PCA8536 Automotive LCD driver for low multiplex rates including a 6 channel PWM generator Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 Product data sheet 1. General description The PCA8536 is a peripheral device which interfaces to almost any Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)1 with low multiplex rates. It generates the drive signals for any multiplexed LCD containing up to eight backplanes, up to 44 segments, and up to 320 elements. The PCA8536 is compatible with most microcontrollers and communicates via the two-line bidirectional I2C-bus (PCA8536AT) or a three line unidirectional SPI-bus (PCA8536BT). Communication overheads are minimized using a display RAM with auto-incremented addressing. The PCA8536 features an on-chip PWM controller for LED illumination. Up to six independent channels can be configured. Each channel has 128 levels allowing the possibility for two RGB controllers. Each of them provides over 2 million colors. Each channel can also be used for static drive. 2. Features and benefits 1. AEC Q100 compliant for automotive applications. Single-chip 320 segment LCD controller and driver with 6 channel PWM generator 6 channel PWM generator for backlight LED illumination Selectable display bias configuration Wide range for digital power supply: from 1.8 V to 5.5 V Wide LCD supply range: from 2.5 V for low threshold LCDs and up to 9.0 V for high threshold twisted nematic LCDs Low power consumption Selectable backplane drive configuration: 4, 6, or 8 backplane multiplexing LCD and logic supplies may be separated 320-bit RAM for display data storage 6 PWM outputs with a 7-bit resolution (128 steps) and drivers for external transistors Programmable PWM frame frequency to avoid LCD backlight flickering Extended temperature range up to 95 C 400 kHz I2C-bus interface (PCA8536AT) 5 MHz SPI-bus interface (PCA8536BT) Programmable frame frequency in the range of 60 Hz to 300 Hz in steps of 10 Hz; factory calibrated The definition of the abbreviations and acronyms used in this data sheet can be found in Section 20. PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator 320 segments driven allowing: up to 40 7-segment alphanumeric characters up to 20 14-segment alphanumeric characters any graphics of up to 320 elements Manufactured in silicon gate CMOS process 3. Applications Car Radio Climate Control Dash board display 4. Ordering information Table 1. Ordering information Type number Interface Package type Name PCA8536AT/Q900/1 I2C-bus TSSOP56 plastic thin shrink small outline SOT364-1 package; 56 leads; body width 6.1 mm PCA8536BT/Q900/1 SPI-bus TSSOP56 plastic thin shrink small outline SOT364-1 package; 56 leads; body width 6.1 mm Description Version 5. Marking Table 2. PCA8536 Product data sheet Marking codes Type number Marking code PCA8536AT/Q900/1 PCA8536AT/Q900 PCA8536BT/Q900/1 PCA8536BT/Q900 All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 2 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator 6. Block diagram VDD BP4 to BP7/ S40 to S43 BP0 to BP3 S6 to S39 S0/GP0 to S5/GP5 VLCD BACKPLANE OUTPUTS LCD VOLTAGE SELECTOR DISPLAY SEGMENT OUTPUTS GPO/PWM GENERATOR DISPLAY REGISTER VSS OSCCLK LCD BIAS GENERATOR OSCILLATOR AND CLOCK SELECTION POWER-ON RESET RESET SCL SDA PRESCALER AND TIMING INPUT FILTERS DISPLAY RAM AND PWM REGISTERS PCA8536AT COMMAND DECODER WRITE DATA CONTROL DATA POINTER, AUTO INCREMENT I2C-BUS CONTROLLER 013aaa495 A0 Fig 1. Block diagram of PCA8536AT PCA8536 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 3 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator VDD BP4 to BP7/ S40 to S43 BP0 to BP3 S6 to S39 S0/GP0 to S5/GP5 VLCD BACKPLANE OUTPUTS LCD VOLTAGE SELECTOR DISPLAY SEGMENT OUTPUTS GPO/PWM GENERATOR DISPLAY REGISTER VSS OSCCLK RESET SCL SDI LCD BIAS GENERATOR OSCILLATOR AND CLOCK SELECTION PRESCALER AND TIMING POWER-ON RESET DISPLAY RAM AND PWM REGISTERS PCA8536BT COMMAND DECODER WRITE DATA CONTROL DATA POINTER, AUTO INCREMENT SPI-BUS CONTROLLER 013aaa496 CE Fig 2. Block diagram of PCA8536BT PCA8536 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 4 of 74 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxx x x x xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xx xx xxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxx x x xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxx NXP Semiconductors PCA8536 Product data sheet 7. Pinning information 7.1 Pinning 1 56 S8 S9 1 56 S8 2 55 S7 S10 2 55 S7 S11 3 54 S6 S11 3 54 S6 S12 4 53 S5/GP5 S12 4 53 S5/GP5 S13 5 52 S4/GP4 S13 5 52 S4/GP4 S14 6 51 S3/GP3 S14 6 51 S3/GP3 S15 7 50 S2/GP2 S15 7 50 S2/GP2 S16 8 49 S1/GP1 S16 8 49 S1/GP1 S17 9 48 S0/GP0 S17 9 48 S0/GP0 S18 10 47 VLCD S18 10 47 VLCD S19 11 46 OSCCLK S19 11 46 OSCCLK BP0/S32 12 BP0/S32 12 43 RESET BP2/S34 14 42 SDA BP3/S35 15 BP4/S43/S36 16 41 SCL BP4/S43/S36 16 41 SCL BP5/S42/S37 17 40 A0 BP5/S42/S37 17 40 CE BP6/S41/S38 18 39 S39/BP0 BP6/S41/S38 18 39 S39/BP0 BP7/S40/S39 19 38 S38/BP1 BP7/S40/S39 19 38 S38/BP1 S20 20 37 S37/BP2 S20 20 37 S37/BP2 S21 21 36 S36/BP3 S21 21 36 S36/BP3 S22 22 35 S35/BP4/S43 S22 22 35 S35/BP4/S43 S23 23 34 S34/BP5/S42 S23 23 34 S34/BP5/S42 S24 24 33 S33/BP6/S41 S24 24 33 S33/BP6/S41 S25 25 32 S32/BP7/S40 S25 25 32 S32/BP7/S40 S26 26 31 S31 S26 26 31 S31 S27 27 30 S30 S27 27 30 S30 S28 28 29 S29 S28 28 29 S29 BP1/S33 13 BP2/S34 14 BP3/S35 15 PCA8536AT 013aaa497 Top view. For mechanical details, see Figure 51. Fig 3. Pin configuration for TSSOP56 (PCA8536AT) 45 VDD 44 VSS BP1/S33 13 43 RESET PCA8536BT 42 SDI 013aaa498 Top view. For mechanical details, see Figure 51. Fig 4. Pin configuration for TSSOP56 (PCA8536BT) PCA8536 5 of 74 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 45 VDD 44 VSS Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. S9 S10 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator 7.2 Pin description Table 3. Pin description of PCA8536AT and PCA8536BT Pin Symbol Type Description 1 to 11 S9 to S19 output LCD segment 20 to 31 S20 to S31 output LCD segment 43 RESET input active LOW reset input 44 VSS supply ground supply voltage 45 VDD supply supply voltage 46 OSCCLK input/output external clock input/internal oscillator output 47 VLCD[1] supply LCD supply voltage 48 to 53 S0/GP0 to S5/GP5 output LCD segment/GPO (PWM) output 54 to 56 S6 to S8 output LCD segment Pin layout depending on backplane swap configuration[2] BPS = 1[3] BPS = 0 12 BP0 S32 13 BP1 S33 14 BP2 S34 15 BP3 S35 16 BP4/S43 S36 17 BP5/S42 S37 18 BP6/S41 S38 19 BP7/S40 S39 32 S32 BP7/S40 33 S33 BP6/S41 34 S34 BP5/S42 35 S35 BP4/S43 36 S36 BP3 37 S37 BP2 38 S38 BP1 39 S39 BP0 output LCD backplane/LCD segment Pin layout depending on product and bus type PCA8536AT 40 PCA8536BT A0 CE 41 SCL SCL 42 Product data sheet I2C-bus slave address selection input SPI-bus chip enable - active LOW input I2C-bus serial clock input SPI-bus serial clock input/output I2C-bus serial data SDA SDI PCA8536 input input SPI-bus data input [1] VLCD must be equal to or greater than VDD. [2] Effect of backplane swapping is illustrated in Figure 5 on page 10. [3] Bit BPS is explained in Section 8.1.4 on page 9. All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 6 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator 8. Functional description The PCA8536 is a versatile peripheral device designed to interface any microcontroller to a wide variety of LCDs and 6 backlight LEDs. It can directly drive any multiplexed LCD containing up to eight backplanes and up to 44 segments. 8.1 Commands of PCA8536 The PCA8536 is controlled by 15 commands, which are defined in Table 4. Any other combinations of operation code bits that are not mentioned in this document may lead to undesired operation modes of PCA8536. Table 4. Commands of PCA8536 Command name Register selection RS[1:0][1] Bits Reference 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 initialize 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 Section 8.1.1 OTP-refresh 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 Section 8.1.2 PWM-inversion 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 PWMI Section 8.1.3 mode-settings 0 0 0 1 0 1 BPS INV PD E Section 8.1.4 COE OSC Section 8.1.5 oscillator-control 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 GPO-output-config 0 0 1 1 0 0 GPM1[1:0] EFR GPM0[1:0] 0 0 1 1 0 1 GPM3[1:0] GPM2[1:0] 0 0 1 1 1 0 GPM5[1:0] GPM4[1:0] Section 8.1.6 set-MUX-mode 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 M[1:0] Section 8.1.7 set-bias-mode 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 B[1:0] Section 8.1.8 frame-frequency-LCD 0 0 0 0 1 FD[4:0] frame-frequency-PWM 0 0 0 1 0 0 GPO-static-data Section 8.1.9 FP[3:0] Section 8.1.10 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 GPO2 GPO1 GPO0 Section 8.1.11 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 GPO5 GPO4 GPO3 load-data-pointer-LCD 0 0 1 0 DP[5:0] load-data-pointer-PWM 0 0 0 1 1 write-RAM-data 0 1 D[7:0] write-PWM-data 1 0 0 [1] Section 8.1.12 1 0 PP[2:0] Section 8.1.13 Section 8.1.14 P[6:0] Section 8.1.15 Information about control byte and register selection see Section 9.1 on page 46. 8.1.1 Command: initialize This command generates a chip-wide reset. It has the same function as the RESET pin. Reset takes 1 ms to complete. Table 5. PCA8536 Product data sheet Initialize - initialize command bit description Bit Symbol Value Description 7 to 0 - 00010110 fixed value All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 7 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator 8.1.2 Command: OTP-refresh During production and testing of the device, each IC is calibrated to achieve the specified accuracy of the frame frequency. This calibration is performed on EPROM cells called One Time Programmable (OTP) cells. The device reads these cells every time the OTP-refresh command is sent. This instruction has to be sent after a reset has been made and before the display is enabled. This command will be completed after a maximum of 30 ms and requires either the internal or external clock to run. If the internal oscillator is not used, then a clock must be supplied to the OSCCLK pin. If the OTP-refresh instruction is sent and no clock is present, then the request is stored until a clock is available. Remark: It is recommended not to enter power-down mode during the OTP refresh cycle. Table 6. OTP-refresh - OTP-refresh command bit description Bit Symbol Value Description 7 to 0 - 11110000 fixed value 8.1.3 Command: PWM-inversion It is possible to invert the output of the PWM generators. This function may be useful for counteracting EMC issues. The description of this mode can be found in Section 8.11.2 on page 45. Table 7. Bit Symbol Value 7 to 1 - 0001010 0 PWMI [1] PCA8536 Product data sheet PWM-inversion - PWM inversion command bit description Description fixed value PWM inversion mode 1 PWM inversion mode on 0[1] PWM inversion mode off Default value. All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 8 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator 8.1.4 Command: mode-settings Table 8. Bit Symbol Value Description 7 to 4 - 0101 fixed value 3 BPS 2 1 0 8.1.4.1 Mode-settings - mode settings command bit description backplane swapping 0[1] backplane configuration 0 1 backplane configuration 1 INV set inversion mode 0[1][2] Driving scheme A: LCD line inversion mode 1 Driving scheme B: LCD frame inversion mode PD set power mode 1 power-down mode; backplane and segment outputs are connected to VSS and the internal oscillator is switched off 0[1] power-up mode E display switch [1] Default value. [2] See Section 8.1.4.2. 0[1] display disabled; backplane and segment outputs are connected to VSS 1 display enabled Backplane swapping Backplane swapping can be configured with the BPS bit (see Table 8). It moves the location of the backplane and the associated segment outputs from one side of the PCA8536 to the other. Backplane swapping is sometimes desirable to aid with the routing of PCBs that do not use multiple layers. The BPS bit has to be set to the required value before enabling the display. Failure to do so does not damage the PCA8536 or the display, however unexpected display content may appear. PCA8536 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 9 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator BP0 12 S32 12 BP1 13 S33 13 BP2 14 S34 14 BP3 15 S35 15 BP4/S43 16 S36 16 BP5/S42 17 S37 17 BP6/S41 18 39 S39 S38 18 39 BP0 BP7/S40 19 38 S38 S39 19 38 BP1 S20 20 37 S37 S20 20 37 BP2 S21 21 36 S36 S21 21 36 BP3 S22 22 35 S35 S22 22 35 BP4/S43 S23 23 34 S34 S23 23 34 BP5/S42 S24 24 33 S33 S24 24 33 BP6/S41 S25 25 32 S32 S25 25 32 BP7/S40 S26 26 31 S31 S26 26 31 S31 S27 27 30 S30 S27 27 30 S30 S28 28 29 S29 S28 28 29 S29 BPS = 1 BPS = 0 013aaa432 Fig 5. Effect of backplane swapping 8.1.4.2 Line inversion (driving scheme A) and frame inversion (driving scheme B) The DC offset of the voltage across the LCD is compensated over a certain period: line-wise in line inversion mode (driving scheme A) or frame-wise in frame inversion mode (driving scheme B). With the INV bit (see Table 8), the compensation mode can be switched. In frame inversion mode, the DC value is compensated across two frames and not within one frame. Changing the inversion mode to frame inversion reduces the power consumption; therefore it is useful when power consumption is a key point in the application. Frame inversion may not be suitable for all applications. The RMS voltage across a segment is better defined; however, since the switching frequency is reduced, there is possibility for flicker to occur. The waveforms of Figure 15 on page 29 to Figure 18 on page 32 are showing line inversion mode. Figure 19 on page 33 shows an example of frame inversion. 