AN2478 Application note STP08DP05, STP16DP05 Normal mode and error detection features Introduction In applications such as electronic advertising or traffic signs that use an IC to drive a matrix of LEDs, it is very important to verify the correct functionality of each output. STMicroelectronics has introduced the STP08DP05 and STP16DP05 featuring output error detection. This application note shows how to utilize the devices under normal mode operative conditions and how to perform error detection. August 2007 Rev 3 1/21 www.st.com Contents AN2478 Contents 1 Device description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2 Normal mode functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3 Error detection features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4 Error detection output test circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 4.1 5 Proper supply LED voltage for correct error detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Evaluation boards with error detection features using STP08DP05 LED drivers 13 5.1 Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 5.2 Timing diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 5.3 STP08DP05 vs. STP08CDC596 detection diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 5.4 Schematic diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 5.5 Bill of materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 7 Revision history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2/21 AN2478 List of figures List of figures Figure 1. Typical application of STP08DP05 and/or STP16DP05 devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Figure 2. Typical functionality in normal mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Figure 3. Typical functionality without OE/DM2 signal and the output switching ON according to LE/DM1 signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Figure 4. Error detection sequence for STP08DP05 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Figure 5. Error detection sequence for STP16DP05 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Figure 6. STP08DP05 typical error detection results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Figure 7. Entering output error detection timing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Figure 8. Resuming normal mode timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Figure 9. Error detection sequence problem due to LE/DM1 synchronization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Figure 10. Error detection sequence problem due to OE/DM2 synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Figure 11. Detection circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Figure 12. STEVAL-ILL002V3 or 4 evaluation boards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Figure 13. Timing diagram for the STEVAL-ILL002V3 or 4 evaluation board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Figure 14. Detection diagram for STEVAL-ILL002V3 or 4 evaluation board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Figure 15. Detection diagram for STP08DP05 and STP08CDC596 LED drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Figure 16. Schematic diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 3/21 Device description 1 AN2478 Device description The STP08DP05 and STP16DP05 are monolithic, low voltage shift registers. The device contains either an 8-bit (STP08DP05) or a 16-bit (STP16DP05) serial-in, parallel-out shift register that feeds an 8-bit or 16-bit D-type storage register. Eight or sixteen regulated currents are present in the output stage that provide 5-80 mA constant current to drive the LEDs. The secondary device functionality (error detection) provides a status check of the LEDs to detect any possible error during driving. Figure 1. 4/21 Typical application of STP08DP05 and/or STP16DP05 devices AN2478 2 Normal mode functionality Normal mode functionality During normal mode status, the serial data present on the SDI pin is transferred to the shift register during the CLK rise time signal transition. After 8 CLK pulses for the STP08DP05, or 16 CLK pulses for the STP16DP05, the data loaded on the SDI pin will be shifted to the SDO pin with a typical delay of 15 ns (depending on the clock). This delay guarantees the correct synchronization of the CLK and SDI signals if two or more devices are cascaded. The data present in any register can be transferred to the respective latch when the Latch Enable (LE/DM1) is "high" (serial to parallel conversion). After this step, data is transferred to the outputs by the output enable (OE/DM2) which turns ON the LEDs at the current set by the external resistor. It is also possible to use the OE/DM2 pin to modify the output ON/OFF duty cycle. This allows an optimization of dimming when two or more devices are used. Figure 2. Typical functionality in normal mode The signals shown on the plot are: ● CLK signal (CH1) ● OE/DM2 signal (CH2) ● Vout level (CH3) ● OutputN (CH4) which turn ON and OFF according to the OE pulse Under specific applicative conditions, where it is necessary to transfer data directly to the outputs without the OE/DM2 signal (always "low"), the LE/DM1 is synchronized with a CLK signal that transfers the shift register data to the specific output as reported in the following plots. 