MCP1630
Low-Cost NiMH
Battery Charger
Reference Design
© 2007 Microchip Technology Inc.
DS51648A
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DS51648A-page ii
© 2007 Microchip Technology Inc.
MCP1630 LOW-COST NIMH BATTERY
CHARGER REFERENCE DESIGN
Table of Contents
Preface ........................................................................................................................... 1
Introduction............................................................................................................ 1
Document Layout .................................................................................................. 1
Conventions Used in this Guide ............................................................................ 2
Recommended Reading........................................................................................ 3
The Microchip Web Site ........................................................................................ 3
Customer Support ................................................................................................. 3
Document Revision History ................................................................................... 4
Chapter 1. Product Overview ....................................................................................... 5
1.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 5
1.2 What is the MCP1630 Low Cost NiMH Battery Charger Reference Design? 6
1.3 What the MCP1630 Low Cost NiMH Battery Charger Reference Design
Kit includes ............................................................................................... 6
Chapter 2. Installation and Operation ......................................................................... 7
2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 7
2.2 Features ......................................................................................................... 7
2.3 Getting Started ............................................................................................... 8
Appendix A. Schematic and Layouts ........................................................................ 11
A.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 11
A.2 Board – Schematic........................................................................................ 12
A.3 Board – Top Silk Layer ................................................................................. 13
A.4 Board – Top Metal Layer .............................................................................. 14
A.5 Board – Bottom Metal Layer ......................................................................... 15
Appendix B. Bill Of Materials (BOM) ......................................................................... 17
Appendix C. Demo Board Firmware .......................................................................... 19
C.1 Device Firmware Flowchart - Page 1 ........................................................... 19
C.2 Device Firmware Flowchart - Page 2 ........................................................... 20
Worldwide Sales and Service .................................................................................... 22
© 2007 Microchip Technology Inc.
DS51648A-page iii
MCP1630 Low-Cost NiMH Battery Charger Reference Design
NOTES:
DS51648A-page iv
© 2007 Microchip Technology Inc.
MCP1630 LOW-COST NIMH BATTERY
CHARGER REFERENCE DESIGN
Preface
NOTICE TO CUSTOMERS
All documentation becomes dated, and this manual is no exception. Microchip tools and
documentation are constantly evolving to meet customer needs, so some actual dialogs
and/or tool descriptions may differ from those in this document. Please refer to our web site
(www.microchip.com) to obtain the latest documentation available.
Documents are identified with a “DS” number. This number is located on the bottom of each
page, in front of the page number. The numbering convention for the DS number is
“DSXXXXXA”, where “XXXXX” is the document number and “A” is the revision level of the
document.
For the most up-to-date information on development tools, see the MPLAB® IDE on-line help.
Select the Help menu, and then Topics to open a list of available on-line help files.
INTRODUCTION
This chapter contains general information that will be useful to know before using the
MCP1630 Low-Cost NiMH Battery Charger Reference Design. Items discussed in this
chapter include:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Document Layout
Conventions Used in this Guide
Recommended Reading
The Microchip Web Site
Customer Support
Document Revision History
DOCUMENT LAYOUT
This document describes how to use the MCP1630 Low-Cost NiMH Battery Charger
Reference Design as a development tool. The manual layout is as follows:
• Chapter 1. “Product Overview” – Important information about the MCP1630
Low-Cost NiMH Battery Charger Reference Design.
• Chapter 2. “Installation and Opation” – Includes instructions on how to get
started with this user’s guide and a description of how to use the MCP1630
Low-Cost NiMH Battery Charger Reference Design.
• Appendix A. “Schematic and Layouts” – Shows the schematic and layout
diagrams for the MCP1630 Low-Cost NiMH Battery Charger Reference Design.
• Appendix B. “Bill Of Materials (BOM)” – Lists the parts used to build the
MCP1630 Low-Cost NiMH Battery Charger Reference Design.
• Appendix C. “Demo Board Firmware” – Provides information about the
application firmware and source code.
© 2007 Microchip Technology Inc.