8.1.4.3 Power-down mode The power-down bit (PD) allows the PCA8536 to be put in a minimum power configuration. In order to avoid display artefacts, it is recommended to enter power-down only after the display has been switched off by setting bit E to logic 0. During power-down, the internal oscillator is switched off and any selected PWM output is revert to the static value stored in bits GPO0 to GPO5. These bits may be programmed to give a static logic 0 or static logic 1 on selected GP0 to GP5 pins. PCA8536 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 10 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator Table 9. Effect of the power-down bit (PD) Effect on function Mode settings Effect of setting PD 0 1 backplane output E=1 normal function VSS segment output E=1 normal function VSS internal oscillator OSC = 0, COE = 1 on off OSCCLK pin OSC = 0, COE = 1 output of internal oscillator frequency VDD OSCCLK pin OSC = 1 input clock clock input, can be logic 0, logic 1, or left floating GPO static drive static drive static drive GPO PWM drive PWM drive static drive With the following sequence, the PCA8536 can be set to a state of minimum power consumption, called power-down mode. START Disable display by setting bit E logic 0 External clock can be removed now Enable powerdown mode with PD = 1 STOP 013aaa447 Fig 6. Recommended power-down sequence Remarks: • It is necessary to run the power-down sequence before removing the supplies. Depending on the application, care must be taken that no other signals are present at the chip input or output pins when removing the supplies (see Section 10). Otherwise it may cause unwanted display artifacts. In case of an uncontrolled removal of supply voltages, the PCA8536 will not be damaged. • Static voltages across the liquid crystal display can build up when the external LCD supply voltage (VLCD) is on while the IC supply voltage is off, or vice versa. This may cause unwanted display artifacts. To avoid such artifacts, VLCD and VDD must be applied or removed together. PCA8536 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 11 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator • A clock signal must always be supplied to the device when the display is active. Removing the clock may freeze the LCD in a DC state, which is not suitable for the liquid crystal. It is recommended to disable the display first and afterwards to remove the clock signal. 8.1.4.4 Display enable The display enable bit (E) is used to enable and disable the display. When the display is disabled, all LCD outputs go to VSS. This function is implemented to ensure that no voltage can be induced on the LCD outputs as it may lead to unwanted displays of segments. Recommended start-up sequences are found in Section 8.2.3 Remarks: • The state of display enable has no effect on the GPO outputs. • Display enable is not synchronized to an LCD frame boundary. Therefore using this function to flash a display for prolonged periods is not recommended due to the possible build-up of DC voltages on the display. 8.1.5 Command: oscillator-control The oscillator-control command switches between internal and external oscillator and enables or disables the pin OSCCLK. It is also used to define what the external frequency will be. Table 10. Oscillator-control - oscillator control command bit description Bit Symbol Value Description 7 to 3 - 00011 fixed value 2 EFR external clock frequency applied on pin OSCCLK 0[1] 1 1 COE 1 [1] 230 kHz clock output enable for pin OSCCLK 0[1] 0 9.6 kHz OSC clock signal not available on pin OSCCLK; pin OSCCLK is in 3-state clock signal available on pin OSCCLK oscillator source 0[1] internal oscillator running 1 external oscillator used; pin OSCCLK becomes an input; used in combination with EFR to determine input frequency Default value. The bits OSC, COE, and EFR control the source and frequency of the clock used to generate the LCD and PWM signals (see Figure 7). Valid combinations are shown in Table 11. PCA8536 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 12 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator COE (1) EFR (2) 0 OSCCLK pin 1 Internal oscillator 230 kHz Programmable divider 0 OSC LCD frame frequency selection, q 0 (4) 9.6 kHz (3) Programmable divider 1 LCD waveform generator 1 PWM waveform generator PWM frame frequency selection, p 013aaa448 (1) Can only be used with the internal oscillator (OSC = 0). (2) Can only be used with an external oscillator (OSC = 1). (3) Nominal value for divide factor q is 24; source clock is 230 kHz (see Section 8.1.9). (4) PWM requires an external or internal 230 kHz clock. Fig 7. Oscillator selection Table 11. COE EFR OSCCLK pin Clock source 0 0 not used inactive; may be left floating internal oscillator used 0 1 not used output of internal oscillator frequency (prescaler) internal oscillator used 1 not used 0 9.6 kHz input OSCCLK pin 1 not used 1 230 kHz input OSCCLK pin Table 12. 8.1.5.1 Valid combinations of bits OSC, EFR, and COE OSC Typical use of bits OSC, EFR, and COE Usage OSC CDE EFR LCD and/or PWM with internal oscillator 0 0 not used LCD and PWM with external oscillator 1 not used 1 LCD with external oscillator 1 not used 0 Oscillator The internal logic and LCD drive signals of the PCA8536 are timed either by the built-in oscillator or from an external clock. Internal clock: When the internal oscillator is used, all LCD and PWM signals are generated from it. The oscillator runs at nominal 230 kHz. The relationship between this frequency and the LCD frame frequency is detailed in Section 8.1.9. The relationship between this frequency and the PWM frame frequency is detailed in Section 8.1.10. Control over the internal oscillator is made with the OSC bit (see Section 8.1.5). The internal oscillator is also switched on or off under certain combinations of modes which are described in Table 13. PCA8536 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 13 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator Table 13. Internal oscillator on/off table PD OSC PWM EFR Internal oscillator state[1] power-down n.a. n.a. n.a. off power-up internal oscillator n.a. n.a. on external oscillator off n.a. off on 9.6 kHz on[2] on 230 kHz off [1] When RESET is active, the internal oscillator is off. [2] Special case. The PWM generator needs 230 kHz and must be enabled when PWM is enabled. It is possible to make the internal oscillator signal available on pin OSCCLK by using the oscillator-control command (see Table 10) and configuring the clock output enable (COE) bit. If not required, the pin OSCCLK should be left open or connected to VSS. At power-on the signal at pin OSCCLK is disabled and pin OSCCLK is in 3-state. Clock output is only valid when using the internal oscillator. The signal will appear on the OSCCLK pin. An intermediate clock frequency is available at the OSCCLK pin. The duty cycle of this clock varies with the chosen divide ratio. Table 14. OSCCLK table PD OSC COE EFR OSCCLK pin[1] power-down n.a. off n.a. 3-state[2] power-down n.a. on n.a. VDD power-up internal oscillator off n.a. 3-state on n.a. 9.6 kHz output[3] n.a. 9.6 kHz 9.6 kHz input 230 kHz 230 kHz input external oscillator [1] When RESET is active, the pin OSCCLK is in 3-state. [2] In this state, an external clock may be applied, but it is not a requirement. [3] 9.6 kHz is the nominal frequency with q = 24, see Table 15. External clock: In applications where an external clock must be applied to the PCA8536, bit OSC (see Table 10) has to be set logic 1. In this case pin OSCCLK becomes an input. The OSCCLK signal must switch between the VSS and the VDD voltage supplied to the chip. The system is designed for a 230 kHz clock or alternatively for using a 9.6 kHz clock. The EFR bit determines the external clock frequency. The clock frequency (fclk(ext)) in turn determines the LCD frame frequency, see Table 15. The PWM generator requires a 230 kHz clock to operate. If PWM is enabled and an external clock of 9.6 kHz is selected, then the internal oscillator will automatically start and be used for the PWM signal generation. PCA8536 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 14 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator Remark: If an external clock is used, then this clock signal must always be supplied to the device when the display is on. Removing the clock may freeze the LCD in a DC state which will damage the LCD material. 8.1.5.2 Timing and frame frequency The timing of the PCA8536 organizes the internal data flow of the device. This includes the transfer of display data from the display RAM to the display segment outputs. The timing also generates the LCD frame frequency which it derives as an integer division of the clock frequency (see Table 15). The frame frequency is a fixed division of the internal clock or of the frequency applied to pin OSCCLK when an external clock is used. Table 15. LCD frame frequencies Frame frequency Typical external Nominal frame frequency (Hz) frequency (Hz) EFR bit Value of q[1] f clk ext f fr LCD = ---------------48 9600 200 0 - f clk ext f fr LCD = ---------------48 q 230000 200 1 24 [1] Other values of the frame frequency prescaler see Table 21. When the internal clock is used, or an external clock with EFR = 1, the LCD frame frequency can be programmed by software in steps of approximately 10 Hz in the range of 60 Hz to 300 Hz (see Table 21). Furthermore the internal oscillator is factory calibrated, see Table 44 on page 59. 8.1.6 Command: GPO-output-config The behavior of the combined LCD and GPO outputs S5/GP5 to S0/GP0 is configured with the bits described in Table 16. Table 16. Bit GPO-output-config - output mode config command for S5/GP5 to S0/GP0 Symbol Value Description GPM0 and GPM1 7 to 4 - 1100 fixed value 3 to 2 GPM1[1:0] see Table 17 output mode for S1/GP1 1 to 0 GPM0[1:0] see Table 17 output mode for S0/GP0 GPM2 and GPM3 7 to 4 - 1101 fixed value 3 to 2 GPM3[1:0] see Table 17 output mode for S3/GP3 1 to 0 GPM2[1:0] see Table 17 output mode for S2/GP2 GPM4 and GPM5 7 to 4 - 1110 fixed value 3 to 2 GPM5[1:0] see Table 17 output mode for S5/GP5 1 to 0 GPM4[1:0] see Table 17 output mode for S4/GP4 Each output can be individually configured to be either an LCD segment output, a PWM output or a static general-purpose output (GPO), see Table 17. Remark: Even if using GPO only, VLCD must still be applied to the device. PCA8536 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 15 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator Table 17. GPMO mode definition GPM0[1:0] to GPM5[1:0] Mode Description 00[1], LCD output is an LCD segment 01 10 static output is static GPO 11 PWM output is PWM GPO [1] Default value. 8.1.7 Command: set-MUX-mode The multiplex drive mode is configured with the bits described in Table 18. Table 18. Set-MUX-mode - set multiplex drive mode command bit description Bit Symbol Value Description 7 to 2 - 000000 fixed value M[1:0] 00[1], 1:8 multiplex drive mode; eight backplanes 1 to 0 [1] 01 10 1:6 multiplex drive mode; 6 backplanes 11 1:4 multiplex drive mode; 4 backplanes Default value. 8.1.8 Command: set-bias-mode The set-bias-mode command allows setting the bias level. Table 19. Set-bias-mode - set bias mode command bit description Bit Symbol Value 7 to 2 - 000001 fixed value B[1:0] 00[1]. 1⁄ 4 bias 11 1⁄ 3 bias 10 1⁄ 2 bias 1 to 0 [1] 01 Description Default value. 8.1.9 Command: frame-frequency-LCD With the frame-frequency-LCD command, the frame frequency for the display can be configured. The clock frequency determines the frame frequency. Table 20. Frame-frequency-LCD - frame frequency and output clock frequency command bit description Bit Symbol Value Description 7 to 5 - 001 fixed value 4 to 0 FD[4:0] see Table 21 frequency prescaler The system is designed for a 230 kHz clock. It is either internally generated or externally provided. Alternatively a 9.6 kHz clock signal can be provided as well. The EFR bit (see Table 10) has to be set according to the external clock frequency. When EFR is set to 9.6 kHz, then the LCD frame frequency is calculated with Equation 1: f clk ext f fr LCD = ---------------48 PCA8536 Product data sheet (1) All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 16 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator When EFR is set to 230 kHz, then the LCD frame frequency is calculated with Equation 2: f clk ext f fr LCD = ---------------48 q (2) where q is the frequency divide factor (see Table 21). Remark: fclk(ext) is the external input clock frequency to pin OSCCLK. When the internal oscillator is used, the intermediate frequency may be output on the OSCCLK pin. Its frequency is given in Table 21. Table 21. PCA8536 Product data sheet Frame frequency prescaler values for 230 kHz clock operation FD[4:0] Nominal LCD frame frequency (Hz)[1] Divide factor, q Intermediate clock frequency (Hz) 00000 59.9 80 2875 00001 70.5 68 3382 00010 79.9 60 3833 00011 90.4 53 4340 00100 99.8 48 4792 00101 108.9 44 5227 00110 119.8 40 5750 00111 129.5 37 6216 01000 140.9 34 6765 01001 149.7 32 7188 01010 159.7 30 7667 01011 171.1 28 8214 01100 177.5 27 8519 01101 191.7 25 9200 01110[2] 199.7 24 9583 01111 208.3 23 10000 10000 217.8 22 10455 10001 228.3 21 10952 10010 239.6 20 11500 10011 252.2 19 12105 10100 266.2 18 12778 10101 281.9 17 13529 10110 299.5 16 14375 10111 to 11111 not used [1] Nominal frame frequency calculated for the default clock frequency of 230 kHz. [2] Default value. All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 17 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator 8.1.10 Command: frame-frequency-PWM With the frame-frequency-PWM command, the frame frequency for the PWM signal can be set. The PWM system requires a clock of 230 kHz either internally generated or externally supplied. Using a slower clock may result in visible flickering of LEDs driven with the PWM signal. When EFR is set to 230 kHz, then the PWM frame frequency will be calculated with Equation 3: f clk ext f PWM = ---------------128 p (3) where p is the frequency divide factor (see Table 23). Table 22. Bit Frame-frequency-PWM - PWM frame frequency command bit description Symbol Value 7 to 4 - 0100 fixed value 3 to 0 FP[3:0] see Table 23 frequency prescaler Table 23. Description PWM frame frequency prescaler values for 230 kHz clock operation FP[3:0] Nominal PWM frame frequency (Hz)[1] Divide factor, p 0000 59.9 30 0001 69.1 26 0010 81.7 22 0011 89.8 20 0100 99.8 18 0101 112.3 16 0110 119.8 15 0111[2] 128.3 14 1000 138.2 13 1001 149.7 12 1010 163.4 11 1011 179.7 10 1100 199.7 9 1101 224.6 8 1110 256.7 7 1111 299.5 6 [1] Nominal frame frequency calculated for the default clock frequency of 230 kHz. [2] Default value. In order to avoid flickering caused by the interaction of the backlight LED and the LCD frame frequency, the PWM frame frequency should be programmed to be more than 50 Hz different from LCD frame frequency or multiples of the