DATASHEET

ISL6522A
®
Data Sheet
April 13, 2005
Buck and Synchronous Rectifier
Pulse-Width Modulator (PWM) Controller
The ISL6522A provides complete control and protection for
a DC-DC converter optimized for high-performance
microprocessor applications. It is designed to drive two
N-Channel MOSFETs in a synchronous rectified buck
topology. The ISL6522A integrates all of the control, output
adjustment, monitoring and protection functions into a single
package.
The output voltage of the converter can be precisely
regulated to as low as 0.8V, with a maximum tolerance of
±0.5% over temperature and line voltage variations.
The ISL6522A provides simple, single feedback loop,
voltage-mode control with fast transient response. It includes
a 200kHz free-running triangle-wave oscillator that is
adjustable from below 50kHz to over 1MHz. The error
amplifier features a 15MHz gain-bandwidth product and
6V/µs slew rate which enables high converter bandwidth for
fast transient performance. The resulting PWM duty ratio
ranges from 0–100%.
The ISL6522A protects against overcurrent conditions by
inhibiting PWM operation. The ISL6522A monitors the
current by using the rDS(ON) of the upper MOSFET which
eliminates the need for a current sensing resistor.
Ordering Information
PART NUMBER*
TEMP.
RANGE (°C)
PACKAGE
PKG.
DWG. #
FN9122.2
Features
• Drives two N-Channel MOSFETs
• Operates from +5V or +12V input
• Simple single-loop control design
- Voltage-mode PWM control
• Fast transient response
- High-bandwidth error amplifier
- Full 0-100% duty ratio
• Excellent output voltage regulation
- 0.8V internal reference
- ±0.5% over line voltage and temperature
• Overcurrent fault monitor
- Does not require extra current sensing element
- Uses MOSFETs rDS(ON)
• Converter can source and sink current
• Small converter size
- Constant frequency operation
- 200kHz free-running oscillator programmable from
50kHz to over 1MHz
• 14 Ld SOIC and 16 Lead 5x5mm QFN Packages
• QFN Package
- Compliant to JEDEC PUB95 MO-220 QFN-Quad Flat
No Leads-Product Outline.
- Near Chip-Scale Package Footprint; Improves PCB
Efficiency and Thinner in Profile
ISL6522ACB
25 to 70
14 Ld SOIC
M14.15
• Pb-Free Available (RoHS Compliant)
ISL6522ACBZ
(See Note)
25 to 70
14 Ld SOIC
(Pb-free)
M14.15
Applications
ISL6522ACR
25 to 70
16 Ld 5x5 QFN
L16.5x5B
• Power supply for Pentium®, Pentium Pro, PowerPC® and
AlphaPC™ microprocessors
ISL6522ACRZ
(See Note)
25 to 70
16 Ld 5x5 QFN
(Pb-free)
L16.5x5B
NOTE: Intersil Pb-free products employ special Pb-free material sets;
molding compounds/die attach materials and 100% matte tin plate
termination finish, which are RoHS compliant and compatible with
both SnPb and Pb-free soldering operations. Intersil Pb-free products
are MSL classified at Pb-free peak reflow temperatures that meet or
exceed the Pb-free requirements of IPC/JEDEC J STD-020.
• High-power 5V to 3.xV DC-DC regulators
• Low-voltage distributed power supplies
*Add “-T” suffix for tape and reel.
1
CCAUTION: These devices are sensitive to electrostatic discharge; follow proper IC Handling Procedures.
1-888-INTERSIL or 321-724-7143 | Intersil (and design) is a registered trademark of Intersil Americas Inc.
Copyright © Intersil Americas Inc. 2003-2005. All Rights Reserved.
All other trademarks mentioned are the property of their respective owners.
ISL6522A
Pinouts
RT
15
14
ISL6522A (14 LD SOIC)
TOP VIEW
VCC
16
OCSET
NC
ISL6522ACR (16 LD QFN)
TOP VIEW
RT
1
14 VCC
13
OCSET
2
13 PVCC
SS
3
12 LGATE
COMP
4
11 PGND
SS
1
12 PVCC
COMP
2
11 LGATE
FB
5
10 BOOT
3
10 PGND
EN
6
9
UGATE
GND
7
8
PHASE
5
6
7
8
UGATE
9
PHASE
4
GND
EN
NC
FB
BOOT
Typical Application
12V
+5V OR +12V
VCC
OCSET
SS
MONITOR AND
PROTECTION
EN
BOOT
RT
OSC
UGATE
ISL6522A
REF
FB
+VO
PVCC
+
COMP
2
PHASE
+
+12V
LGATE
PGND
GND
FN9122.2
April 13, 2005
ISL6522A
Block Diagram
VCC
POWER-ON
RESET (POR)
EN
10µA
+
-
OCSET
OVER
CURRENT
SOFTSTART
SS
BOOT
4V
200µA
UGATE
PHASE
REFERENCE
PWM
COMPARATOR
0.8VREF
+
-
+
-
ERROR
AMP
FB
INHIBIT
PWM
GATE
CONTROL
LOGIC
PVCC
LGATE
PGND
COMP
GND
OSCILLATOR
RT
3
FN9122.2
April 13, 2005
ISL6522A
Absolute Maximum Ratings
Thermal Information
Supply Voltage, VCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +15.0V
Boot Voltage, VBOOT - VPHASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +15.0V
Input, Output or I/O Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . GND -0.3V to VCC +0.3V
ESD Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Class 2
Thermal Resistance
θJA(°C/W)
θJC(°C/W)
QFN Package (Notes 1, 2). . . . . . . . . .