DS51648A-page 1
MCP1630 Low-Cost NiMH Battery Charger Reference Design
CONVENTIONS USED IN THIS GUIDE
This manual uses the following documentation conventions:
DOCUMENTATION CONVENTIONS
Description
Arial font:
Italic characters
Represents
Referenced books
Emphasized text
A window
A dialog
A menu selection
A field name in a window or
dialog
A menu path
MPLAB® IDE User’s Guide
...is the only compiler...
the Output window
the Settings dialog
select Enable Programmer
“Save project before build”
A dialog button
A tab
A number in verilog format,
where N is the total number of
digits, R is the radix and n is a
digit.
A key on the keyboard
Click OK
Click the Power tab
4‘b0010, 2‘hF1
Italic Courier New
Sample source code
Filenames
File paths
Keywords
Command-line options
Bit values
Constants
A variable argument
Square brackets [ ]
Optional arguments
Curly brackets and pipe
character: { | }
Ellipses...
Choice of mutually exclusive
arguments; an OR selection
Replaces repeated text
#define START
autoexec.bat
c:\mcc18\h
_asm, _endasm, static
-Opa+, -Opa0, 1
0xFF, ‘A’
file.o, where file can be
any valid filename
mcc18 [options] file
[options]
errorlevel {0|1}
Initial caps
Quotes
Underlined, italic text with
right angle bracket
Bold characters
N‘Rnnnn
Text in angle brackets < >
Courier New font:
Plain Courier New
Represents code supplied by
user
DS51648A-page 2
Examples
File>Save
Press <Enter>, <F1>
var_name [,
var_name...]
void main (void)
{ ...
}
© 2007 Microchip Technology Inc.
Preface
RECOMMENDED READING
This user's guide describes how to use MCP1630 Low-Cost NiMH Battery Charger
Reference Design. Other useful documents are listed below. The following Microchip
documents are available and recommended as supplemental reference resources.
MCP1630/MCP1630V Data Sheet, "High-Speed, Microcontroller-Adaptable, Pulse
Width Modulator" (DS21896)
This data sheet provides detailed information regarding the MCP1630/MCP1630V
product family.
PIC12F683 Data Sheet, "8-Pin Flash-Based, 8-Bit CMOS Microcontrollers with
Nano Watt Technology” (DS41211)
This data sheet provides detailed information regarding the PIC12F683 product family.
AN960 Application Note, “New Components and Design Methods Bring
Intelligence to Battery Charger Applications” (DS00960)
THE MICROCHIP WEB SITE
Microchip provides online support via our web site at www.microchip.com. This web
site is used as a means to make files and information easily available to customers.
Accessible by using your favorite Internet browser, the web site contains the following
information:
• Product Support – Data sheets and errata, application notes and sample
programs, design resources, user’s guides and hardware support documents,
latest software releases and archived software
• General Technical Support – Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs), technical
support requests, online discussion groups, Microchip consultant program
member listing
• Business of Microchip – Product selector and ordering guides, latest Microchip
press releases, listing of seminars and events, listings of Microchip sales offices,
distributors and factory representatives
CUSTOMER SUPPORT
Users of Microchip products can receive assistance through several channels:
•
•
•
•
Distributor or Representative
Local Sales Office
Field Application Engineer (FAE)
Technical Support
Customers should contact their distributor, representative or field application engineer
for support. Local sales offices are also available to help customers. A listing of sales
offices and locations is included in the back of this document.
Technical support is available through the web site at: http://support.microchip.com
© 2007 Microchip Technology Inc.
DS51648A-page 3
MCP1630 Low-Cost NiMH Battery Charger Reference Design
DOCUMENT REVISION HISTORY
Revision A (February 2007)
• Initial Release of this Document.
DS51648A-page 4
© 2007 Microchip Technology Inc.
MCP1630 LOW-COST NIMH BATTERY
CHARGER REFERENCE DESIGN
Chapter 1. Product Overview
1.1
INTRODUCTION
The MCP1630 Low-Cost NiMH Battery Charger Reference Design is used to charge
three series cell NiMH or NiCd batteries. The board uses the MCP1630 high-speed
analog PWM and PIC12F683 to generate the charge algorithm for NiMH or NiCd
batteries.
The MCP1630 Low-Cost NiMH Battery Charger Reference Design is used to evaluate
Microchip’s MCP1630 in a SEPIC power converter application. As provided, the
MCP1630 Low-Cost NiMH Battery Charger Reference Design is capable of charging a
three series cell NiMH battery pack from an input voltage of 6V to 14V. The MCP1630
Low-Cost NiMH Battery Charger Reference Design provides a constant current charge
with preconditioning, cell temperature monitoring and battery pack fault monitoring.
