an1500

Application Note 1500
Author: Tu Bui
ISL8500EVAL2Z 2A Negative Output Buck-Boost
Converter
Description
The ISL8500EVAL2Z REV A kit is intended for use by
individuals with requirements for Point-of-Load
applications sourcing from 9V to 14V. The
ISL8500EVAL2Z evaluation board is used to
demonstrate the performance of the ISL8500 standard
buck-boost regulator.
The ISL8500 is offered in a 4mmx3mm 12 Ld DFN
package with 1mm maximum height. The complete
converter occupies less than 0.385in2 area.
Features
• Standard Buck Controller with Integrated
Switching Power MOSFET
• One electronic load capable of sinking current up
to 5A
• Digital Multimeters (DMMs)
• 100MHz quad-trace oscilloscope
• Signal generator
Quick Set-up Guide
1. Ensure that the circuit is correctly connected to
the supply and loads prior to applying any power.
2. Connect the bias supply to VIN, the plus terminal
to TP1 (VIN) and the negative return to TP2
(GND).
3. Verify that SW1 is on ENABLE.
• Integrated Boot Diode
4. Turn on the power supply.
• Input Voltage Range
- Variable 9V to14V
5. Verify the PG is on and the output voltage is 2.5V
for VOUT(TP3).
• PWM Output Voltage Adjustable from -12.6V to
-0.6V with Continuous Output Current up to 2A
• Voltage Mode Control with Voltage Feed Forward
• Fixed 500kHz Switching Frequency
• Externally Adjustable Soft-Start Time
• Output Undervoltage Protection
• PGOOD Output
Evaluating the Other Output Voltage
The ISL8500EVAL kit outputs are preset to -12V;
however, it can be programmed using resistor dividers
using Equation 1:
R 2 ⋅ 0.6V
R 4 = ------------------------------------V OUT – 0.6V
(EQ. 1)
The output voltage programming resistor R2 will
depend on on the feedback resistor R1, as referred to
in Figure 1. The value of R1 is typically between 1kΩ
and 10kΩ. If the output voltage desired is 0.6V, then
R2 is left opened.
• Overcurrent Protection
• Thermal Overload Protection
• Internal 5V LDO regulator
Applications
R2
• General Purpose
+
-
• Hand-Held Instruments
EA
What’s Inside
R4
0.6V
REFERENCE
The Evaluation Board Kit contains the following
materials:
-VOUT
FIGURE 1. EXTERNAL RESISTOR DIVIDER
• The ISL8500 EVAL2Z REV A Board
• The ISL8500 Datasheet
TABLE 1. SWITCH 1 SETTINGS
• This EVAL KIT Document
SW1
Recommended Equipment
1
ENABLE
SW1
OPERATING MODE
Enable or disable the buck
controller
The following materials are recommended to perform
testing:
• 0V to 15V power supply with at least 5A source
current capability, battery, notebook AC adapter
November 19, 2009
AN1500.0
1
CAUTION: These devices are sensitive to electrostatic discharge; follow proper IC Handling Procedures.
1-888-INTERSIL or 1-888-468-3774 | Intersil (and design) is a registered trademark of Intersil Americas Inc.
Copyright Intersil Americas Inc. 2009. All Rights Reserved
All other trademarks mentioned are the property of their respective owners.