36
5
SOIC Package (Note 1) . . . . . . . . . . . .
65
N/A
Maximum Junction Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150°C
Maximum Storage Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . . . -65°C to 150°C
Maximum Lead Temperature (Soldering 10s) . . . . . . . . . . . . 300°C
(SOIC - Lead Tips Only)
Recommended Operating Conditions
Supply Voltage, VCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +12V ±10%
Ambient Temperature Range, ISL6522AC. . . . . . . . . . 25°C to 70°C
Junction Temperature Range, ISL6522AC . . . . . . . . . 0°C to 125°C
CAUTION: Stresses above those listed in “Absolute Maximum Ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress only rating and operation of the
device at these or any other conditions above those indicated in the operational sections of this specification is not implied.
NOTES:
1. θJA is measured in free air with the component mounted on a high effective thermal conductivity test board with “direct attach” features. SeeTech
Brief TB379.
2. For θJC, the "case temp" location is the center of the exposed metal pad on the package underside.
Electrical Specifications
Recommended Operating Conditions, Unless Otherwise Noted
PARAMETER
SYMBOL
TEST CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
EN = VCC; UGATE and LGATE Open
-
5
-
mA
EN = 0V
-
50
100
µA
Rising VCC Threshold
VOCSET = 4.5VDC
-
-
10.4
V
Falling VCC Threshold
VOCSET = 4.5VDC
8.1
-
-
V
Enable-Input Threshold Voltage
VOCSET = 4.5VDC
0.8
-
2.0
V
-
1.27
-
V
VCC SUPPLY CURRENT
Nominal Supply
ICC
Shutdown Supply
POWER-ON RESET
Rising VOCSET Threshold
OSCILLATOR
Free Running Frequency
RT = OPEN, VCC = 12
175
200
230
kHz
Total Variation
6kΩ < RT to GND < 200kΩ
-20
-
+20
%
-
1.9
-
VP-P
-0.5
-
0.5
%
-
0.800
-
V
-
88
-
dB
-
15
-
MHz
-
6
-
V/µs
350
500
-
mA
-
5.5
10
Ω
300
450
-
mA
-
3.5
6.5
Ω
170
200
230
µA
-
10
-
µA
∆VOSC
Ramp Amplitude
RT = OPEN
REFERENCE
Reference Voltage Tolerance
VREF
Reference Voltage
ERROR AMPLIFIER
DC Gain
Gain-Bandwidth Product
GBW
Slew Rate
SR
COMP = 10pF
GATE DRIVERS
Upper Gate Source
IUGATE
VBOOT - VPHASE = 12V, VUGATE = 6V
Upper Gate Sink
RUGATE
ILGATE = 0.3A
Lower Gate Source
ILGATE
VCC = 12V, VLGATE = 6V
Lower Gate Sink
RLGATE
ILGATE = 0.3A
IOCSET
VOCSET = 4.5VDC
PROTECTION
OCSET Current Source
Soft-Start Current
ISS
4
FN9122.2
April 13, 2005
ISL6522A
Typical Performance Curves
80
70
RT PULLUP
TO +12V
60
CGATE = 3300pF
IVCC (mA)
RESISTANCE (kΩ)
1000
100
RT PULLDOWN
50
40
CGATE = 1000pF
30
TO VSS
20
10
CGATE = 10pF
10
10
100
SWITCHING FREQUENCY (kHz)
0
100
1000
RT
This pin provides oscillator switching frequency adjustment.
By placing a resistor (RT) from this pin to GND, the nominal
200kHz switching frequency is increased according to the
following equation:
6
5 • 10
Fs ≈ 200kHz + -----------------RT
(RT to GND)
Conversely, connecting a pull-up resistor (RT) from this pin
to VCC reduces the switching frequency according to the
following equation:
7
4 • 10
Fs ≈ 200kHz – -----------------RT
(RT to 12V)
OCSET
Connect a resistor (ROCSET) from this pin to the drain of the
upper MOSFET. ROCSET, an internal 200µA current source
(IOCS), and the upper MOSFET on-resistance (rDS(ON)) set
the converter overcurrent (OC) trip point according to the
following equation:
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
SWITCHING FREQUENCY (kHz)
FIGURE 2. BIAS SUPPLY CURRENT vs FREQUENCY
FIGURE 1. RT RESISTANCE vs FREQUENCY
Functional Pin Descriptions
200
amplifier and the COMP pin is the error amplifier output.