Also, the charger provides a status or fault indication. The MCP1630 Low-Cost NiMH
Battery Charger Reference Design automatically detects the insertion or removal of a
battery pack.
This chapter covers the following topics.
• What is the MCP1630 Low Cost NiMH Battery Charger Reference Design?
• What the MCP1630 Low Cost NiMH Battery Charger Reference Design Kit
includes.
6V to 14V
Power Supply
+
-
VOLTAGE
REGULATED
WALL CUBE
MCP1630 SEPIC
Battery Charger
THERM
B-
FIGURE 1-1:
Block Diagram.
© 2007 Microchip Technology Inc.
3 Cell NiMH
B+
MCP1630 Low Cost NiMH Battery Charger Reference Design
DS51648A-page 5
MCP1630 Low-Cost NiMH Battery Charger Reference Design
1.2
WHAT IS THE MCP1630 LOW COST NIMH BATTERY CHARGER
REFERENCE DESIGN?
The MCP1630 Low-Cost NiMH Battery Charger Reference Design is a complete
stand-alone constant current battery charger for a three series cell NiMH or NiCd
battery pack. Different battery chemistries (i.e. Li-Ion batteries connected in series) can
be charged with minor modifications to the firmware or with the MCP1630 Low-Cost
NiMH Battery Charger Reference Design. This board utilizes Microchip’s MCP1630
(high-speed PIC® MCU PWM MSOP8), MCP6292 (Dual op-amp MSOP8), and
PIC12F683 (Flash MCU SOIC8). The input voltage range for the demo board is 6V to
14V. The output is capable of charging at a fast charge rate of 1.3A constant current.
An input terminal block is provided to apply the input voltage to the charger. An output
header is also provided as a means to connect the external battery pack or simulated
battery load and external 10K thermistor. A programming header is available for
updating the firmware contained in the PIC12F683.
1.3
WHAT THE MCP1630 LOW COST NIMH BATTERY CHARGER REFERENCE
DESIGN KIT INCLUDES
This MCP1630 Low Cost NiMH Battery Charger Reference Design kit includes:
• The MCP1630 Low-Cost NiMH Battery Charger Reference Design Board,
(102-00127)
• Analog and Interface Products Demonstration Boards CD-ROM (DS21912)
- MCP1630 Low-Cost NiMH Battery Charger Reference Design User’s Guide,
(DS51648)
DS51648A-page 6
© 2007 Microchip Technology Inc.
MCP1630 LOW-COST NIMH BATTERY
CHARGER REFERENCE DESIGN
Chapter 2. Installation and Operation
2.1
INTRODUCTION
The MCP1630 Low-Cost NiMH Battery Charger Reference Design demonstrates
Microchip’s high-speed Pulse Width Modulator (PWM) (the MCP1630) used in a
battery charger application. When used in conjunction with a microcontroller, the
MCP1630 will control the power system duty cycle to provide output voltage or current
regulation. The PIC12F683 microcontroller can be used to regulate output voltage or
current, switching frequency and maximum duty cycle. The MCP1630 generates duty
cycle and provides fast overcurrent protection based off various external inputs.
External signals include the input oscillator, the reference voltage, the feedback voltage
and the current sense. The output signal is a square-wave pulse. The power train used
for the MCP1630 Low-Cost NiMH Battery Charger Reference Design is a Single-Ended
Primary Inductive Converter (SEPIC).The PIC12F683 microcontroller is programmable, allowing the user to modify or develop their own firmware routines to further
evaluate the MCP1630 Low-Cost NiMH Battery Charger Reference Design in this
application.