5/21 Normal mode functionality Figure 3. 6/21 AN2478 Typical functionality without OE/DM2 signal and the output switching ON according to LE/DM1 signal AN2478 3 Error detection features Error detection features This feature allows the output status detection to verify the functionality of the LEDs. The error detection includes both open circuit detection and short circuit detection. From "normal mode", the device is switched to "error mode" by a logic sequence on the OE/DM2 and LE/DM1 pins. The eight data bits (STP08DP05) must be set to "1" in order to set all the outputs ON during detection. The data are latched by LE/DM1. After latching, the outputs are ready for the detection process. When the microcontroller switches the OE/DM2 to "low", the device drives the LEDs in order to analyze if an open or short condition has occurred. In order to set the SDO output pin to the correct output error detection value, during the acquisition time (OE/DM2 "low"), at least two CLK pulses must be applied before the rising edge of OE/DM2 signal. These CLK pulses must be sent after the minimum detection time (typically 500-600 ns). In this way the data loaded into the shift register will be updated (rewritten) with the error detection data when the OE/DM2 signal turns to “high”. Good output results are shown with a "1" logic level, and with a "0" logic level when the output is malfunctioning (short or open condition). The plots below show all the steps required to perform the error detection for the STP08DP05 and the STP16DP05. Figure 4. Error detection sequence for STP08DP05 Feeding 8 bit of CLK signal after entering the EDM, the SDI signal, set to 1, is loaded inside the shift register Set the Enable “ON”, run 2 CLK cycle minimum, wait 1micro second minimum, then apply other 1 CLK cycle After the Detection Error Windows, an OE Signal puts the device in Normal Mode LE and OE signal for Error Detection Mode This signal latches the Data vs the SDO Detection Results shown by SDO. In this case all the outputs are Open 7/21 Error detection features Figure 5. AN2478 Error detection sequence for STP16DP05 16 CLK pulses are required to load the data setting 1 into shift register LE and OE Key Sequence necessary to Enter in EDM Set the Enable "ON", run 2 CLK cycle minimum, wait 1micro second minimum, then apply other 1 CLK cycle The LE pulse latches the data loaded during the previous state Each CLK pulse shows the results of single Output results:Out15;14; 13 etc. After OE signal turns High, the SDO pin shows the results of Error Detection (Open or Short in this case) The OE Pulse switches the device from EDM to Normal Mode After OE/DM2 turns to "high", the results of the outputs are synchronized with the CLK signal rise time as shown in Table 1: Table 1. STP08DP05 output error detection sequence after OE acquisition CLK Pulse after OE turn to "high" level Output results 1° CLK Rise edge Output7 2° CLK Rise edge Output6 3° CLK Rise edge Output5 4° CLK Rise edge Output4 5° CLK Rise edge Output3 6° CLK Rise edge Output2 7° CLK Rise edge Output1 8° CLK Rise edge Output0 The same table can also be used for the STP16DP05, but in this case, 16 CLK pulses are necessary and the results are shown following output 15, output 14, etc. 8/21 AN2478 Error detection features Figure 6. STP08DP05 typical error detection results The Output results are shown at first CLK pulse after OE signal turns High OUT7 OUT6 OUT0 After detection, apply an OE signal to return to normal mode. The following two figures show the pattern necessary to enter error detection mode and return to normal mode. Figure 7. Entering output error detection timing Figure 8. Resuming normal mode timing 9/21 Error detection output test circuit 4 AN2478 Error detection output test circuit During the error detection time, the internal structure of the device allows only an output current test. This is done by comparing the current flowing from the output and the current set by the programming resistor "REXT". If the read current is typically less than 50% of the current set by "REXT", the device marks the output as malfunctioning, and converts the previous data loaded into the shift register from 1 to 0. These results