LCD frame frequency (see Figure 8 and Table 49 on page 68). PCA8536 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 18 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator Intensity of visible flickering In general, the higher the PWM frame frequency, the less flickering will be visible Flickering is most visible when fPWM and ffr(LCD) are within 10 Hz of each other Flickering is also visible at multiples of the fundamental frequency; however, the visibility is lower Flickering will not be visible when fPWM and ffr(LCD) are more than 50 Hz apart f1 2f1 This will repeat for 3f1, 4f1, etc. f0 013aaa449 Where f0 = fPWM and f1 = ffr(LCD) or f1 = fPWM and f0 = ffr(LCD). Fig 8. Flicker avoidance for LED backlighting 8.1.11 Command: GPO-static-data When static GPOs are selected instead of PWM, then the value for the output is taken from these register bits. The output is a static level. Table 24. Bit GPO-static-data - write GPO data for GP0 to GP5 command bit description Symbol Value Description - 01100 fixed value 2 GPO2 0[1] 0 level output on pin GP2 1 1 level output on pin GP2 1 GPO1 0[1] 0 level output on pin GP1 1 1 level output on pin GP1 0[1] 0 level output on pin GP0 1 1 level output on pin GP0 - 01101 fixed value 2 GPO5 0[1] 0 level output on pin GP5 1 1 level output on pin GP5 1 GPO4 0[1] 0 level output on pin GP4 1 1 level output on pin GP4 0[1] 0 level output on pin GP3 1 1 level output on pin GP3 GPO0 to GPO2 7 to 3 0 GPO0 GPO3 to GPO5 7 to 3 0 [1] PCA8536 Product data sheet GPO3 Default value. All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 19 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator 8.1.12 Command: load-data-pointer-LCD The load-data-pointer-LCD command defines the start address of the display RAM. The data pointer is auto incremented after each RAM write. The size of the display RAM is dependent on the current multiplex drive mode setting, see Table 25. Table 25. Load-data-pointer-LCD - load data pointer command bit description Bit Symbol Value Description 7 to 6 - 10 fixed value 000000[1] to 100111 6-bit binary value of 0 to 39 000000[1] to 101001 6-bit binary value of 0 to 41 000000[1] to 101011 6-bit binary value of 0 to 43 Multiplex drive mode 1:8 5 to 0 DP[5:0] Multiplex drive mode 1:6 5 to 0 DP[5:0] Multiplex drive mode 1:4 5 to 0 [1] DP[5:0] Default value. Remark: Data pointer values outside of the valid range will be ignored and no RAM content will be transferred until a valid data pointer value is set. Filling of the display RAM is described in Section 8.9. 8.1.13 Command: load-data-pointer-PWM The load-data-pointer-PWM command defines one of the 6 PWM addresses. Table 26. Load-data-pointer-PWM - load data pointer command bit description Bit Symbol 7 to 3 - 01110 fixed value 2 to 0 PP[2:0] 000[1] to 101 3-bit binary value of 0 to 5 [1] Value Description Default value. Remark: Data pointer values outside of the valid range will be ignored and no PWM content will be transferred until a valid data pointer value is set. 8.1.14 Command: write-RAM-data This command will initiate the transfer of data to the display RAM. Data will be written into the address defined by the load-data-pointer-LCD command. RAM filling is described in Section 8.9. Table 27. PCA8536 Product data sheet Write-RAM-data - write RAM data command bit description[1] Bit Symbol Value Description 7 to 0 D[7:0] 00000000 to 11111111[2] writing data byte-wise to RAM [1] For this command to be effective bit RS[1:0] of the control byte has to be set logic 01, see Table 36 on page 46. [2] After Power-On Reset (POR), the RAM content is random and should be brought to a defined status by writing meaningful content otherwise unexpected display content may appear. All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 20 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator 8.1.15 Command: write-PWM-data This command will initiate the transfer of data to the PWM registers. Data will be written into the address defined by the load-data-pointer-PWM command. PWM register filling is described in Section 8.10 Write-PWM-data - write PWM data command bit description[1] Table 28. Bit Symbol Value Description 7 - 0 fixed value 6 to 0 P[6:0] 0000000[2] to 1111111 writing data byte-wise to PWM registers [1] For this command to be effective bit RS[1:0] of the control byte has to be set logic 10, see Table 36 on page 46. [2] Default value. After Power-On Reset (POR) the PWM content is set to 0. 8.2 Start-up and shut-down 8.2.1 Reset and Power-On Reset (POR) After a reset and at power-on the PCA8536 resets to starting conditions as follows: 1. The display is disabled. 2. All backplane outputs are set to VSS. 3. All segment outputs are set to VSS. 4. All GPO outputs are disabled. 5. Selected drive mode is: 1:8 with 1⁄4 bias. 6. The data pointers are cleared (set logic 0). 7. PWM values are all reset to zero. 8. RAM data is not initialized. Its content can be considered to be random. 9. The internal oscillator is running; no clock signal is available on pin OSCCLK; pin OSCCLK is in 3-state. The reset state is as shown in Table 29. PCA8536 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 21 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator Table 29. Reset state Reset state of configurable bits shown in the command table format for clarity. Associated command Bits 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 PWM-inversion PWMI = 0 mode-settings - - - - BPS = 0 INV = 0 PD = 0 E=0 oscillator-control - - - - - EFR = 0 COE = 0 OSC = 0 GPO-output-config set-MUX-mode - - - - GPM1[1:0] = 00 GPM0[1:0] = 00 - - - - GPM3[1:0] = 00 GPM2[1:0] = 00 - - - - GPM5[1:0] = 00 GPM4[1:0] = 00 - - - - - - M[1:0] = 00 - - B[1:0] = 00 set-bias-mode - - - - frame-frequency-LCD - - - FD[4:0] = 01110 frame-frequency-PWM - - - - FP[3:0] = 0111 GPO-static-data - - - - - GPO2 = 0 GPO1 = 0 GPO0 = 0 - - - - - GPO5 = 0 GPO4 = 0 GPO3 = 0 load-data-pointer-LCD - - DP[5:0] = 000000 load-data-pointer-PWM - - - - PP[2:0] = 000 - The first command sent to the device after the power-on event must be the initialize command (see Section 8.1.1). After Power-On Reset (POR) and before enabling the display, the RAM content should be brought to a defined state by writing meaningful content (e.g. a graphic) otherwise unwanted display artifacts may appear on the display. 8.2.2 RESET pin function The RESET pin of the PCA8536 will reset all the registers to their default state. The reset state is given in Table 29. The RAM contents will remain unchanged. After the reset signal is removed, the PCA8536 will behave in the same manner as after Power-On Reset (POR). See Section 8.2.1 for details. 8.2.3 Recommended start-up sequences This chapter describes how to proceed with the initialization of the chip in different application modes. In general, the sequence should always be: 1. Power-on the device, 2. set the display and functional modes, 3. fill the display memory and then 4. turn on the display. PCA8536 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 22 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator START Power-on VDD and VLCD together Toggle RESET pin (1) Wait minimum 1 ms Send OTP-refresh Set: - mode settings: BPS and INV - LCD/GPO output mode - multiplex driver mode - bias mode - LCD frame frequency If using GPO outputs, set - GPO data - PWM data - PWM frame frequency Send display content Enable the display STOP 013aaa452 (1) Alternatively, it is possible to send the initialize command. Fig 9. PCA8536 Product data sheet Recommended start-up sequence when using the internal oscillator All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 23 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator START Power-on VDD and VLCD together Toggle RESET pin If using GPO outputs, set - GPO data - PWM data - PWM frame frequency (1) Wait minimum 1 ms External clock can be applied now Send OTP-refresh Set: - Mode settings: BPS and INV - Select external clock - GPO output mode - Multiplex driver mode - Bias mode - LCD frame frequency Send display content External clock must be applied by now Enable the display STOP 013aaa453 (1) Alternatively, it is possible to send the initialize command. Fig 10. Recommended start-up sequence when using an external clock signal PCA8536 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 24 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator 8.3 Possible display configurations The PCA8536 is a versatile peripheral device designed to interface between any microcontroller to a wide variety of LCD segment or dot matrix displays (see Figure 11). It can drive multiplexed LCD with 4, 6, or 8 backplanes and up to 44 segments. The display configurations possible with the PCA8536 depend on the number of active backplane outputs required. A selection of possible display configurations is given in Table 30. dot matrix 7-segment with dot 14-segment with dot and accent 013aaa312 Fig 11. Example of displays suitable for PCA8536 Table 30. Selection of display configurations Number of Backplanes Digits/Characters Segments Icons 7 segment[1] 14 segment[2] Dot matrix/ Elements No GPO or PWM outputs enabled 8 40 320 40 20 320 6 42 252 31 15 252 4 44 176 22 11 176 With 6 GPO or PWM outputs enabled 8 34 272 34 17 272 6 36 216 27 13 216 4 38 152 19 9 152 [1] 7 segment display has 8 elements including the decimal point. [2] 14 segment display has 16 elements including decimal point and accent dot. All of the display configurations in Table 30 can be implemented in the typical systems shown in Figure 12 and Figure 13. PCA8536 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 25 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator VDD R= tr 2Cb SDA HOST PROCESSOR/ MICROCONTROLLER 40 to 44 segment drives VDD SCL PCA8536AT 4 to 8 backplanes A0 VSS LCD PANEL (up to 320 elements) 013aaa499 VSS Fig 12. Typical system configuration for the I2C-bus VDD SDI HOST PROCESSOR/ MICROCONTROLLER SCL 40 to 44 segment drives VDD PCA8536BT CE 4 to 8 backplanes LCD PANEL (up to 320 elements) VSS 013aaa500 VSS Fig 13. Typical system configuration for the SPI-bus The host microcontroller maintains the two line I2C-bus or a three line SPI-bus communication channel with the PCA8536. The appropriate biasing voltages for the multiplexed LCD waveforms are generated internally. The only other connections required to complete the system are the power supplies (VDD, VSS, VLCD) and the LCD panel selected for the application. The minimum recommended values for external capacitors on VDD and VLCD are 100 nF respectively. Decoupling of VLCD will help to reduce display artifacts. The decoupling capacitors should be placed close to the IC with short connections to the respective supply pin and VSS. 8.4 LCD voltage selector The LCD voltage selector co-ordinates the multiplexing of the LCD in accordance with the selected LCD drive configuration. The operation of the voltage selector is controlled by the set-bias-mode command (see Table 19) and the set-MUX-mode command (see Table 18). Fractional LCD biasing voltages are obtained from an internal voltage divider. The biasing configurations that apply to the preferred modes of operation, together with the biasing characteristics as functions of VLCD and the resulting discrimination ratios (D), are given in Table 31. PCA8536 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 26 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator Discrimination is a term which is defined as the ratio of the on and off RMS voltage across a segment. It can be thought of as a measurement of contrast. Table 31. Preferred LCD drive modes: summary of characteristics LCD bias configuration V off RMS ----------------------V LCD V on RMS ---------------------V LCD V on RMS [1] VLCD[2] D = ---------------------V off RMS 3 1⁄ 2 0.433 0.661 1.527 2.309Voff(RMS) 4 1⁄ 3 0.333 0.577 1.732 3.0Voff(RMS) 5 1⁄ 4 0.331 0.545 1.646 3.024Voff(RMS) 3 1⁄ 2 0.456 0.612 1.341 2.191Voff(RMS) LCD multiplex drive mode Number of: Backplanes Levels 1:4 [3] 4 1:4 4 1:4 [3] 1:6 [3] 4 6 1:6 6 4 1⁄ 3 0.333 0.509 1.527 3.0Voff(RMS) 1:6 6 5 1⁄ 4 0.306 0.467 1.527 3.266Voff(RMS) 1:8 [3] 8 3 1⁄ 2 0.467 0.586 1.254 2.138Voff(RMS) 4 1⁄ 3 0.333 0.471 1.414 3.0Voff(RMS) 5 1⁄ 4 0.293 0.424 1.447 3.411Voff(RMS) 1:8 [3] 1:8 8 8 [1] Determined from Equation 6. [2] Determined from Equation 5. [3] In these examples, the discrimination factor and hence the contrast ratios are smaller. The advantage of these LCD drive modes is a reduction of the LCD voltage VLCD. A practical value for VLCD is determined by equating Voff(RMS) with a defined LCD threshold voltage (Vth(off)), typically when the LCD exhibits approximately 10 % contrast. 1 Bias is calculated by ------------- , where the values for a are 1+a a = 1 for 1⁄2 bias a = 2 for 1⁄3 bias a = 3 for 1⁄4 bias The RMS on-state voltage (Von(RMS)) for the LCD is calculated with Equation 4 V on RMS = V LCD a 2 + 2a + n -----------------------------2 n 1 + a (4) where VLCD is the resultant voltage at the LCD segment and where the values for n are n = 4 for 1:4 multiplex drive n = 6 for 1:6 multiplex drive n = 8 for 1:8 multiplex drive The RMS off-state voltage (Voff(RMS)) for the LCD is calculated with Equation 5: V off RMS = V LCD a 2 – 2a + n -----------------------------2 n 1 + a (5) Discrimination is the ratio of Von(RMS) to Voff(RMS) and is determined from Equation 6: PCA8536 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 27 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator V on RMS D = ---------------------- = V off RMS 2 a + 2a + n --------------------------2 a – 2a + n (6) It should be noted that VLCD is sometimes referred to as the LCD operating voltage. 8.4.1 Electro-optical performance Suitable values for Von(RMS) and Voff(RMS) are dependent on the LCD liquid used. The RMS voltage, at which a pixel will be switched on or off, determine the transmissibility of the pixel. For any given liquid, there are two threshold values defined. One point is at 10 % relative transmission (at Vth(off)) and the other at 90 % relative transmission (at Vth(on)), see Figure 14. For a good contrast performance, the following rules should be followed: V on RMS V th on (7) V off RMS V th off (8) Von(RMS) and Voff(RMS) are properties of the display driver and are affected by the selection of a, n (see Equation 4 to Equation 6) and the VLCD voltage. Vth(off) and Vth(on) are properties of the LCD liquid and can be provided by the module manufacturer. Vth(off) is sometimes just named Vth. Vth(on) is sometimes named saturation voltage Vsat. It is important to match the module properties to those of the driver in order to achieve optimum performance. 