ISL6522 ® Data Sheet Buck and Synchronous Rectifier Pulse-Width Modulator (PWM) Controller The ISL6522 provides complete control and protection for a DC-DC converter optimized for high-performance microprocessor applications. It is designed to drive two N-Channel MOSFETs in a synchronous rectified buck topology. The ISL6522 integrates all of the control, output adjustment, monitoring and protection functions into a single package. The output voltage of the converter can be precisely regulated to as low as 0.8V, with a maximum tolerance of ±1% over temperature and line voltage variations. The ISL6522 provides simple, single feedback loop, voltagemode control with fast transient response. It includes a 200kHz free-running triangle-wave oscillator that is adjustable from below 50kHz to over 1MHz. The error amplifier features a 15MHz gain-bandwidth product and 6V/µs slew rate which enables high converter bandwidth for fast transient performance. The resulting PWM duty ratio ranges from 0–100%. The ISL6522 protects against overcurrent conditions by inhibiting PWM operation. The ISL6522 monitors the current by using the rDS(ON) of the upper MOSFET which eliminates the need for a current sensing resistor. Pinout TOP VIEW SOIC and TSSOP November 2002 FN9030.3 Features • Drives two N-Channel MOSFETs • Operates from +5V or +12V input • Simple single-loop control design - Voltage-mode PWM control • Fast transient response - High-bandwidth error amplifier - Full 0–100% duty ratio • Excellent output voltage regulation - 0.8V internal reference - ±1% over line voltage and temperature • Overcurrent fault monitor - Does not require extra current sensing element - Uses MOSFETs rDS(ON) • Converter can source and sink current • Small converter size - Constant frequency operation - 200kHz free-running oscillator programmable from 50kHz to over 1MHz • 14-lead SOIC and TSSOP package and 16-lead 5x5mm MLFP Package • MLFP Package - Compliant to JEDEC PUB95 MO-220 QFN-Quad Flat No Leads-Product Outline. - Near Chip-Scale Package Footprint; Improves PCB Efficiency and Thinner in Profile RT 1 14 VCC OCSET 2 13 PVCC SS 3 12 LGATE COMP 4 11 PGND FB 5 10 BOOT • Power supply for Pentium®, Pentium Pro, PowerPC® and AlphaPC™ microprocessors EN 6 9 UGATE • High-power 5V to 3.xV DC-DC regulators 7 8 PHASE • Low-voltage distributed power supplies GND Applications TOP VIEW OCSET RT VCC 16 15 14 13 PART NUMBER SS 1 12 PVCC COMP 2 11 LGATE FB 3 10 PGND EN 4 9 BOOT GND 7 PHASE 1 TEMP. RANGE (oC) PACKAGE PKG. NO. ISL6522CB 0 to 70 14 Ld SOIC M14.15 ISL6522IB -40 to 85 14 Ld SOIC M14.15 ISL6522CV 0 to 70 14 Ld TSSOP M14.173 ISL6522IV -40 to 85 14 Ld TSSOP M14.173 ISL6522CR 0 to 70 16 Ld 5x5 MLFP L16.5x5B ISL6522IR -40 to 85 16 Ld 5x5 MLFP L16.5x5B 8 UGATE 6 GND 5 NC MLFP NC MLFP Ordering Information CAUTION: These devices are sensitive to electrostatic discharge; follow proper IC Handling Procedures. 1-888-INTERSIL or 321-724-7143 | Intersil (and design) is a trademark of Intersil Americas Inc. Copyright © Intersil Americas Inc. 2002, All Rights Reserved PowerPC® is a trademark of IBM. AlphaPC™ is a trademark of Digital Equipment Corporation. Pentium® is a registered trademark of Intel Corporation. ISL6522 Typical Application 12V +5V OR +12V VCC OCSET SS MONITOR AND PROTECTION EN BOOT RT OSC UGATE PHASE ISL6522 +VO REF - FB +12V PVCC + LGATE + PGND - GND COMP Block Diagram VCC POWER-ON RESET (POR) EN 10µA + - OCSET OVER CURRENT SOFTSTART SS BOOT 4V 200µA UGATE PHASE REFERENCE PWM COMPARATOR 0.8VREF + - ERROR AMP FB + - INHIBIT PWM GATE CONTROL LOGIC PVCC LGATE PGND COMP GND OSCILLATOR RT 2 ISL6522 Absolute Maximum Ratings Thermal Information Supply Voltage, VCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +15.0V Boot Voltage, VBOOT - VPHASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +15.0V Input, Output or I/O Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . GND -0.3V to VCC +0.3V ESD Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Class 2 Thermal Resistance (Typical, Note 1) θJA(oC/W) θJC(oC/W) SOIC Package (Note 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 n/a TSSOP Package (Note 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 n/a MLFP Package (Note 2 and Note 3) . . . . . . . . . 36 5 Maximum Junction Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150oC Maximum Storage Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . -65oC to 150oC Maximum Lead Temperature (Soldering 10s) . . . . . . . . . . . . 300oC (SOIC - Lead Tips Only) Recommended Operating Conditions Supply Voltage, VCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +12V ±10% Ambient Temperature Range, ISL6522C. . . . . . . . . . . . 0oC to 70oC Ambient Temperature Range, ISL6522I . . . . . . . . . . -40oC to 85oC Junction Temperature Range, ISL6522C . . . . . . . . . . 