These pins are used to compensate the voltage-control
feedback loop of the converter.
EN
This pin is the open-collector enable pin. Pull this pin below
1V to disable the converter. In shutdown, the soft-start pin is
discharged and the UGATE and LGATE pins are held low.
GND
Signal ground for the IC. All voltage levels are measured
with respect to this pin.
PHASE
Connect the PHASE pin to the upper MOSFET source. This
pin is used to monitor the voltage drop across the MOSFET
for overcurrent protection. This pin also provides the return
path for the upper gate drive.
UGATE
Connect UGATE to the upper MOSFET gate. This pin
provides the gate drive for the upper MOSFET. This pin is also
monitored by the adaptive shoot through protection circuitry to
determine when the upper MOSFET has turned off.
BOOT
I OCS • R OCSET
I PEAK = ------------------------------------------r DS ( ON )
An overcurrent trip cycles the soft-start function.
This pin provides bias voltage to the upper MOSFET driver.
A bootstrap circuit may be used to create a BOOT voltage
suitable to drive a standard N-Channel MOSFET.
SS
PGND
Connect a capacitor from this pin to ground. This capacitor,
along with an internal 10µA current source, sets the
soft-start interval of the converter.
This is the power ground connection. Tie the lower MOSFET
source to this pin.
COMP and FB
Connect LGATE to the lower MOSFET gate. This pin provides
the gate drive for the lower MOSFET. This pin is also
COMP and FB are the available external pins of the error
amplifier. The FB pin is the inverting input of the error
5
LGATE
FN9122.2
April 13, 2005
ISL6522A
monitored by the adaptive shoot through protection circuitry to
determine when the lower MOSFET has turned off.
VOLTAGE
VSOFT START
PVCC
Provide a bias supply for the lower gate drive to this pin.
VCC
VOUT
Provide a 12V bias supply for the chip to this pin.
Functional Description
VCOMP
VOSC(MIN)
Initialization
The ISL6522A automatically initializes upon receipt of
power. Special sequencing of the input supplies is not
necessary. The Power-On Reset (POR) function continually
monitors the input supply voltages and the enable (EN) pin.
The POR monitors the bias voltage at the VCC pin and the
input voltage (VIN) on the OCSET pin. The level on OCSET
is equal to VIN less a fixed voltage drop (see overcurrent
protection). With the EN pin held to VCC, the POR function
initiates soft-start operation after both input supply voltages
exceed their POR thresholds. For operation with a single
+12V power source, VIN and VCC are equivalent and the
+12V power source must exceed the rising VCC threshold
before POR initiates operation.
CLAMP ON VCOMP
RELEASED AT STEADY STATE
t0
t1
TIME
t2
C SS
t 1 = ----------- ⋅ V OSC ( MIN )
I SS
C SS V OUT SteadyState
t SoftStart = t 2 – t 1 = ----------- ⋅ ------------------------------------------------ ⋅ ∆V OSC
I SS
V IN
Where:
The POR function inhibits operation with the chip disabled
(EN pin low). With both input supplies above their POR
thresholds, transitioning the EN pin high initiates a soft-start
interval.
CSS = Soft Start Capacitor
ISS = Soft Start Current = 10µA
VOSC(MIN) = Bottom of Oscillator = 1.35V
VIN = Input Voltage
∆VOSC = Peak to Peak Oscillator Voltage = 1.9V
VOUTSteadyState = Steady State Output Voltage
FIGURE 3. SOFT-START INTERVAL
OUTPUT INDUCTOR
The POR function initiates the soft-start sequence. An internal
10µA current source charges an external capacitor (CSS) on
the SS pin to 4V. Soft-start clamps the error amplifier output
(COMP pin) to the SS pin voltage. Figure 3 shows the
soft-start interval. At t1 in Figure 3, the SS and COMP
voltages reach the valley of the oscillator’s triangle wave. The
oscillator’s triangular waveform is compared to the ramping
error amplifier voltage. This generates PHASE pulses of
increasing width that charge the output capacitor(s). This
interval of increasing pulse width continues to t2, at which
point the output is in regulation and the clamp on the COMP
pin is released. This method provides a rapid and controlled
output voltage rise.
SOFT-START
Soft-Start
4V
2V
0V
15A
10A
5A
0A
TIME (20ms/DIV)
FIGURE 4. OVERCURRENT OPERATION
Overcurrent Protection
The overcurrent function protects the converter from a
shorted output by using the upper MOSFETs on-resistance,
rDS(ON) to monitor the current. This method enhances the
converter’s efficiency and reduces cost by eliminating a
current sensing resistor.
The overcurrent function cycles the soft-start function in a
hiccup mode to provide fault protection. A resistor (ROCSET)
programs the overcurrent trip level. An internal 200µA
(typical) current sink develops a voltage across ROCSET that
6
FN9122.2
April 13, 2005
ISL6522A
The overcurrent function will trip at a peak inductor current
(IPEAK) determined by:
I OCSET • R OCSET
I PEAK = -------------------------------------------------r DS ( ON )
where IOCSET is the internal OCSET current source (200µA
is typical). The OC trip point varies mainly due to the
MOSFETs rDS(ON) variations. To avoid overcurrent tripping
in the normal operating load range, find the ROCSET resistor
from the equation above with:
The maximum rDS(ON) at the highest junction temperature.