100 % Relative Transmission 90 % 10 % Vth(off) OFF SEGMENT Vth(on) GREY SEGMENT VRMS [V] ON SEGMENT 013aaa494 Fig 14. Electro-optical characteristic: relative transmission curve of the liquid PCA8536 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 28 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator 8.5 LCD drive mode waveforms 8.5.1 1:4 Multiplex drive mode When four backplanes are provided in the LCD, the 1:4 multiplex drive mode applies, as shown in Figure 15. This drawing is also showing the case of line inversion (see Section 8.1.4.2). Tfr BP0 VLCD 2VLCD/3 VLCD/3 VSS BP1 VLCD 2VLCD/3 VLCD/3 VSS BP2 VLCD 2VLCD/3 VLCD/3 VSS BP3 VLCD 2VLCD/3 VLCD/3 VSS Sn VLCD 2VLCD/3 VLCD/3 VSS Sn+1 VLCD 2VLCD/3 VLCD/3 VSS Sn+2 VLCD 2VLCD/3 VLCD/3 VSS Sn+3 VLCD 2VLCD/3 VLCD/3 VSS state 1 VLCD 2VLCD/3 VLCD/3 0V -VLCD/3 -2VLCD/3 -VLCD state 2 VLCD 2VLCD/3 VLCD/3 0V -VLCD/3 -2VLCD/3 -VLCD LCD segments state 1 state 2 (a) Waveforms at driver. (b) Resultant waveforms at LCD segment. 013aaa211 Vstate1(t) = VSn(t) VBP0(t). Vstate2(t) = VSn(t) VBP1(t). Von(RMS)(t) = 0.577VLCD. Voff(RMS)(t) = 0.333VLCD. Fig 15. Waveforms for the 1:4 multiplex drive mode with 1⁄3 bias and line inversion PCA8536 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 29 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator 8.5.2 1:6 Multiplex drive mode When six backplanes are provided in the LCD, the 1:6 multiplex drive mode applies. The PCA8536 allows use of 1⁄3 bias or 1⁄4 bias in this mode as shown in Figure 16 and Figure 17. These waveforms are drawn for the case of line inversion (see Section 8.1.4.2). Tfr BP0 VLCD 2VLCD / 3 VLCD / 3 VSS BP1 VLCD 2VLCD / 3 VLCD / 3 VSS BP2 VLCD 2VLCD / 3 VLCD / 3 VSS BP3 VLCD 2VLCD / 3 VLCD / 3 VSS BP4 VLCD 2VLCD / 3 VLCD / 3 VSS BP5 VLCD 2VLCD / 3 VLCD / 3 VSS Sn VLCD 2VLCD / 3 VLCD / 3 VSS Sn + 1 VLCD 2VLCD / 3 VLCD / 3 VSS LCD segments state 1 state 2 (a) Waveforms at driver state 1 state 2 VLCD 2VLCD / 3 VLCD / 3 VSS -VLCD / 3 -2VLCD / 3 -VLCD VLCD 2VLCD / 3 VLCD / 3 VSS -VLCD / 3 -2VLCD / 3 -VLCD (b) Resultant waveforms at LCD segment 001aal399 Vstate1(t) = VSn(t) VBP0(t). Vstate2(t) = VSn +1 (t) VBP0(t). Von(RMS)(t) = 0.509VLCD. Voff(RMS)(t) = 0.333VLCD. Fig 16. Waveforms for 1:6 multiplex drive mode with bias 1⁄3 and line inversion PCA8536 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 30 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator Tfr LCD segments VLCD 3VLCD / 4 state 1 state 2 BP0 VLCD / 4 VSS VLCD 3VLCD / 4 BP1 VLCD / 4 VSS VLCD 3VLCD / 4 BP2 VLCD / 4 VSS VLCD 3VLCD / 4 BP3 VLCD / 4 VSS VLCD 3VLCD / 4 BP4 VLCD / 4 VSS VLCD 3VLCD / 4 BP5 VLCD / 4 VSS VLCD Sn VLCD / 2 VSS VLCD Sn + 1 VLCD / 2 VSS (a) Waveforms at driver VLCD 3VLCD / 4 state 1 VLCD / 4 VSS -VLCD / 4 -3VLCD / 4 -VLCD VLCD 3VLCD / 4 VLCD / 2 VLCD / 4 VSS state 2 -VLCD / 4 -VLCD / 2 -3VLCD / 4 -VLCD (b) Resultant waveforms at LCD segment 001aal400 Vstate1(t) = VSn(t) VBP0(t). Vstate2(t) = VSn + 1(t) VBP0(t). Von(RMS)(t) = 0.467VLCD. Voff(RMS)(t) = 0.306VLCD. Fig 17. Waveforms for 1:6 multiplex drive mode with bias 1⁄4 and line inversion PCA8536 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 31 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator 8.5.3 1:8 Multiplex drive mode VLCD 3VLCD / 4 Tfr LCD segments state 1 state 2 BP0 VLCD / 4 VSS VLCD 3VLCD / 4 BP1 VLCD / 4 VSS VLCD 3VLCD / 4 BP2 VLCD / 4 VSS VLCD 3VLCD / 4 BP3 VLCD / 4 VSS VLCD 3VLCD / 4 BP4 3LCD / 4 VSS VLCD 3VLCD / 4 BP5 VLCD / 4 VSS VLCD 3VLCD / 4 BP6 VLCD / 4 VSS VLCD 3VLCD / 4 BP7 VLCD / 4 VSS VLCD Sn VLCD / 2 VSS VLCD Sn + 1 VLCD / 2 VSS (a) Waveforms at driver VLCD 3VLCD / 4 state 1 VLCD / 4 VSS -VLCD / 4 -3VLCD / 4 -VLCD state 2 VLCD 3VLCD / 4 VLCD / 2 VLCD / 4 VSS -VLCD / 4 -VLCD / 2 -3VLCD / 4 -VLCD (b) Resultant waveforms at LCD segment 001aal398 Vstate1(t) = VSn(t) VBP0(t). Vstate2(t) = VSn + 1(t) VBP0(t). Von(RMS)(t) = 0.424VLCD. Voff(RMS)(t) = 0.293VLCD. Fig 18. Waveforms for 1:8 multiplex drive mode with bias 1⁄4 and line inversion PCA8536 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 32 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator VLCD 3/4 VLCD Tfr frame n Tfr frame n+1 LCD segments state 1 BP0 state 2 1/4 VLCD VSS VLCD 3/4 VLCD BP1 1/4 VLCD VSS VLCD 3/4 VLCD BP2 1/4 VLCD VSS VLCD 3/4 VLCD BP3 1/4 VLCD VSS VLCD 3/4 VLCD BP4 1/4 VLCD VSS VLCD 3/4 VLCD BP5 1/4 VLCD VSS VLCD 3/4 VLCD BP6 1/4 VLCD VSS VLCD 3/4 VLCD BP7 1/4 VLCD VSS VLCD Sn 1/2 VLCD VSS VLCD Sn + 1 1/2 VLCD VSS (a) Waveforms at driver state 1 VLCD 3/4 VLCD 1/2 VLCD 1/4 VLCD VSS 1/4 VLCD 1/2 VLCD 3/4 VLCD VLCD state 2 VLCD 3/4 VLCD 1/2 VLCD 1/4 VLCD VSS 1/4 VLCD 1/2 VLCD 3/4 VLCD VLCD (b) Resultant waveforms at LCD segment 001aam359 Vstate1(t) = VSn(t) VBP0(t). Vstate2(t) = VSn + 1(t) VBP0(t). Von(RMS)(t) = 0.424VLCD. Voff(RMS)(t) = 0.293VLCD. Fig 19. Waveforms for 1:8 multiplex drive mode with bias 1⁄4 and frame inversion PCA8536 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 33 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator 8.6 Display register The display register holds the display data while the corresponding multiplex signals are generated. 8.7 Backplane outputs The LCD drive section includes eight backplane outputs: BP0 to BP7. The backplane output signals are generated based on the selected LCD multiplex drive mode. • In 1:8 multiplex drive mode: BP0 to BP7 must be connected directly to the LCD. • In 1:6 multiplex drive mode: BP0 to BP5 must be connected directly to the LCD. • In 1:4 multiplex drive mode: BP0 to BP3 must be connected directly to the LCD. 8.8 Segment outputs The LCD drive section includes up to 44 segment outputs (S0 to S43) which must be connected directly to the LCD. The segment output signals are generated based on the multiplexed backplane signals and with data resident in the display register. When less segment outputs are required, the unused segment outputs must be left open-circuit. The number of available segments depends on the multiplex drive mode selected and the number of GPOs used. The table shows consecutive GPOs selected, but this is just for simplicity of explanation. Any combination of GPOs may be used. Table 32. Backplane and active segment combinations Basic examples. GPO pins may be configured in any combination. Other LCD segment and GPO combinations are possible. Multiplex Active BPs Active GPOs drive mode None GP0 only GP0 to GP1 GP0 to GP2 GP0 to GP3 GP0 to GP4 GP0 to GP5 1:8 BP0 to BP7 S0 to S39 S1 to S39 S2 to S39 S3 to S39 S4 to S39 S5 to S39 S6 to S39 1:6 BP0 to BP5 S0 to S41 S1 to S41 S2 to S41 S3 to S41 S4 to S41 S5 to S41 S6 to S41 1:4 BP0 to BP3 S0 to S43 S1 to S43 S2 to S43 S3 to S43 S4 to S43 S5 to S43 S6 to S43 PCA8536 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 34 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator 8.9 Display RAM The display RAM stores the LCD data. Depending on the multiplex drive mode, the arrangement of the RAM is changed. • multiplex drive 1:8: RAM is 40 8 bit • multiplex drive 1:6: RAM is 42 6 bit • multiplex drive 1:4: RAM is 44 4 bit Display RAM addresses (columns)/segment outputs (S) Multiplex 1:8 drive mode S0 S1 S2 S3 S4 S35 S36 S37 S38 S39 S0 S1 S2 S3 S4 S35 S36 S37 S38 S39 S40 S41 S0 S1 S2 S3 S4 S35 S36 S37 S38 S39 S40 S41 S42 S43 BP0 BP1 BP2 BP3 BP4 Display RAM bits (rows)/backplane outputs (BP) BP5 BP6 BP7 Multiplex 1:6 drive mode BP0 BP1 BP2 BP3 BP4 BP5 Multiplex 1:4 drive mode BP0 BP1 BP2 BP3 013aaa454 The display RAM bitmap shows the direct relationship between the display RAM column and the segment outputs and between the bits in a RAM row and the backplane outputs. Fig 20. Display RAM bitmap Logic 1 in the RAM bit map indicates the on-state (Von(RMS)) of the corresponding LCD element; similarly, logic 0 indicates the off-state (Voff(RMS)). For more information on Von(RMS) and Voff(RMS), see Section 8.4. There is a one-to-one correspondence between • the bits in the RAM bitmap and the LCD elements, PCA8536 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 35 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator • the RAM columns and the segment outputs, • the RAM rows and the backplane outputs. The display RAM bit map, Figure 20, shows row 0 to row 7 which correspond with the backplane outputs BP0 to BP7, and column 0 to column 43 which correspond with the segment outputs S0 to S43. In multiplexed LCD applications, the data of each row of the display RAM is time-multiplexed with the corresponding backplane (row 0 with BP0, row 1 with BP1, and so on). When display data is transmitted to the PCA8536, the display bytes received are stored in the display RAM in accordance with the selected LCD multiplex drive mode. The data is stored as it arrives and depending on the current multiplex drive mode, data is stored in quadruples, sextuples or bytes. 8.9.1 Data pointer (LCD part) The addressing mechanism for the display RAM is realized using the data pointer. This allows the loading of an individual display data byte, or a series of display data bytes, into any location of the display RAM. The sequence commences with the initialization of the data pointer by the load-data-pointer-LCD command (see Table 25). Following this command, an arriving data byte is stored starting at the display RAM address indicated by the data pointer. The data pointer is automatically incremented in accordance with the chosen LCD multiplex drive mode configuration. That is, after each byte is stored, the contents of the data pointer are incremented • by two (1:4 multiplex drive mode), • by one or two (1:6 multiplex drive mode), • by one (1:8 multiplex drive mode). Multiplex drive 1:6 is a special case and is described later on. When the address counter reaches the end of the RAM, it stops incrementing after the last byte is transmitted. Redundant bits of the last byte and subsequent bytes transmitted are discarded until the pointer is reset. To send new RAM data, the data pointer must be reset. If an I2C-bus or SPI-bus data access is terminated early then the state of the data pointer is unknown. The data pointer must then be re-written prior to further RAM accesses. PCA8536 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 36 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator 8.9.2 RAM filling in 1:4 multiplex drive mode In the 1:4 multiplex drive mode the RAM is organized in four rows and 44 columns. The eight transmitted data bits are placed in two successive display RAM columns of four rows (see Figure 21). In order to fill the whole four RAM rows, 22 bytes need to be sent to the PCA8536. After the last byte sent, the data pointer must be reset before the next RAM content update. Additional data bytes sent and any data bits that spill over the RAM will be discarded. Columns Display RAM addresses (columns)/segment outputs (S) 0 1 2 0 b7 b3 1 b6 b2 Rows 3 4 5 6 7 39 40 41 42 43 2 b5 b1 Display RAM bits (rows)/ backplane outputs (BP) 3 b4 b0 b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1 b0 MSB LSB Transmitted data byte 013aaa455 Fig 21. Display RAM filling order in 1:4 multiplex drive mode Depending on the start address of the data pointer, there is the possibility for a boundary condition. This will occur when more data bits are sent than fit into the remaining RAM. The additional data bits are discarded. See Figure 22. Columns Display RAM addresses (columns)/segment outputs (S) 0 Rows Display RAM bits (rows)/ backplane outputs (BP) 0 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 39 40 41 42 43 b7 b6 2 b5 3 b4 Discarded b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1 b0 MSB LSB Transmitted data byte 013aaa456 Fig 22. Boundary condition in 1:4 multiplex drive mode PCA8536 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 37 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator 8.9.3 RAM filling in 1:6 multiplex drive mode In the 1:6 multiplex drive mode the RAM is organized in six rows and 42 columns. The eight transmitted data bits are placed in such a way, that a column is filled up (see Figure 23). Columns Display RAM addresses (columns)/segment outputs (S) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 37 38 39 40 41 0 a7 a1 b3 c5 Rows 1 a6 a0 b2 c4 2 a5 b7 b1 c3 Display RAM bits (rows)/ backplane outputs (BP) 3 a4 b6 b0 c2 4 a3 b5 c7 c1 5 a2 b4 c6 c0 MSB LSB a7 a6 a5 a4 a3 a2 a1 a0 b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1 b0 c7 c6 c5 c4 c3 c2 c1 c0 Transmitted data bytes 013aaa457 Fig 23. Display RAM filling order in 1:6 multiplex drive mode The remaining bits are wrapped over into the next column. In order to fill the whole RAM, 31 and a half bytes need to be sent to the PCA8536. After the last byte sent, the data pointer must be reset before the next RAM content update. Additional data bytes sent and any data bits that spill over the RAM will be discarded. Depending on the start address of the data pointer, there are three possible boundary conditions. See Figure 24. PCA8536 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 38 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator Columns Display RAM addresses (columns)/segment outputs (S) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 37 38 39 40 41 0 1 b7 b6 2 b5 3 b4 4 b3 5 b2 Rows Display RAM bits (rows)/backplane outputs (BP) Discarded b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1 b0 MSB 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 LSB Transmitted data byte 37 38 39 40 41 0 1 2 b7 3 b6 4 b5 5 b4 Discarded b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1 b0 MSB LSB Transmitted data byte 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 37 38 39 40 41 0 1 2 3 4 b7 b6 5 Discarded b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1 b0 MSB LSB Transmitted data byte 013aaa458 Fig 24. Boundary condition in 1:6 multiplex drive mode PCA8536 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 39 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator 8.9.4 RAM filling in 1:8 multiplex drive mode In the 1:8 multiplex drive mode the RAM is organized in eight rows and 40 