are then transferred by the SDO pin. Table 2 shows an example of the measured error detection threshold for several output current levels, as set by "REXT". Table 2. Error threshold test results Vdd (V) 3.3 5 Iset (mA) Measured error threshold 5 2.27 10 5.32 20 8.38 50 17.91 80 29.06 5 1.88 10 4.81 20 6.44 50 18.54 80 31.36 To correctly run the output error detection, all signals must be synchronized with the falling edge of the CLK signal. This is necessary to avoid any setup/hold time problems. If this rule cannot be applied due to specific application conditions (data generated by a microcontroller, for example), it is possible to start the OE signal typically at 20 ns of delay after the rise time of the CLK signal. The next two plots show a typical error detection mode problem due to wrong error key (LE/DM1 or OE/DM2). Figure 9. Error Detection Problem due to OE signal 10/21 Error detection sequence problem due to LE/DM1 synchronization No detection was Observed AN2478 Error detection output test circuit Figure 10. Error detection sequence problem due to OE/DM2 synchronization Error Detection Problem due to LE signal No detection was Observed Only one error detection reading can be taken within the acquisition time window. If two or more readings are required, the complete error detection sequence has to be repeated. 4.1 Proper supply LED voltage for correct error detection For proper error detection it is necessary to set correct supply voltage for the LEDs, otherwise a wrong LED status can be obtained from the LED drivers. During error detection all outputs should be turned ON at least for 1 µs (LED current is set by external resistor) and the output current and output voltage on the driver is measured in order to detect an open load or short circuit (Figure 11). There are two detection conditions for which the supply LED voltage must be kept in proper range: 1. First detection condition: I OutDetect ≤0.5 • I out If detected current is lower than 50% of current set by the external resistor, it is evaluated as an open load or output short to ground. False error detection can occur if the LED supply voltage is too low, because in this case the detected current is under the defined limit. Minimum voltage for proper error detection can be calculated with the following equation: Equation 1 V C ≥ V LEDMAX + V out Vc: LED supply voltage [V] VLED_MAX: maximum LED forward voltage [V] Vout: output voltage for current set by external resistor [V] 2. Second detection condition: V out ≥ 2.5 V If detected voltage is higher than 2.5 V, it is evaluated as a short on LED or short to Vc. Incorrect error detection can occur if the LED supply voltage is too high, because in this case the detected voltage is above the defined limit. Maximum voltage for proper error detection is calculated with the following equation: Equation 2 V C ≤ 2.5 + V LEDMIN 11/21 Error detection output test circuit AN2478 VLED_MIN: minimum LED forward voltage [V] For example the STEVAL-ILL002V3 uses the OSRAM LED - LB T68C with the current set to 20 mA. The supply voltage for these LEDs was adjusted to 4.49 V, because the LED voltage range for proper error detection is between 4.3 V and 5.5 V. Equation 3 V c ≥ V LEDMAX + V out = 4.1 + 0.2 = 4.3 V Equation 4 V c ≤ 2.5 + V LEDMIN = 2.5 + 3 = 5.5 V where VLED_MAX = 4.1 V and VLED_MIN = 3 V. Vout = 200 mV - voltage drop on the driver for 20 mA LED current (see datasheet STP16DP05 - same voltage drop as for STP08DP05). Figure 11. Detection circuit Vc LED supply voltage STP08DP05 Control and logic part Iout 12/21 VLED Vout AN2478 Evaluation boards with error detection features using STP08DP05 LED drivers 5 Evaluation boards with error detection features using STP08DP05 LED drivers 5.1 Description The main aim of this section is to demonstrate two evaluation boards with error detection features using the new STP08DP05 LED drivers: the STEVAL-ILL002V3 with OSRAM LEDs and the STEVAL-ILL002V4 with VISHAY LEDs (Figure 12). The evaluation boards are completely based on an existing solution already described in AN2415, because drivers were replaced by the new STP08DP05. Therefore this section is focused on explaining only the differences in the main features and timing diagram. Main features of the evaluation board are: ● Brightness regulation ● Blinking speed regulation ● Animated text ● Error detection on outputs ● PC graphic user interface for error detection(GUI) ● DC/DC converter using the L5970D ● Input voltage range of 7 V to 32 V Two versions of the evaluation boards are available: ● STEVAL-ILL002V3 using OSRAM LEDs ● STEVAL-ILL002V4 using VISHAY LEDs Figure 12. STEVAL-ILL002V3 or 4 evaluation boards 5.2 Timing diagram The heart of this application is the microcontroller (ST7LITE39) which sends the data through the SPI to the LED drivers. There are five STP08DP05 LED drivers each with eight outputs assembled to allow independent driving of 40 LEDs during normal operational mode and also to detect the status of incorrect LEDs during error detection mode. The implementation method is described in the timing diagrams in this document. 