Schematic
C1
2
1
R2
0.01UF
C2
20K
C3
VIN
1
1
13
C20
220UF
1
0.1UF
2
4
VDD
SP2
EP
C8
-VOUT
2
-VOUT
TP13
1
100K
R12
VDD
OFF
-VOUT
EN
3
SW1
1
2
TP3
1
TP4
1
4
32
SP1
1
-VOUT
ISL8500IRZ
ON
C21
BOOT
1
100UF
GND
8
1
BOOT
2
2
PG
C9
2
67
PHASE
1
9
10UF
5
EN
L1
PHASE
2
4
10
R30
VIN
OPEN
POPULATE R30 IF VIN <6V ONLY
Application Note 1500
EN
PG
VIN
PHASE
SS
C12
1UF
-VOUT
COMP
-VOUT
11
47UF
C13
3
1
12
3
C4
VIN
1
2
FB
TP2
D1
2
-VOUT
2
GND
1
2
1
COMP
TP1
1
1
U1
2
FB
3
-VOUT
PG
2N7002
C10
2
1.05K
TP16
1
2200PF
R4
1
Q4
2
1
D3
1
698
10UF
R3
150PF
10UF
C11
5.11K
1UF
10K
R21
R1
2
R20
2.43K
VDD
AN1500.0
November 19, 2009
Application Note 1500
ISL8500EVAL2Z Bill of Materials
PART
NUMBER
QTY
REFERENCE
UNITS DESIGNATOR
ISL8500EVAL2ZREVAPCB
1
ea
H1044-00103-50V10-T
1
ea
H1065-00106-25V10-T
2
ea
DNP
0
ea
H1082-00476-16V20-T
1
ea
DESCRIPTION
MFTR
MANUFACTURER
PART
PWB-PCB,
ISL8500EVAL2Z, REVA,
ROHS
TITAN
ISL8500EVAL2ZREVAPCB
C1
CAP, SMD, 0402, 10nF,
50V, 10%, X7R, ROHS
PANASONIC
ECJ-0EB1H103K
C10, C11
CAP, SMD, 1206, 10µF,
25V, 10%, X5R, ROHS
VENKEL
C1206X5R250-106KNE
TDK
C3225X5R1C476M
PANASONIC
ECJ-4YB1E476M
AVX
1210YD476MAT
C13, C20, C21 DO NOT POPULATE OR
PURCHASE
C12
CAP, SMD, 1210, 47µF,
16V, 20%, X5R, ROHS
H1044-00151-50V5-T
1
ea
C2
CAP, SMD, 0402, 150pF,
50V, 5%, NPO, ROHS
VENKEL
C0402COG500-151JNE
H1044-00222-50V10-T
1
ea
C3
CAP, SMD, 0402, 2200pF,
50V, 10%, X7R, ROHS
PANASONIC
ECJ-0EB1H222K
VENKEL
C0402X74500-471KNE
CAP, SMD, 0603, 1µF,
6.3V, 10%, X5R, ROHS
PANASONIC
ECJ1VB0J105K
H1045-00105-6R3V10-T
2
ea
C4,C8
C1608X7R1H104K-T
1
ea
C9
CAPACITOR, SMD, 0603,
0.10µF, 50V, 10%, X7R
TDK
C1608X7R1H104K
B340LB-13-F-T
1
ea
D1
DIODE-SCHOTTKY SMD,
SMB, 2P, 40V, 3A LOW VF,
ROHS
DIODES INC.
B340LB-13-F
DNP
0
ea
D3
DO NOT POPULATE OR
PURCHASE
IHLP2525CZRZ220M01
1
ea
L1
COIL-PWR INDUCTOR,
SMD, 6.9x6.5, 22µH,
20%, 2.5A, ROHS
VISHAY
IHLP2525CZRZ220M01
DNP
0
ea
Q4
DO NOT POPULATE OR
PURCHASE
H2510-05111-1/16W1-T
1
ea
R1
RES, SMD, 0402, 5.11k,
1/16W, 1%, TF, ROHS
PANASONIC
ERJ-2RKF5111X
VENKEL
CR0402-16W-5111FT
RES, SMD, 0402, 100k,
1/16W, 1%, TF, ROHS
PANASONIC
ERJ2RKF1003
RES, SMD, 0402, 20k,
1/16W, 1%, TF, ROHS
PANASONIC
ERJ-2RKF2002
VENKEL
CR0402-16W-2002FT
H2510-01003-1/16W1-T
1
ea
R12
H2510-02002-1/16W1-T
1
ea
R2
DNP
0
ea
R20
DO NOT POPULATE OR
PURCHASE
H2511-01002-1/10W1-T
1
ea
R21
RES, SMD, 0603, 10k,
1/10W, 1%, TF, ROHS
KOA
RK73H1JT1002F
VENKEL
CR0603-10W-1002FT
RES, SMD, 0402, 698Ω,
1/16W, 1%, TF, ROHS
PANASONIC
ERJ-2RKF6980X
VENKEL
CR0402-16W-6980-FT
H2510-06980-1/16W1-T
1
3
ea
R3
AN1500.0
November 19, 2009
Application Note 1500
ISL8500EVAL2Z Bill of Materials (Continued)
PART
NUMBER
QTY
REFERENCE
UNITS DESIGNATOR
H2511-DNP
0
ea
R30
H2510-01051-1/16W1-T
1
ea
R4
DESCRIPTION
MFTR
MANUFACTURER
PART
RES, SMD, 0603, DNPPLACE HOLDER, ROHS
RES, SMD, 0402, 1.05k,
1/16W, 1%, TF, ROHS
VENKEL