columns. The eight transmitted data bits are placed into eight rows of one display RAM column (see Figure 25). In order to fill the whole RAM, 40 bytes need to be sent to the PCA8536. After the last byte sent, the data pointer must be reset before the next RAM content update. Additional data bytes sent will be discarded. Columns Display RAM columns/segment outputs (S) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 35 36 37 38 39 0 b7 1 b6 2 b5 Rows Display RAM rows/ backplane outputs (BP) 3 b4 4 b3 5 b2 6 b1 7 b0 b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1 b0 MSB LSB Transmitted data byte 013aaa459 Fig 25. Display RAM filling order in 1:8 multiplex drive mode There are no boundary conditions in 1:8 multiplex drive mode. 8.10 PWM registers and data pointer (PWM part) There are six PWM generators which can be independently configured. The values used to define the PWM output are stored here. The addressing mechanism for the PWM register is realized using the PWM data pointer. This allows the loading of an individual PWM data byte, or a series of data bytes, into any location of the PWM registers. The sequence commences with the initialization of the data pointer by the load-data-pointer-PWM command (see Table 26). Following this command, an arriving data byte is stored starting at the PWM register address indicated by the PWM data pointer. The data pointer is automatically incremented. That is, after each byte is stored, the contents of the data pointer are incremented. The data pointer will wrap around continuously as long as data is transmitted. PCA8536 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 40 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator Columns Display RAM columns/segment outputs (S) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 35 36 37 38 39 0 b7 1 b6 Rows 2 b5 Display RAM rows/ backplane outputs (BP) 3 b4 4 b3 5 b2 6 b1 7 b0 b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1 b0 MSB LSB Transmitted data byte 013aaa460 Fig 26. PWM register filling 8.11 GPO output The PCA8536 contains six independently configured GPO pins (GP0 to GP5). These outputs, when enabled, will replace the function of the corresponding LCD segment outputs. Each GPO output can supply either a logic 1, a logic 0, or a PWM signal. The PWM signal can be used to control the brightness of an LED. The PWM generator has 128 possible levels allowing for an output with a variable duty cycle between 0 % and 99.7 %. 100 % can only be achieved by a static 1 output. The period of the PWM frame frequency described in Section 8.1.10 is divided into 128 time slots. The value in the PWM register determines for how many of these time slots the PWM output is at logic 1. Table 33. PWM generator PWM register value Percentage of ON time (%) Time slots at 1 Time slots at 0 0 0 0 128 1 0.78 1 127 2 1.56 2 126 : : : : 126 98.4 126 2 127 99.2 127 1 PWM duty cycle may be calculated by: PWMvalue DutyCycle = ----------------------------- 100 128 PCA8536 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 (9) © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 41 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator PWMI 230 kHz PWM generator channel 0 0 1 PWM value 0 GP0 segment 0 LCD data 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 S0/GP0 GP0M[1:0] 230 kHz PWM generator channel 1 0 1 PWM value 1 GP1 segment 1 LCD data 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 S1/GP1 GP1M[1:0] 230 kHz PWM generator channel 2 0 1 PWM value 2 GP2 segment 2 LCD data 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 S2/GP2 GP2M[1:0] 230 kHz PWM generator channel 3 0 1 PWM value 3 GP3 segment 3 LCD data 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 S3/GP3 GP3M[1:0] 230 kHz PWM generator channel 4 0 1 PWM value 4 GP4 segment 4 LCD data 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 S4/GP4 GP4M[1:0] 230 kHz PWM generator channel 5 0 1 PWM value 5 GP5 segment 5 LCD data 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 S5/GP5 GP5M[1:0] 001aan567 There are six independently configured GPO outputs. Fig 27. General-purpose output block diagram An example of the PWM waveforms is given in Figure 28. PCA8536 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 42 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator fPWM PWM register 0 = 0 0.00 % PWM register 1 = 1 0.78 % PWM register 2 = 32 24.96 % PWM register 3 = 64 49.92 % PWM register 4 = 96 74.88 % PWM register 5 = 127 99.20 % 1 t= 128 x fPWM 001aan569 Fig 28. PWM example waveforms for PWMI = 0 8.11.1 RGB color driving There are six PWM channels that can be arranged as two RGB channels. There are no explicit settings for this feature, only ways of utilizing the PWM channels. Table 34 gives an example of how two RGB clusters can be configured. Table 34. Combining PWM channels for RGB RGB cluster PWM channel Component color 0 0 red 1 green 1 2 blue 3 red 4 green 5 blue Figure 29 gives an example of how two RGB clusters can be connected. PCA8536 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 43 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator LED supply voltage G R B R G cluster 0 B cluster 1 S0/GP0 S1/GP1 S2/GP2 S3/GP3 S4/GP4 S5/GP5 001aan568 There are six independently configured GPO outputs. Fig 29. Configuration for two RGB clusters Table 35 gives some examples of programming values for the PWM channels in order to achieve the given colors. By using three PWM channels for one RGB cluster it is possible to generate two million colors. Table 35. Example PWM values PWM channel PCA8536 Product data sheet Component color PWM channel value Resultant color yellow 0 red 127 1 green 127 2 blue 0 3 red 127 4 green 82 5 blue 0 0 red 0 1 green 127 2 blue 127 3 red 127 4 green 108 5 blue 0 All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 orange aqua gold © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 44 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator 8.11.2 PWM inversion mode The PWM inversion mode can be enabled by setting the PWMI bit to logic 1 (see Table 7 on page 8). The PWMI mode will invert the PWM waveform. By default, all PWM outputs will switch HIGH at the same time. If the PWM output is used to drive external LEDs then this could cause a voltage dip on the power supply of the LEDs. With the PWMI mode, it is possible to prevent multiple outputs switching HIGH at the same time by ensuring that the PWM values are not identical. In the example in Figure 30, none of the six PWM outputs switch HIGH together. All PWM channels instead switch off together; however this will not cause any power supply disturbances. fPWM PWM register 0 = 0 100.00 % PWM register 1 = 1 99.20 % PWM register 2 = 32 75.00 % PWM register 3 = 64 50.00 % PWM register 4 = 96 25.00 % 0.78 % PWM register 5 = 127 1 t= 128 x fPWM 001aan570 Fig 30. PWM example waveforms for PWMI = 1 When PWM inversion mode is used, the PWM duty cycle can be calculated with: 128 – PWMvalue DutyCycle = -------------------------------------------- 100 128 PCA8536 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 (10) © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 45 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator 9. Bus interfaces 9.1 Control byte and register selection After initiating the communication over the bus and sending the slave address (I2C-bus, see Section 9.2) or subaddress (SPI-bus, see Section 9.3), a control byte follows. The purpose of this byte is to indicate both, the content for the following data bytes (RAM, command, or PWM data) and to indicate that more control bytes will follow. Typical sequences could be: • Slave address/subaddress - control byte - command byte - command byte - command byte - end • Slave address/subaddress - control byte - RAM byte - RAM byte - RAM byte - end • Slave address/subaddress - control byte - command byte - control byte - RAM byte end In this way, it is possible to send a mixture of RAM, PWM and command data in one access or alternatively, to send just one type of data in one access. Table 36. Control byte description Bit Symbol 7 CO 6 to 5 Value Description continue bit 0 last control byte 1 control bytes continue RS[1:0] register selection 00 command register 01 RAM data 10 PWM data 11 4 to 0 - unused - MSB 7 CO unused 6 5 4 RS[1:0] 3 2 1 LSB 0 not relevant 013aaa461 Fig 31. Control byte format 9.2 I2C-bus interface The I2C-bus is for bidirectional, two-line communication between different ICs or modules. The two lines are a Serial DAta line (SDA) and a Serial CLock line (SCL). Both lines must be connected to a positive supply via a pull-up resistor when connected to the output stages of a device. Data transfer may be initiated only when the bus is not busy. PCA8536 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 46 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator 9.2.1 Bit transfer One data bit is transferred during each clock pulse. The data on the SDA line must remain stable during the HIGH period of the clock pulse as changes in the data line at this time will be interpreted as a control signal (see Figure 32). SDA SCL data line stable; data valid change of data allowed mba607 Fig 32. Bit transfer 9.2.2 START and STOP conditions Both data and clock lines remain HIGH when the bus is not busy. A HIGH-to-LOW change of the data line, while the clock is HIGH, is defined as the START condition (S). A LOW-to-HIGH change of the data line, while the clock is HIGH, is defined as the STOP condition (P). The START and STOP conditions are shown in Figure 33. SDA SDA SCL SCL S P START condition STOP condition mbc622 Fig 33. Definition of START and STOP conditions 9.2.3 System configuration A device generating a message is a transmitter, a device receiving a message is the receiver. The device that controls the message is the master and the devices which are controlled by the master are the slaves. The system configuration is shown in Figure 34. MASTER TRANSMITTER/ RECEIVER SLAVE RECEIVER SLAVE TRANSMITTER/ RECEIVER MASTER TRANSMITTER MASTER TRANSMITTER/ RECEIVER SDA SCL mga807 Fig 34. System configuration PCA8536 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 47 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator 9.2.4 Acknowledge The number of data bytes transferred between the START and STOP conditions from transmitter to receiver is unlimited. Each byte of 8 bits is followed by an acknowledge cycle. • A slave receiver which is addressed must generate an acknowledge after the reception of each byte. • Also a master receiver must generate an acknowledge after the reception of each byte that has been clocked out of the slave transmitter. • The device that acknowledges must pull-down the SDA line during the acknowledge clock pulse, so that the SDA line is stable LOW during the HIGH period of the acknowledge related clock pulse (set-up and hold times must be considered). • A master receiver must signal an end of data to the transmitter by not generating an acknowledge on the last byte that has been clocked out of the slave. In this event, the transmitter must leave the data line HIGH to enable the master to generate a STOP condition. Acknowledgement on the I2C-bus is shown in Figure 35. data output by transmitter not acknowledge data output by receiver acknowledge SCL from master 1 2 8 9 S START condition clock pulse for acknowledgement mbc602 Fig 35. Acknowledgement on the I2C-bus 9.2.5 I2C-bus controller The PCA8536 acts as an I2C-bus slave receiver. It does not initiate I2C-bus transfers or transmit data to an I2C-bus master receiver. Device selection depends on the I2C-bus slave address. 9.2.6 Input filters To enhance noise immunity in electrically adverse environments, RC low-pass filters are provided on the SDA and SCL lines. PCA8536 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 48 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator 9.2.7 I2C-bus slave address Device selection depends on the I2C-bus slave address. Two different I2C-bus slave addresses can be used to address the PCA8536 (see Table 37). Table 37. I2C slave address Slave address Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 MSB 0 0 LSB 1 1 1 0 0 A0 R/W The least significant bit of the slave address byte is bit R/W. Bit 1 of the slave address is defined by connecting the input A0 to either VSS (logic 0) or VDD (logic 1). Therefore, two instances of PCA8536 can be distinguished on the same I2C-bus. 9.2.8 I2C-bus protocol The I2C-bus protocol is shown in Figure 36. The sequence is initiated with a START condition (S) from the I2C-bus master which is followed by one of the two PCA8536 slave addresses available. All PCA8536 with the corresponding A0 level acknowledge in parallel to the slave address, but any PCA8536 with the alternative A0 level ignore the whole I2C-bus transfer. After acknowledgement, a control byte follows (see Section 9.1 on page 46). The display bytes are stored in the display RAM at the address specified by the RAM data pointer and PWM data is stored at the address pointed to by the PWM data pointer. The acknowledgement after each byte is made only by the addressed PCA8536. After the last data byte, the I2C-bus master issues a STOP condition (P). Alternatively a START may be issued to RESTART an I2C-bus access. R/W = 0 slave address control byte R R A C S 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 A S S 0 O1 0 RAM/command byte L M S P A S B B EXAMPLES a) transmit two byte of RAM data S 0 1 1 1 0 0 A 0 A 0 0 1 0 RAM DATA A RAM DATA A A COMMAND A0 0 0 A COMMAND A P A0 0 1 A RAM DATA A A P b) transmit two command bytes S 0 1 1 1 0 0 A 0 A 1 0 0 0 c) transmit one command byte and two RAM date bytes A S 0 1 1 1 0 A 1 0 0 A 1 0 0 A COMMAND RAM DATA A P 013aaa462 Fig 36. I2C-bus protocol write mode PCA8536 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 49 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator 9.2.8.1 Status read out Status read out for I2C-bus operation only. This command will initiate the read out of a fixed value plus the slave address bit A0 from the PCA8536. This read out function will allow the I2C master to confirm the existence of the device on the I2C-bus. Table 38. Status read out value Bit Symbol Value Description 7 to 1 - 0101010 fixed value 0 A0 0 read back value is 01010100 1 read back value is 01010101 If a readout is made, the