LME49810 200V Audio Power Amplifier Driver with Baker Clamp General Description Key Specifications The LME49810 is a high fidelity audio power amplifier driver designed for demanding consumer and pro-audio applications. Amplifier output power may be scaled by changing the supply voltage and number of power transistors. The LME49810’s minimum output current is 50mA. When using a discrete output stage the LME49810 is capable of delivering in excess of 300 watts into a single-ended 8Ω load. Unique to the LME49810 is an internal Baker Clamp. This clamp insures that the amplifier output does not saturate when over driven. The resultant “soft clipping” of high level audio signals suppresses undesirable audio artifacts generated when conventional solid state amplifiers are driven hard into clipping. The LME49810 includes thermal shutdown circuitry that activates when the die temperature exceeds 150°C. The LME49810’s mute function, when activated, mutes the input drive signal and forces the amplifier output to a quiescent state. ■ Wide operating voltage range ■ Slew Rate ±20V to ±100V 50V/μs (typ) ■ Output Drive Current 60mA (typ) ■ PSRR (f = DC) 110dB (typ) ■ THD+N (f = 1kHz) 0.0007 (typ) Features ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Very high voltage operation Output clamp logic output Thermal shutdown and mute Customizable external compensation Scalable output power Applications ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Guitar amplifiers Powered studio monitors Powered subwoofers Pro audio Audio video receivers High voltage industrial applications Boomer® is a registered trademark of National Semiconductor Corporation. Tru-GND is a trademark of National Semiconductor Corporation. © 2007 National Semiconductor Corporation 202167 www.national.com LME49810 200V Audio Power Amplifier Driver with Baker Clamp September 2007 LME49810 Typical Application 20216772 FIGURE 1. LME49810 Audio Amplifier Schematic www.national.com 2 LME49810 Connection Diagram TB Package 20216702 Top View Order Number LME49810TB See NS Package Number TB15A N = National Logo U = Fabrication plant code Z = Assembly plant code XY = 2 Digit date code TT = Die traceability TB = Package code Pin Descriptions Pin Pin Name 1 ClpFlag Description 2 Mute Mute Control 3 GND Device Ground 4 IN+ Non-Inverting Input 5 IN– Inverting Input 6 Comp External Compensation Connection 7 NC No Connect, Pin electrically isolated 8 Osense Baker Clamp Clip Flag Output Output Sense 9 NC 10 –VEE No Connect, Pin electrically isolated Negative Power Supply 11 BiasM Negative External Bias Control 12 BiasP Positive External Bias Control 13 Sink Output Sink 14 Source 15 +VCC Output Source Positive Power Supply 3 www.national.com LME49810 20216708 FIGURE 2. LME49810 Simplified Schematic www.national.com 4 If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required, please contact the National Semiconductor Sales Office/ Distributors for availability and specifications. Supply Voltage |V+| + |V-| Differential Input Voltage Common Mode Input Range Power Dissipation (Note 3) ESD Susceptibility (Note 4) ESD Susceptibility (Note 5) Junction Temperature (TJMAX) (Note 9) Soldering Information 200V ±6V 0.4VEE to 0.4VCC 4W 1kV 200V 150°C 260°C –40°C to +150°C θJA 73°C/W θJC 4°C/W Operating Ratings Temperature Range TMIN ≤ TA ≤ TMAX Supply Voltage Electrical Characteristics VCC = +100V, VEE = –100V −40°C ≤ TA ≤ +8 5°C ±20V ≤ VSUPPLY ≤ ±100V (Notes 1, 2) The following specifications apply for IMUTE = 100μA, unless otherwise specified. Limits apply for TA = 25°C, CC = 10pF, and AV = 29dB. LME49810 Symbol Parameter Conditions Typical (Note 6) Limits (Notes 7, 8) 18 Units (Limits) ICC Quiescent Power Supply Current VCM = 0V, VO = 0V, IO = 0A 11 IEE Quiescent Power Supply Current VCM = 0V, VO = 0V, IO = 0A 13 mA (max) THD+N No Load, BW = 30kHz Total Harmonic Distortion + Noise VOUT = 30VRMS, f = 1kHz 0.0007 % (max) AV Open Loop Gain f = DC f = 1kHz, VIN = 1mVRMS 120 88 dB dB VOM Output