0oC to 125oC Junction Temperature Range, ISL6522I . . . . . . . . . -40oC to 125oC CAUTION: Stresses above those listed in “Absolute Maximum Ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress only rating and operation of the device at these or any other conditions above those indicated in the operational sections of this specification is not implied. NOTE: 1. θJA is measured with the component mounted on a highs effective thermal conductivity test board in free air. See Tech Brief TB379 for details. 2. θJA is measured in free air with the component mounted on a high effective thermal conductivity test board with “direct attach” features. SeeTech Brief TB379. 3. For θJC, the "case temp" location is the center of the exposed metal pad on the package underside. Electrical Specifications Recommended Operating Conditions, Unless Otherwise Noted PARAMETER SYMBOL TEST CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS EN = VCC; UGATE and LGATE Open - 5 - mA EN = 0V - 50 100 µA Rising VCC Threshold VOCSET = 4.5VDC - - 10.4 V Falling VCC Threshold VOCSET = 4.5VDC 8.8 - - V Enable-Input Threshold Voltage ISL6522C, VOCSET = 4.5VDC 0.8 - 2.0 V ISL6522I, VOCSET = 4.5VDC 0.8 - 2.1 V - 1.27 - V ISL6522C, RT = OPEN, VCC = 12 175 200 230 kHz ISL6522I, RT = OPEN, VCC = 12 160 200 230 6kΩ < RT to GND < 200kΩ -20 - +20 % - 1.9 - VP-P -1 - 1 % - 0.800 - V - 88 - dB - 15 - MHz - 6 - V/µs 350 500 - mA VCC SUPPLY CURRENT Nominal Supply ICC Shutdown Supply POWER-ON RESET Rising VOCSET Threshold OSCILLATOR Free Running Frequency Total Variation ∆VOSC Ramp Amplitude RT = OPEN REFERENCE Reference Voltage Tolerance VREF Reference Voltage ERROR AMPLIFIER DC Gain Gain-Bandwidth Product GBW Slew Rate SR COMP = 10pF GATE DRIVERS Upper Gate Source IUGATE 3 VBOOT - VPHASE = 12V, VUGATE = 6V ISL6522 Electrical Specifications Recommended Operating Conditions, Unless Otherwise Noted (Continued) PARAMETER SYMBOL Upper Gate Sink RUGATE TEST CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS ISL6522C, ILGATE = 0.3A - 5.5 10 Ω ISL6522I, ILGATE = 0.3A - 5.5 7.2 Ω Lower Gate Source ILGATE VCC = 12V, VLGATE = 6V 300 450 - mA Lower Gate Sink RLGATE ISL6522C, ILGATE = 0.3A - 3.5 6.5 Ω ISL6522I, ILGATE = 0.3A - 3.5 4.5 Ω 170 200 230 µA - 10 - µA PROTECTION OCSET Current Source IOCSET Soft-Start Current VOCSET = 4.5VDC ISS Typical Performance Curves 80 70 RT PULLUP TO +12V 60 CGATE = 3300pF IVCC (mA) RESISTANCE (kΩ) 1000 100 RT PULLDOWN 50 40 CGATE = 1000pF 30 TO VSS 20 10 CGATE = 10pF 10 10 100 SWITCHING FREQUENCY (kHz) 0 100 1000 SOIC and TSSOP RT 1 14 VCC OCSET 2 13 PVCC SS 3 12 LGATE COMP 4 11 PGND FB 5 10 BOOT EN 6 9 UGATE GND 7 8 PHASE 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 SWITCHING FREQUENCY (kHz) FIGURE 1. RT RESISTANCE vs FREQUENCY Functional Pin Descriptions 200 FIGURE 2. BIAS SUPPLY CURRENT vs FREQUENCY RT This pin provides oscillator switching frequency adjustment. By placing a resistor (RT) from this pin to GND, the nominal 200kHz switching frequency is increased according to the following equation: 6 5 • 10 Fs ≈ 200kHz + -----------------RT (RT to GND) Conversely, connecting a pull-up resistor (RT) from this pin to VCC reduces the switching frequency according to the following equation: 7 4 • 10 Fs ≈ 200kHz – -----------------RT MLFP (RT to 12V) OCSET Connect a resistor (ROCSET) from this pin to the drain of the upper MOSFET. ROCSET, an internal 200µA current source (IOCS), and the upper MOSFET on-resistance (rDS(ON)) set 4 ISL6522 the converter overcurrent (OC) trip point according to the following equation: VCC Provide a 12V bias supply for the chip to this pin. I OCS • R OCSET I PEAK = -------------------------------------------r DS ( ON ) Functional Description An overcurrent trip cycles the soft-start function. Initialization SS Connect a capacitor from this pin to ground. This capacitor, along with an internal 10µA current source, sets the softstart interval of the converter. COMP and FB COMP and FB are the available external pins of the error amplifier. The FB pin is the inverting input of the error amplifier and the COMP pin is the error amplifier output. These pins are used to compensate the voltage-control feedback loop of the converter. EN This pin is the open-collector enable pin. Pull this pin below 1V to disable the converter. In shutdown, the soft-start pin is discharged and the UGATE and LGATE pins are held low. GND Signal ground for the IC. All voltage levels are measured with respect to this pin. PHASE Connect the PHASE pin to the upper MOSFET source. This pin is used to monitor the voltage drop across the MOSFET for overcurrent protection. This pin also provides the return path for the upper gate drive. UGATE Connect UGATE to the upper MOSFET gate. This pin provides the gate drive for the upper MOSFET. This pin is also monitored by the adaptive shoot