AN139: Designing Power Supplies Using Intersil's XDCP Mixed Signal Products

Designing Power Supplies Using Intersil’s XDCP
Mixed Signal Products
®
Application Note
July 7, 2005
AN139.0
Author: Bill Slack
Abstract
The objective of this Application Note is to illustrate
the use of a Intersil XDCP® (Digitally Controlled
Potentiometer) in the design of switching power supply. A
mixed signal XDCP device is used to set the output voltage,
the PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) frequency, and the overcurrent limit in a reference design of a 12V@10A power
supply. The techniques reflected in this working reference
design could be used in the general power supply design for
industrial, consumer, and communication systems.
A digitally controlled or electronic potentiometer overcomes
many of the problems of its mechanical counterpart. The
silicon, CMOS XDCP device has high reliability, no wiper
movement due to environment, digital or computer controls,
and a ‘set and forget’ calibration mode done manually or
using automatic test equipment.
I. THEORY OF OPERATION
Digitally Controlled Potentiometer
Switching Power Supply
Front End
Power Mesh
Secondary Control
Primary Control
II. DETAILED CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
Front End
Power Mesh
Secondary Control
Setting the Output Voltage
Primary Control
Setting the PWM Frequency
Setting the Over Current Limit
Performance Data for Reference Design
III. OTHER XDCP/POWER SUPPLY
APPLICATIONS
IV. APPENDIX
Parts List and Magnetics Information
Simple XDCP Programmer
Design and Construction Tips
Copyrights and Trademarks
E2POT, XDCP, XBGA, AUTOSTORE, Direct Write cell, Concurrent Read-Write, PASS, MPS, PushPOT, Block Lock, IdentiPROM,
E2KEY, X24C16, SecureFlash, and SerialFlash are all trademarks or registered trademarks of Intersil Inc.
1
CAUTION: These devices are sensitive to electrostatic discharge; follow proper IC Handling Procedures.
1-888-INTERSIL or 1-888-468-3774 | Intersil (and design) is a registered trademark of Intersil Americas Inc.
Copyright Intersil Americas Inc. 2005. All Rights Reserved
All other trademarks mentioned are the property of their respective owners.
Application Note 139
I. THEORY OF OPERATION
nominal 320Vdc. The Front End output serves as the input to
the Power Mesh.
Digitally Controlled Potentiometer
The Intersil XDCP device is a potentiometer whose wiper
position is computer or digitally controlled. The XDCP device
also has memory where wiper settings and/or data can be
stored. It is an analog-digital or mixed-signal, system level
control device performing a component level function.
The block diagram of a typical XDCP IC is shown in Figure
1. The analog potentiometer is a variable three-terminal,
resistive-like device whose wiper is controlled using one of
three different serial buses. An example is the 3-wire bus.
The control signals for the 3-wire bus are Up/Down (U/D),
Increment (INC), and Device or Chip Select (CS). The U/D
input establishes the direction of the wiper, the INC input
advances the wiper, and the CS input enables the device.
One common way of using the potentiometer is as a
programmable voltage divider.
VCC (Supply Voltage)
VH/RH
Control
and
Memory
VW/RW
Device Select
(CS)
VL/RL
VSS (Ground)
FIGURE 1. DIGITALLY CONTROLLED POTENTIOMETER
Switching Power Supply
This section provides an overview of the reference power
supply design. It serves as a platform to understand the
operation at the component level as described in the
Detailed Circuit Description, Section II.
The reference design accepts either a 120Vac or 240Vac
(switch selectable), 47Hz to 63Hz input power and delivers a
regulated 12Vdc at 10A. The input voltage range is 100Vac to
132Vac or 200Vac to 264Vac. The output is a constant 12Vdc
over the output current range of 0.5A to 10A. A minimum load
of 0.5A is necessary for proper operation. Overcurrent
protection will limit the output current to just over 10A.
Front End
Refer to the Block Diagram in Figure 2. AC input line, neutral
and ground are connected to the Front End terminals L, N
and G respectively. The Front End includes fuse protection,
EMI filtering, input surge protection, rectification, AC input
voltage range switch selection and DC capacitive energy
storage and filtering. The Front End output is an unregulated
2
The Power Mesh consists of a DC/DC converter which
converts the unregulated nominal 320Vdc to the 12Vdc
output power. The DC/DC converter provides AC input to DC
output isolation to address safety agency (e.g. UL) issues
and 12Vdc output regulation. The topology is a conventional
single switch forward converter using peak current control
(PCC) to derive pulse width modulation (PWM) for the
converter switch. The converter frequency is 110kHz with
the frequency set point controlled by a Intersil XDCP IC
located in the Primary Control. Power Mesh inputs from the
Primary Control are primary bias (nominally 14Vdc) and
PWM gate drive for the MOSFET switch. The Power Mesh
provides a MOSFET current sense signal to the Primary
Control. The Power Mesh generates the 12Vdc output and
provides output voltage sensing to the Secondary Control.
Secondary Control
Up/Down
(U/D)
Increment
(INC)
Power Mesh
The Secondary Control contains a 2.5V reference and error
amplifier. The error amplifier compares the reference voltage
to a sample of the 12V output voltage. The amplified
difference signal from the error amplifier output (error
voltage) drives the LED of an optocoupler. The
phototransistor in the optocoupler is located in the Primary
Control. The optocoupler serves as an isolated feedback
path for the error voltage. Also contained in the Secondary
Control is a Intersil Digitally Controlled Potentiometer circuit.
The XDCP circuit is used to calibrate the set point of the 12V
output.
Primary Control
The Primary Control contains a UC3844A current mode
PWM controller. This controller contains a PWM comparator.
The voltage at the comparator inputs is derived from the
primary switch current sense signal and the error voltage
signal feed back from the Secondary Control via the
optocoupler. The PWM comparator provides a PWM
MOSFET gate drive to the Power Mesh. The pulse width
defines a primary switch current, and hence the 12V output
current, such that the 12V output voltage is held constant.
An internal voltage clamp limits the primary switch current to
a maximum value. This serves as an output overcurrent limit.