CR0402-16W-1051FT
PANASONIC
ERJ-2RKF1051X
VISHAY/DALE
CRCW04021K05FKED
131-4353-00
2
ea
SP1, SP2
CONN-SCOPE PROBE
TEST PT, COMPACT, PCB
MNT, ROHS
TEKTRONIX
131-4353-00
GT11MSCBE-T
1
ea
SW1
SWITCH-TOGGLE, SMD,
ULTRAMINI, 1P, SPST
MINI
C&K
COMPONENTS
GT11MSCKE
5002
2
ea
TP13, TP16
CONN-MINI TEST POINT,
VERTICAL, WHITE, ROHS
KEYSTONE
5002
1514-2
4
ea
TP1-TP4
CONN-TURRET,
TERMINAL POST, TH,
ROHS
KEYSTONE
1514-2
ISL8500IRZ
1
ea
U1
IC-2A BUCK REGULATOR,
12P, DFN, 4x3, ROHS
INTERSIL
ISL8500IRZ
4
AN1500.0
November 19, 2009
Application Note 1500
ISL8500EVAL2Z Board Layout
FIGURE 2. TOP COMPONENTS
5
AN1500.0
November 19, 2009
Application Note 1500
ISL8500EVAL2Z Board Layout
(Continued)
FIGURE 3. TOP LAYER ETCH
6
AN1500.0
November 19, 2009
Application Note 1500
ISL8500EVAL2Z Board Layout
(Continued)
FIGURE 4. 2nd LAYER ETCH
7
AN1500.0
November 19, 2009
Application Note 1500
ISL8500EVAL2Z Board Layout
(Continued)
FIGURE 5. 3rd LAYER ETCH
8
AN1500.0
November 19, 2009
Application Note 1500
ISL8500EVAL2Z Board Layout
(Continued)
FIGURE 6. BOTTOM LAYER ETCH (Mirrored)
9
AN1500.0
November 19, 2009
Application Note 1500
Theory of Operation
The ISL8500 in this configuration is a non-sysnchronous
positive to negative switching regulator which can handle
input voltages above, below, or equal to the absolute
value of the output. The ISL8500EVAL2Z circuit design is
optimized for 12V input to -12V output applications. The
regulator operates at 500kHz fixed switching frequency,
FS, under heavy load conditions to allow smaller external
inductors and capacitors to be used for minimal
printed-circuit board (PCB) area. At light load, the
regulator reduces the switching frequency by skipping
pulses to maintain regulation and increase efficiency.
The principle of operation is shown in Figure 7 and uses
the energy storage of the inductor L during the on
period, and then transfers the energy through the free
wheeling diode, D, to the output. When the HS MOSFET
switch turns on, the diode is reverse biased, and the
inductor current will ramp up. When the switch is off, as
shown in Figure 8, the inductor will reverse its polarity to
maintain its peak current. The forward biased diode and
the stored energy of the inductor gets transferred to the
load and the output capacitor. Since the voltage of the
inductor is negative with respect to GND, the output
voltage across the capacitor will be negative. This type of
converter can step up and down the magnitude of the
input voltage. Therefore, this circuit is called a
buck-boost converter. For steady state operation, the
volt-second of the inductor must equal, DVL= (1-D)VL.
VL is equal to VIN during the ON time and VL is equal
to -VOUT during the OFF time. Therefore, the DC steady
state transfer is VOUT/VIN = -D/(1-D). Figure 9 is the
voltage and current waveforms.