1. The minimum IOCSET from the specification table.
2. Determine I PEAK for I PEAK > I OUT ( MAX ) + ( ∆I ) ⁄ 2 ,
where ∆I is the output inductor ripple current.
For an equation for the ripple current see the section under
component guidelines titled Output Inductor Selection.
A small ceramic capacitor should be placed in parallel with
ROCSET to smooth the voltage across ROCSET in the
presence of switching noise on the input voltage.
capacitors, damage may occur to these parts. If the bias
voltage for the ISL6522A comes from the VIN rail, then the
maximum voltage rating of the ISL6522A may be exceeded
and the IC will experience a catastrophic failure and the
converter will no longer be operational. Ensuring that there is a
path for the current to follow other than the capacitance on the
rail will prevent these failure modes.
Application Guidelines
Layout Considerations
As in any high frequency switching converter, layout is very
important. Switching current from one power device to
another can generate voltage transients across the
impedances of the interconnecting bond wires and circuit
traces. These interconnecting impedances should be
minimized by using wide, short printed circuit traces. The
critical components should be located as close together as
possible using ground plane construction or single point
grounding.
Figure 5 shows the critical power components of the
converter. To minimize the voltage overshoot the
interconnecting wires indicated by heavy lines should be part
of ground or power plane in a printed circuit board. The
components shown in Figure 6 should be located as close
together as possible. Please note that the capacitors CIN
and CO each represent numerous physical capacitors.
Locate the ISL6522A within three inches of the MOSFETs,
Q1 and Q2. The circuit traces for the MOSFETs’ gate and
source connections from the ISL6522A must be sized to
handle up to 1A peak current.
VIN
ISL6522A
UGATE
The ISL6522A incorporates a MOSFET shoot-through
protection method which allows a converter to sink current
as well as source current. Care should be exercised when
designing a converter with the ISL6522A when it is known
that the converter may sink current.
When the converter is sinking current, it is behaving as a boost
converter that is regulating its input voltage. This means that
the converter is boosting current into the VIN rail, the voltage
that is being down-converted. If there is nowhere for this current
to go, such as to other distributed loads on the VIN rail, through
a voltage limiting protection device, or other methods, the
capacitance on the VIN bus will absorb the current. This
situation will cause the voltage level of the VIN rail to increase. If
the voltage level of the rail is boosted to a level that exceeds the
maximum voltage rating of the MOSFETs or the input
7
LO
CIN
LGATE
Current Sinking
Q1
VOUT
PHASE
Q2
D2
LOAD
is reference to VIN. When the voltage across the upper
MOSFET (also referenced to VIN) exceeds the voltage
across ROCSET, the overcurrent function initiates a soft-start
sequence. The soft-start function discharges CSS with a
10µA current sink and inhibits PWM operation. The soft-start
function recharges CSS, and PWM operation resumes with
the error amplifier clamped to the SS voltage. Should an
overload occur while recharging CSS, the soft-start function
inhibits PWM operation while fully charging CSS to 4V to
complete its cycle. Figure 4 shows this operation with an
overload condition. Note that the inductor current increases
to over 15A during the CSS charging interval and causes an
overcurrent trip. The converter dissipates very little power
with this method. The measured input power for the
conditions of Figure 4 is 2.5W.
CO
PGND
RETURN
FIGURE 5. PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD POWER AND
GROUND PLANES OR ISLANDS
Figure 6 shows the circuit traces that require additional
layout consideration. Use single point and ground plane
construction for the circuits shown. Minimize any leakage
current paths on the SS PIN and locate the capacitor, CSS
close to the SS pin because the internal current source is
only 10µA. Provide local VCC decoupling between VCC and
GND pins. Locate the capacitor, CBOOT as close as practical
to the BOOT and PHASE pins.
FN9122.2
April 13, 2005
ISL6522A
OSC
D1
Q1
CBOOT
LO
PHASE
SS
+12V
Q2
CO
DRIVER
PWM
COMPARATOR
VOUT
LOAD
ISL6522A
VIN
+VIN
BOOT
LO
+
∆VOSC
DRIVER
PHASE
CO
ESR
(PARASITIC)
VCC
ZFB
CVCC
CSS
VOUT
VE/A
GND
FIGURE 6. PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD SMALL SIGNAL
LAYOUT GUIDELINES
Feedback Compensation
REFERENCE
ERROR
AMP
DETAILED COMPENSATION COMPONENTS
Figure 7 highlights the voltage-mode control loop for a
synchronous rectified buck converter. The output voltage
(VOUT) is regulated to the reference voltage level. The error
amplifier (error amp) output (VE/A) is compared with the
oscillator (OSC) triangular wave to provide a pulse-width
modulated (PWM) wave with an amplitude of VIN at the
PHASE node. The PWM wave is smoothed by the output filter
(LO and CO).