R/W bit must be logic 1 and then the next data byte following is provided by the PCA8536 as shown in Figure 37. R/W = 1 readout byte slave address S 0 1 1 1 0 0 A 1 A 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 A A P 0 0 acknowledge (1) acknowledge from master 013aaa463 (1) From PCA8536. Fig 37. I2C-bus protocol read mode In the unlikely case that the chip has entered the internal test mode, detection of this state is possible by using the modified status read out detailed in Table 39. The read out value is modified to indicate that the chip has entered an internal test mode. Table 39. Modified status read out value Bit Symbol Value Description 7 to 1 - 1111000 fixed value 0 A0 0 read back value is 1111 0000 1 read back value is 1111 0001 EMC detection: The PCA8536 is ruggedized against EMC susceptibility; however it is not possible to cover all cases. To detect if a severe EMC event has occurred, it is possible to check the responsiveness of the device by reading its register. PCA8536 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 50 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator 9.3 SPI-bus interface Data transfer to the device is made via a 3 line SPI-bus (see Table 40). There is no output data line. The SPI-bus is initialized whenever the chip enable line pin CE is inactive. Table 40. Serial interface Symbol Function Description input[1]; CE chip enable SCL serial clock input input may be higher than VDD SDI serial data input input may be higher than VDD; input data is sampled on the rising edge of SCL [1] active LOW when HIGH, the interface is reset The chip enable must not be wired permanently LOW. 9.3.1 Data transmission The chip enable signal is used to identify the transmitted data. Each data transfer is a byte with the Most Significant Bit (MSB) sent first. The transmission is controlled by the active LOW chip enable signal CE. The first byte transmitted is the subaddress byte. data bus SUBADDRESS DATA DATA DATA CE 013aaa464 Fig 38. Data transfer overview The subaddress byte opens the communication with a read/write bit and a subaddress. The subaddress is used to identify multiple devices on one SPI-BUS. Table 41. Subaddress byte definition Bit Symbol 7 R/W 6 to 5 SA 4 to 0 - Value Description data read or write selection 0 write data 1 read data 01 subaddress; other codes will cause the device to ignore data transfer unused After the subaddress byte, a control byte follows (see Section 9.1 on page 46). PCA8536 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 51 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator R/W = 0 subaddress 0 0 1 control byte R R C S S O1 0 RAM/command byte M L S S B B EXAMPLES a) transmit two bytes of display RAM data 0 0 1 0 0 1 RAM DATA RAM DATA b) transmit two command bytes 0 0 1 1 0 0 COMMAND 0 0 0 COMMAND c) transmit one command byte and two display RAM date bytes 0 0 1 1 0 0 COMMAND 0 0 1 RAM DATA RAM DATA 013aaa465 Data transfers are terminated by de-asserting CE (set CE to logic 1). Fig 39. SPI-bus write example R/W b7 1 SA b6 0 b5 1 unused b4 0 b3 0 b2 0 Bias sytem = 1/3 B[1:0] = 11 command byte b1 0 b0 0 b7 0 b6 0 b5 0 b4 0 b3 0 b2 0 b1 0 b0 0 b7 0 b6 0 b5 0 b4 0 b3 0 b2 1 b1 1 b0 1 SCL SDI CE 013aaa466 In this example, the bias system is set to 1⁄3. The transfer is terminated by CE returning to logic 1. After the last bit is transmitted, the state of the SDI line is not important. Fig 40. SPI-bus example PCA8536 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 52 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator 10. Internal circuitry VDD A0, RESET, OSCCLK VSS VLCD, VDD, SCL, SDA VLCD VSS BP0 to BP7, S0/GP0 to S5/GP5 S6 to S39 VSS 013aaa472 Fig 41. Device protection diagram for PCA8536AT VDD CE, RESET, OSCCLK SDI, SCL VLCD,VDD VSS VLCD VSS BP0 to BP7, S0/GP0 to S5/GP5 S6 to S39 VSS 013aaa473 Fig 42. Device protection diagram for PCA8536BT PCA8536 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 53 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator 11. Limiting values CAUTION Static voltages across the liquid crystal display can build up when the LCD supply voltage (VLCD) is on while the IC supply voltage (VDD) is off, or vice versa. This may cause unwanted display artifacts. To avoid such artifacts, VLCD and VDD must be applied or removed together. Table 42. Limiting values In accordance with the Absolute Maximum Rating System (IEC 60134). Symbol Parameter Conditions Min Max Unit VDD supply voltage 0.5 +6.5 V IDD supply current 50 +50 mA VLCD LCD supply voltage 0.5 +10 V IDD(LCD) LCD supply current 50 +50 mA VI input voltage 0.5 +6.5 V on pins CE, OSCCLK, SCL, SDI, RESET 0.5 +6.5 V 10 +10 mA on pins S0/GP0 to S5/GP5, S6 to S39, BP0 to BP7 0.5 +10 V on pin SDA PCA8536AT on pins SDA, OSCCLK, SCL, A0, RESET PCA8536BT II input current VO output voltage 0.5 +6.5 V IO output current 10 +10 mA ISS ground supply current 50 +50 mA Ptot total power dissipation - 400 mW P/out power dissipation per output VESD electrostatic discharge voltage - 100 mW HBM [1] - 3500 V CDM [2] - 1250 V latch-up current [3] - 200 mA Tstg storage temperature [4] Tamb ambient temperature Ilu operating device 65 +150 C 40 +95 C [1] Pass level; Human Body Model (HBM), according to Ref. 5 “JESD22-A114”. [2] Pass level; Charge Device Model (CDM), according to Ref. 6 “JESD22-C101”. [3] Pass level; latch-up testing according to Ref. 7 “JESD78” at maximum ambient temperature (Tamb(max)). [4] According to the NXP store and transport requirements (see Ref. 9 “NX3-00092”) the devices have to be stored at a temperature of +8 C to +45 C and a humidity of 25 % to 75 %. For long-term storage products deviant conditions are described in that document. PCA8536 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 54 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator 12. Static characteristics Table 43. Static characteristics VDD = 1.8 V to 5.5 V; VSS = 0 V; VLCD = 2.5 V to 9.0 V; Tamb = 40 C to +95 C; unless otherwise specified. Symbol Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max Unit 1.8 2.5 - 5.5 V - 9.0 [1] V - 0.5 2 A external 9.6 kHz clock [2] - 10 25 A external 230 kHz clock with PWM [3] - 20 40 A internal oscillator [2] - 30 60 A internal oscillator with PWM [3] - 60 130 A [1][4] - 7 15 A [5] - 55 140 A Supplies VDD supply voltage VLCD LCD supply voltage VLCD VDD IDD(pd) power-down mode supply current IDD supply current IDD(LCD) see Figure 43 LCD supply current power-down, see Figure 44 display active, see Figure 45 Logic VI input voltage VSS 0.5 - VDD + 0.5 V VIL LOW-level input voltage on pins OSCCLK, A0 and RESET - - 0.3VDD V VIH HIGH-level input voltage on pins OSCCLK, A0 and RESET 0.7VDD - - V VO output voltage 0.5 - VDD + 0.5 V VOH HIGH-level output voltage driving load of 50 A on pins OSCCLK and GP0 to GP5 0.8VDD - - V VOL LOW-level output voltage driving load of 50 A on pins OSCCLK and GP0 to GP5 - - 0.2VDD V IOH HIGH-level output current output source current; VOH = VDD 0.4 V VDD = 1.8 V 0.7 1.6 - mA VDD 3.3 V 1.5 4.0 - mA VDD = 1.8 V; VLCD = 2.5 V 0.7 1.1 - mA VDD = 3.3 V; VLCD 5.5 V 1.5 2.8 - mA on pin OSCCLK on pins GP0 to GP5 PCA8536 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 55 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator Table 43. Static characteristics …continued VDD = 1.8 V to 5.5 V; VSS = 0 V; VLCD = 2.5 V to 9.0 V; Tamb = 40 C to +95 C; unless otherwise specified. Symbol Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max Unit IOL LOW-level output current output sink current; VOL = 0.4 V VDD = 1.8 V 3 4 - mA VDD 3.3 V 5 10 - mA VDD = 1.8 V; VLCD = 2.5 V 0.7 1.1 - mA VDD = 3.3 V; VLCD 5.5 V 1.5 2.4 - mA Vi = VDD or VSS; on pin OSCCLK and GP0 to GP5 1 - +1 A on pin OSCCLK on pins GP0 to GP5 IL leakage current I2C-bus[6] On pins SCL and SDA VI input voltage VSS 0.5 - 5.5 V VIL LOW-level input voltage - - 0.3VDD V VIH HIGH-level input voltage 0.7VDD - - V VO output voltage IL leakage current VI = VDD or VSS LOW-level output current output sink current 0.5 - +5.5 V 1 - +1 A VDD = 1.8 V 3 5.5 - mA VDD = 3.3 V 5 9 - mA on pin SCL VSS 0.5 - 5.5 V on pins CE and SDI VSS 0.5 - VDD + 0.5 V - - 0.3VDD V 0.7VDD - - V 1 - +1 A On pin SDA IOL SPI-bus VI input voltage On pins SCL, CE and SDI VIL LOW-level input voltage VIH HIGH-level input voltage IL leakage current PCA8536 Product data sheet VI = VDD or VSS All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 56 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator Table 43. Static characteristics …continued VDD = 1.8 V to 5.5 V; VSS = 0 V; VLCD = 2.5 V to 9.0 V; Tamb = 40 C to +95 C; unless otherwise specified. Symbol Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max Unit LCD outputs VO output voltage variation on pins BP0 to BP7 [7] - 2.5 +10 mV on pins S0 to S43 [8] - 2.5 +10 mV VLCD = 7 V; on pins BP0 to BP7 [9] - 0.9 5.0 k VLCD = 7 V; on pins S0 to S43 [9] - 1.5 6.0 k output resistance RO [1] Power-down mode is enabled; I2C-bus or SPI-bus inactive. [2] 1:8 multiplex drive mode; 1⁄4 bias; display enabled; LCD outputs are open circuit; RAM is all written with logic 1; inputs at VSS or VDD; default display prescale factor; I2C-bus or SPI-bus inactive. [3] 1:8 multiplex drive mode; 1⁄4 bias; display enabled; LCD outputs are open circuit; RAM is all written with logic 1; inputs at VSS or VDD; default display prescale factor; I2C-bus or SPI-bus inactive; six PWM channels active at 50 % duty. [4] Strongly linked to VLCD voltage. See Figure 44. [5] 1:8 multiplex drive mode; 1⁄4 bias; display enabled; LCD outputs are open circuit; RAM is all written with logic 1; default display prescale factor. [6] The I2C-bus interface of PCA8536 is 5 V tolerant. [7] Variation between any two backplanes on a given voltage level; static measured. [8] Variation between any two segments on a given voltage level; static measured. [9] Outputs measured one at a time. 013aaa502 60 IDD (µA) 40 20 0 -45 -10 25 60 95 Tamb (ºC) 1:8 multiplex drive mode; 1⁄4 bias; internal oscillator; display enabled; LCD outputs are open circuit; RAM is all written with logic 1; inputs at VSS or VDD; default display prescale factor; I2C-bus or SPI-bus inactive. Typical is defined at VDD = 3.3 V, 25 C. Fig 43. Typical IDD with respect to temperature PCA8536 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 57 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator 013aaa504 15 IDD(LCD) (µA) VLCD = 9.0 V 10 VLCD = 5.5 V 5 0 -45 -10 25 60 95 Tamb (ºC) Power-down mode is enabled; I2C-bus or SPI-bus inactive. Typical is defined at 25 C. Fig 44. Typical IDD(LCD) in power-down mode with respect to temperature 013aaa506 120 IDD(LCD) (µA) VLCD = 9.0 V 80 40 0 -45 VLCD = 5.5 V -10 25 60 95 Tamb (ºC) 1:8 multiplex drive mode; 1⁄4 bias; display enabled; LCD outputs are open circuit; RAM is all written with logic 1; default display prescale factor. Typical is defined at 25 C. Fig 45. Typical IDD(LCD) when display is active with respect to temperature PCA8536 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 58 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator 13. Dynamic characteristics Table 44. Dynamic characteristics VDD = 1.8 V to 5.5 V; VSS = 0 V; VLCD = 2.5 V to 9.0 V; Tamb = 40 C to +95 C; unless otherwise specified. Symbol Parameter Conditions [1] Min Typ Max Unit 7800 9600 11040 Hz fclk clock frequency output on pin OSCCLK; VDD = 3.3 V fclk(ext) external clock frequency EFR = 0 - - 250000 Hz t(RESET_N) RESET_N pulse width LOW time 400 - - ns External clock source used on pin OSCCLK tclk(H) clock HIGH time 33 - - s tclk(L) clock LOW time 33 - - s [1] Frequency present on OSCCLK with default display frequency division factor. 013aaa501 15 fclk (kHz) (3) (2) 10 (1) 5 0 1 3 5 7 VDD (V) (1) 40 C. (2) 25 C. (3) 95 C. Fig 46. Typical clock frequency with respect to VDD and temperature 1/fclk(ext) tclk(H) tclk(L) 0.7VDD OSCCLK 0.3VDD 013aaa474 External clock source used on pin OSCCLK. Fig 47. Driver timing waveforms PCA8536 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 59 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator tRESET(L) RESET 0.3VDD 013aaa475 Fig 48. RESET timing Table 45. Timing characteristics: I2C-bus VDD = 1.8 V to 5.5 V; VSS = 0 V; VLCD = 2.5 V to 9.0 V; Tamb = 40 C to +95 C; unless otherwise specified. All timing values are valid within the operating supply voltage and temperature range and referenced to VIL and VIH with an input voltage swing of VSS to VDD. Timing waveforms see Figure 49. Symbol Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max Unit - - 400 kHz Pin SCL [1] fSCL SCL clock frequency tLOW LOW period of the SCL clock 1.3 - - s tHIGH HIGH period of the SCL clock 0.6 - - s tSU;DAT data set-up time 100 - - ns tHD;DAT data hold time 0 - - ns Pin SDA Pins SCL and SDA tBUF bus free time between a STOP and START condition 1.3 - - s tSU;STO set-up time for STOP condition 0.6 - - s tHD;STA hold time (repeated) START condition 0.6 - - s tSU;STA set-up time for a repeated START condition 0.6 - - s tr rise time of both SDA and SCL signals fSCL = 400 kHz - - 0.3 s fSCL = 100 kHz - - 1.0 s - - 0.3 s tf fall time of both SDA and SCL signals tVD;ACK data valid acknowledge time [2] 0.6 - - s tVD;DAT data valid time [3] 0.6 - - s Cb capacitive load for each bus line - - 400 pF - - 50 ns [4] pulse width of spikes that must be suppressed by the input filter tSP [1] The minimum SCL clock frequency is limited by the bus time-out feature, which resets the serial bus interface if either the SDA or SCL is held LOW for a minimum of 25 ms. The bus time-out feature must be disabled for DC operation. [2] tVD;ACK = time for acknowledgement signal from SCL LOW to SDA output LOW. [3] tVD;DAT = minimum time for valid SDA output following SCL LOW. [4] Input filters on the SDA and SCL inputs suppress noise spikes of less than 50 ns. PCA8536 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 60 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator protocol bit 7 MSB (A7) START condition (S) tSU;STA tLOW bit 6 (A6) tHIGH 1/f bit 0 (R/W) acknowledge (A) STOP condition (P) SCL SCL tBUF tr tf SDA tHD;STA tSU;DAT tVD;ACK tVD;DAT tHD;DAT tSU;STO 013aaa417 Fig 49. I2C-bus timing waveforms Table 46. Timing characteristics: SPI-bus VDD = 1.8 V to 5.5 V; VSS = 0 V; Tamb = 40 C to +95 C. All timing values are valid within the operating supply voltage and temperature range and referenced to VIL and VIH with an input voltage swing of VSS to VDD. Timing waveforms see Figure 50. Symbol Parameter Conditions VDD < 2.7 V VDD 2.7 V Min Max Min Max Unit fclk(SCL) SCL clock frequency - 2 - 5 MHz tSCL SCL time 500 - 200 - ns tclk(H) clock HIGH time 200 - 80 - ns tclk(L) clock LOW time 200 - 80 - ns tr rise time for SCL signal - 100 - 100 ns tf fall time for SCL signal - 100 - 100 ns tsu(CE_N) CE_N set-up time 150 - 80 - ns th(CE_N) CE_N hold time 0 - 0 - ns trec(CE_N) CE_N recovery time 100 - 100 - ns tsu set-up time set-up time for SDI data 10 - 5 - ns th hold time hold time for SDI data 25 - 10 - ns PCA8536 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 61 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator CE tsu(CE_N) tSCL tclk(H) tr tf trec(CE_N) th(CE_N) 70% SCL 30% tclk(L) tsu th SDI b7 b6 b0 013aaa476 Fig 50. SPI-bus timing 14. Test information 14.1 Quality information This product has been qualified in accordance with the Automotive Electronics Council (AEC) standard Q100 - Failure mechanism based stress test qualification for integrated circuits, and is suitable for use in automotive applications. PCA8536 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 62 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator 15. Package outline TSSOP56: plastic thin shrink small outline package; 56 leads; body width 6.1 mm SOT364-1 E D A X c HE y v M A Z 56 29 Q A2 (A 3) A1 pin 1 index A θ Lp L 1 detail X 28 w M bp e 2.5 0 5 mm scale DIMENSIONS (mm are the original dimensions). UNIT A max. A1 A2 A3 bp c D (1) E (2) e HE L Lp Q v w y Z θ mm 1.2 0.15 0.05 1.05 0.85 0.25 0.28 0.17 0.2 0.1 14.1 13.9 6.2 6.0 0.5 8.3 7.9 1 0.8 0.4 0.50 0.35 0.25 0.08 0.1 0.5 0.1 8o o 0 Notes 1. Plastic or metal protrusions of 0.15 mm maximum per side are not included. 