+
+
VHS
-
VL
+
VHS
-
+
VL
-
L
VIN
D
CIN
PWM
+
VD
COUT
-
-VOUT
DURING THE OFF TIME
FIGURE 8. VOLTAGE ACROSS THE ELEMENT DURING
THE OFF TIME
Equation 3 for Figure 8:
VL = V
OUT
(EQ. 3)
V D ≈ 0V
V HS = V
IN
+ V OUT
VIN
VL
1-D
D
VOUT
ILAVE
IL
VIN+VOUT
VHS
IHS
L
VIN+VOUT
VIN
D
CIN
+
VD
PWM
COUT
VD
ID
-VOUT
DURING THE ON TIME
FIGURE 7. VOLTAGE ACROSS THE ELEMENT DURING
THE ON TIME
IN
V OUT
D = -------------------------------V IN + V
D
I LAVE = I OUT ⎛ 1 + -------------⎞
⎝
1 – D⎠
IN
VD = V
Equation 4 for Figure 9:
OUT
Equation 2 for Figure 7:
VL = V
FIGURE 9. SIMPLIFICATION OF THE BUCK BOOST
CONVERTER
(EQ. 2)
+ V OUT
ΔI L = V
(EQ. 4)
D
⋅ ---------------
IN L ⋅ F
S
V HS ≈ 0V
10
AN1500.0
November 19, 2009
Application Note 1500
Component Selection
Use 47µF 16V ceramic for this example.
This section will detail the calculation and selection of the
components. Calculations are done in continuous
operation mode.
Input Capacitor Selection
Inductor Selection
From Equation 3 and ignoring the diode VD and rDS(ON)
of the FET, the duty cycle is shown in Equation 5.
V OUT
D ≈ ----------------------------------V IN + V OUT
(EQ. 5)
For this example, D is 12V/(12V+12V) = 0.5.
The average inductor current is shown in Equation 6.
1
D
I LAVE = I OUT ⎛ 1 + -------------⎞ = I OUT ⎛ -------------⎞
⎝ 1 – D⎠
⎝
1 – D⎠
(EQ. 6)
The higher or lower inductor value can be used to
optimize the total converter system performance. For
example, for higher output voltage application, in order
to decrease the inductor current ripple and output
voltage ripple, the output inductor value can be
increased. It is recommended to set the ripple inductor
current approximately 20% to 30% of the maximum
average inductor current for optimized performance. The
inductor ripple current can be expressed as shown in
Equation 7:
V IN ⋅ V OUT
L = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------( V IN + V OUT ) ( 0.3 ⋅ I LAVE ) ⋅ f S
Diode Selection
The free wheeling diode had to be able to handle the
maximum voltage and current stress. The voltage stress
is equal to VIN plus VOUT and the current stress is
ILAVE+0.5ΔIL. The power dissipation is shown in
Equation 8.
(EQ. 8)
where VD is the forward voltage of the diode. This value
is typically 0.5V for 3A Schottky diode. A 30V or 40V 3A,
B340LB is a good choice.
Output Capacitor Selection
The output capacitor has to be selected based on its
RESR value, and the capacitance must be high enough to
hold the charges for the load during the off time. The
output ripple is shown in Equation 9.
ΔV OUT = R ESR ⋅ ( I LAVE + 0.5ΔI L )
(EQ. 9)
where ΔVOUT is the desired output ripple. The minimum
output capacitor value for tis output ripple is shown in
Equation 10.
I OUT ⋅ D
C OUT = -----------------------------f S ⋅ ΔV OUT
(EQ.10)
11
Compensation Selection
The buck-boost typology is difficult to stabilize because it
has a right-half-plane zero in its control to output
transfer function. The small signal AC model of the
buck-boost power section in relationship to d(s) is shown
in Figure 10.
1-D : -D
SL
--------------------2
(1 – D)
VOUT
I
1
-------SC
+
-
Vs
(EQ. 7)
where fs is the switching frequency. The inductor’s
saturation current rating needs to be at least larger than
the peak current. The ISL8500 protects the typical peak
current 3.1A. The saturation current needs be over 4A for
maximum output current application. For IOUT of 1A, the
inductor L is 24µH. Then use 22µH.
P D = ( I LAVE + 0.5ΔI L ) ⋅ V D ⋅ ( 1 + D )
The main functions for the input capacitor are to provide
decoupling of the parasitic inductance and to provide
filtering function to prevent the switching current flowing
back to the battery rail. Two 10µF X5R or X7R ceramic
capacitors are a good starting point for the input
capacitor selection. One capacitor connecting from VIN to
-VOUT and another one connecting from VIN to GND.