The modulator transfer function is the small-signal transfer
function of VOUT/VE/A. This function is dominated by a DC
gain and the output filter (LO and CO), with a double pole
break frequency at FLC and a zero at FESR. The DC gain of
the modulator is simply the input voltage (VIN) divided by the
peak-to-peak oscillator voltage ∆VOSC.
Modulator Break Frequency Equations
1
F LC = --------------------------------------2π • L O • C O
ZIN
+
1
F ESR = --------------------------------------------2π • ( ESR • C O )
The compensation network consists of the error amplifier
(internal to the ISL6522A) and the impedance networks ZIN
and ZFB. The goal of the compensation network is to provide
a closed loop transfer function with the highest 0dB crossing
frequency (f0dB) and adequate phase margin. Phase margin
is the difference between the closed loop phase at f0dB and
180 degrees. The equations below relate the compensation
network’s poles, zeros and gain to the components (R1, R2,
R3, C1, C2, and C3) in Figure 8. Use these guidelines for
locating the poles and zeros of the compensation network:
Compensation Break Frequency Equations
1
F Z1 = ---------------------------------2π • R 2 • C1
1
F P1 = ------------------------------------------------------C1 • C2
2π • R2 •  ----------------------
 C1 + C2
1
F Z2 = -----------------------------------------------------2π • ( R1 + R3 ) • C3
1
F P2 = ---------------------------------2π • R3 • C3
1. Pick Gain (R2/R1) for desired converter bandwidth
2. Place 1ST Zero Below Filter’s Double Pole
(~75% FLC)
8
ZFB
VOUT
C2
C1
ZIN
C3
R2
R3
R1
COMP
FB
+
ISL6522A
REF
FIGURE 7. VOLTAGE - MODE BUCK CONVERTER
COMPENSATION DESIGN
3. Place 2ND Zero at Filter’s Double Pole
4. Place 1ST Pole at the ESR Zero
5. Place 2ND Pole at Half the Switching Frequency
6. Check Gain against Error Amplifier’s Open-Loop Gain
7. Estimate Phase Margin - Repeat if Necessary
Figure 8 shows an asymptotic plot of the DC-DC converter’s
gain vs. frequency. The actual modulator gain has a high gain
peak due to the high Q factor of the output filter and is not
shown in Figure 8. Using the above guidelines should give a
compensation gain similar to the curve plotted. The open loop
error amplifier gain bounds the compensation gain. Check the
compensation gain at FP2 with the capabilities of the error
amplifier. The closed loop gain is constructed on the log-log
graph of Figure 8 by adding the modulator gain (in dB) to the
compensation gain (in dB). This is equivalent to multiplying
the modulator transfer function to the compensation transfer
function and plotting the gain.
The compensation gain uses external impedance networks
ZFB and ZIN to provide a stable, high bandwidth (BW) overall
loop. A stable control loop has a gain crossing with
-20dB/decade slope and a phase margin greater than 45
degrees. Include worst case component variations when
determining phase margin.
FN9122.2
April 13, 2005
ISL6522A
100
FZ1 FZ2
FP1
most cases, multiple electrolytic capacitors of small case size
perform better than a single large case capacitor.
FP2
80
OPEN LOOP
ERROR AMP GAIN
GAIN (dB)
60
40
20
20LOG
(R2/R1)
20LOG
(VIN/∆VOSC)
0
COMPENSATION
GAIN
MODULATOR
GAIN
-20
CLOSED LOOP
GAIN
-40
FLC
-60
10
100
1K
FESR
10K
100K
1M
The output inductor is selected to meet the output voltage
ripple requirements and minimize the converter’s response
time to the load transient. The inductor value determines the
converter’s ripple current and the ripple voltage is a function
of the ripple current. The ripple voltage and current are
approximated by the following equations:
V IN - V OUT V OUT
∆I = -------------------------------- • ---------------Fs x L
V IN
∆VOUT= ∆I x ESR
10M
FREQUENCY (Hz)
FIGURE 8. ASYMPTOTIC BODE PLOT OF CONVERTER GAIN
Component Selection Guidelines
Output Capacitor Selection
An output capacitor is required to filter the output and supply
the load transient current. The filtering requirements are a
function of the switching frequency and the ripple current.
The load transient requirements are a function of the slew
rate (di/dt) and the magnitude of the transient load current.
These requirements are generally met with a mix of
capacitors and careful layout.
Modern microprocessors produce transient load rates above
1A/ns. High frequency capacitors initially supply the transient
and slow the current load rate seen by the bulk capacitors.
The bulk filter capacitor values are generally determined by
the ESR (effective series resistance) and voltage rating
requirements rather than actual capacitance requirements.