2.2
FEATURES
The MCP1630 Low-Cost NiMH Battery Charger has the following features:
• Programmed parameters - modified in firmware
• Factory Settings:
- Preconditioning Charge Current =170 mA
- Preconditioning Threshold = 3V
- Constant Current Fast Charge = 1.35A
- Charge Termination based on delta - VBATT / delta time
- Charge Termination based on delta + TBATT / delta time, with external
thermistor installed
• Top Off Charge Current = 130 mA for 1 Hour
• Overvoltage protection (battery removed)
• Overcharge protection to prevent damaging the battery
• Overcurrent protection in the event of a shorted battery
• Battery reversal protection
• Input short circuit protection
• Overtemperature protection to prevent the battery from reaching too high a temperature during charge
• Soft-start capability by holding the reference voltage low during power-up
• The MCP1630 Low-Cost NiMH Battery Charger has the flexibility to optimize the
charging algorithm for new battery technology, different battery chemistries or
different battery pack configurations
• Proprietary features can be added by modifying the firmware contained in the
PIC12F683
• The factory-programmed source code is available
• Ability to adapt to environmental effects, such as ambient temperature
© 2007 Microchip Technology Inc.
DS51648A-page 7
MCP1630 Low-Cost NiMH Battery Charger Reference Design
2.3
GETTING STARTED
60
5.0
50
4.0
40
3.0
30
2.0
20
1.0
10
0.0
0
Temperature (C)
6.0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
Battery Voltage (V)
Charge Current (A)
The MCP1630 Low-Cost NiMH Battery Charger is fully assembled and tested for
charging three series cell NiMH batteries. The charge termination is based on a
negative slope in battery voltage or a positive slope in battery pack temperature, (when
external thermistor is installed). This board requires the use of an external voltage
source to charge the series connected batteries with a range of +6V to +14V input. An
external load and thermistor is also required to evaluate the charger reference design.
Time (Minutes)
FIGURE 2-1:
Charge Profile.
MCP1630 Low-Cost NiMH Battery Charger Reference Design
2.3.1
Power Input and Output Connection
2.3.1.1
POWERING THE MCP1630 LOW-COST NIMH BATTERY CHARGER
1. Apply the input voltage to the input terminal block, J1. The input voltage source
should be limited to the 0V to +14V range. For nominal operation the input
voltage should be between +6V and +14V.
2. Connect the positive side of the input source (+) to pin 1 of J1. Connect the
negative or return side (-) of the input source to pin 2 of J1. Refer to Figure 2-2.
DS51648A-page 8
© 2007 Microchip Technology Inc.
Installation and Operation
J1
C1
C2
L1
C3
D1
Input +
Input -
C4
J2
Battery
Header
Q1
R3
R1
C5
R5
C9
R1 1
R1 2
R1 3
C1 0
R1 6
R2
R7
R6
C6
J3
C8
R1 5
U2
U4
R4
R8 C7 R9 R1 0
R1 4
U3
Programming
Header
R1 7
D2
R2 1
FIGURE 2-2:
2.3.1.2
R1 8 R1 9
C1 2
C1 3 C1 4
Setup Configuration Diagram.
APPLYING A LOAD TO THE MCP1630 LOW-COST NIMH BATTERY
CHARGER REFERENCE DESIGN
1. To apply a load to the MCP1630 Low-Cost Li-Ion Battery Charger, the positive
side of the load (B+) should be connected to pin 1 of J2. The negative side of the
load (B-) should be connected to pin 5 of J2. Care should be taken when using
electronic loads or ground referenced loads.
2. A thermistor referenced to (B-) in the battery pack should be utilized, recommended EPCOS Inc. PN B57509m103A5. If a thermistor is not available or not
desired, a 10 kΩ resistor should be placed between pins 4 and 5 of the battery
header (J2).
3. The installed firmware will prevent the board from entering the 1.3A Fast Charge
mode, if the battery terminal voltage is less than 2V. During power-up, the board
will always trickle charge first, so using a purely resistive load will not work for
trickle and fast-charge current. The best way to evaluate the charger is to use a
three series cell NiMH 2,200 mA/hour batteries, or the recommended simulated
battery load. Refer to Figure 2-3 before applying a load to the MCP1630
Low-Cost NiMH Battery Charger Reference Design.
© 2007 Microchip Technology Inc.
DS51648A-page 9
MCP1630 Low-Cost NiMH Battery Charger Reference Design
VBAT+
+
1,000 µF
10V AL
Variable
Power Supply
- 0V - 6V
2Ω
10W
VBAT-
FIGURE 2-3:
2.3.1.3
Simulated Battery Load.
STATUS LED
1. The MCP1630 Low-Cost NiMH Battery Charger has an LED to indicate charge
status or fault status. Table 2-1 represents the state of the LED during various
states of the charge cycle.