through protection circuitry to determine when the upper MOSFET has turned off. BOOT This pin provides bias voltage to the upper MOSFET driver. A bootstrap circuit may be used to create a BOOT voltage suitable to drive a standard N-Channel MOSFET. PGND This is the power ground connection. Tie the lower MOSFET source to this pin. LGATE Connect LGATE to the lower MOSFET gate. This pin provides the gate drive for the lower MOSFET. This pin is also monitored by the adaptive shoot through protection circuitry to determine when the lower MOSFET has turned off. PVCC Provide a bias supply for the lower gate drive to this pin. 5 The ISL6522 automatically initializes upon receipt of power. Special sequencing of the input supplies is not necessary. The Power-On Reset (POR) function continually monitors the input supply voltages and the enable (EN) pin. The POR monitors the bias voltage at the VCC pin and the input voltage (VIN) on the OCSET pin. The level on OCSET is equal to VIN Less a fixed voltage drop (see overcurrent protection). With the EN pin held to VCC, the POR function initiates soft-start operation after both input supply voltages exceed their POR thresholds. For operation with a single +12V power source, VIN and VCC are equivalent and the +12V power source must exceed the rising VCC threshold before POR initiates operation. The POR function inhibits operation with the chip disabled (EN pin low). With both input supplies above their POR thresholds, transitioning the EN pin high initiates a soft-start interval. Soft-Start The POR function initiates the soft-start sequence. An internal 10µA current source charges an external capacitor (CSS) on the SS pin to 4V. Soft-start clamps the error amplifier output (COMP pin) to the SS pin voltage. Figure 3 shows the softstart interval. At t1 in Figure 3, the SS and COMP voltages reach the valley of the oscillator’s triangle wave. The oscillator’s triangular waveform is compared to the ramping error amplifier voltage. This generates PHASE pulses of increasing width that charge the output capacitor(s). This interval of increasing pulse width continues to t2, at which point the output is in regulation and the clamp on the COMP pin is released. This method provides a rapid and controlled output voltage rise. ISL6522 Voltage VSOFT START VOUT VCOMP VOSC(MIN) Clamp on VCOMP released at Steady State t0 t1 Time t2 is reference to VIN. When the voltage across the upper MOSFET (also referenced to VIN) exceeds the voltage across ROCSET, the overcurrent function initiates a soft-start sequence. The soft-start function discharges CSS with a 10µA current sink and inhibits PWM operation. The soft-start function recharges CSS, and PWM operation resumes with the error amplifier clamped to the SS voltage. Should an overload occur while recharging CSS, the soft-start function inhibits PWM operation while fully charging CSS to 4V to complete its cycle. Figure 4 shows this operation with an overload condition. Note that the inductor current increases to over 15A during the CSS charging interval and causes an overcurrent trip. The converter dissipates very little power with this method. The measured input power for the conditions of Figure 4 is 2.5W. C SS t 1 = ----------- ⋅ V OSC ( MIN ) I SS The overcurrent function will trip at a peak inductor current (IPEAK) determined by: C SS V OUTSteadyState t SoftStart = t 2 – t 1 = ----------- ⋅ ------------------------------------------------ ⋅ ∆V OSC I SS V IN I OCSET • R OCSET I PEAK = --------------------------------------------------r DS ( ON ) Where: CSS = Soft Start Capacitor ISS = Soft Start Current = 10µA VOSC(MIN) = Bottom of Oscillator = 1.35V VIN = Input Voltage ∆VOSC = Peak to Peak Oscillator Voltage = 1.9V VOUTSteadyState = Steady State Output Voltage FIGURE 3. SOFT-START INTERVAL where IOCSET is the internal OCSET current source (200µA is typical). The OC trip point varies mainly due to the MOSFETs rDS(ON) variations. To avoid overcurrent tripping in the normal operating load range, find the ROCSET resistor from the equation above with: The maximum rDS(ON) at the highest junction temperature. OUTPUT INDUCTOR SOFT-START 1. The minimum IOCSET from the specification table. 2. Determine I PEAK for I PEAK > I OUT ( MAX ) + ( ∆I ) ⁄ 2 , where ∆I is the output inductor ripple current. 4V For an equation for the ripple current see the section under component guidelines titled Output Inductor Selection. 2V 0V A small ceramic capacitor should be placed in parallel with ROCSET to smooth the voltage across ROCSET in the presence of switching noise on the input voltage. 