R
ˆ
– V OUT
SL ⋅ D
V S = ------------------- ⎛ 1 – ------------------------------⎞ dˆ ( s )
⎝
⎠
2
2
(1 – D) ⋅ R
D
FIGURE 10. SMALL SIGNAL AC MODEL
To solve the power transfer function, see Equation 11.
SLI
⎛ 1 – ------------------------------------------------------⎞
V IN – V OUT ⎜
( 1 – D ) ( V IN – V OUT )⎟
Vˆ OUT ( S )
⎜
- = – -------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------⎟
H ( S ) = -----------------------⎜
⎟
2
1–D
dˆ ( S )
S LC - ⎟
SL - -------------------⎜ 1 + ------------------------+
⎝
2
2⎠
(1 – D) R (1 – D)
(EQ.11)
The salent characteristics are shown in Equation 12.
V OUT
V IN – V OUT
12V
H ( 0 ) = – -------------------------------- = ----------------------- = --------------------- = 48
D(1 – D)
0.5 ⋅ 0.5
1–D
H(0)=33.8dB
2
( 1 – D ) ( V IN – V OUT )
(1 – D) R
ω Z = ------------------------------------------------------- = -------------------------LI
DL
2
3
0.5 ⋅ 12Ω
ω Z = --------------------------- = 136 ×10
22μH ⋅ 1A
, this is RHPZ
3
F Z = 43.4 ×10 Hz
(EQ.12)
C
44μF
Q = ( 1 – D )R ---- = 0.5 ⋅ 12Ω ⋅ --------------- = 8.77
L
22μH
Q=18.9dB
3
(1 – D)
0.5
ω LC = ------------------ = -------------------------------------- = 12 × 10
LC
22μH ⋅ 47μF
FLC=2.4kHz
AN1500.0
November 19, 2009
Application Note 1500
The compensation network consists of the error amplifier
(internal to the ISL8500) and the impedance networks.
The goal of the compensation network is to provide a
closed loop transfer function with the highest 0dB
crossing frequency (f0dB) and adequate phase margin.
70
GAIN (dB)
35
From the transfer function, there is a
right-half-plane-zero. Therefore, it is highly
recommended to insure that the crossover frequency, Fc,
is well before the Fz. Figures 11 and 12 are the bode plot
of the gain and phase for H(S).
0
35
70
10
1 .10
100
3
1 .10
4
1 .10
5
1 .10
6
FREQUENCY (Hz)
FIGURE 11. GAIN ON H(S) IN dB
Phase margin is the difference between the closed loop
phase at f0dB and 180°. Equation 13 relates the
compensation network’s poles, zeros and gain to the
components (R1 , R2 , R3 , C1 , C2 , and C3) in Figure 14.
Use the following guidelines for locating the poles and
zeros of the compensation network:
1. Pick Gain (R2/R1) for converter bandwidth (~30%
FZ).
2. Place 1ST Zero Below Filter’s Double Pole (~30% FLC).
200
3. Place 2ND Zero at Filter’s Double Pole.
5. Place 2ND Pole at the 2.5x of RHP Zero.
100
6. Check Gain against Error Amplifier’s Open-Loop
Gain.
Estimate Phase Margin - Repeat if Necessary.
0
Compensation Break Frequency Equations
100
10
1 . 10
100
3
1 .10
4
1 .10
5
1 .10
1
F Z1 = -----------------------------------2π x R 2 x C 2
1
F P1 = --------------------------------------------------------⎛ C 1 x C 2⎞
2π x R 2 x ⎜ ----------------------⎟
⎝ C1 + C2 ⎠
1
F Z2 = ------------------------------------------------------2π x ( R 1 + R 3 ) x C 3
1
F P2 = -----------------------------------2π x R 3 x C 3
6
FREQUENCY (Hz)
FIGURE 12. PHASE OF H(S) IN °
ZFB
C1
VOUT
Z IN
C2
R2
C3
60
R3
45
R1
COMP
-
FB
+
(EQ. 13)
Figures 14 and 15 shows the bode plot of the gain and
phase for the closed loop response.