A Intersil XDCP circuit calibrates this overcurrent limit. The
UC3844A contains an R/C oscillator which determines the
converter frequency. A second Intersil XDCP circuit is used
to calibrate the set point of this oscillator such that the
converter frequency is set accurately to 110kHz.
AN139.0
July 7, 2005
Application Note 139
C +
L
N
FRONT END
- EMI Filter
- Rectifier
- Capacitive
Energy Storage
+
C
320VDC
Nominal
Unregulated
D
+ 12V Output
POWER MESH
- Forward
Converter
(110 KHz)
- Output Filter
D
B
Output Return
G
P
C
G
E
A
F
D
A
G Primary BIAS
PRIMARY CONTROL
- Current Mode PWM
- XDCP Overcurrent Set
- XDCP Frequency Set
Output Sense
Leads
B
SECONDARY
CONTROL
- Output Sense
- Error Amplifier
- XDCP Output
Voltage Set
E PWM Gate Drive
F
Primary Switch
Current Sense
Opto Isolator
Photo Transitor
Opto Isolator
L.E.D.
Isolated
Opto Coupler
Feedback
FIGURE 2. BLOCK DIAGRAM
VRAW+
C
TH-101
220K
R101
L
27.5
C101 L101 C103
.01
.22
MOV101
.01
1000
L102
C102
.22
3.5A
F101
CR102
C104
R103
4.7
C105
220
240V
TO POWER MESH
C106
220
120V
S101
CR101
N
R102
220K
CR103
CR104
C107
220
C108
220
GND
P
= GREEN WIRE (EARTH) GROUND
D
TO POWER MESH
= PRIMARY GROUND
P
FIGURE 3. FRONT END
3
AN139.0
July 7, 2005
Application Note 139
2200pf
VRAW+
TO PRIMARY CONTROL
& FRONT END
C1
.01
C7
C
15
R5
A
31
L1
10,12,14
CR1
2
+12V
OUT
1
CR5
15
R6
820
C3
C2
2200pF
4
TO SECONDARY CONTROL
0.228
L2
C5
.47
.47
C6
C4
820
3
C8
.01
RTN
9,11,13
T1
B
R2
10
TO PRIMARY CONTROL
G
10
R3
Q3
Q2
L3
CR3
17V
A
B,C
CR2
17V
TO SECONDARY
CONTROL
D
R7
62
CR4
Q1
E
R4
22
10K
R8
F
R1
0.5
P
D TO PRIMARY CONTROL & FRONT END
FIGURE 4. POWER MESH
II. DETAILED CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
There are four circuit schematics: Front End (Fig. 3), Power
Mesh (Fig. 4), Secondary Control (Fig. 5) and Primary
Control (Fig. 6). The schematic interconnections are
indicated by the circled letters on each schematic. These
same circled letters also appear on the Block Diagram (Fig.
2) which illustrates these interconnections.
Front End
The Front End (Fig.3) processes AC line power and delivers
an unregulated 320Vdc to the down stream DC/DC
converter in the Power Mesh (Fig.4).
Referring to the Front End (Fig.3) schematic, F101 provides
protection in the event of a failure which draws excessive AC
line current. F101 is chosen to have an adequate time delay
characteristic such that input surge current will not blow the
fuse.
TH101 is a negative temperature coefficient thermistor.
When cold (input power is initially applied), the thermistor
resistance is high enough to limit the inrush current. When
hot, after the power supply is running for a few seconds, the
thermistor resistance drops to a low value to minimize
dissipation.
4
C101 and C102 are across-the-line safety agency rated X
capacitors which function to attenuate differential mode
conducted EMI. R101 and R102 are bleeder resistors to
discharge C101 and C102 quickly in the event the power
supply is unplugged from the AC line thereby exposing the
line cord plug pins. These bleeder resistors reduce a
potential shock hazard.
L102 is a common mode inductor which provides significant
impedance to common mode EMI. Most of the common
mode EMI current which does flow through L101 is shunted
to ground via C103 and C104. These capacitors are safety
agency rated line-to-ground Y capacitors. Resistor R103
prevents C103/C104 and parisitic inductance from forming a
high Q resonant circuit which could cause an unwanted peak
in the common mode noise spectrum. L102 also has a
leakage inductance between the two winding which serves
as an impedance for differential mode conducted noise.
L101 functions in a similar manner to L102 except it is a
much smaller value and serves to attenuate high frequency
EMI.
MOV101 is a metal oxide varistor which clamps high voltage
power line spikes to reduce the probability of damage to down
stream circuitry. With S101 in the 240V position, rectifiers
AN139.0
July 7, 2005
Application Note 139
CR101-CR104 act as a full wave bridge. From the positive
end of C105 to the negative end of C107, the capacitor bank
is charged to the peak of the nominal 240Vac input voltage.
With S101 in the 120V position CR102 charges C105 and
C106 to the positive peak of the nominal 120Vac input voltage
whereas CR101 charges C107 and C108 to the negative
peak. Thus for either 120Vac or 240Vac operation the voltage
across the capacitor bank is a nominal 320Vdc. This voltage
is unregulated, contains considerable 2X power line frequency
ripple and may have an instantaneous value ranging from
200V to a maximum of 373V.
Power Mesh
Refer to Figure 4. The power mesh is a DC/DC converter
which processes nominal 320Vdc power from the Front End
and delivers a regulated 12Vdc at 10A to the output.
The topology is known as a single switch forward converter.
The switching frequency was chosen to be 110kHz and
trimmed accurately by a Intersil digitally controlled
potentiometer in the Primary Control. This insures that the
4th harmonic of the switching frequency will always fall
below the 450kHz lower frequency limit of the FCC
conducted EMI requirement despite manufacturing
component tolerances. As low order EMI component
amplitudes roll off at the reciprocal of harmonic frequency,
this feature results in a 20% reduction in the value of the
main EMI inductor, L102, in the Front End. The switch
function is performed by transistors Q1, Q2, Q3 and
associated components. The three transistors are connected
in a cascode arrangement.