15A 10A Current Sinking 5A 0A TIME (20ms/DIV.) FIGURE 4. OVERCURRENT OPERATION Overcurrent Protection The overcurrent function protects the converter from a shorted output by using the upper MOSFETs on-resistance, rDS(ON) to monitor the current. This method enhances the converter’s efficiency and reduces cost by eliminating a current sensing resistor. The overcurrent function cycles the soft-start function in a hiccup mode to provide fault protection. A resistor (ROCSET) programs the overcurrent trip level. An internal 200µA (typical) current sink develops a voltage across ROCSET that 6 The ISL6522 incorporates a MOSFET shoot-through protection method which allows a converter to sink current as well as source current. Care should be exercised when designing a converter with the ISL6522 when it is known that the converter may sink current. When the converter is sinking current, it is behaving as a boost converter that is regulating its input voltage. This means that the converter is boosting current into the VIN rail, the voltage that is being down-converted. If there is nowhere for this current to go, such as to other distributed loads on the VIN rail, through a voltage limiting protection device, or other methods, the capacitance on the VIN bus will absorb the current. This situation will cause the voltage level of the VIN rail to increase. If the voltage level of the rail is boosted to a level that exceeds the maximum voltage rating of the MOSFETs or the input capacitors, damage may occur to these parts. If the bias voltage for the ISL6522 comes from the VIN rail, then the ISL6522 +VIN BOOT D1 Q1 CBOOT ISL6522 LO VOUT PHASE SS +12V Application Guidelines As in any high frequency switching converter, layout is very important. Switching current from one power device to another can generate voltage transients across the impedances of the interconnecting bond wires and circuit traces. These interconnecting impedances should be minimized by using wide, short printed circuit traces. The critical components should be located as close together as possible using ground plane construction or single point grounding. Figure 5 shows the critical power components of the converter. To minimize the voltage overshoot the interconnecting wires indicated by heavy lines should be part of ground or power plane in a printed circuit board. The components shown in Figure 6 should be located as close together as possible. Please note that the capacitors CIN and CO each represent numerous physical capacitors. Locate the ISL6522 within three inches of the MOSFETs, Q1 and Q2. The circuit traces for the MOSFETs’ gate and source connections from the ISL6522 must be sized to handle up to 1A peak current. VIN Q1 LO VOUT PHASE CIN LGATE Q2 D2 CO LOAD UGATE CO VCC Layout Considerations ISL6522 Q2 LOAD maximum voltage rating of the ISL6522 may be exceeded and the IC will experience a catastrophic failure and the converter will no longer be operational. Ensuring that there is a path for the current to follow other than the capacitance on the rail will prevent these failure modes. PGND RETURN FIGURE 5. PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD POWER AND GROUND PLANES OR ISLANDS Figure 6 shows the circuit traces that require additional layout consideration. Use single point and ground plane construction for the circuits shown. Minimize any leakage current paths on the SS PIN and locate the capacitor, CSS close to the SS pin because the internal current source is only 10µA. Provide local VCC decoupling between VCC and GND pins. Locate the capacitor, CBOOT as close as practical to the BOOT and PHASE pins. 7 CVCC CSS GND FIGURE 6. PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD SMALL SIGNAL LAYOUT GUIDELINES Feedback Compensation Figure 7 highlights the voltage-mode control loop for a synchronous rectified buck converter. The output voltage (VOUT) is regulated to the reference voltage level. The error amplifier (error amp) output (VE/A) is compared with the oscillator (OSC) triangular wave to provide a pulse-width modulated (PWM) wave with an amplitude of VIN at the PHASE node. The PWM wave is smoothed by the output filter (LO and CO). The modulator transfer function is the small-signal transfer function of VOUT/VE/A. This function is dominated by a DC gain and the output filter (LO and CO), with a double pole break frequency at FLC and a zero at FESR. The DC gain of the modulator is simply the input voltage (VIN) divided by the peak-to-peak oscillator voltage ∆VOSC. ISL6522 4. Place 1ST Pole at the ESR Zero VIN OSC 5. Place 2ND Pole at Half the Switching Frequency DRIVER PWM COMPARATOR LO - ∆VOSC DRIVER + VOUT ESR (PARASITIC) ZFB VE/A - ZIN REFERENCE ERROR AMP DETAILED COMPENSATION COMPONENTS ZFB VOUT C2 C1 7. Estimate Phase Margin - Repeat if Necessary PHASE CO + 6. Check Gain against Error Amplifier’s Open-Loop Gain Figure 8 shows an asymptotic plot of the DC-DC converter’s gain vs. frequency. The actual modulator gain has a high gain peak due to the high Q factor of the output filter and