2. Plastic interlead protrusions of 0.25 mm maximum per side are not included. OUTLINE VERSION SOT364-1 REFERENCES IEC JEDEC JEITA EUROPEAN PROJECTION ISSUE DATE 99-12-27 03-02-19 MO-153 Fig 51. Package outline SOT364-1 (TSSOP56) PCA8536 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 63 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator 16. Handling information All input and output pins are protected against ElectroStatic Discharge (ESD) under normal handling. When handling Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) devices ensure that all normal precautions are taken as described in JESD625-A, IEC 61340-5 or equivalent standards. 17. Soldering of SMD packages This text provides a very brief insight into a complex technology. A more in-depth account of soldering ICs can be found in Application Note AN10365 “Surface mount reflow soldering description”. 17.1 Introduction to soldering Soldering is one of the most common methods through which packages are attached to Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs), to form electrical circuits. The soldered joint provides both the mechanical and the electrical connection. There is no single soldering method that is ideal for all IC packages. Wave soldering is often preferred when through-hole and Surface Mount Devices (SMDs) are mixed on one printed wiring board; however, it is not suitable for fine pitch SMDs. Reflow soldering is ideal for the small pitches and high densities that come with increased miniaturization. 17.2 Wave and reflow soldering Wave soldering is a joining technology in which the joints are made by solder coming from a standing wave of liquid solder. The wave soldering process is suitable for the following: • Through-hole components • Leaded or leadless SMDs, which are glued to the surface of the printed circuit board Not all SMDs can be wave soldered. Packages with solder balls, and some leadless packages which have solder lands underneath the body, cannot be wave soldered. Also, leaded SMDs with leads having a pitch smaller than ~0.6 mm cannot be wave soldered, due to an increased probability of bridging. The reflow soldering process involves applying solder paste to a board, followed by component placement and exposure to a temperature profile. Leaded packages, packages with solder balls, and leadless packages are all reflow solderable. Key characteristics in both wave and reflow soldering are: • • • • • • PCA8536 Product data sheet Board specifications, including the board finish, solder masks and vias Package footprints, including solder thieves and orientation The moisture sensitivity level of the packages Package placement Inspection and repair Lead-free soldering versus SnPb soldering All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 64 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator 17.3 Wave soldering Key characteristics in wave soldering are: • Process issues, such as application of adhesive and flux, clinching of leads, board transport, the solder wave parameters, and the time during which components are exposed to the wave • Solder bath specifications, including temperature and impurities 17.4 Reflow soldering Key characteristics in reflow soldering are: • Lead-free versus SnPb soldering; note that a lead-free reflow process usually leads to higher minimum peak temperatures (see Figure 52) than a SnPb process, thus reducing the process window • Solder paste printing issues including smearing, release, and adjusting the process window for a mix of large and small components on one board • Reflow temperature profile; this profile includes preheat, reflow (in which the board is heated to the peak temperature) and cooling down. It is imperative that the peak temperature is high enough for the solder to make reliable solder joints (a solder paste characteristic). In addition, the peak temperature must be low enough that the packages and/or boards are not damaged. The peak temperature of the package depends on package thickness and volume and is classified in accordance with Table 47 and 48 Table 47. SnPb eutectic process (from J-STD-020C) Package thickness (mm) Package reflow temperature (C) Volume (mm3) < 350 350 < 2.5 235 220 2.5 220 220 Table 48. Lead-free process (from J-STD-020C) Package thickness (mm) Package reflow temperature (C) Volume (mm3) < 350 350 to 2000 > 2000 < 1.6 260 260 260 1.6 to 2.5 260 250 245 > 2.5 250 245 245 Moisture sensitivity precautions, as indicated on the packing, must be respected at all times. Studies have shown that small packages reach higher temperatures during reflow soldering, see Figure 52. PCA8536 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 65 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator temperature maximum peak temperature = MSL limit, damage level minimum peak temperature = minimum soldering temperature peak temperature time 001aac844 MSL: Moisture Sensitivity Level Fig 52. Temperature profiles for large and small components For further information on temperature profiles, refer to Application Note AN10365 “Surface mount reflow soldering description”. 18. Footprint information for reflow soldering PCA8536 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 66 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator Footprint information for reflow soldering of TSSOP56 package SOT364-1 Hx Gx P2 (0.125) Hy Gy (0.125) By Ay C D2 (4x) D1 P1 Generic footprint pattern Refer to the package outline drawing for actual layout solder land occupied area DIMENSIONS in mm P1 P2 Ay By C D1 0.500 0.560 8.900 6.100 1.400 0.280 D2 Gx 0.400 14.270 Gy Hx Hy 7.000 16.600 9.150 sot364-1_fr Fig 53. Footprint information for reflow soldering of SOT364-1 (TSSOP56) package PCA8536 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 67 of 74 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxx x x x xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xx xx xxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxx x x xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxx NXP Semiconductors PCA8536 Product data sheet 19. Appendix: possible PWM and LCD frame frequency combinations to avoid flicker Table 49. LCD and PWM frame frequency combinations to avoid flicker [1] Experiments have shown that likely no flicker occurs when PWM frame frequency and LCD frame frequency are between 40 Hz and 50 Hz apart and no flicker occurs if they are more than 50 Hz apart. frame frequencies PWM (fPWM) 69.1 81.7 89.8 99.8 112.3 119.8 128.3 138.2 149.7 163.4 179.7 199.7 224.6 256.7 299.5 9.2 21.8 29.9 20.0 7.5 0.0 8.6 18.4 29.9 16.3 0.0 20.0 15.0 17.1 0.0 70.5 10.6 1.4 11.2 19.4 29.4 28.6 21.1 12.6 2.7 8.8 22.4 31.7 11.7 13.2 25.2 17.6 79.9 20.0 10.8 1.8 10.0 20.0 32.4 39.9 31.4 21.5 10.0 3.6 20.0 39.9 15.0 17.1 20.0 90.4 29.4 21.3 8.7 0.6 9.4 21.9 29.4 37.9 42.6 31.1 17.5 1.1 18.8 43.8 14.5 28.3 99.8 20.0 30.7 18.2 10.0 0.0 12.5 20.0 28.5 38.4 49.9 36.3 20.0 0.0 25.0 42.8 0.0 108.9 10.9 29.3 27.2 19.1 9.1 3.4 10.9 19.4 29.3 40.8 54.5 38.1 18.2 6.8 38.9 27.2 119.8 0.0 18.4 38.1 29.9 20.0 7.5 0.0 8.6 18.4 29.9 43.6 59.9 39.9 15.0 17.1 59.9 129.5 9.7 8.7 33.8 39.7 29.7 17.2 9.7 1.2 8.7 20.2 33.8 50.2 59.4 34.4 2.3 40.5 140.9 21.1 2.7 22.4 38.8 41.1 28.6 21.1 12.6 2.7 8.8 22.4 38.8 58.7 57.3 25.2 17.6 149.7 29.9 11.5 13.6 29.9 49.9 37.4 29.9 21.4 11.5 0.0 13.6 29.9 49.9 74.9 42.8 0.0 159.7 20.0 21.5 3.6 20.0 39.9 47.4 39.9 31.4 21.5 10.0 3.6 20.0 39.9 64.9 62.7 20.0 171.1 8.6 32.9 7.8 8.6 28.5 53.5 51.3 42.8 32.9 21.4 7.8 8.6 28.5 53.5 85.6 42.8 177.5 2.2 29.9 14.1 2.2 22.2 47.1 57.7 49.1 39.2 27.7 14.1 2.2 22.2 47.1 79.2 55.5 184.3 4.6 23.0 20.9 4.6 15.4 40.3 55.3 55.9 46.1 34.6 20.9 4.6 15.4 40.3 72.4 69.1 191.7 12.0 15.7 28.3 12.0 8.0 32.9 47.9 63.3 53.4 41.9 28.3 12.0 8.0 32.9 65.0 83.9 199.7 20.0 7.7 36.3 20.0 0.0 25.0 39.9 57.0 61.4 49.9 36.3 20.0 0.0 25.0 57.0 99.8 208.3 28.6 1.0 36.7 28.6 8.7 16.3 31.3 48.4 68.1 58.6 45.0 28.6 8.7 16.3 48.4 91.1 217.8 21.8 10.5 27.2 38.1 18.2 6.8 21.8 38.9 58.6 68.1 54.5 38.1 18.2 6.8 38.9 81.7 228.2 11.4 20.8 16.9 41.4 28.5 3.6 11.4 28.5 48.3 71.3 64.8 48.5 28.5 3.6 28.5 71.3 239.6 0.0 32.3 5.4 29.9 39.9 15.0 0.0 17.1 36.9 59.9 76.2 59.9 39.9 15.0 17.1 59.9 252.2 12.6 24.2 7.2 17.3 47.3 27.6 12.6 4.5 24.2 47.3 74.5 72.5 52.5 27.6 4.5 47.3 266.2 26.6 10.2 21.2 3.3 33.3 41.6 26.6 9.5 10.2 33.3 60.5 86.5 66.6 41.6 9.5 33.3 281.9 17.6 5.4 36.8 12.3 17.6 55.1 42.3 25.2 5.4 17.6 44.8 77.5 82.2 57.3 25.2 17.6 299.5 0.0 23.0 27.2 29.9 0.0 37.4 59.9 42.8 23.0 0.0 27.2 59.9 99.8 74.9 42.8 0.0 [1] The table shows the smallest distance (f) from one frequency to the next or multiples of the next. f = MIN(f1 n f2); the values for n are 1 to 6; f1 and f2 can be either fPWM or ffr(LCD); both relationships have to be considered. A PWM frame frequency (fPWM) of less than 60 Hz may show flicker purely from the LCD. PCA8536 68 of 74 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 59.9 0.0 Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. LCD (ffr(LCD)) 59.9 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator 20. Abbreviations Table 50. PCA8536 Product data sheet Abbreviations Acronym Description AEC Automotive Electronics Council CDM Charged-Device Model CMOS Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor DC Direct Current EMC ElectroMagnetic Compatibility EPROM Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory ESD ElectroStatic Discharge HBM Human Body Model I2C Inter-Integrated Circuit bus IC Integrated Circuit LCD Liquid Crystal Display LED Light-Emitting Diode LSB Least Significant Bit MSB Most Significant Bit MSL Moisture Sensitivity Level MUX Multiplexer OTP One Time Programmable PCB Printed-Circuit Board POR Power-On Reset PWM Pulse-Width Modulation RC Resistance-Capacitance RAM Random Access Memory RGB Red Green Blue RMS Root Mean Square SCL Serial CLock line SDA Serial DAta line SPI Serial Peripheral Interface All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 69 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator 21. References [1] AN10365 — Surface mount reflow soldering description [2] IEC 60134 — Rating systems for electronic tubes and valves and analogous semiconductor devices [3] IEC 61340-5 — Protection of electronic devices from electrostatic phenomena [4] IPC/JEDEC J-STD-020D — Moisture/Reflow Sensitivity Classification for Nonhermetic Solid State Surface-Mount Devices [5] JESD22-A114 — Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Sensitivity Testing Human Body Model (HBM) [6] JESD22-C101 — Field-Induced Charged-Device Model Test Method for Electrostatic-Discharge-Withstand Thresholds of Microelectronic Components [7] JESD78 — IC Latch-Up Test [8] JESD625-A — Requirements for Handling Electrostatic-Discharge-Sensitive (ESDS) Devices [9] NX3-00092 — NXP store and transport requirements [10] SNV-FA-01-02 — Marking Formats Integrated Circuits [11] UM10204 — I2C-bus specification and user manual 22. Revision history Table 51. Revision history Document ID Release date Data sheet status Change notice Supersedes PCA8536 v.2 20120221 Product Data Sheet - PCA8536 v.1 Product Data Sheet - - Modifications: PCA8536 v.1 PCA8536 Product data sheet • Fixed typos 20111006 All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 70 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator 23. Legal information 23.1 Data sheet status Document status[1][2] Product status[3] Definition Objective [short] data sheet Development This document contains data from the objective specification for product development. Preliminary [short] data sheet Qualification This document contains data from the preliminary specification. Product [short] data sheet Production This document contains the product specification. [1] Please consult the most recently issued document before initiating or completing a design. [2] The term ‘short data sheet’ is explained in section “Definitions”. [3] The product status of device(s) described in this document may have changed since this document was published and may differ in case of multiple devices. The latest product status information is available on the Internet at URL http://www.nxp.com. 23.2 Definitions Draft — The document is a draft version only. The content is still under internal review and subject to formal approval, which may result in modifications or additions. NXP Semiconductors does not give any representations or warranties as to the accuracy or completeness of information included herein and shall have no liability for the consequences of use of such information. Short data sheet — A short data sheet is an extract from a full data sheet with the same product type number(s) and title. A short data sheet is intended for quick reference only and should not be relied upon to contain detailed and full information. For detailed and full information see the relevant full data sheet, which is available on request via the local NXP Semiconductors sales office. In case of any inconsistency or conflict with the short data sheet, the full data sheet shall prevail. Product specification — The information and data provided in a Product data sheet shall define the specification of the product as agreed between NXP Semiconductors and its customer, unless NXP Semiconductors and customer have explicitly agreed otherwise in writing. In no event however, shall an agreement be valid in which the NXP Semiconductors product is deemed to offer functions and qualities beyond those described in the Product data sheet. 