Q2 and Q3, 900V devices, operate in parallel as the top
element of the cascode. Q2 and Q3 gates are held at a
relatively constant 14Vdc, the primary bias voltage.
Q2 and Q3 source current is switched by Q1. Resistors R2
and R3 damp any parasitic inductance/gate input
capacitance resonance to avoid gate voltage ringing. CR2
and CR3 are 17V Zener diodes to limit Q2 and Q3 gate to
source voltage to a safe value under dynamic conditions. L3
is a center tapped inductor which tends to force Q2 and Q3
currents to be equal during the switching intervals to balance
switching losses between Q2 and Q3. R7 across L7 serves
to damp parasitic ringing. Q1 is switched OFF and ON, via
R4 and CR4, by the PWM drive from the Primary Control. R4
damps Q1 gate voltage ringing during turn ON whereas CR4
allows rapid turn OFF. R8 insures Q1 is OFF in the absence
of gate drive. As Q1 must only support the maximum source
voltage of Q2 and Q3, it is a 60V device with a low Rds(on).
The ON resistance of Q1 is a small fraction of that of Q2 and
Q3 so the bulk of the Rds(on) losses and switching losses
occur in Q2 and Q3. Q1 requires no heat sink whereas Q2
and Q3 must have a heatsink to dissipate a bit under 2W
each. The advantage of this cascode switch scheme is that
the gate charge required to switch Q1 is small compared to
that required to switch Q2 and Q3. Thus Q1 can be driven
directly from the Primary Control PWM chip, UC3844A,
5
without the component count and time delay associated with
high current drive circuitry.
R1 is a current sample resistor. T1 primary current flowing to
primary ground through the switch develops a voltage
across R1. This voltage serves as the current sense voltage
for the UC3844A control chip in the Primary Control.
T1 is the converter transformer. With the switch ON, 320V
nominal Vraw is imposed across T1 primary winding
(terminals 1 and 3). T1 clamp winding (terminals 2 and 4)
has the same turns as the primary. With the switch ON, T1
terminal 4 is driven to minus Vraw thus CR1 is reversed
biased. When the switch is turned OFF, T1 exciting current
and leakage inductance energy causes T1 terminal 3, and
hence terminal 4 voltage to rapidly rise. When terminal 4
reaches Vraw, CR1 conducts and clamps terminal 4 to Vraw.
By transformer action this clamps terminal 3 to twice Vraw.
Because of a small amount of leakage inductance between
T1 primary and clamp winding, terminal 3 clamping is
imperfect. C8 serves to bypass this leakage inductance and
enhance the clamping of terminal 3 thus controlling the
maximum voltage stress on Q2 and Q3
T1 secondary (terminals 9,11,13 and 10,12,14) provide
output power to the secondary rectifier CR5. The secondary
is appropriately insulated from the primary
to address safety agency isolation issues. CR5 is a dual
Schottky rectifier to minimize rectification losses.
Nonetheless, CR5 heatsink must be sized to adequately
dissipate about 7 Watts. C1/R5 and C2/R6 serve as output
rectifier snubbers.
L1 is the main output inductor which feeds the output
capacitors C3 and C4. L2, C5 and C6 provide high
frequency spike filtering. The node of L1, L2, C3 and C4 is
chosen as the output voltage sense point to avoid including
the L2, C5 and C6 double pole in the output voltage control
loop.
C7 serves to short circuit common mode noise generated via
T1 primary to secondary capacitance. C7 is located close to
T1 thereby making this EMI current loop physically small to
minimize magnetic field radiation. This substantially reduces
the common mode noise voltage which must be attenuated
by the Front End EMI filter.
As C1 spans the primary to secondary isolation barrier, C1
must be a safety agency rated Y capacitor.
There is an additional winding on T1 that is not shown on the
Power Mesh schematic. This winding, terminals 6 and 7,
provides primary bias and is shown on the Primary Control
schematic (Fig.6).
AN139.0
July 7, 2005
Application Note 139
Secondary Control
voltage divider. The output of the TL431A error amplifier is
connected to R202. R202 converts the error amplifier output
voltage into a current to drive the LED in optocoupler U204.
R201 insures zero LED current when the U203 error
amplifier output is high but U203 still draws a small bias
current. C202 and R209 determine the transfer function of
the error amplifier to achieve overall voltage feedback loop
stability.
The Secondary Control (Fig.5) is powered by the12V output
and contains the output voltage reference, error amplifier
and Intersil XDCP device for setting the output voltage.