13/21 Evaluation boards with error detection features using STP08DP05 LED drivers AN2478 The timing diagram for normal operational mode is shown in Figure 13 (left side). The yellow waveform is the clock frequency of the SPI set to 2 MHz. Five bytes are sent to the drivers in order to independently control 40 LEDs . When all data are shifted to the drivers (registers) the latch (red waveform) is switched to high and rewrites the storage registers. The OE pin enables the output driver sink current. Current is modulated by the potentiometer which changes the PWM duty cycle on the OE pin (PWM frequency is set at 244 Hz). More information about timing diagram in normal operation mode is also written in application note AN2141, since the new STP08DP05 is compatible with the previous versions of the LED drivers. Complete error detection timing diagram for checking the status of all 40 LEDs on the STEVAL-ILL002V3 or 4 is also shown in Figure 13 (right side). Error detection mode is divided to 5 timing intervals. The first interval allows enterance into error detection mode through generation of a special sequence on the latch and OE pins synchronized by the clock frequency. This sequence is described in Figure 6. When the LED drivers enter error detection mode the high level must be sent through SPI to the outputs and then latched. In the next step the status of incorrect LEDs is detected. An enlarged view of the third timing interval is provided in Figure 14. The OE is set to low level for at least 1 µs (in this case 50 µs) and one clock cycle (yellow) is applied. The status of the LEDs is obtained when OE is turned to high level as shown in the fourth timing interval (the detection result is read on the SDO on the falling edge of the SPI clock). First, the data are read from the last driver E, then from D, etc. To demonstrate the error detection feature the LED diode 39 (see the schematic diagram in Figure 16) was shorted and therefore the results coming from the LED drivers are the following: ● DRIVER A: 1111 1111 ● DRIVER B: 1111 1111 ● DRIVER C: 1111 1111 ● DRIVER D: 1111 1111 ● DRIVER E: 1011 1111 (output 6 faults) As soon as the status of all LEDs is checked the LED drivers should return to the normal operational mode by generating a special sequence during fifth timing interval. The timing diagram for resuming normal mode is also shown in Figure 7. Figure 13. Timing diagram for the STEVAL-ILL002V3 or 4 evaluation board 1 2 3 4 E D C 5 B A CLK SDO LE Normal mode Error detection mode OE Zoom 14/21 AN2478 Evaluation boards with error detection features using STP08DP05 LED drivers Figure 14. Detection diagram for STEVAL-ILL002V3 or 4 evaluation board Driver E CLK SDO Output 6 fault detected LE OE 5.3 STP08DP05 vs. STP08CDC596 detection diagram Figure 15 shows the detection diagram for the STP08DP05 and STP08CDC596 LED drivers. When the OE pin is "0" the LED drivers check the status of the LEDs. After this the output data (SDO) are read on the falling edge of the clock SPI. The resulting output bits are not the same for both drivers, as shown in the red frames in Figure 15. The seventh bit is read like the first for the STP08DP05, but for the STP08CDC596 the sixth bit is read. Therefore if both drivers are used in the application the LED status obtained from the drivers must be corrected by the SW, otherwise an erroneous status is detected (shifted by one bit). 15/21 Evaluation boards with error detection features using STP08DP05 LED drivers AN2478 Figure 15. Detection diagram for STP08DP05 and STP08CDC596 LED drivers STP08DP05 – detection diagram SDO reading when the OE pin is turned to “1” SDO reading when STP08CDC596 – detection diagram the OE pin is turned to “1” 16/21 10nF C13 RES SD0 SW1 TDO 10nF C16 10k R9 VCC 10nF C14 VCC VCC SW2 10k R8 RES 1 2 3 J5 CON3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 SMAJ33A-TR D44 10uF/35V C19 U1 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 220pF C20 4k7 R10 22nF C18 6 8 2 4 5 1 VIN U7 IO5 L5970D 100nF 8 D12 U2 1 VOUT LE50/SO 2 1 2K2 R12 6k8 JUMPER JP2 1K3 360 U3 C9 + C8 470nF 220uF/25V C21 1k3 470nF C10 D24 R5 VCC D23 470nF 100uF/16V C22 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 D22 D21 GND Vdd SDI R-EXT CLK SDO /LE /OE 5 12 6 11 7 10 8 9 D20 GREEN LED D42 560 R14 100nF C5 STP08DP05/C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 D19 D18 D17 2.2uF C1 VCC R13 100nF C15 D16 R4 VCC