High frequency decoupling capacitors should be placed as
close to the power pins of the load as physically possible. Be
careful not to add inductance in the circuit board wiring that
could cancel the usefulness of these low inductance
components. Consult with the manufacturer of the load on
specific decoupling requirements. For example, Intel
recommends that the high frequency decoupling for the
Pentium-Pro be composed of at least forty (40) 1.0µF
ceramic capacitors in the 1206 surface-mount package.
Use only specialized low-ESR capacitors intended for
switching-regulator applications for the bulk capacitors. The
bulk capacitor’s ESR will determine the output ripple voltage
and the initial voltage drop after a high slew-rate transient. An
aluminum electrolytic capacitor’s ESR value is related to the
case size with lower ESR available in larger case sizes.
However, the equivalent series inductance (ESL) of these
capacitors increases with case size and can reduce the
usefulness of the capacitor to high slew-rate transient loading.
Unfortunately, ESL is not a specified parameter. Work with
your capacitor supplier and measure the capacitor’s
impedance with frequency to select a suitable component. In
9
Output Inductor Selection
Increasing the value of inductance reduces the ripple current
and voltage. However, the large inductance values reduce
the converter’s response time to a load transient.
One of the parameters limiting the converter’s response to a
load transient is the time required to change the inductor
current. Given a sufficiently fast control loop design, the
ISL6522A will provide either 0% or 100% duty cycle in
response to a load transient. The response time is the time
required to slew the inductor current from an initial current value
to the transient current level. During this interval the difference
between the inductor current and the transient current level
must be supplied by the output capacitor. Minimizing the
response time can minimize the output capacitance required.
The response time to a transient is different for the
application of load and the removal of load. The following
equations give the approximate response time interval for
application and removal of a transient load:
L O × I TRAN
t RISE = ------------------------------V IN – V OUT
L O × I TRAN
t FALL = -----------------------------V OUT
where: ITRAN is the transient load current step, tRISE is the
response time to the application of load, and tFALL is the
response time to the removal of load. With a +5V input
source, the worst case response time can be either at the
application or removal of load and dependent upon the
output voltage setting. Be sure to check both of these
equations at the minimum and maximum output levels for
the worst case response time.
Input Capacitor Selection
Use a mix of input bypass capacitors to control the voltage
overshoot across the MOSFETs. Use small ceramic
capacitors for high frequency decoupling and bulk capacitors
to supply the current needed each time Q1 turns on. Place the
small ceramic capacitors physically close to the MOSFETs
and between the drain of Q1 and the source of Q2.
The important parameters for the bulk input capacitor are the
voltage rating and the RMS current rating. For reliable
operation, select the bulk capacitor with voltage and current
ratings above the maximum input voltage and largest RMS
current required by the circuit. The capacitor voltage rating
FN9122.2
April 13, 2005
ISL6522A
should be at least 1.25 times greater than the maximum
input voltage and a voltage rating of 1.5 times is a
conservative guideline. The RMS current rating requirement
for the input capacitor of a buck regulator is approximately
1/2 the DC load current.
For a through-hole design, several electrolytic capacitors
(Panasonic HFQ series or Nichicon PL series or Sanyo MV-GX
or equivalent) may be needed. For surface mount designs,
solid tantalum capacitors can be used, but caution must be
exercised with regard to the capacitor surge current rating.
These capacitors must be capable of handling the surgecurrent at power-up. The TPS series available from AVX, and
the 593D series from Sprague are both surge current tested.
MOSFET Selection/Considerations
The ISL6522A requires two N-Channel power MOSFETs.
These should be selected based upon rDS(ON), gate supply
requirements, and thermal management requirements.
In high-current applications, the MOSFET power dissipation,
package selection and heatsink are the dominant design
factors. The power dissipation includes two loss
components; conduction loss and switching loss. The
conduction losses are the largest component of power
dissipation for both the upper and the lower MOSFETs.
These losses are distributed between the two MOSFETs
according to duty factor. The switching losses seen when
sourcing current will be different from the switching losses seen
when sinking current. When sourcing current, the upper
MOSFET realizes most of the switching losses. The lower
switch realizes most of the switching losses when the converter
is sinking current (see the equations below).
Standard-gate MOSFETs are normally recommended for
use with the ISL6522A. However, logic-level gate MOSFETs
can be used under special circumstances. The input voltage,
upper gate drive level, and the MOSFETs absolute gate-tosource voltage rating determine whether logic-level
MOSFETs are appropriate.
Figure 9 shows the upper gate drive (BOOT pin) supplied by
a bootstrap circuit from VCC . The boot capacitor, CBOOT
develops a floating supply voltage referenced to the PHASE
pin. This supply is refreshed each cycle to a voltage of VCC
less the boot diode drop (VD) when the lower MOSFET, Q2
turns on. A logic-level MOSFET can only be used for Q1 if
the MOSFETs absolute gate-to-source voltage rating
exceeds the maximum voltage applied to VCC . For Q2, a
logic-level MOSFET can be used if its absolute gate-tosource voltage rating exceeds the maximum voltage applied
to PVCC.