Voltage Swing THD+N = 0.05%, f = 1kHz 67.5 V RMS VNOISE Output Noise BW = 30kHz, A-weighted 50 34 150 μV μV (max) IOUT Output Current Current from Source to Sink Pins 60 50 mA (min) IMUTE Current into Mute Pin To activate the amplifier 100 50 200 μA (min) μA (max) SR Slew Rate VIN = 1VP-P, f = 10kHz square Wave 50 VOS Input Offset Voltage VCM = 0V, IO= 0mA 1 3 mV (max) IB Input Bias Current VCM = 0V, IO= 0mA 100 200 nA (max) PSRR Power Supply Rejection Ratio f = DC, Input Referred 110 105 dB (min) VCLIP Baker Clamp Clipping Voltage Clip Output Source pin Sink pin 97.2 –96.4 95.5 –95.5 V (max) V (min) VBC Baker Clamp Flag Output Voltage IFLAG = 4.7mA VBA Bias P&M Pin Open Voltage IBIAS Bias Adjust Function Current 0.4 BiasP - BiasM 5 mA (max) V/μs(min) V 10 V 2.8 mA www.national.com LME49810 T Package (10 seconds) Storage Temperature Thermal Resistance Absolute Maximum Ratings (Notes 1, 2) LME49810 Note 1: All voltages are measured with respect to the GND pin unless otherwise specified. Note 2: Absolute Maximum Ratings indicate limits beyond which damage to the device may occur. Operating Ratings indicate conditions for which the device is functional but do not guarantee specific performance limits. Electrical Characteristics state DC and AC electrical specifications under particular test conditions which guarantee specific performance limits. This assumes that the device is within the Operating Ratings. Specifications are not guaranteed for parameters where no limit is given, however, the typical value is a good indication of device performance. Note 3: The maximum power dissipation must be derated at elevated temperatures and is dictated by TJMAX, θJC, and the ambient temperature, TA. The maximum allowable power dissipation is PDMAX = (TJMAX - TA) / θJC or the number given in Absolute Maximum Ratings, whichever is lower. For the LME49810, TJMAX = 150° C and the typical θJC is 4°C/W. Refer to the Thermal Considerations section for more information. Note 4: Human body model, 100pF discharged through a 1.5kΩ resistor. Note 5: Machine Model, 220pF - 240pF discharged through all pins. Note 6: Typicals are measured at +25°C and represent the parametric norm. Note 7: Limits are guaranteed to National's AOQL (Average Outgoing Quality Level). Note 8: Datasheet min/max specification limits are guaranteed by design, test, or statistical analysis. Note 9: The maximum operating junction temperature is 150°C. Note 10: Data taken with Bandwidth = 30kHz, AV = 29dB, CC = 10pF, and TA = 25°C except where specified. www.national.com 6 LME49810 20216709 FIGURE 3. LME49810 Test Circuit Schematic (DC Coupled) 7 www.national.com LME49810 Typical Performance Characteristics (Note 10) THD+N vs Frequency +VCC = –VEE = 20V, VO = 5V THD+N vs Frequency +VCC = –VEE = 20V, VO = 10V 20216744 20216745 THD+N vs Frequency +VCC = –VEE = 50V, VO = 14V THD+N vs Frequency +VCC = –VEE = 50V, VO = 20V 20216746 20216747 THD+N vs Frequency +VCC = –VEE = 100V, VO = 14V THD+N vs Frequency +VCC = –VEE = 50V, VO = 30V 20216748 www.national.com 20216749 8 LME49810 THD+N vs Output Voltage +VCC = – VEE = 50V, f = 20Hz THD+N vs Output Voltage +VCC = –VEE = 100V, f = 20Hz 20216755 20216757 THD+N vs Output Voltage +VCC = –VEE = 50V, f = 1kHz THD+N vs Output Voltage +VCC = – VEE = 100V, f = 1kHz 20216753 20216754 THD+N vs Output Voltage +VCC = –VEE = 50V, f = 20kHz THD+N vs Output Voltage +VCC = –VEE = 100V, f = 20kHz 20216756 20216758 9 www.national.com LME49810 THD+N vs Output Voltage +VCC = –VEE = 20V, f = 20Hz THD+N vs Output Voltage +VCC = –VEE = 20V, f = 1kHz 20216751 20216750 THD+N vs Output Voltage +VCC = –VEE = 20V, f = 20kHz Closed Loop Frequency Response +VCC = –VEE = 50V, VIN = 1VRMS 20216735 20216752 Closed Loop Frequency Response +VCC = –VEE = 100V, VIN = 1VRMS PSRR vs Frequency +VCC = –VEE = 100V, No Filters, Input referred, VRIPPLE = 1VRMS on VCC pin 20216736 20216726 www.national.com 10 LME49810 PSRR vs Frequency +VCC = –VEE = 100V, No Filters, Input referred, VRIPPLE = 1VRMS on VEE pin Mute Attenuation vs IMUTE +VCC = –VEE = 100V 20216724 20216727 Output Voltage vs Supply Voltage Slew Rate vs Compensation Capacitor +VCC = –VEE = 100V, VIN = 1.2VP 10kHz squarewave 20216725 20216728 Supply Current vs Supply Voltage Input Offset Voltage vs Supply Voltage 20216737 20216741 11 www.national.com LME49810 Open Loop Gain and Phase Margin +VCC = –VEE = 100V CMRR vs Frequency +VCC = –VEE = 100V 20216738 20216722 Noise Floor +VCC = –VEE = 50V, VIN = 0V Noise Floor +VCC = –VEE = 100V, VIN = 0V 20216742 20216743 Baker Clamp Flag Output +VCC = –VEE = 100V, VIN = 4VRMS, fIN = 20kHz Ch1: Output, Ch2: CLPFLAG Output 20216734 www.national.com 12 reference voltage is not available, the following circuit using a Zener diode can be used to power the CLPFLAG pin from the higher supply voltage rails of the LME49810. The power dissipation rating of RZ will need to be at-least ½W if using a 5V Zener Diode. Alternately, the following basic formula can be used to find the proper power rating of RZ : PDZ = (VCC VZ)2/RZ (W). This formula can also be used to meet the design requirements of any other reference voltage that the user desires. MUTE FUNCTION The mute function of the LME49810 is controlled by the amount of current that flows into the MUTE pin. LME49810 typically requires 50μA to 100μA of mute current flowing in order to be in “play” mode. This can be done by connecting a reference voltage (VMUTE) to the MUTE pin through a resistor (RM). The following formula can be used to calculate the mute current. IMUTE = (VMUTE-0.7V) / (RM+10kΩ) (A) (1) The 10kΩ resistor value in Equation 1 is internal. Please refer to Figure 2, LME49810 Simplified Schematic, for additional details. For example, if a 5V voltage is connected through a 33kΩ resistor to the MUTE pin, then the mute current will be 100μA, according to Equation 1. Consequently, RM can be changed to suit any other reference voltage requirement. The LME49810 will enter Mute mode if IMUTE is less than 1μA which can be accomplished by shorting the MUTE pin to ground or by floating the MUTE pin. It is not recommended that more than 200μA flow into the MUTE pin because damage to LME49810 may occur and device may not function properly. 20216770 THERMAL PROTECTION The LME49810 has a thermal protection scheme to prevent long-term thermal stress of the device. When the temperature on the die exceeds 150°C, the LME49810 goes into thermal shutdown. The LME49810 starts operating again when the die temperature drops to about 145°C, but if the temperature again begins to rise, shutdown will occur again above 150°C. Therefore, the device is allowed to heat up to a relatively high temperature if the fault condition is temporary, but a sustained fault will cause the device to cycle between the thermal shutdown temperature limits of 150°C and 145°C. This greatly reduces the stress imposed on the IC by thermal cycling, which in turn improves its reliability under sustained fault conditions. Since the die temperature is directly dependent upon the heat sink used, the heat sink should be chosen so that thermal shutdown is not activated during normal operation. Using the best heat sink possible within the cost and space constraints of the system will improve the long-term reliability of any power semiconductor device, as discussed in the Determining the Correct Heat Sink section. BAKER CLAMP AND CLAMP FLAG OUTPUT The LME49810 features a Baker Clamp function with corresponding CLPFLAG output pin. The clamp function keeps all transistors in linear operation when the output goes into clipping. In addition, when the output goes into clipping, a logic low level appears at the CLPFLAG pin. The CLPFLGAG pin can be used to drive an LED or some other visual display as shown by Figure 1. The value of logic low voltage varies and depends on IFLAG. For example, if IFLAG is 4.7mA then a voltage (VBC) of 0.4V will appear at the CLPFLAG output pin. The smooth response of the Baker Clamp and the