is not shown in Figure 8. Using the above guidelines should give a compensation gain similar to the curve plotted. The open loop error amplifier gain bounds the compensation gain. Check the compensation gain at FP2 with the capabilities of the error amplifier. The closed loop gain is constructed on the log-log graph of Figure 8 by adding the modulator gain (in dB) to the compensation gain (in dB). This is equivalent to multiplying the modulator transfer function to the compensation transfer function and plotting the gain. ZIN C3 R2 100 R3 FZ1 FZ2 FP1 FP2 80 R1 COMP OPEN LOOP ERROR AMP GAIN 60 + ISL6522 REF GAIN (dB) FB 40 20 20LOG (R2/R1) 0 1 F LC = --------------------------------------2π • L O • C O 1 F ESR = --------------------------------------------2π • ( ESR • C O ) The compensation network consists of the error amplifier (internal to the ISL6522) and the impedance networks ZIN and ZFB. The goal of the compensation network is to provide a closed loop transfer function with the highest 0dB crossing frequency (f0dB) and adequate phase margin. Phase margin is the difference between the closed loop phase at f0dB and 180 degrees. The equations below relate the compensation network’s poles, zeros and gain to the components (R1, R2, R3, C1, C2, and C3) in Figure 8. Use these guidelines for locating the poles and zeros of the compensation network: Compensation Break Frequency Equations 1 F Z1 = ---------------------------------2π • R 2 • C1 1 F Z2 = -----------------------------------------------------2π • ( R1 + R3 ) • C3 1 F P1 = ------------------------------------------------------C1 • C2 2π • R2 • ---------------------- C1 + C2 1 F P2 = ---------------------------------2π • R3 • C3 1. Pick Gain (R2/R1) for desired converter bandwidth 2. Place 1ST Zero Below Filter’s Double Pole (~75% FLC) 3. Place 2ND Zero at Filter’s Double Pole 8 CLOSED LOOP GAIN -40 FLC -60 Modulator Break Frequency Equations COMPENSATION GAIN MODULATOR GAIN -20 FIGURE 7. VOLTAGE - MODE BUCK CONVERTER COMPENSATION DESIGN 20LOG (VIN/∆VOSC) 10 100 1K FESR 10K 100K 1M 10M FREQUENCY (Hz) FIGURE 8. ASYMPTOTIC BODE PLOT OF CONVERTER GAIN The compensation gain uses external impedance networks ZFB and ZIN to provide a stable, high bandwidth (BW) overall loop. A stable control loop has a gain crossing with -20dB/decade slope and a phase margin greater than 45 degrees. Include worst case component variations when determining phase margin. Component Selection Guidelines Output Capacitor Selection An output capacitor is required to filter the output and supply the load transient current. The filtering requirements are a function of the switching frequency and the ripple current. The load transient requirements are a function of the slew rate (di/dt) and the magnitude of the transient load current. These requirements are generally met with a mix of capacitors and careful layout. Modern microprocessors produce transient load rates above 1A/ns. High frequency capacitors initially supply the transient and slow the current load rate seen by the bulk capacitors. The bulk filter capacitor values are generally determined by the ESR (effective series resistance) and ISL6522 voltage rating requirements rather than actual capacitance requirements. High frequency decoupling capacitors should be placed as close to the power pins of the load as physically possible. Be careful not to add inductance in the circuit board wiring that could cancel the usefulness of these low inductance components. Consult with the manufacturer of the load on specific decoupling requirements. For example, Intel recommends that the high frequency decoupling for the Pentium-Pro be composed of at least forty (40) 1.0µF ceramic capacitors in the 1206 surface-mount package. Use only specialized low-ESR capacitors intended for switching-regulator applications for the bulk capacitors. The bulk capacitor’s ESR will determine the output ripple voltage and the initial voltage drop after a high slew-rate transient. An aluminum electrolytic capacitor’s ESR value is related to the case size with lower ESR available in larger case sizes. However, the equivalent series inductance (ESL) of these capacitors increases with case size and can reduce the usefulness of the capacitor to high slew-rate transient loading. Unfortunately, ESL is not a specified parameter. Work with your capacitor supplier and measure the capacitor’s impedance with frequency to select a suitable component. In most cases, multiple electrolytic capacitors of small case size perform better than a single large case capacitor. Output Inductor Selection The output inductor is selected to meet the output voltage ripple requirements and minimize the converter’s response time to the load transient. The inductor value determines the converter’s ripple current and the ripple voltage