U203 is a TL431A which contains an internal 2.5V reference
and high gain error amplifier. The non-inverting amplifier
input is internally connected to the 2.5V internal reference
(see Fig.8). The inverting amplifier input is connected to the
node of R203 and R204. These resistors serve as the output
12V OUTPUT
A TO POWER MESH
U204
R201
1K
9.53K
R203
R202
2.7K
R206
2.49K
U201
.1
1K
C202 R209
5V
3
R210
47K
7
5
2.49K
TP 202
2
R207
2.49K
1000pf
C201
TP 201
RW
10K
RL
6 4
U203
R205
8
RH
R204
40.2K
U202
R208
2.49K
TP 203
1
B TO POWER MESH
R212
47K
R211
47K
OUTPUT RTN
FIGURE 5. SECONDARY CONTROL
VRAW+
C307
470pf
7
CR302
0.1
2
1
TP 303
4
C303
270pF
C301
C302
47
R315
47K
R316
47K
RW
RL
R302
TP 305
2
TP 306
1
4
6
RW
RL
6
R313
47K
R312
47K
8
R318
40.2K
5
4
180K
R306
R304
15K
2
1
VFB
COMP
7
VCC
OUT
VREF
6.49K
220
R317
7
10K
4.7K
R310
TP 302 7
T1
TP 304
8 3
RH
C305
TP 301
R303
R311
47K
U303
6
5000
L301
R314
47K
8 3
RH
U302
CR301
C304
3.3
G
U301
UC3844A
RT/CT
IS
3
GND C306
5
1000pf
STAR GND @ Pin 5
TP 304
E
6
100pf
R308
3.32K
R307
330
To Power Mesh
U204
R301
150
C
R305
180K
F
STAR @
Pin 3
1000pf
C308
40.2K
R309
D
FIGURE 6. PRIMARY CONTROL
6
AN139.0
July 7, 2005
Application Note 139
150
3.3
C304
47K
TP 304 R311
TP 305
TP 306
47K
R312
8
7
2
1
VCC
CS
Ut/D
3
RH
R301
8
HIGH
U303
INTERSIL
X9315
10K
5
RW
VSS
4
RL
6
VREF
U301
UC3844A
6.49K
R310
4
LOW
INC
47K
R313
+5V
40.2K
R318
RT/CT
GND
1000pf
C305
5
P
V
U301
PIN 4
INTERSIL XDCP SET AT MIDPOINT TAP
(NOMINAL FREQUENCY)
t
V
INTERSIL XDCP SET AT HIGHEST TAP
(MAXIMUM FREQUENCY)
U301
PIN 4
t
V
INTERSIL XDCP SET AT LOWEST TAP
(MINIMUM FREQUENCY)
U301
PIN 4
t
FIGURE 7. XDCP CONVERTOR FREQUENCY CONTROL
7
AN139.0
July 7, 2005
Application Note 139
+12V Output Sense
U204
+5V
1K
R201
.1
1K
C202 R209
2.7K
R202
3
9.53K
R203
RH
High
47K
R210
8
VCC
7
TP 201
U201
INTERSIL
X9315
10K
5
+
U203 2.5V
TL431A
40.2K
R204
2.49K
R205
RW
2
1
RL
Low
6
TP 202
TP 203
VSS
R211
47K
4
R212
47K
FIGURE 8. XDCP OUTPUT VOLTAGE CONTROL
Setting the Output Voltage
Output voltage trim, Figures 5 and 8, is achieved with U201,
a X9315, 10kΩ digitally controlled potentiometer. R204
connects the XDCP wiper to the U203 summing junction
(R203, R204, R205 node). When the XDCP wiper is at the
bottom of the 10k XDCP resistor (OUTPUT RTN), current
flows out of U203 summing junction through R204. This
causes the U203 error amplifier to increase the +12V output
such that the current through R203 is increased by an
amount equal to the R204 current. By a similar mechanism,
raising the XDCP wiper to +5V end of the XDCP 10kΩ
resistor lowers the +12V output. This XDCP circuit is
capable of trimming the nominal output voltage ± 0.6V. As
the X9315 is a 32 tap device, the output voltage can be set in
approximately 40mV increments. Other components in
Figure 5 function to provide the +5V power supply for the
XDCP circuit. R207 and R208 form a 2:1 voltage divider
causing the cathode terminal of U202, a TL431A, to maintain
a constant +5V. R206 supplies bias current for U202 and
U201. C201 serves as a noise bypass. TP-201, TP-202 and
TP-203 are XDCP test points to allow programming of the
IC. R210, R211 and R212 ensure that the XDCP wiper
position remains fixed when the device is not being
programmed. U201 pin 7 is the NOT chip select input,
normally held high by R210. Pin 2 is the up/NOT down input
normally held low by R211. Pin 1 is the NOT increment input
normally held low by R212.
Primary Control
Refer to the Primary Control schematic (Fig.6). The Primary
Control is designed around U301, the popular, low cost,
UC3844A PWM current mode controller. Start up bias for
U301 is provided from Vraw through R305 and R306. U301
has a start threshold of 16V nominal and draws no more
8
than 1/2mA before pin 7 is raised to the 16V start up
threshold. When input power is applied, Vraw charges C302
via R305 and R306. When the voltage at U301 pin 7 reaches
16V nominal, U301 becomes active causing Vref, pin 8, to
jump to 5V and pin 6 to deliver PWM to the Power Mesh
switch. When U301 becomes active it draws about 20mA.
U301 current is initially supplied from stored charge in C302.
U301 will continue to run in the active mode until C302
voltage falls to approximately 10V, the low line lockout
threshold of U301. However, before C302 voltage can fall to
10V, the Power Mesh begins operating causing converter
transformer T1, pins 6 and 7 recharge C302 to maintain a
nominal 14V bias on U301. R317 and C301 serve as a
snubber network for bias rectifiers CR301 and CR302. L301
is the bias supply integrating inductor which provides current
to C302. C303 is a high frequency noise bypass for U301.
Setting the PWM Frequency
The U301 clock frequency is determined, Figures 6 and 7,
by R310, C305, R318 and the Intersil XDCP device U303.
Figure 7 illustrates how U303 is used to trim the U301
oscillator frequency. Note that because U301 is a 50% duty
cycle limited device, the U301 clock runs at twice the Power
Mesh converter frequency. R311, R312 and R313 hold U303
programming pins to inactive levels when U303 is not being
programmed. TP304, TP305 and TP306 are test points used
for programming the wiper position of U303.
Output voltage feedback from the Secondary Control is
coupled to the Primary Control by optoisolater U204. The
phototransistor portion of U204 is shown in Figure 6. U204
collector is connected to 5V, the Vref pin (pin 8) of U301.
R302 is connected from U204 emitter to primary GND
(U301, pin 5). U204 phototransistor and R302 form a voltage
divider. Depending on the U204 collector current, the
AN139.0
July 7, 2005
Application Note 139
The width of these pulses is modulated by the output voltage
control loop. If the sensed output voltage is too low, pulse
width is increased to raise the output voltage and visa-versa.
Thus the output voltage is held constant by control of the
PWM by the output voltage feedback loop. Key to achieving
this PWM is the U301 PWM comparator.
U204/R302 node will vary between 5V and GND. The
U204/R302 node voltage serves as the input to an amplifier
internal to U301. The inverting input of this amplifier is U301,
pin 2. The non-inverting amplifier input is connected to a
2.5V reference within U301 (not shown). This connection is
not available on a U301 pin. The amplifier output is U301,
pin 1. Amplifier input resistor, R303 and feedback resistor
R304 configure this amplifier for a voltage gain of 1.5. C307
serves to limit amplifier bandwidth to reduce high frequency
noise on the amplifier output (U301, pin 1).