corresponding CLPFLAG logic output is shown in the scope photo below: POWER DISSIPATION When in “play” mode, the LME49810 draws a constant amount of current, regardless of the input signal amplitude. Consequently, the power dissipation is constant for a given supply voltage and can be computed with the equation PDMAX = ICC * (VCC – VEE). For a quick calculation of PDMAX, approximate the current to be 11mA and multiply it by the total supply voltage (the current varies slightly from this value over the operating range). DETERMINING THE CORRECT HEAT SINK The choice of a heat sink for a high-power audio amplifier is made entirely to keep the die temperature at a level such that the thermal protection circuitry is not activated under normal circumstances. The thermal resistance from the die to the outside air, θJA (junction to ambient), is a combination of three thermal resistances, θJC (junction to case), θCS (case to sink), and θSA (sink to ambient). The thermal resistance, θJC (junction to case), of the LME49810 is 4°C/W. Using Thermalloy Thermacote thermal compound, the thermal resistance, θCS (case to sink), is about 0.2°C/W. Since convection heat flow (power dissipation) is analogous to current flow, thermal resistance is analogous to electrical resistance, and temperature drops are 20216740 +VCC = -VEE = 100V, VIN = 4VRMS, fIN = 1kHz, RC = 1kΩ Ch1: Output, Ch2: CLPFLAG Output The CLPFLAG pin can source up to 10mA, and since the CLPFLAG output is an open collector output as shown by Figure 2, LME49810 Simplified Schematic, it should never be left to float under normal operation. If CLPFLAG pin is not used, then it should be connected through a resistor to a reference voltage so that IFLAG is below 10mA. For example, a resistor of 1k can be used with a 5V reference voltage. This will give the IFLAG of 4.7mA. In a typical LED setup, if +5V 13 www.national.com LME49810 Application Information LME49810 is an electrolytic type. An additional small value, high quality film capacitor may be used in parallel with the feedback resistor to improve high frequency sonic performance. If DC offset in the output stage is acceptable without the feedback capacitor, it may be removed but DC gain will now be equal to AC gain. analogous to voltage drops, the power dissipation out of the LME49810 is equal to the following: PDMAX = (TJMAX−TAMB) / θJA (2) where TJMAX = 150°C, TAMB is the system ambient temperature and θJA = θJC + θCS + θSA. COMPENSATION CAPACITOR The compensation capacitor (CC) is one of the most critical external components in value, placement and type. The capacitor should be placed close to the LME49810 and a silver mica type will give good performance. The value of the capacitor will affect slew rate and stability. The highest slew rate is possible while also maintaining stability through out the power and frequency range of operation results in the best audio performance. The value shown in Figure 1 should be considered a starting value with optimization done on the bench and in listening testing. Please refer to Slew Rate vs. CC Graph in Typical Performance Characteristics for determining the proper slew rate for your particular application. 20216771 Once the maximum package power dissipation has been calculated using Equation 2, the maximum thermal resistance, θSA, (heat sink to ambient) in °C/W for a heat sink can be calculated. This calculation is made using Equation 3 which is derived by solving for θSA from Equation 2. θSA = [(TJMAX−TAMB)−PDMAX(θJC +θCS)] / PDMAX SUPPLY BYPASSING The LME49810 has excellent power supply rejection and does not require a regulated supply. However, to eliminate possible oscillations all op amps and power op amps should have their supply leads bypassed with low-inductance capacitors having short leads and located close to the package terminals. Inadequate power supply bypassing will manifest itself by a low frequency oscillation known as “motorboating” or by high frequency instabilities. These instabilities