is a function of the ripple current. The ripple voltage and current are approximated by the following equations: V IN - V OUT V OUT ∆I = -------------------------------- • ---------------Fs x L V IN ∆VOUT= ∆I x ESR Increasing the value of inductance reduces the ripple current and voltage. However, the large inductance values reduce the converter’s response time to a load transient. One of the parameters limiting the converter’s response to a load transient is the time required to change the inductor current. Given a sufficiently fast control loop design, the ISL6522 will provide either 0% or 100% duty cycle in response to a load transient. The response time is the time required to slew the inductor current from an initial current value to the transient current level. During this interval the difference between the inductor current and the transient current level must be supplied by the output capacitor. Minimizing the response time can minimize the output capacitance required. The response time to a transient is different for the application of load and the removal of load. The following 9 equations give the approximate response time interval for application and removal of a transient load: L O × I TRAN t RISE = -------------------------------V IN – V OUT L O × I TRAN t FALL = ------------------------------V OUT where: ITRAN is the transient load current step, tRISE is the response time to the application of load, and tFALL is the response time to the removal of load. With a +5V input source, the worst case response time can be either at the application or removal of load and dependent upon the output voltage setting. Be sure to check both of these equations at the minimum and maximum output levels for the worst case response time. Input Capacitor Selection Use a mix of input bypass capacitors to control the voltage overshoot across the MOSFETs. Use small ceramic capacitors for high frequency decoupling and bulk capacitors to supply the current needed each time Q1 turns on. Place the small ceramic capacitors physically close to the MOSFETs and between the drain of Q1 and the source of Q2. The important parameters for the bulk input capacitor are the voltage rating and the RMS current rating. For reliable operation, select the bulk capacitor with voltage and current ratings above the maximum input voltage and largest RMS current required by the circuit. The capacitor voltage rating should be at least 1.25 times greater than the maximum input voltage and a voltage rating of 1.5 times is a conservative guideline. The RMS current rating requirement for the input capacitor of a buck regulator is approximately 1/2 the DC load current. For a through-hole design, several electrolytic capacitors (Panasonic HFQ series or Nichicon PL series or Sanyo MV-GX or equivalent) may be needed. For surface mount designs, solid tantalum capacitors can be used, but caution must be exercised with regard to the capacitor surge current rating. These capacitors must be capable of handling the surgecurrent at power-up. The TPS series available from AVX, and the 593D series from Sprague are both surge current tested. MOSFET Selection/Considerations The ISL6522 requires two N-Channel power MOSFETs. These should be selected based upon rDS(ON), gate supply requirements, and thermal management requirements. In high-current applications, the MOSFET power dissipation, package selection and heatsink are the dominant design factors. The power dissipation includes two loss components; conduction loss and switching loss. The conduction losses are the largest component of power dissipation for both the upper and the lower MOSFETs. These losses are distributed between the two MOSFETs according to duty factor. The switching losses seen when sourcing current will be different from the switching losses seen when sinking current. When sourcing current, the upper MOSFET realizes most of the switching losses. The lower ISL6522 switch realizes most of the switching losses when the converter is sinking current (see the equations below). +12V Losses while Sourcing Current VCC DBOOT + 2 1 P UPPER = Io × r DS ( ON ) × D + --- ⋅ Io × V IN × t SW × F S 2 PLOWER = Io2 x rDS(ON) x (1 - D) BOOT ISL6522 CBOOT Q1 UGATE Losses while Sinking Current NOTE: VG-S ≈ VCC - VD PHASE PUPPER = Io2 x rDS(ON) x D +5V PVCC OR +12V 2 1 P LOWER = Io × r DS ( ON ) × ( 1 – D ) + --- ⋅ Io × V IN × t SW × F S 2 Where: D is the duty cycle = VOUT / VIN , tSW is the switching interval, and +5V OR +12V VD LGATE + Q2 D2 NOTE: VG-S ≈ PVCC PGND FS is the switching frequency. GND These equations assume linear voltage-current transitions and do not adequately model power loss due the reverserecovery of the upper and lower MOSFET’s body diode. The gate-charge losses are dissipated by the ISL6522 and do not heat the MOSFETs. However, large