The U301 PWM comparator has an inverting and noninverting inputs as shown in Figure 9. The non-inverting
input is fed from the U301 amplifier output, U301 pin 1 in
Figure 6. Pin 1 is fed through two forward biased diode
junctions, then to a 3:1 voltage divider (all internal to U301)
and then to the non-inverting input of the PWM comparator.
Thus the voltage at the non-inverting PWM comparator input
is a bit less than 1/3 of the voltage on U301, pin 1. The
voltage at the PWM comparator non-inverting input is
clamped to a maximum or 1V by a U301 internal Zener
diode as shown in Figure 9. If you trace the PWM
comparator non-inverting input signal back to the Secondary
Control error amplifier (U203 in Figures 5 and 8), this PWM
comparator input can be thought of as direct function of the
output of the Secondary Control error amplifier.
Internal to U301, there is a PWM comparator. The circuit in
the upper right of Figure 9 illustrates this comparator. With
the comparator output low, U301 pin 6 is low forcing the
Power Mesh switch OFF. With the comparator output high,
the power Mesh switch is ON. The comparator has a
latching feature such that if the comparator inputs dictate the
comparator output to be low, the output remains latched low
until the latch is reset. Latch reset occurs on every other
falling edge of the converter frequency clock waveform in
Figure 7.
U301, pin 6, delivers a series of pulses to control the Power
Mesh switch (see Fig. 9). The frequency of these pulses is
the fixed converter frequency which in this design is 110kHz.
150
R301
3.3
C304
TP 301
VCC
7
3
40.2K
R309
U302
CS
INTERSIL
2
X9315
U/D
10K
1
INC
TP 302
TP 303
VSS
4
8
RH HIGH
RL
VR
CLAMPS TO 1V MAX
FROM ERROR AMP
OUTPUT
OUT
RW 5
3.32K
R308
3
IS
LOW
U301 (part)
UC3844A
+
8
47K
R311
+5V
PWM
COMPARATOR
6
TO SWITCH
GATE DRIVE
GND
5
6
1000pf
C308
330
R307
47K 47K
R312 R313
100pf
C306
P
0.5
R1
F
SWITCH CURRENT
WITH XDCP SET HIGH
V
V
WITH XDCP SET CENTER
WITH XDCP SET LOW
t
t
F
VOLTAGE AT POINT
ANALOG OF SWITCH CURRENT
VOLTAGE AT U301, PIN3
FIGURE 9. XDCP OUTPUT OVERCURRENT CONTROL
9
AN139.0
July 7, 2005
Application Note 139
The PWM comparator inverting input is a voltage
proportional to the 12V output current. Referring to Figure 4,
12V output current flows in T1 secondary winding (T1
terminals 9, 11, 13 and 10, 12, 14) when the switch is ON.
Thus T1 primary (T1 terminals 1 and 2) current and switch
current, which are the same value and are related to the 12V
output current by the T1 turns ratio. T1 primary current flows
through R1 to generate a voltage across R1 proportional to
12V output current. Returning to Figure 9, this voltage
appears at the node of R1 and R307 and has a waveform
shown in the lower left of Figure 9. The lead edge spike is
due to charging of circuit capacitances at switch turn ON.
The positive slope ramp following the lead edge spike is due
to the current ramping up in T1 primary inductance and in
the output inductor L1, of Figure 4, when the switch is ON.
The Figure 9, R1/R307 node voltage is fed to the PWM
comparator inverting input (U301, pin 3) through two
cascaded integrators formed by R307/C308 and
R308/C306. These integrators attenuate the lead edge spike
on the voltage across R1. The waveform at U301, pin 3 is
illustrated by the solid line in the lower right of Figure 9. Thus
the two PWM comparator inputs are a voltage proportional to
the output of the 12V error amplifier and a voltage
proportional to the 12V output current.
The rising edge of the U301, pin 6 pulse occurs when the
PWM comparator latch is reset at the falling edge of every
other converter frequency clock pulse. The falling edge of
the U301, pin 6 pulse occurs when the inverting PWM
comparator input (voltage proportional to the T1 primary
current) becomes higher than the non-inverting input
(voltage proportional to the 12V error amplifier output)
thereby setting the PWM comparator latch. Thus the 12V
feedback loop, via the PWM comparator, maintains a
constant 12V output by forcing the output current to an
appropriate value such that the output voltage is held
constant. If the inverting PWM comparator input does not set
the PWM comparator latch, the latch will automatically be set
by the falling edge of the next clock pulse. This limits the
switch ON duty cycle to 50%.
Setting the Overcurrent Limit
The maximum output current over current limit is provided,
Figures 6 and 9, by the U301 internal 1V Zener diode
connected to the non-inverting input of the PWM comparator
shown in Figure 9. This Zener limits the maximum voltage
applied to the non-inverting input and hence the maximum
voltage the inverting input can attain before the switch ON
pulse is terminated. Since the inverting input voltage is
proportional to 12V output current, this mechanism limits the
12V output current. Typically this current limit has a wide
tolerance. The 1V Zener 10% tolerance plus the tolerance of
all the other components which convert the 12V output
current value to the PWM comparator inverting input voltage
result in a situation where the worst case 12V overcurrent
limit can be uncomfortably high. 1.5X or more of the
maximum 12V output current is not uncommon. This forces
10
the designer to insure that the Power Mesh components can
handle these stresses along with the associated component
cost. To alleviate this situation, a X9315 is used to trim out
the tolerances associated with the overcurrent set point.
U302, a Intersil X9315 10kOhm XDCP device is connected
to the PWM comparator inverting input via R309. R309
injects a current into U301, pin 3 which is dependent on the
XDCP wiper setting. With the wiper set high, the voltage at
U301, pin 3 is increased as shown in the Figure 9 in the
lower left dashed waveform.
This has the effect of reducing the 12V overcurrent limit.
