DESIGN INFORMATION Micropower Octal 10-Bit DAC Conserves Board Space with SO-8 Footprint by Kevin R. Hoskins Introduction Rail-to-Rail Output Amplifiers Single Supply, 60µA per DAC Historically, many circuits have relied on potentiometers for adjustment or control. Increasingly, microcontrollers and microprocessors are finding applications in these circuits. The inclusion of processors can eliminate potentiometers, replacing them with digital-to-analog converters (DACs). Fulfilling this need is the LTC1660. Each internal DAC has an amplifier that buffers its output. The amplifiers’ output voltage can swing rail-to-rail; they can source or sink up to 5mA while maintaining guaranteed linearity and monotonicity performance. Additionally, the amplifiers can easily drive 1000pF and remain stable. Higher capacitive loads (such as 0.1µF) can be driven by placing a small value resistor (100Ω typical) in series with the output pin. The LTC1660 maintains its specified operation over the wide supply range of 2.7V to 5.5V. To ensure efficient operation on this supply range, the total typical supply current drawn is just 480µA. The wide supply range and low current requirements make this DAC ideal for battery-powered applications. Features Eight DACs in 0.045in2 The LTC1660 is the latest multichannel DAC from Linear Technology. This 10-bit, voltage-output, octal DAC is designed to conserve board space. Packaged in a 16-pin narrow SSOP, it has an 8-pin SO footprint. Figure 1 is a block diagram showing the LTC1660’s major circuit features. LTC1660 2 VOUT A 3 VOUT B Inherent 10-Bit Monotonicity and Linearity (DNL) Performance The LTC1660 uses a DAC architecture that features excellent ±0.5dB differential linearity accuracy, ensuring inherently monotonic performance. This is important for closed-loop control applications, since nonmonotonic operation compromises loop stability. Figures 2a and 2b show the LTC1660’s INL and DNL performance, respectively. 4 VOUT C 5 VOUT D 1 Reference Input The LTC1660 uses a single external reference voltage for all its internal DACs. This voltage sets its full-scale output range. The reference voltage magnitude has a range of 0V to VCC. Figure 3 shows a micropower LT14602.5 voltage reference setting the LTC1660’s full-scale output to 2.5V. DAC A DAC H DAC B DAC G DAC C DAC F DAC D DAC E VOUT H 15 VOUT G 14 VOUT F 13 VOUT E 12 GND VCC 6 16 REF 7 CS/LD 8 CLK CONTROL LOGIC ADDRESS DECODER 11 CLR 9 DIN SHIFT REGISTER DOUT 10 Figure 1. LTC1660 block diagram Linear Technology Magazine • February 1998 29 DESIGN INFORMATION 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.75 0.25 0 –0.25 1660_XX.EPS 11 0.1µF 7 –0.75 Figure 2a. LTC1660 integral nonlinearity error LT1460-2.5 –0.25 –0.75 128 256 384 512 640 768 896 1024 CODE 1 0 –0.50 0 16 6 0.25 –0.50 –1.00 LTC1660 0.1µF 16k 0.50 DNL ERROR (LSB) INL ERROR (LSB) 0.50 5V –1.00 SERIAL INTERFACE 8 9 10 0 128 256 384 512 640 768 896 1024 CODE VCC REF GND CLR CS/LD CLK DIN DOUT VOUT A 2 3 VOUT B 4 VOUT C 5 VOUT D 12 VOUT E 13 VOUT F 14 VOUT G 15 VOUT H Figure 3. An LT1460 2.5V reference sets the LTC1660’s full-scale output to 2.5V. 1660_YY.EPS Figure 2b. LTC1660 differential nonlinearity error Asynchronous CLEAR SLEEP Mode Further power saving is possible when the LTC1660 is placed in SLEEP mode. Activating SLEEP mode shuts off all internal bias currents and places the output amplifiers in a high impedance state. The SLEEP mode reduces current consumption to 1µA or less. The digital circuitry remains active, retaining the stored values for each DAC. There are two ways to take the part out of SLEEP mode: loading any ADDRESS/CONTROL value other than SLEEP mode or applying a logic low to the CLR pin. The last technique awakens the LTC1660 and sets all eight outputs to 0V. multiple LTC1660s and other LTC DACs to the same serial data line. The daisy chain is linked by connecting a part’s DOUT pin to the DIN pin of the next part in the chain. The advantages of the single serial data line include reduced circuit board space, reduced radiation that results from fewer circuit traces and conservation of limited microcontroller or microprocessor I/O lines. This active low input will asynchronously reset all eight DAC outputs to 0V when a logic low is applied to this pin. It also deactivates the SLEEP mode. Applications The LTC1660 shines brightly in applications that take advantage of its micropower, linearity and versatility. The applications include offset and gain adjust in industrial Power-On Reset control systems and AGC and transmit power adjustment in wireless The LTC1660’s power-on reset encommunication. sures that the output voltage on each DAC is set to 0V when power (2.7V– continued on page 33 5.5V) is first applied to the VCC pin. Serial Interface The eight internal DACs are addressed individually over a 3-wire, SPI-compatible interface. The three signals are Chip Select/Load (CS/LD), Serial Clock (CLK) and Data In (DIN). Schmitt Trigger Inputs The LTC1660’s Schmitt trigger digital inputs prevent false triggers when responding to noisy signals or those having slow rise