can be eliminated through multiple bypassing utilizing a large electrolytic capacitor (10μF or larger) which is used to absorb low frequency variations and a small ceramic capacitor (0.1μF) to prevent any high frequency feedback through the power supply lines. If adequate bypassing is not provided the current in the supply leads which is a rectified component of the load current may be fed back into internal circuitry. This signal causes low distortion at high frequencies requiring that the supplies be bypassed at the package terminals with an electrolytic capacitor of 470μF or more. (3) Again it must be noted that the value of θSA is dependent upon the system designer's amplifier requirements. If the ambient temperature that the audio amplifier is to be working under is higher than 25°C, then the thermal resistance for the heat sink, given all other things are equal, will need to be smaller. PROPER SELECTION OF EXTERNAL COMPONENTS Proper selection of external components is required to meet the design targets of an application. The choice of external component values that will affect gain and low frequency response are discussed below. The overall gain of the amplifier is set by resistors RF and Ri for the non-inverting configuration shown in Figure 1. The gain is found by Equation 4 below given Ri = RIN and RF = RS. AV = RF / Ri (V/V) (4) OUTPUT STAGE USING BIPOLAR TRANSISTORS With a properly designed output stage and supply voltage of ±100V, an output power up to 500W can be generated at 0.05% THD+N into an 8Ω speaker load. With an output current of several amperes, the output transistors need substantial base current drive because power transistors usually have quite low current gain—typical hfe of 50 or so. To increase the current gain, audio amplifiers commonly use Darlington style devices. Power transistors should be mounted together with the VBE multiplier transistor on the same heat sink to avoid thermal run away. Please see the section Biasing Technique and Avoiding Thermal Runaway for additional information. For best Noise performance, lower values of resistors are used. A value of 243 is commonly used for Ri and setting the value for RF for desired gain. For the LME49810 the gain should be set no lower than 10V/V. Gain settings below 10V/ V may experience instability. The combination of Ri and Ci (see Figure 1) creates a high pass filter. The gain at low frequency and therefore the response is determined by these components. The -3dB point can be determined from Equation 5 shown below: fi = 1 / (2πRiCi) (Hz) (5) BIASING TECHNIQUES AND AVOIDING THERMAL RUNAWAY A class AB amplifier has some amount of distortion called Crossover distortion. To effectively minimize the crossover distortion from the output, a VBE multiplier may be used instead of two biasing diodes. The LME49810 has two dedicated pins (BIASM and BIASP) for Bias setup and provide a constant current source of about 2.8mA. A VBE multiplier normally consists of a bipolar transistor (QMULT, see Figure 1) and two resistors (RB1 and RB2, see Figure 1). A trim pot can also be added in series with RB1 for optional bias adjustment. A properly designed output stage, combine with a VBE multiplier, If an input coupling capacitor (CIN) is used to block DC from the inputs as shown in Figure 1, there will be another high pass filter created with the combination of CIN and RIN. The resulting -3dB frequency response due to the combination of CIN and RIN can be found from equation 6 shown below: fIN = 1 / (2πRINCIN) (Hz) (6) For best audio performance, the input capacitor should not be used. Without the input capacitor, any DC bias from the source will be transferred to the load. The feedback capacitor (Ci) is used to set the gain at DC to unity. Because a large value is required for a low frequency -3dB point, the capacitor www.national.com 14 VBIAS = VBE(1+RB2/RB1) (V) LAYOUT CONSIDERATION AND AVOIDING GROUND LOOPS A proper layout is virtually essential for a high