With the XDCP wiper set low, the 12V over current limit is
increased. R301 and C304 provide a controlled rate of rise
of U302 Vcc at turn ON. When U301 becomes active and
U301, pin 8 jumps to 5V. It is essential to control the rate of
rise of U203 Vcc at turn ON such that it complies with the
Intersil X9315 data sheet. Resistors R311, R312 and R313
in Figure 9 hold the XDCP programming pins to inactive
levels. TP301, TP302 and TP303 are test points to provide
access to the XDCP programming pins. This overcurrent
programming scheme can set the overcurrent trip point to
5% greater than the rated output current. Once the
overcurrent point is reached, further reducing the power
supply output load resistance will result in the output voltage
falling. There will be the normal slight increase in output
current when this occurs. Referring to the Primary Control
schematic (Fig. 6), the U301 bias voltage across C302
decreases as the output voltage decreases. When the
output voltage has fallen a few volts, the U301 bias voltage
falls to the U301 low line lockout threshold (approximately
10V) causing U301 to become inactive. This stops the PWM
drive and the 12V output voltage drops to zero. Automatic
restart occurs when C302 is recharged to 16V by R305 and
R306. Upon restart, normal operation is restored unless the
output overload remains. If the overload remains, the power
supply operates briefly in overcurrent limit mode until C302
is discharged to 10V causing U301 to once again become
inactive. Restart attempts will continue until 12V output
overload is removed. There is a relationship between the
overcurrent limit point and the input AC line voltage. The
overcurrent limit point increases a bit with increasing line
voltage. In this design the 120V AC overcurrent trip point
occurs at a 12V output current of 10.67A. This varies from
10.36A at 100Vac to 10.84A at 132Vac. The designer can
achieve a first order compensation for this variation if so
desired by connecting a high value resistor from U301, pin 3,
to Vraw and resetting the values of R1, R308, R307, C306,
C308 and R309 appropriately. The details of this are beyond
the scope of this application note.
AN139.0
July 7, 2005
Application Note 139
Parameter
Conditions
Test Data
Load Regulation:
0.5A to 10A (0.5A is minimum load), 120Vac
25mV (∆VOUT)
Line Regulation:
100Vac-132Vac, 60Hz, 10A load
2mV (∆VOUT)
Input Power:
10A load, 120Vac, 60Hz input
139W
Efficiency:
10A load, 120Vac, 60Hz input
86%
Output Voltage:
10A load, 120Vac, 60Hz input
11.985Vdc
XDCP Programmable Output
Voltage Range:
11.394Vdc to 12.558Vdc
Converter Frequency:
109.6kHz
XDCP Programmable Converter
Frequency Range:
101.7kHz to 122.9kHz
Onset of Overcurrent Protection:
120Vac, 60Hz input
10.67A
XDCP Programmable Overcurrent
Protection Onset:
Output Ripple & Noise:
8.09A to 13.85A
10A load, 120Vac, 60Hz input, 20mHz Bandwidth
<100mV P-P
FIGURE 10. PERFORMANCE DATA
Performance Data for the Reference
Design
III. OTHER XDCP POWER SUPPLY
APPLICATIONS
The performance data for the reference design is tabulated
in Figure 10. Note that the converter frequency was set via
the XDCP converter to 109.6kHz, well within 0.5% of the
target value of 110kHz. The converter frequency is XDCP
programmable over the range of 101.7kHz to 122.9kHz. This
is a total range of 21.2kHz. As the Intersil X9315 is a 32 tap
device, programmable frequency increments are
approximately 3% of the total range or 636Hz. There is a
trade off between achieving the largest programmable range
and the smallest programming increment. Referring to
Figure 7, R318 (connected to the U303 XDCP wiper) can be
changed to accommodate a different programming range.
Increasing R318 reduces the programming range and
decreasing R318 increases the range. But in all cases, the
minimum adjustment increment is approximately 3% of the
range with a 32 wiper tap device such as the Intersil X9315.
The above comments relative to the programming of the
converter frequency apply also to programming of the output
voltage and overcurrent protection onset.
A digitally controlled potentiometer can be used in any
application requiring electronic control of a potentiometer
setting to adjust circuit parameters. Some suggested
examples are:
Should the power supply designer require smaller
programming increments, Intersil offers other XDCP
products with a greater number of wiper taps.
1. Automatic calibration during production test is possible. A
“bed-of nails” interface, similar to that used for parametric
testing, provides a low cost access to the XDCP
programming pins. Automating the calibration process
reduces labor cost and improves product uniformity.
2. The power supply customer can be given control over
certain parameters. For example, output voltage
adjustment for margin testing can be easily programmed
by the customer and offer far more options for adjustment
than the conventional approach.
3. If optimizing dynamic response is a requirement, the
XDCP programmability can be used to compensate for
the wide initial tolerance of the feedback optocoupler
current transfer ratio. Typically this tolerance is plus or
minus 50% which forces the designer to reduce
bandwidth by an octave to accommodate this tolerance.
4. For laboratory type power supplies, the XDCP device can
replace front panel mechanical potentiometers. Not only
does this offer the advantages of cost and reliability, but
allows computer control of the front panel adjustments.
Power supplies used in automatic test equipment can
avoid the cost of A/D converters.
Intersil XDCP devices offer a reliable alternative to the
mechanical potentiometer, plus it offers the advantage of
electronically controlled adjustment.
11
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Application Note 139
IV. APPENDIX
Parts List and Magnetics Documentation
Bill of Materials/Parts List
POWER MESH
CODE
MFG
PART NUMBER
DESCRIPTION
CR1
MOT
MUR1100E
1A, 75ns, 1000PIV
CR2, CR3
MOT, PHA, FSC
1N5247
Zener, 17V, 500mW
CR4
MOT, PHA, NSC
1N4148
CR5
IRF
IR30CPQ060
Dual Schottky 30A, 60V
Q1
IRF
IRFZ14
MOSFET 100V
Q2, Q3
IRF
IRFBE30
MOSFET 900V
C1, C2
Panasonic
ECU-S2A222KBA
2200pF, 5%, 100V, X7R
C3, C4
Panasonic
EEU-FCIC821S
820µF, 16V, FC Series
C5, C6
AVX
SR215E474MAA
.47µF, 50V, 25V, Ceramic
C7
Panasonic
ECQ-U2A103MF
.01µF/250V, Y- Capacitor
C8
0.01µF, 20%, 1000V, Z5u Ceramic
L1
Output Inductor, XIC-001, 31mH
L2
High Frequency Inductor, XIC-004, 0.28uH
L3
Balance Inductor, XIC-005
R1
0.5Ω, 1/2W
R2, R3
R4
10Ω, 5%, 1/4W, C.F.