or fall times. This quality makes the LTC1660 ideal for remote placement at the end of long serial transmission lines or lines that use optoisolators. DOUT Daisy Chain Another feature of the LTC1660’s serial interface is its DOUT pin. The current contents of the internal shift register are shifted out on this pin as new data is shifted in on the DIN pin. This pin makes it possible to connect 30 Table 1. DAC address/control functions Bit14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Address/Control Bit13 Bit12 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 Bit11 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Action No Update Load DAC A Load DAC B Load DAC C Load DAC D Load DAC E Load DAC F Load DAC G Load DAC H None None None None None SLEEP Mode Load all DACSs with the same 10-bit code Linear Technology Magazine • February 1998 CONTINUATIONS LTC1660 continued from page 30 Accessing the Functionality Table 1 shows the DAC ADDRESS/ CONTROL codes that update each of the DACs, activate the SLEEP mode, cause “No Update”, or update all DACs with the same 10-bit value. The four MSBs (Bit15–Bit12) of the 16-bit data word sent to the LTC1660 select a DAC for updating or a control function such as SLEEP. The next ten bits (Bit11–Bit2) are the data that sets the selected DAC’s output voltage. For example, with a 2.5V reference voltage applied to the LTC1660’s pin 6, a value of 819 (1100110011) on Bit11–Bit2 sets the DAC’s output voltage to 819/1024 • 2.5V, = 2.0V. The last two bits (Bit1–Bit0) are “don’t care.” When a 4-bit “no update” code is sent (Bit15–Bit12 = 0000 and 1001–1101), the contents of Bit11–Bit0 are ignored. The SLEEP mode is selected by sending Bit15–Bit12 = 1110. The LTC1660 is awakened by applying a logic low to the CLR pin or by completing a data load cycle. To awaken the part with a load cycle and return to the same output voltages as before SLEEP, use address/control locations Bit15–Bit12 = 0000 or 1001–1101. Using CLR to awaken the LTC1660 changes the contents of all DAC registers to zeros and the output voltage to 0V. Finally, all DACs can be forced to the same output voltage by using address/control location Bit15–Bit12 = 1111. Layout, Bypassing and Grounding Considerations Like all data converters, the LTC1660 performs best when it is properly grounded, bypassed and placed on a PCB layout optimized for low noise. Proper grounding is achieved by placing the part over an analog ground plane. Ideally, no traces should cut through the analog ground plane. If a digital ground plane is present, it should make contact with the analog ground plane at only one point, usually where the board is grounded to the power supply ground. If the board consists of multiple layers, the digital and analog ground planes should not overlap each other. The ground pin (pin 1) should be connected to the analog ground plane. Two 0.1µ F bypass capacitors should be connected between the LTC1660 and the analog ground plane. One capacitor is connected to the VCC input (pin 16) and the other is connected to the reference input (pin 6). Lead lengths should be as short as possible. To help ensure that digital switching noise does not contaminate the analog output, pins 7–11 should be placed over the digital ground plane and not cross the analog ground plane. Conclusion The LTC1660 10-bit octal DAC features a very small narrow SSOP-16 package, micropower operation and power saving SLEEP mode. These features make this the ideal part for dense circuit boards and battery-powered applications. LTC1068-200 continued from page 23 200Hz 100kHz 200kHz DI_1068_03b. EPS Figure 3b. Spectrum plot of Figure 1’s circuit with a single 150kHz input spurious free dynamic range (SFDR) of the LTC1068 highpass filter is in excess of 70dB. In fact, the filter has a 70dB SFDR for all input signals up to 100kHz. In a 200kHz sampleddata system, you would normally need to band limit the input below 100kHz, Linear Technology Magazine • February 1998 the Nyquist frequency. Because the LTC1068 uses double sampling techniques, its useful input frequency range extends to the Nyquist frequency and even above, albeit with some care. Figure 3b shows the LTC1068-200 highpass filter with an input frequency of 150kHz. There is a spurious signal at 50kHz, but even though there is no input filtering, the SFDR is still 60dB. For input signals from 100kHz to 150kHz, the filter demonstrates an SFDR of at least 60dB. The SFDR plot of the same filter built with the LTC1068-25 is shown in Figure 4. Note that the lower CCFR (25:1) part still manages a respectable 55dB SFDR with a 10kHz input. The LTC1068-25 is used primarily for band-limited applications, such as lowpass and bandpass filters. –10dB 10dB/DIV 10dB/DIV –10dB 100Hz 12.5kHz 25kHz DI_1068_04. EPS Figure 4. Spectrum plot of a comparable filter using the LTC1068-25 with a single 10kHz input shows a respectable 55dB SFDR. Note: The filters for this article were designed using Linear Technology’s FilterCAD™ (version 2.0) for Windows®. This program made the design and optimization of these filters fast and easy. 33