TABLE 2-1:
STATUS OUTPUT
CHARGE CYCLE STATE
LED
Qualification
Preconditioning
OFF
Constant Current Fast Charge
ON
Top Off Charge
ON
Charge Complete
OFF
Safety Timer Fault
Flashing (2 Hz, 50% duty cycle)
ON
Cell Temperature Invalid
Flashing (1 Hz, 50% duty cycle)
Battery Disconnected
OFF
Input Power Removed
OFF
2.3.1.4
PROGRAMMING
Header J3 is provided for in-system circuit programming.
DS51648A-page 10
© 2007 Microchip Technology Inc.
MCP1630 LOW-COST NIMH BATTERY
CHARGER REFERENCE DESIGN
Appendix A. Schematic and Layouts
A.1
INTRODUCTION
This appendix contains the following schematics and layouts for the MCP1630
Low-Cost NiMH Battery Charger Reference Design:
•
•
•
•
•
Board Schematic
Board – Top Silk Layer
Board – Top Metal Layer
Board – Bottom Silk Layer
Board – Bottom Metal Layer
© 2007 Microchip Technology Inc.
DS51648A-page 11
MCP1630 Low-Cost NiMH Battery Charger Reference Design
A
3
2
6
A
K
5
A
1
BOARD – SCHEMATIC
7
A.2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
K
A
DS51648A-page 12
© 2007 Microchip Technology Inc.
Schematic and Layouts
A.3
BOARD – TOP SILK LAYER
J1
C1
C2
L1
C3
D1
C4
J2
Q1
R3
R1
C5
R5
C9
R11
R12
R13
C10
R16
R2
R7
R6
C6
R15
U2
U4
R4
R8 C7 R9 R10
C8
J3
R14
U3
R17
D2
R21
© 2007 Microchip Technology Inc.
R18R19
C12
C13 C14
DS51648A-page 13
MCP1630 Low-Cost NiMH Battery Charger Reference Design
A.4
BOARD – TOP METAL LAYER
DS51648A-page 14
© 2007 Microchip Technology Inc.
Schematic and Layouts
A.5
BOARD – BOTTOM METAL LAYER
© 2007 Microchip Technology Inc.
DS51648A-page 15
MCP1630 Low-Cost NiMH Battery Charger Reference Design
NOTES:
DS51648A-page 16
© 2007 Microchip Technology Inc.
MCP1630 LOW-COST NIMH BATTERY
CHARGER REFERENCE DESIGN
Appendix B. Bill Of Materials (BOM)
TABLE B-1:
Qty
BILL OF MATERIALS (BOM)
Reference
Description
Manufacturer
Panasonic®
Part Number
3
C1, C2, C4
10uF, X5R Ceramic, 25V, 1206
1
C3
1uF, X7R Ceramic, 25V, 1206
Panasonic-ECG
ECJ-3YB1E105K
5
C5, C10,
C12, C13
0.1uF, X7R Ceramic, 16V, 0805
Panasonic-ECG
ECJ-2VB1C104K
2
C6, C7
1500pF, X7R Ceramic, 100V, 0805
Panasonic-ECG
ECJ-2VB2A152K
1
C8
22pF, NPO Ceramic, 50V, 0805
Panasonic-ECG
ECJ-2VC1H220J
2
C9, C14
1uF, X5R Ceramic, 16V, 0805
Panasonic-ECG
ECJ-2FB1C105K
1
D1
3.0A, 30V Schottky Diode, SMA
Toshiba
CMS01 (TE12L)
1
D2
Green LED, 0805
Lumex® Opto
SML-LXT0805GW-TR
1
J1
Connector Terminal Block, 2 Pos.,
2.54mm, TB254-2
Phoenix Contact
1725656
1
J2
Connector Header, 5 Pos., 2.54mm,
Friction Lock, HDR1X5-FL
Molex
22-23-2051
1
J3
Connector Header, 5 Pos., 2.54mm,
HDR1X5
Molex
22-03-2051
1
L1
10uH, Coupled Inductor, DRQ127
Coiltronics
DRQ127-100
1
PCB
RoHS Compliant Bare PCB,
MCP1630 Low-Cost NiMH Battery
Charger Reference Design
—
104-000127
1
Q1
N-Channel MOSFET, SOIC8
International Rectifier
IRF7807V
4
R1, R2, R3,