BC Components
CR25-22¬5%
22Ω, 5%, 1/4W, C.F.
R5, R6
7.5Ω, 5%, 1W, C.F.
R7
62Ω, 5%, 1/2W, C.F.
R8
BC Components
CR25-10K5%
T1
10kΩ, 1/4W, 5%, C.F.
Converter Transformer, XIC-002A
FRONT END
CODE
MFG
PART NUMBER
F101
DESCRIPTION
Fuse Wickman Series 19189, 3.5A Time Delay
TH101
NTC Thermistor, Keystone CL-160
MOV101
Varistor, 375VAC Panasonic EZR-V07D431
L101
Common Mode Choke, per dwg. XIC-003
L102
Common Mode Choke, 1.0mH/3.2A Coilcraft P3215-A
C101
Panasonic
ECQ-U2A224MV
.22µF, 250VAC, X-Capacitor
C102
Panasonic
ECQ-U2A224MV
.22µF, 250VAC, X-Capacitor
C103, C104
Panasonic
ECQ-U2A103MF
.01µF/250 VAC, Y-Capacitor
CR101, CR104
General Semi.
KBL08
C105 - C108
Panasonic
EEU-EB-2W220
220µF, 200V
R101
BC Component
CR25-220K5%
220kΩ, 5%, 1/4W, C.F.
R102
BC Component
CR25-220K5%
220kΩ, 5%, 1/4W, C.F.
R103
BC Component
CR25-4.7¬5%
4.7Ω, 1/4W, C.F.
S101
C&K
1101-M2-S3-C-Q-E
12
Bridge Rectifier, 4A/800 PIV
Switch SPDT
AN139.0
July 7, 2005
Application Note 139
SECONDARY CONTROL
CODE
MFG
PART NUMBER
DESCRIPTION
C201
1000pF ±20%, 100V, X7R Ceramic
C202
0.1µF ±20%, 50V, X7R Ceramic
U201
Intersil
X9315
U202, U203
MOT, TIS, PHA, SGS
TL431ACLP, T092
Digitally Controlled Potentiometer,10kΩ
U204
INF, MOT, QUA
CNY17-2ZQT
Opto Coupler
R201
BC Components
CR25-1K5%
1kΩ, 5%, 1/4W, C.F.
R202
BC Components
CR25-2.7K5%
2.7kΩ, 5%, 1/4W, C.F.
R203
Dale
RN55C9531F
9.53kΩ, 1%, 1/4W, M.F.
R204
Dale
RN55C4402F
40.2kΩ, 1%, 1/4W, M.F.
R205, 206, 207, 208
Dale
RN55C2491F
2.49kΩ, 1%, 1/4W, M.F
Programmable Reference
R209
Dale
CR25-1K5%
1kΩ, 5%, 1/4W, C.F.
R210, 211, 212
BC Components
CR25-47K5%
47kΩ, 5%, 1/4W, C.F.
PRIMARY CONTROL
CODE
MFG
PART NUMBER
U301
TIS, MOT, SGS
UC3844A
DESCRIPTION
U302, U303
Intersil
X9315
C301
AVX
SR151C271MAA
C302
Panasonic
EEU-FCIE470
C303
AVX
SR205E104MAA
C304
Dale
199D335X0016AA1
Tantulum, 3.3µF, 20%, 16V
Kemet
T350A335J016AS
Tantulum, 3.3µF, 20%, 16V
PWM Controller
Digitally Controlled Potentiometer,10kΩ
270pF, 10%, 100V, X7R
47µF, 25V
0.1µF, 10%, 100V, Z5U
AVX
TAP335M016CRS
C305
AVX
SR155A102KAA
1000pF, 10%, 50V, NPO
C306
AVX
SR155A101JAA
100pF, 10%, 50V, NPO
C307
AVX
SR215A471JAA
470pF, 50V, NPO, 10%
C308
AVX
SR155A102FAA
1000pF, 10%, 50V, NPO
CR301, CR302
MOT
MUR120
L301
Tantulum, 3.3µF, 20%, 16V
1A, 200V, Ultra Fast
Inductor, 5mH, XIC-006
R301
BC Components
CR25-150¬5%
R302
BC Components
CR25-4.7k5%
4.7kΩ, 5%, 1/4W, C.F.
R303
BC Components
CR25-10k5%
10kΩ, 5%, 1/4W, C.F.
R304
BC Components
CR25-15k5%
15kΩ, 5%, 1/4W, C.F.
R305, R306
150Ω, 5%, 1/4W, C.F.
180kΩ, 5%, 1/2W, C.F.
R307
BC Components
CR25-330¬5%
330Ω, 5%, 1/4W, C.F.
R308
Dale
RN55C3321F
3.32kΩ, 1%, 1/4W, M.F
R309, R318
40.2kΩ, 1%, 1/4W, M.F.
R310
Dale
RN55C6491F
6.49kΩ, 1%, 1/4W, M.F.
R311-316
BC Components
CR25-47k5%
47kΩ, 5%, 1/4W, C.F
R317
BC Components
CR25-220¬5%
220Ω, 5%, 1/4W, C.F.