R4
GAIN (dB)
PHASE (°)
4. Place 1ST Pole at half the Switching Frequency.
30
15
0
ISL8500
REFERENCE
15
FIGURE 13. DETAILED COMPENSATION NETWORK
30
100
1 .10
3
4
1 .10
1 .10
5
1 .10
6
FREQUENCY (Hz)
FIGURE 14. GAIN OF CLOSED LOOP IN dB
12
AN1500.0
November 19, 2009
Application Note 1500
The compensation gain uses external impedance
networks ZFB and ZIN to provide a stable, high
bandwidth (BW) overall loop. A stable control loop has a
gain crossing with -20dB/decade slope, and a phase
margin greater than 40°. Include worst case component
variations when determining phase margin.
180
PHASE (°)
150
120
90
60
30
0
100
3
1 .10
4
1 .10
5
1 .10
6
1 .10
FREQUENCY (Hz)
FIGURE 15. PHASE OF CLOSED LOOP IN °
Intersil Corporation reserves the right to make changes in circuit design, software and/or specifications at any time without notice. Accordingly, the
reader is cautioned to verify that the Application Note or Technical Brief is current before proceeding.
For information regarding Intersil Corporation and its products, see www.intersil.com
13
AN1500.0
November 19, 2009
Application Note 1500
Typical Performace Curves
TA = +25°C, Unless Otherwise Specified, operating conditions are:
TA = +25°C, VIN = 12V, EN = VDD, L = 22µH, C12 = 100µF,
C10 = C11 = 10µF, IOUT = 0A to 1A.
100
4.0
90
3.5
POWER DISSIPATION (Ω)
EFFICENCY (%)
80
70
10V VIN
60
12V VIN
14V VIN
50
40
30
10V VIN
12V VIN
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
20
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
14V VIN
0.0
0.0
1.0
0.2
OUTPUT LOAD (A)
12.290
12.28
12.285
12.28
12.280
OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
12.29
12.27
14V VIN
10V VIN
12.26
12.26
12V VIN
0.4
0.6
1.0
12.270
0.5A
12.265
0A
12.260
1A
12.255
0.2
0.8
12.275
ISL8500 VOUT = 12V
12.25
12.25
0.0
0.6
FIGURE 17. POWER DISSIPATION vs LOAD
FIGURE 16. EFFICIENCY vs LOAD
12.27
0.4
OUTPUT LOAD (A)
0.8
1.0
12.250
5
7
OUTPUT LOAD (A)
FIGURE 18. VOUT REGULATION vs LOAD
PHASE 10V/DIV
9
11
INPUT VOLTAGE (V)
13
15
FIGURE 19. OUTPUT VOLTAGE REGULATION vs VIN
PHASE 10V/DIV
VOUT RIPPLE 20mV/DIV
VOUT RIPPLE 20mV/DIV
IL 0.5A/DIV
IL 1A/DIV
FIGURE 20. STEADY STATE OPERATION AT NO LOAD
14
FIGURE 21. STEADY STATE OPERATION AT FULL LOAD
AN1500.0
November 19, 2009
Application Note 1500
Typical Performace Curves
TA = +25°C, Unless Otherwise Specified, operating conditions are:
TA = +25°C, VIN = 12V, EN = VDD, L = 22µH, C12 = 100µF,
C10 = C11 = 10µF, IOUT = 0A to 1A. (Continued)
PHASE 10V/DIV
EN 0.5V/DIV
VOUT RIPPLE 100mV/DIV
VOUT 0.5V/DIV
IL 1A/DIV
IL 1A/DIV
FIGURE 23. SOFT-START AT NO LOAD
FIGURE 22. LOAD TRANSIENT
VOUT 0.5V/DIV
EN 0.5V/DIV
EN 0.5V/DIV
IL 1A/DIV
VOUT 0.5V/DIV
IL 1A/DIV
FIGURE 24. SOFT-START AT FULL LOAD
PHASE 10V/DIV
FIGURE 25. SHUT-DOWN CIRCUIT
PHASE 10V/DIV
VOUT 5V/DIV
VOUT 0.5V/DIV
IL 1A/DIV
FIGURE 26. OUTPUT SHORT CIRCUIT
15
IL 1A/DIV
FIGURE 27. OUTPUT SHORT CIRCUIT RECOVERY
AN1500.0
November 19, 2009