DBOOT
+12V
+
VCC
BOOT
ISL6522A
CBOOT
Q1
UGATE
NOTE:
VG-S ≈ VCC - VD
PHASE
+5V
PVCC OR +12V
LGATE
+
Q2
D2
NOTE:
VG-S ≈ PVCC
PGND
GND
Losses while Sourcing Current
2
1
P UPPER = Io × r DS ( ON ) × D + --- ⋅ Io × V IN × t SW × F S
2
+5V OR +12V
VD
FIGURE 9. UPPER GATE DRIVE - BOOTSTRAP OPTION
PLOWER = Io2 x rDS(ON) x (1 - D)
+12V
Losses while Sinking Current
+5V OR LESS
PUPPER = Io2 x rDS(ON) x D
VCC
2
1
P LOWER = Io × r DS ( ON ) × ( 1 – D ) + --- ⋅ Io × V IN × t SW × F S
2
Where: D is the duty cycle = VOUT / VIN ,
tSW is the switching interval, and
BOOT
ISL6522A
Q1
UGATE
FS is the switching frequency.
These equations assume linear voltage-current transitions and
do not adequately model power loss due the reverse-recovery
of the upper and lower MOSFET’s body diode. The
gate-charge losses are dissipated by the ISL6522A and do not
heat the MOSFETs. However, large gate-charge increases the
switching interval, tSW which increases the upper MOSFET
switching losses. Ensure that both MOSFETs are within their
maximum junction temperature at high ambient temperature by
calculating the temperature rise according to package thermalresistance specifications. A separate heatsink may be
necessary depending upon MOSFET power, package type,
ambient temperature and air flow.
10
NOTE:
VG-S ≈ VCC - 5V
PHASE
PVCC
+
+5V
OR +12V
LGATE
PGND
Q2
D2
NOTE:
VG-S ≈ PVCC
GND
FIGURE 10. UPPER GATE DRIVE - DIRECT VCC DRIVE OPTION
Figure 10 shows the upper gate drive supplied by a direct
connection to VCC . This option should only be used in
converter systems where the main input voltage is +5VDC or
less. The peak upper gate-to-source voltage is approximately
FN9122.2
April 13, 2005
ISL6522A
ISL6522A DC-DC Converter Application
Circuit
VCC less the input supply. For +5V main power and +12VDC
for the bias, the gate-to-source voltage of Q1 is 7V. A logic-level
MOSFET is a good choice for Q1 and a logic-level MOSFET
can be used for Q2 if its absolute gate-to-source voltage rating
exceeds the maximum voltage applied to PVCC .
Figure 11 shows a DC-DC converter circuit for a
microprocessor application, originally designed to employ
the HIP6006 controller. Given the similarities between the
HIP6006 and ISL6522A controllers, the circuit can be
implemented using the ISL6522A controller without any
modifications. Detailed information on the circuit, including a
complete bill of materials and circuit board description, can
be found in Application Note AN9722. See Intersil’s home
page on the web: http://www.intersil.com.
Schottky Selection
Rectifier D2 is a clamp that catches the negative inductor
swing during the dead time between turning off the lower
MOSFET and turning on the upper MOSFET. The diode must
be a Schottky type to prevent the lossy parasitic MOSFET
body diode from conducting. It is acceptable to omit the diode
and let the body diode of the lower MOSFET clamp the
negative inductor swing, but efficiency will drop one or two
percent as a result. The diode's rated reverse breakdown
voltage must be greater than the maximum input voltage.
12VCC
VIN
C17-18
2x 1µF
1206
C1-3
3x 680µF
RTN
C12
1µF
1206
R7
10K
C19
VCC
1000pF
14
2 OCSET
6
ENABLE
MONITOR AND
PROTECTION
SS 3
3.01K
Q1
OSC
R1
SPARE
U1
ISL6522A
REF
UGATE
8
PHASE
C20
0.1µF
L1
VOUT
CR2
MBR
340
11 PGND
7
COMP
C14
Q2
12 LGATE
-+
+
4
R2
1K
9
13 PVCC
++
--
5
FB
PHASE
TP2
10 BOOT
RT 1
C13
0.1µF
CR1
4148
R6
GND
C6-9
4x 1000µF
RTN
JP1
33pF
C15
R5
0.01µF
15K
COMP
TP1
C16
SPARE
R3
1K
R4
SPARE
Component Selection Notes:
C1-C3 - Three each 680µF 25W VDC, Sanyo MV-GX or equivalent.
C6-C9 - Four each 1000µF 6.3W VDC, Sanyo MV-GX or equivalent.
L1 - Core: micrometals T50-52B; winding: ten turns of 17AWG.
CR1 - 1N4148 or equivalent.
CR2 - 3A, 40V Schottky, Motorola MBR340 or equivalent.