gate-charge increases the switching interval, tSW which increases the upper MOSFET switching losses. Ensure that both MOSFETs are within their maximum junction temperature at high ambient temperature by calculating the temperature rise according to package thermal-resistance specifications. A separate heatsink may be necessary depending upon MOSFET power, package type, ambient temperature and air flow. Standard-gate MOSFETs are normally recommended for use with the ISL6522. However, logic-level gate MOSFETs can be used under special circumstances. The input voltage, upper gate drive level, and the MOSFETs absolute gate-tosource voltage rating determine whether logic-level MOSFETs are appropriate. Figure 9 shows the upper gate drive (BOOT pin) supplied by a bootstrap circuit from VCC . The boot capacitor, CBOOT develops a floating supply voltage referenced to the PHASE pin. This supply is refreshed each cycle to a voltage of VCC less the boot diode drop (VD) when the lower MOSFET, Q2 turns on. A logic-level MOSFET can only be used for Q1 if the MOSFETs absolute gate-to-source voltage rating exceeds the maximum voltage applied to VCC . For Q2, a logic-level MOSFET can be used if its absolute gate-tosource voltage rating exceeds the maximum voltage applied to PVCC. FIGURE 9. UPPER GATE DRIVE - BOOTSTRAP OPTION Figure 10 shows the upper gate drive supplied by a direct connection to VCC . This option should only be used in converter systems where the main input voltage is +5VDC or less. The peak upper gate-to-source voltage is approximately VCC less the input supply. For +5V main power and +12VDC for the bias, the gate-to-source voltage of Q1 is 7V. A logic-level MOSFET is a good choice for Q1 and a logic-level MOSFET can be used for Q2 if its absolute gate-to-source voltage rating exceeds the maximum voltage applied to PVCC . +12V +5V OR LESS VCC ISL6522 BOOT Q1 UGATE NOTE: VG-S ≈ VCC - 5V PHASE PVCC + +5V OR +12V LGATE PGND Q2 D2 NOTE: VG-S ≈ PVCC GND FIGURE 10. UPPER GATE DRIVE - DIRECT VCC DRIVE OPTION Schottky Selection Rectifier D2 is a clamp that catches the negative inductor swing during the dead time between turning off the lower MOSFET and turning on the upper MOSFET. The diode must be a Schottky type to prevent the lossy parasitic MOSFET body diode from conducting. It is acceptable to omit the diode and let the body diode of the lower MOSFET clamp the negative inductor swing, but efficiency will drop one or two percent as a result. The diode's rated reverse breakdown voltage must be greater than the maximum input voltage. 10 ISL6522 ISL6522 DC-DC Converter Application Circuit implemented using the ISL6522 controller without any modifications. Detailed information on the circuit, including a complete bill of materials and circuit board description, can be found in Application Note AN9722. See Intersil’s home page on the web: http://www.intersil.com. Figure 11 shows a DC-DC converter circuit for a microprocessor application, originally designed to employ the HIP6006 controller. Given the similarities between the HIP6006 and ISL6522 controllers, the circuit can be 12VCC VIN C17-18 2x 1µF 1206 C1-3 3x 680µF RTN C12 1µF 1206 R7 10K C19 VCC 1000pF 14 2 OCSET 6 ENABLE MONITOR AND PROTECTION SS 3 3.01K Q1 R1 SPARE U1 ISL6522 REF VOUT CR2 MBR 340 11 PGND 7 COMP C14 Q2 12 LGATE -+ + 4 R2 1K GND JP1 33pF C15 R5 0.01µF 15K COMP TP1 C16 SPARE R3 1K R4 SPARE Component Selection Notes: C1-C3 - Three each 680µF 25W VDC, Sanyo MV-GX or equivalent. C6-C9 - Four each 1000µF 6.3W VDC, Sanyo MV-GX or equivalent. L1 - Core: micrometals T50-52B; winding: ten turns of 17AWG. CR1 - 1N4148 or equivalent. CR2 - 3A, 40V Schottky, Motorola MBR340 or equivalent. Q1, Q2 - Fairchild MOSFET; RFP25N05 FIGURE 11. DC-DC CONVERTER APPLICATION CIRCUIT 11 L1 8 PHASE 13 PVCC ++ -- 5 C20 0.1µF 9 UGATE OSC FB PHASE TP2 10 BOOT RT 1 C13 0.1µF CR1 4148 R6 C6-9 4x 1000µF RTN ISL6522 Small Outline Plastic Packages (SOIC) M14.15 (JEDEC MS-012-AB ISSUE C) 14 LEAD NARROW BODY SMALL OUTLINE PLASTIC PACKAGE N INDEX AREA 0.25(0.010) M H B M E INCHES -B- 1 2 3 L SEATING PLANE -A- h x 45o A D -C- µα e A1 B 0.25(0.010) M C A M SYMBOL MIN MAX MIN MAX NOTES A 0.0532 0.0688 1.35 1.75 - A1 0.0040 0.0098 0.10 0.25 - B 0.013 0.020 0.33 0.51 9 C 0.0075 0.0098 0.19 0.25 - D 0.3367 0.3444 8.55 8.75 3 E 0.1497 0.1574 3.80 4.00 4 e C 0.10(0.004) B S 0.050 BSC 1. Symbols are defined in the “MO Series Symbol List” in Section 2.2 of Publication Number 95. 2. Dimensioning and tolerancing per ANSI Y14.5M-1982. 3. Dimension “D” does not include mold flash, protrusions or gate burrs. Mold flash, protrusion and gate burrs shall not exceed 0.15mm (0.006 inch) per side. 4. Dimension “E” does not include interlead flash or protrusions. Interlead flash and protrusions shall not exceed 0.25mm (0.010 inch) per side. 5. The chamfer on the body is optional. If it is not present, a visual index feature must be located within the crosshatched area. 6. “L” is the length of terminal for soldering to a substrate. 