D15 R11 33uH STPS340U D41 L1 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 D14 D13 GND Vdd SDI R-EXT CLK SDO /LE /OE 5 12 6 11 7 10 8 9 STP08DP05/B 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 D11 D9 D10 C17 1k3 R3 D5 D6 D7 D8 GND Vdd SDI R-EXT CLK SDO /LE /OE 5 12 6 11 7 10 8 9 STP08DP05/A D1 D2 D3 D4 SW PUSHBUTTON J1 SW PUSHBUTTON ICP RDI 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 U8 ST7lite3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 INPUT VOLTAGE FROM 7V UP TO 32V 10k 2 R1 VCC 10k R2 2 VCC 10uF + C2 1 3 1 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 C4 GND 2 VCC 3 7 100nF GND 3 VCC GND 6 100nF GND 7 2 1 C3 INHIB 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 U4 U6 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 VCC Size B Title ST232ABN C1+ Vdd V+ GND C1T1OUT C2+ R1IN C2R1OUT VT1IN T2OUT T2IN R2IN R2OUT 470nF C11 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 RxD TDO RDI 2.2uF C12 1k3 P1 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 R7 SD0 1k3 Rev <RevCode> D40 JP1 JUMPER VCC D39 D38 D37 CONNECTOR DB9 5 9 4 8 3 7 2 6 1 U5 GND Vdd SDI R-EXT CLK SDO /LE /OE 5 12 6 11 7 10 8 9 D36 D35 D34 D33 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 STP08DP05/E 100nF C7 Document Number STEVAL-ILL002V3 (OSRAM LEDs) <Doc> STEVAL-ILL002V4 (VISHAY LEDs) Diagnostic LED Driver TxD D32 R6 VCC D31 D30 D29 GND Vdd SDI R-EXT CLK SDO /LE /OE 5 12 6 11 7 10 8 9 D28 D27 D26 D25 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 STP08DP05/D 100nF C6 2 5.4 1 AN2478 Evaluation boards with error detection features using STP08DP05 LED drivers Schematic diagram Figure 16. Schematic diagram 17/21 Evaluation boards with error detection features using STP08DP05 LED drivers 5.5 Bill of materials Table 3. Bill of materials Item Qty Reference Part Description 1 2 C1,C12 2.2 µF/50 V Electrolytic capacitor 2 1 C2 10 µF/35 V Electrolytic capacitor 3 7 C3,C4,C5, C6,C7,C15, C17 100 nF/50 V Ceramic capacitor SMD 0805 4 4 C8,C9,C10, C11 470 nF/16 V Ceramic capacitor SMD 0805 5a 2 C14,C16 10 nF/50 V Ceramic capacitor SMD 0805 5b 1 C13 10 nF/50 V Ceramic capacitor SMD 1206 6 1 C18 22 nF/50 V Ceramic capacitor SMD 0805 7 1 C19 10 µF/35 V Tantal capacitor 8 1 C20 220 pF/50 V Ceramic capacitor SMD 0805 9 1 C21 220 µF/25 V Electrolytic capacitor 10 1 C22 100 µF/16 V Tantal capacitor 11 40 D1,D2,D3, D4,D5,D6, D7,D8, D9,D10, D11,D12, D13,D14, D15,D16, D17,D18, D19,D20, D21,D22, D23,D24, D25,D26, D27,D28, D29,D30, D31,D32, D33,D34, D35,D36, D37,D38, D39,D40 LED OSRAM SMD BLUE LED LB T68C-P2S1-35 OR VISHAY SMD GREEN LED VLMTG31N2S1 - GS08 12 1 D41 STPS340U Diode 13 1 D42 GREEN LED SMD LED 1206 14 1 D44 SMAJ33A-TR Transil 18/21 Order code AN2478 Supplier OSRAM OR VISHAY STPS340U STMicroelectronics SMAJ33A-TR STMicroelectronics AN2478 Table 3. Item Qty Evaluation boards with error detection features using STP08DP05 LED drivers Bill of materials (continued) Reference Part Description Order code Supplier L5970D STMicroelectronics DO3316P-333ML COILCRAFT 15 1 IO5 L5970D DC/DC converter 16 2 JP1,JP2 JUMPER Jumpers + switches 17 1 J1 ICP Programming connector 18 1 J5 CON3 Input connector 19 1 L1 33 µH Inductor 20 1 P1 CONNECTOR DB9 CAN connector - 9 pins 21a 2 R1,R2 10 k Potenciometers with axis 21b 2 R8,R9 10 k SMD resistors 0805 22 5 R3,R4,R5, R6,R7 1k3 SMD resistors 1206 23 1 R10 4k7 SMD resistors 0805 24 1 R11 6k8 SMD resistors 1206 25 1 R12 2K2 SMD resistors 1206 26 1 R13 360 SMD resistors 1206 27 1 R14 560 SMD resistors 1206 28 2 SW1,SW2 SW PUSHBUTTON Switch 29 5 U1,U2,U3, U4,U5 STP08DP05 LED drivers STP08DP05TTR STMicroelectronics 30 1 U6 ST232ABN RS232 driver ST232ABD STMicroelectronics 31 1 U7 LE50/SO Linear voltage regulator LE50ABD STMicroelectronics 32 1 U8 ST7lite3 Microcontroller ST7FLITE39F2M6 STMicroelectronics 19/21 Conclusion 6 AN2478 Conclusion The new features of STP08DP05 and STP16DP05 allow improved control of the application. The full detection test enables the device to provide feedback to the microcontroller, and the feedback of the error detection can be managed locally or remotely. 7 Revision history Table 4. 20/21 Document revision history Date Revision Changes 07-Mar-2007 1 Initial release 22-May-2007 2 Minor text changes 31-Aug-2007 3 – From Section 4.1 to Section 5.5 added – Chapter 6 modified AN2478 Please Read Carefully: Information in this document is provided solely in connection with ST products. STMicroelectronics NV and its subsidiaries (“ST”) reserve the right to make changes, corrections, modifications or improvements, to this document, and the products and services described herein at any time, without notice. All ST products are sold pursuant to ST’s terms and conditions of sale. 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