T1
Part of XIC-002A used on Power Mesh
13
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July 7, 2005
Application Note 139
Power Supply Magnetics
Converter Transformer XIC-002A
Core:
1
Primary
36 turns #22
10, 12, 14
Secondary
5 turns
3x #22
3
Phillips ETD 34-3F3
Bobbin:
Phillips PC1-34H
Wire:
Heavy, class 130
Primary Inductance: 3.0 mH ± 30% (no gap)
Hypot:
2
9, 11, 13
Clamp
36 turns 3x #32
Primary to clamp
1000VDC
Primary to BIAS
2500VDC
Clamp to BIAS
2500VDC
Primary, clamp & BIAS to secondary & core
3750VAC per UL1950
Secondary to core
4
3750VAC per UL1950
6
Vacuum Varnish
BIAS #30
5 turns
All materials from same UL recognized class 130° insulation system
7
WINDING
GEOMETRY
Outer Wrap
7
6
5t #30
4
18t 3x #32
2
18t #22
1
13
11
9 5t 3X #22
14
12
10
18t #22
2
18t 3x #32
xxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxx
1
2
3
4 5 6 7
x
REMOVE THESE PINS
x
14 13 12 11 10 9 8
BOBBIN
(BOTTOM VIEW)
CORE
WINDING NOTES:
1. All winding margins 3.2mm min.
2. All insulation full bobbin width
3.
= operating insulation
Available from:
Total Recoil Magnetics
(508) 429-9600
4. x x x x x x x x= isolation barrier insulation (U.L.)
double, .030" thick
14
AN139.0
July 7, 2005
Application Note 139
High Frequency Inductor XIC-004
2t #17
Core:
MICROMETALS
T26-26
Wire:
#17 heavy class
130o
Self Lead:
1/ ”
2
with 1/4” tin
Balance Inductor XIC-005
A
2t
Core:
Phillips
Wire:
#25 heavy
89IT050
130oC
B
Leads:
self lead
1/
C
LA-B =
2.3µH
±25%
Core:
MICROMETALS
T106-18
Wire:
heavy class
130°C #14AWG, solderable
2”
with 1/4” TIN
2t
D
Power Supply Magnetics Output Inductor XIC-001
L= 31mH ±15%
21t
#14AWG
Winding:
single layer
Self Leads:
1” ± 1/4”, tinned last 1/2”
Available from:
Total Recoil Magnetics
(508) 429-9600
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Application Note 139
Common Mode Inductor XIC-003
B
D
A
C
Core:
Phillips
LCM
= 27.5µH ±25%
T846T250
Wire:
#20 AWG
PVC 600V 105°C
UL Style 1015
A
3t
3t
B
XIC-006 Inductor
41 turns
Core:
Phillips
L=
5µH ± 30%
Wire:
Heavy class 130
A Simple XDCP Programmer
In the process of breadboard evaluation and debugging, the
programmer provides a simple means to program the XDCP
device. Figure 11 illustrates a simple programmer that was
used to program the reference power supply design. The
programmer is constructed with a 74C14 hex Schmitt trigger,
three SPDT toggle switches and three 10K resistors. The
74C14 functions to de-bounce the switches such that the
XDCP terminals have a clean level transitions. A step by
step procedure for programming the XDCP device is given in
Figure 11.
204T250 3E2A Ferrite Torriod
#31AWG
Programming the XDCP IC
1. Turn power off
2. Connect the programmer and set switches to:
CS
U or D as desired
INC
3. Turn power on
4. Set programmer switch to CS
5. XDCP increments (decrements) when the switch is
toggled from INC to INC. Repeat for each increment
(decrement)
6. Using U/D & INC switches set XDCP Wiper to desired
position
7. Set programmer switch to CS & INC
8. Power Off
9. Disconnect programmer
10. When power is reapplied, the XDCP wiper position will
return to its previously set position
16
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Application Note 139
47K
14
13
12
1
2
9
8
VCC
8
7
10K
10
11
10K
10K
7
4
3
5
2
6
1/ 74C14
6
HEX SCHMITT TYP.
CS
U
CS
D
1
3
RH
CS
RW 5
U/D
INC
INC
47K
INC
VSS
RL
4
6
47K
PROGRAMMER
TYPICAL INTERSIL X9315
CONNECTOR INTERFACE
FIGURE 11. SIMPLE XDCP PROGRAMMER
Design and Construction Tips
With regard to the reference design:
The Intersil X9315
1. To minimize common mode EMI, there must be a low
inductance ground path from R103 ground (see Fig. 3) to
output ground (see Fig.4). A copper tape with a width no
less than one fifth of it’s length is suggested.
1. Insure that the potentiometer (pins 3, 5 and 6) never are
exposed to a voltage greater than Vcc or less than Vdd.
This applies during dynamic conditions such as
application of power.
2. Refer to Figure 4. The loop formed by T1 (pins 10, 12 and
14), CR5 anode, the junction of CR5 cathodes and
through CR5 back to T1 (pins 9, 11 and 13) should be
made as low an inductance as practical. This can be
achieved by making the loop area physically small, using
wide conductors and interleaving conductors where
possible. Note that T1 the secondary pin out is staggered
to allow interleaving.
2. Insure that the rate of rise of Vcc when power is applied
is between 0.2V/ms and 50V/ms as specified in the
Intersil X9315 data sheet.
3. The R/C snubber across each CR5 diode must be
located physically close to the respective diode. Less
than 1/2 inch is a good guideline.
3. To minimize the effect of temperature drift, use the
potentiometer where the performance of the circuit
depends on the ratiometric TC of the pot rather than the
TC of the end to end resistance. The ratiometric
temperature coefficient of the potentiometer is more than
an order of magnitude better than the temperature
coefficient of Rtotal as specified in the data sheet.
4. The loop consisting of T1 primary (pins 1 and 3), Q2/Q3,
Q1, R1, the negative side of C108/C107 (see Fig.3), the
positive side of C105/C106 and back to T1 (pin1) on
Figure 4 should be a low inductance loop.
5. C8 should be physically close to T1, (pins 3 and 4). A half
inch is good. The same comment applies to C1 and T1,
(pins 1 and 10, 12, 14).
6. Beyond the above, the usual power supply layout
consideration should be followed, particularly with
respect to grounding.
Intersil Corporation reserves the right to make changes in circuit design, software and/or specifications at any time without notice. Accordingly, the reader is cautioned to
verify that the Application Note or Technical Brief is current before proceeding.
For information regarding Intersil Corporation and its products, see www.intersil.com
17
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