
F
pn(F)= 1
dn(F)= 4
G
I
pn(I)= 1
dn(I)= 3
J
H
pn(H)= 1
dn(H)= 1
pn(L)= 1
L dn(L)= 3
M
pn(N)= 1
N dn(N)= 2
pn(M)= 1
dn(M)= 1
be
be
3? 6 .@, a%E \ aX2 , h & < ( 5 , 2 HUS $ 7 F C( 2W5>0G0 ( " F 0 .@, ,1. E
J
8
pn(F)= 1
dn(F)= 2
I
8 8
E
thpn(G)= 2
thdn(G)= 3
G
thpn(J)= 2
thdn(J)= 2
G
pn(G)= 1
dn(G)= 1
8
D
thpn(C)= 3
thdn(C)=
-1
C
F
pn(I)= 1
dn(I)= 1
8 8
B
H
F
thpn(A)=
thdn(A)=
A
8
pn(B)= 2
dn(B)= 1
pn(F)= 1
dn(F)= 2
pn(H)= 1 pn(I)= 1
dn(H)= 1 dn(I)= 1
8 8
thpn(A)=
thdn(A)=
A
thpn(C)= 3
thdn(C)=
-1
C
thpn(C)= 3
thdn(C)=
-1
C
pn(G)= 1
dn(G)= 1
I
b7 e
B
thpn(A)=
thdn(A)=
8
E
pn(B)= 2
dn(B)= 1
E
G
pn(G)= 1
dn(G)= 1
8
D
thpn(C)= 3
thdn(C)=
-1
C
D
8 8
B
thpn(A)=
thdn(A)=
A
8
pn(B)= 2
dn(B)= 1
8 8
thpn(A)=
thdn(A)=
A
B
F
pn(I)= 1
dn(I)= 1
8 8
A
pn(B)= 2
dn(B)= 1
thpn(C)= 3
thdn(C)=
-1
C
8
8
b& e
D
Win
Q
thpn(A)=
thdn(A)=
A
8 8
thpn(B)= 2
thdn(B)=
-1
P
OR node
thpn(A)=
thdn(A)=
A
8 8
O
O
pn(O)= 1
dn(O)= 2
P
pn(P)= 1
dn(P)= 1
pn(G)= 1
dn(G)= 3
K
pn(K)= 1
dn(K)= 1
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