R4
0.22, 1/4W, Chip Resistor, 1206
Panasonic-ECG
ERJ-8RQFR22V
4
R5, R7, R11, 10.0k, 1/10W, Chip Resistor, 0805
R16, R18
Panasonic-ECG
ERJ-6ENF1002V
1
R6, R20
100k, 1/10W, Chip Resistor, 0805
Panasonic-ECG
ERJ-6ENF1003V
1
R8
47.5k, 1/10W, Chip Resistor, 0805
Panasonic-ECG
ERJ-6ENF4752V
5
R9, R10,
R14, R17,
R21
1.00k, 1/10W, Chip Resistor, 0805
Panasonic-ECG
ERJ-6ENF1001V
2
R12, R13
422k, 1/10W, Chip Resistor, 0805
Panasonic-ECG
ERJ-6ENF4223V
1
R15 ,R19
39.2k, 1/10W, Chip Resistor, 0805
Panasonic-ECG
ERJ-6ENF3922V
1
U2
Dual Operational Amplifier 10MHz,
MSOP8
Microchip Technology Inc MCP6292-E/MS
1
U3
PWM Building Block, MSOP8
Microchip Technology Inc MCP1630-E/MS
1
U4
Enhanced FLASH Microcontroller,
SOIC8
Microchip Technology Inc PIC12F683-I/SN
1
U5
5.0V, 250mA, Voltage Regulator,
SOT23
Microchip Technology Inc MCP17025002E/CB
Note 1:
-ECG
ECJ-3YB1E106M
The components listed in this Bill of Materials are representative of the PCB assembly. The released BOM
used in manufacturing uses all RoHS-compliant components.
© 2007 Microchip Technology Inc.
DS51648A-page 17
MCP1630 Low-Cost NiMH Battery Charger Reference Design
NOTES:
DS51648A-page 18
© 2007 Microchip Technology Inc.
MCP1630 LOW-COST NIMH BATTERY
CHARGER REFERENCE DESIGN
Appendix C. Demo Board Firmware
C.1
DEVICE FIRMWARE FLOWCHART - PAGE 1
For the latest copy of the MCP1630 Low-Cost NiMH Battery Charger Reference Design
firmware, visit our website at www.microchip.com.
START
Initialize Ports,
ADC, PWM, etc.
No
Is BATT
present?
Yes
Pre-Charge
Turn On LED
ICHARGE = 170 ma
No
No
No
Is BATT
present?
Yes
Timer
Expired
Yes
Charge Fault
Terminate Charge
Flash LED
Is BATT
present?
Yes
No
No
Is BATT
> 3V
Temp. out
of Range?
Yes
Temp. Fault
Suspend Charge
Flash LED
Yes
Fast charge
Reset timers
ICHARGE = 1.3A
No
No
No
Is BATT
present?
Temp. out
of Range?
No
Voltage
Termination
Yes
Yes
Temp. Fault
Suspend Charge
Flash LED
Yes
Yes
B
Temp. out
of Range?
No
Temp.
Termination
No
Yes
Timer
Expired?
No
Temp. out
of Range?
Yes
Yes
A
FIGURE C-1:
© 2007 Microchip Technology Inc.
Firmware Flowchart, page 1.
DS51648A-page 19
Demo Board Firmware
C.2
DEVICE FIRMWARE FLOWCHART - PAGE 2
For the latest copy of the MCP1630 Low-Cost NiMH Battery Charger Reference Design
firmware, visit our website at www.microchip.com.
A
Top Off Charge
ICHARGE = 130 mA
B
No
No
Is BATT
present?
Yes
Timer
Expired?
No
Temp. out
of Range?
Yes
Temp. Fault
Suspend Charge
Flash LED
Yes
Charge Complete
Turn LED OFF
FIGURE C-2:
© 2007 Microchip Technology Inc.
No
Temp. out
of Range?
Yes
Firmware Flowchart, page 2.
DS51648A-page 20
Demo Board Firmware
NOTES:
© 2007 Microchip Technology Inc.
DS51648A-page 21
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12/08/06
DS51648A-page 22
© 2007 Microchip Technology Inc.