Q1, Q2 - Fairchild MOSFET; RFP25N05
FIGURE 11. DC-DC CONVERTER APPLICATION CIRCUIT
11
FN9122.2
April 13, 2005
ISL6522A
Small Outline Plastic Packages (SOIC)
M14.15 (JEDEC MS-012-AB ISSUE C)
N
INDEX
AREA
0.25(0.010) M
H
14 LEAD NARROW BODY SMALL OUTLINE PLASTIC
PACKAGE
B M
E
INCHES
-B-
1
2
3
L
SEATING PLANE
-A-
h x 45o
A
D
-C-
µα
e
A1
B
0.25(0.010) M
C A M
SYMBOL
MIN
MAX
MIN
MAX
NOTES
A
0.0532
0.0688
1.35
1.75
-
A1
0.0040
0.0098
0.10
0.25
-
B
0.013
0.020
0.33
0.51
9
C
0.0075
0.0098
0.19
0.25
-
D
0.3367
0.3444
8.55
8.75
3
E
0.1497
0.1574
3.80
4.00
4
e
C
0.10(0.004)
B S
0.050 BSC
1. Symbols are defined in the “MO Series Symbol List” in Section 2.2 of
Publication Number 95.
1.27 BSC
-
H
0.2284
0.2440
5.80
6.20
-
h
0.0099
0.0196
0.25
0.50
5
L
0.016
0.050
0.40
N
NOTES:
MILLIMETERS
α
14
0o
1.27
14
8o
0o
6
7
8o
Rev. 0 12/93
2. Dimensioning and tolerancing per ANSI Y14.5M-1982.
3. Dimension “D” does not include mold flash, protrusions or gate burrs.
Mold flash, protrusion and gate burrs shall not exceed 0.15mm (0.006
inch) per side.
4. Dimension “E” does not include interlead flash or protrusions. Interlead
flash and protrusions shall not exceed 0.25mm (0.010 inch) per side.
5. The chamfer on the body is optional. If it is not present, a visual index
feature must be located within the crosshatched area.
6. “L” is the length of terminal for soldering to a substrate.
7. “N” is the number of terminal positions.
8. Terminal numbers are shown for reference only.
9. The lead width “B”, as measured 0.36mm (0.014 inch) or greater
above the seating plane, shall not exceed a maximum value of
0.61mm (0.024 inch).
10. Controlling dimension: MILLIMETER. Converted inch dimensions
are not necessarily exact.
12
FN9122.2
April 13, 2005
ISL6522A
Quad Flat No-Lead Plastic Package (QFN)
Micro Lead Frame Plastic Package (MLFP)
L16.5x5B
16 LEAD QUAD FLAT NO-LEAD PLASTIC PACKAGE
(COMPLIANT TO JEDEC MO-220VHHB ISSUE C)
MILLIMETERS
SYMBOL
MIN
NOMINAL
A
0.80
A1
-
A2
-
A3
b
NOTES
0.90
1.00
-
-
0.05
-
-
1.00
9
0.20 REF
0.28
D
0.33
9
0.40
5, 8
5.00 BSC
D1
D2
MAX
-
4.75 BSC
2.95
3.10
9
3.25
7, 8
E
5.00 BSC
-
E1
4.75 BSC
9
E2
2.95
e
3.10
3.25
7, 8
0.80 BSC
-
k
0.25
-
-
-
L
0.35
0.60
0.75
8
L1
-
-
0.15
10
N
16
2
Nd
4
3
Ne
4
3
P
-
-
0.60
9
θ
-
-
12
9
Rev. 1 10/02
NOTES:
1. Dimensioning and tolerancing conform to ASME Y14.5-1994.
2. N is the number of terminals.
3. Nd and Ne refer to the number of terminals on each D and E.
4. All dimensions are in millimeters. Angles are in degrees.
5. Dimension b applies to the metallized terminal and is measured
between 0.15mm and 0.30mm from the terminal tip.
6. The configuration of the pin #1 identifier is optional, but must be
located within the zone indicated. The pin #1 identifier may be
either a mold or mark feature.
7. Dimensions D2 and E2 are for the exposed pads which provide
improved electrical and thermal performance.
8. Nominal dimensions are provided to assist with PCB Land Pattern
Design efforts, see Intersil Technical Brief TB389.
9. Features and dimensions A2, A3, D1, E1, P & θ are present when
Anvil singulation method is used and not present for saw
singulation.
10. Depending on the method of lead termination at the edge of the
package, a maximum 0.15mm pull back (L1) maybe present. L
minus L1 to be equal to or greater than 0.3mm.
All Intersil U.S. products are manufactured, assembled and tested utilizing ISO9000 quality systems.
Intersil Corporation’s quality certifications can be viewed at www.intersil.com/design/quality
Intersil products are sold by description only. Intersil Corporation reserves the right to make changes in circuit design, software and/or specifications at any time without
notice. Accordingly, the reader is cautioned to verify that data sheets are current before placing orders. Information furnished by Intersil is believed to be accurate and
reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Intersil or its subsidiaries for its use; nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties which may result
from its use. No license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Intersil or its subsidiaries.
For information regarding Intersil Corporation and its products, see www.intersil.com
13
FN9122.2
April 13, 2005