23.3 Disclaimers Limited warranty and liability — Information in this document is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, NXP Semiconductors does not give any representations or warranties, expressed or implied, as to the accuracy or completeness of such information and shall have no liability for the consequences of use of such information. NXP Semiconductors takes no responsibility for the content in this document if provided by an information source outside of NXP Semiconductors. In no event shall NXP Semiconductors be liable for any indirect, incidental, punitive, special or consequential damages (including - without limitation - lost profits, lost savings, business interruption, costs related to the removal or replacement of any products or rework charges) whether or not such damages are based on tort (including negligence), warranty, breach of contract or any other legal theory. Notwithstanding any damages that customer might incur for any reason whatsoever, NXP Semiconductors’ aggregate and cumulative liability towards customer for the products described herein shall be limited in accordance with the Terms and conditions of commercial sale of NXP Semiconductors. Right to make changes — NXP Semiconductors reserves the right to make changes to information published in this document, including without limitation specifications and product descriptions, at any time and without notice. This document supersedes and replaces all information supplied prior to the publication hereof. PCA8536 Product data sheet Suitability for use in automotive applications — This NXP Semiconductors product has been qualified for use in automotive applications. Unless otherwise agreed in writing, the product is not designed, authorized or warranted to be suitable for use in life support, life-critical or safety-critical systems or equipment, nor in applications where failure or malfunction of an NXP Semiconductors product can reasonably be expected to result in personal injury, death or severe property or environmental damage. NXP Semiconductors and its suppliers accept no liability for inclusion and/or use of NXP Semiconductors products in such equipment or applications and therefore such inclusion and/or use is at the customer's own risk. Applications — Applications that are described herein for any of these products are for illustrative purposes only. NXP Semiconductors makes no representation or warranty that such applications will be suitable for the specified use without further testing or modification. Customers are responsible for the design and operation of their applications and products using NXP Semiconductors products, and NXP Semiconductors accepts no liability for any assistance with applications or customer product design. It is customer’s sole responsibility to determine whether the NXP Semiconductors product is suitable and fit for the customer’s applications and products planned, as well as for the planned application and use of customer’s third party customer(s). Customers should provide appropriate design and operating safeguards to minimize the risks associated with their applications and products. NXP Semiconductors does not accept any liability related to any default, damage, costs or problem which is based on any weakness or default in the customer’s applications or products, or the application or use by customer’s third party customer(s). Customer is responsible for doing all necessary testing for the customer’s applications and products using NXP Semiconductors products in order to avoid a default of the applications and the products or of the application or use by customer’s third party customer(s). NXP does not accept any liability in this respect. Limiting values — Stress above one or more limiting values (as defined in the Absolute Maximum Ratings System of IEC 60134) will cause permanent damage to the device. Limiting values are stress ratings only and (proper) operation of the device at these or any other conditions above those given in the Recommended operating conditions section (if present) or the Characteristics sections of this document is not warranted. Constant or repeated exposure to limiting values will permanently and irreversibly affect the quality and reliability of the device. Terms and conditions of commercial sale — NXP Semiconductors products are sold subject to the general terms and conditions of commercial sale, as published at http://www.nxp.com/profile/terms, unless otherwise agreed in a valid written individual agreement. In case an individual agreement is concluded only the terms and conditions of the respective agreement shall apply. NXP Semiconductors hereby expressly objects to applying the customer’s general terms and conditions with regard to the purchase of NXP Semiconductors products by customer. All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 71 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator No offer to sell or license — Nothing in this document may be interpreted or construed as an offer to sell products that is open for acceptance or the grant, conveyance or implication of any license under any copyrights, patents or other industrial or intellectual property rights. Translations — A non-English (translated) version of a document is for reference only. The English version shall prevail in case of any discrepancy between the translated and English versions. Export control — This document as well as the item(s) described herein may be subject to export control regulations. Export might require a prior authorization from competent authorities. 23.4 Trademarks Notice: All referenced brands, product names, service names and trademarks are the property of their respective owners. I2C-bus — logo is a trademark of NXP B.V. 24. Contact information For more information, please visit: http://www.nxp.com For sales office addresses, please send an email to: [email protected] PCA8536 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 72 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator 25. Contents 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7.1 7.2 8 8.1 8.1.1 8.1.2 8.1.3 8.1.4 8.1.4.1 8.1.4.2 8.1.4.3 8.1.4.4 8.1.5 8.1.5.1 8.1.5.2 8.1.6 8.1.7 8.1.8 8.1.9 8.1.10 8.1.11 8.1.12 8.1.13 8.1.14 8.1.15 8.2 8.2.1 8.2.2 8.2.3 8.3 8.4 8.4.1 8.5 8.5.1 8.5.2 8.5.3 8.6 8.7 8.8 General description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Features and benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Ordering information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Marking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Block diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Pinning information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Pinning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Pin description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Functional description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Commands of PCA8536 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Command: initialize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Command: OTP-refresh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Command: PWM-inversion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Command: mode-settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Backplane swapping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Line inversion (driving scheme A) and frame inversion (driving scheme B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Power-down mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Display enable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Command: oscillator-control . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Oscillator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Timing and frame frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Command: GPO-output-config . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Command: set-MUX-mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Command: set-bias-mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Command: frame-frequency-LCD. . . . . . . . . . 16 Command: frame-frequency-PWM . . . . . . . . . 18 Command: GPO-static-data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Command: load-data-pointer-LCD . . . . . . . . . 20 Command: load-data-pointer-PWM . . . . . . . . 20 Command: write-RAM-data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Command: write-PWM-data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Start-up and shut-down. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Reset and Power-On Reset (POR). . . . . . . . . 21 RESET pin function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Recommended start-up sequences . . . . . . . . 22 Possible display configurations . . . . . . . . . . . 25 LCD voltage selector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Electro-optical performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 LCD drive mode waveforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 1:4 Multiplex drive mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 1:6 Multiplex drive mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 1:8 Multiplex drive mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Display register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Backplane outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Segment outputs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 8.9 8.9.1 8.9.2 8.9.3 8.9.4 8.10 8.11 8.11.1 8.11.2 9 9.1 9.2 9.2.1 9.2.2 9.2.3 9.2.4 9.2.5 9.2.6 9.2.7 9.2.8 9.2.8.1 9.3 9.3.1 10 11 12 13 14 14.1 15 16 17 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 18 19 20 21 22 23 23.1 23.2 Display RAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Data pointer (LCD part) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RAM filling in 1:4 multiplex drive mode . . . . . RAM filling in 1:6 multiplex drive mode . . . . . RAM filling in 1:8 multiplex drive mode . . . . . PWM registers and data pointer (PWM part) . GPO output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RGB color driving. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PWM inversion mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bus interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Control byte and register selection . . . . . . . . I2C-bus interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bit transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . START and STOP conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . System configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acknowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I2C-bus controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Input filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I2C-bus slave address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I2C-bus protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Status read out. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SPI-bus interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Data transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Internal circuitry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Limiting values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Static characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dynamic characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Test information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quality information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Package outline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Handling information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Soldering of SMD packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction to soldering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wave and reflow soldering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wave soldering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reflow soldering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Footprint information for reflow soldering . . Appendix: possible PWM and LCD frame frequency combinations to avoid flicker . . . Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Revision history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Legal information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Data sheet status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 36 37 38 40 40 41 43 45 46 46 46 47 47 47 48 48 48 49 49 50 51 51 53 54 55 59 62 62 63 64 64 64 64 65 65 66 68 69 70 70 71 71 71 continued >> PCA8536 Product data sheet All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. Rev. 2 — 21 February 2012 © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. 73 of 74 PCA8536 NXP Semiconductors Automotive LCD low multiplex driver with 6 channel PWM generator 23.3 23.4 24 25 Disclaimers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trademarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Contact information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 72 72 73 Please be aware that important notices concerning this document and the product(s) described herein, have been included in section ‘Legal information’. © NXP B.V. 2012. All rights reserved. For more information, please visit: http://www.nxp.com For sales office addresses, please send an email to: [email protected] Date of release: 21 February 2012 Document identifier: PCA8536