7. “N” is the number of terminal positions. 8. Terminal numbers are shown for reference only. 9. The lead width “B”, as measured 0.36mm (0.014 inch) or greater above the seating plane, shall not exceed a maximum value of 0.61mm (0.024 inch). 10. Controlling dimension: MILLIMETER. Converted inch dimensions are not necessarily exact. 12 1.27 BSC - H 0.2284 0.2440 5.80 6.20 - h 0.0099 0.0196 0.25 0.50 5 L 0.016 0.050 0.40 1.27 6 N NOTES: MILLIMETERS α 14 0o 14 8o 0o 7 8o Rev. 0 12/93 ISL6522 Thin Shrink Small Outline Plastic Packages (TSSOP) N INDEX AREA E 0.25(0.010) M 1 2 M14.173 B M 14 LEAD THIN SHRINK SMALL OUTLINE PLASTIC PACKAGE E1 GAUGE PLANE -B- INCHES SYMBOL 3 L 0.05(0.002) -A- FN SEATING PLANE A D -C- α e A2 A1 b 0.10(0.004) M 0.25 0.010 c 0.10(0.004) C A M B S NOTES: MAX A - 0.047 - 1.20 - A1 0.002 0.006 0.05 0.15 - 2. Dimensioning and tolerancing per ANSI Y14.5M-1982. 3. Dimension “D” does not include mold flash, protrusions or gate burrs. Mold flash, protrusion and gate burrs shall not exceed 0.15mm (0.006 inch) per side. 4. Dimension “E1” does not include interlead flash or protrusions. Interlead flash and protrusions shall not exceed 0.15mm (0.006 inch) per side. 5. The chamfer on the body is optional. If it is not present, a visual index feature must be located within the crosshatched area. 6. “L” is the length of terminal for soldering to a substrate. 7. “N” is the number of terminal positions. 8. Terminal numbers are shown for reference only. 9. Dimension “b” does not include dambar protrusion. Allowable dambar protrusion shall be 0.08mm (0.003 inch) total in excess of “b” dimension at maximum material condition. Minimum space between protrusion and adjacent lead is 0.07mm (0.0027 inch). 10. Controlling dimension: MILLIMETER. Converted inch dimensions are not necessarily exact. (Angles in degrees) 13 MIN MAX NOTES A2 0.031 0.051 0.80 1.05 - b 0.0075 0.0118 0.19 0.30 9 c 0.0035 0.0079 0.09 0.20 - D 0.195 0.199 4.95 5.05 3 E1 0.169 0.177 4.30 4.50 4 e 0.026 BSC 0.65 BSC - E 0.246 0.256 6.25 6.50 - L 0.0177 0.0295 0.45 0.75 6 8o 0o N 1. These package dimensions are within allowable dimensions of JEDEC MO-153-AC, Issue E. MILLIMETERS MIN α 14 0o 14 7 8o Rev. 1 6/00 ISL6522 Quad Flat No-Lead Plastic Package (QFN) Micro Lead Frame Plastic Package (MLFP) L16.5x5B FN 16 LEAD QUAD FLAT NO-LEAD PLASTIC PACKAGE (COMPLIANT TO JEDEC MO-220VHHB ISSUE C) MILLIMETERS SYMBOL MIN NOMINAL MAX NOTES A 0.80 0.90 1.00 - A1 - - 0.05 - A2 - - 1.00 A3 b 0.28 D 0.33 9 0.40 5, 8 5.00 BSC D1 D2 9 0.20 REF - 4.75 BSC 2.95 3.10 9 3.25 7, 8 E 5.00 BSC - E1 4.75 BSC 9 E2 2.95 e 3.10 3.25 7, 8 0.80 BSC - k 0.25 - - - L 0.35 0.60 0.75 8 L1 - - 0.15 10 N 16 2 Nd 4 3 Ne 4 3 P - - 0.60 9 θ - - 12 9 Rev. 1 10/02 NOTES: 1. Dimensioning and tolerancing conform to ASME Y14.5-1994. 2. N is the number of terminals. 3. Nd and Ne refer to the number of terminals on each D and E. 4. All dimensions are in millimeters. Angles are in degrees. 5. Dimension b applies to the metallized terminal and is measured between 0.15mm and 0.30mm from the terminal tip. 6. The configuration of the pin #1 identifier is optional, but must be located within the zone indicated. The pin #1 identifier may be either a mold or mark feature. 7. Dimensions D2 and E2 are for the exposed pads which provide improved electrical and thermal performance. 8. Nominal dimensions are provided to assist with PCB Land Pattern Design efforts, see Intersil Technical Brief TB389. 9. Features and dimensions A2, A3, D1, E1, P & θ are present when Anvil singulation method is used and not present for saw singulation. 10. Depending on the method of lead termination at the edge of the package, a maximum 0.15mm pull back (L1) maybe present. L minus L1 to be equal to or greater than 0.3mm. All Intersil U.S. products are manufactured, assembled and tested utilizing ISO9000 quality systems. Intersil Corporation’s quality certifications can be viewed at www.intersil.com/design/quality Intersil products are sold by description only. Intersil Corporation reserves the right to make changes in circuit design, software and/or specifications at any time without notice. Accordingly, the reader is cautioned to verify that data sheets are current before placing orders. Information furnished by Intersil is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Intersil or its subsidiaries for its use; nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties which may result from its use. No license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Intersil or its subsidiaries. For information regarding Intersil Corporation and its products, see www.intersil.com 14