performance audio amplifier. It is very important to return the load ground, supply grounds of output transistors, and the low level (feedback and input) grounds to the circuit board common ground point through separate paths. When ground is routed in this fashion, it is called a star ground or a single point ground. It is advisable to keep the supply decoupling capacitors of 0.1μF close as possible to LME49810 to reduce the effects of PCB trace resistance and inductance. Following the general rules will optimize the PCB layout and avoid ground loops problems: a) Make use of symmetrical placement of components. b) Make high current traces, such as output path traces, as wide as possible to accomodate output stage current requirement. c) To reduce the PCB trace resistance and inductance, same ground returns paths should be as short as possible. If possible, make the output traces short and equal in length. d) To reduce the PCB trace resistance and inductance, ground returns paths should be as short as possible. e) If possible, star ground or a single point ground should be observed. Advanced planning before starting the PCB can improve audio performance. (7) When using a bipolar output stage with the LME49810 (as in Figure 1), the designer must beware of thermal runaway. Thermal runaway is a result of the temperature dependence of VBE (an inherent property of the transistor). As temperature increases, VBE decreases. In practice, current flowing through a bipolar transistor heats up the transistor, which lowers the VBE. This in turn increases the current gain, and the cycle repeats. If the system is not designed properly this positive feedback mechanism can destroy the bipolar transistors used in the output stage. One of the recommended methods of preventing thermal runaway is to use the same heat sink on the bipolar output stage transistor together with VBE multiplier transistor. When the VBE multiplier transistor is mounted to the same heat sink as the bipolar output stage transistors, it temperature will track that of the output transistors. Its VBE is dependent upon temperature as well, and so it will draw more current as the output transistors heat up, reducing the bias voltage to compensate. This will limit the base current into the output transistors, which counteracts thermal runaway. Another widely popular method of preventing thermal runaway is to use low value emitter degeneration resistors (RE1 and RE2). As current increases, the voltage at the emitter also increases, which decreases the voltage across the base and 15 www.national.com LME49810 emitter. This mechanism helps to limit the current and counteracts thermal runaway. can eliminate the trim pot and virtually eliminate crossover distortion. The VCE voltage of QMULT (also called BIAS of the output stage) can be set by following formula: LME49810 Demo Board Schematic 20216707 FIGURE 4. LME49810 Test demo board schematic www.national.com 16 LME49810 Demonstration Board Layout 20216704 Silkscreen Layer 20216706 Top Layer 17 www.national.com LME49810 20216703 Bottom Layer www.national.com 18 LME49810 Revision History Rev Date Description 1.0 05/24/07 Initial WEB release. 1.01 05/29/07 Few text edits. 1.02 09/17/07 Edited curve 20216724. 19 www.national.com LME49810 Physical Dimensions inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted TO–247 15–Lead Package Order Number LME49810TB NS Package Number TB15A www.national.com 20 LME49810 Notes 21 www.national.com LME49810 200V Audio Power Amplifier Driver with Baker Clamp Notes THE CONTENTS OF THIS DOCUMENT ARE PROVIDED IN CONNECTION WITH NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION (“NATIONAL”) PRODUCTS. NATIONAL MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES WITH RESPECT TO THE ACCURACY OR COMPLETENESS OF THE CONTENTS OF THIS PUBLICATION AND RESERVES THE RIGHT TO MAKE CHANGES TO SPECIFICATIONS AND PRODUCT DESCRIPTIONS AT ANY TIME WITHOUT NOTICE. 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