AX5031 Programming Manual

APPLICATION NOTE AND9353/D
AX5031
Programming Manual
Revision 2
2
Table of Contents
1.
Overview ....................................................................................................................................... 4
1.1. Connecting the AX5031 to a Micro-Controller.......................................................................... 4
1.2. Pin Function Descriptions ................................................................................................................ 5
1.3. SPI Register Access ........................................................................................................................... 6
Status Bits............................................................................................................................................. 6
2.
Programming the Chip ................................................................................................................ 7
2.1. Parameter Programming .............................................................................................................. 11
Choosing the Fundamental Communication Characteristics............................................... 11
Setting-up the Chip......................................................................................................................... 12
2.2. Synthesizer VCO Auto-Ranging ................................................................................................... 14
2.3. Transmit ............................................................................................................................................. 15
HDLC .................................................................................................................................................. 16
802.15.4 (ZigBee) ............................................................................................................................. 18
Raw Mode ........................................................................................................................................ 18
4-FSK Mode ....................................................................................................................................... 19
2.4. Interrupts ........................................................................................................................................... 20
Interrupt Strategies .......................................................................................................................... 22
2.5. Preamble .......................................................................................................................................... 23
Choosing the Preamble Bit Pattern ............................................................................................. 23
2.6. Postamble ........................................................................................................................................ 24
3.
Register Bank Description ......................................................................................................... 25
3.1. Control Register Map ..................................................................................................................... 26
3.2. Register Descriptions ...................................................................................................................... 29
REVISION ........................................................................................................................................... 29
SCRATCH ........................................................................................................................................... 29
PWRMODE ........................................................................................................................................ 29
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Table of Contents
XTALOSC ............................................................................................................................................ 29
FIFOCTRL ............................................................................................................................................ 30
FIFODATA ........................................................................................................................................... 30
IRQMASK ............................................................................................................................................ 31
IRQREQUEST ...................................................................................................................................... 31
PINCFG1 ............................................................................................................................................ 32
PINCFG2 ............................................................................................................................................ 33
PINCFG3 ............................................................................................................................................ 33
IRQINVERSION................................................................................................................................... 34
MODULATION ................................................................................................................................... 34
ENCODING........................................................................................................................................ 35
FRAMING ........................................................................................................................................... 37
CRCINIT3, CRCINIT2, CRCINIT1, CRCINIT0 ................................................................................... 38
VREG .................................................................................................................................................. 38
FREQ3, FREQ2, FREQ1, FREQ0, FREQB3, FREQB2, FREQB1, FREQB0 ......................................... 38
FSKDEV2, FSKDEV1, FSKDEV0.......................................................................................................... 39
PLLLOOP ............................................................................................................................................ 40
PLLRANGING ..................................................................................................................................... 41
TXPWR ................................................................................................................................................ 41
TXRATEHI, TXRATEMID, TXRATELO ................................................................................................... 41
MODMISC.......................................................................................................................................... 42
FIFOCOUNT ....................................................................................................................................... 42
FIFOTHRESH ........................................................................................................................................ 42
FIFOCONTROL2 ................................................................................................................................ 43
XTALCAP ............................................................................................................................................ 43
FOURFSK ............................................................................................................................................. 43
4.
References ................................................................................................................................. 44
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Overview
1. Overview
AX5031 is a true single chip low-power CMOS transmitter primarily for use in SRD bands. The
on-chip transmitter consists of a fully integrated RF generation with modulator and power
amplifier. Base band data processing is implemented in an advanced and flexible
communication controller that enables user friendly communication via the SPI interface.
1.1.
Connecting the AX5031 to a Micro-Controller
The AX5031 can easily be connected to any micro-controller. The micro-controller
communicates with the AX5031 via a register file that is implemented in the AX5031 and that
can be accessed serially via an industry standard Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) protocol.
Reset can be performed via the register file. Therefore, and due to an integrated power-onreset (POR) block there is no dedicated reset pin.
The AX5031 sends data via the SPI port in frames. This standard operation mode is called
frame mode.
In frame mode, the internal communication controller performs frame delimiting, and data is
transmitted via a 32 level x 10 bit FIFO, accessible via the register file. Figure 1 shows the
corresponding diagram. Connecting the interrupt line is highly recommended, though not
strictly required.
IRQ
AX5031
recommended
Interrupt in
microcontroller
MOSI
MISO
SPI
communication
CLK
SEL
SYSCLK
optional
µC clock input
Figure 1: Connection diagram with a micro-controller
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Overview
1.2.
Pin Function Descriptions
Symbol
Pin(s)
Type
Description
VDD
1
P
Power supply, must be supplied with regulated voltage VREG
ANTP
2
A
Antenna output
ANTN
3
A
Antenna output
VDD
4
P
Power supply, must be supplied with regulated voltage VREG
NC
5
N
NC
6
N
SYSCLK
7
I/O
SEL
8
I
Default functionality: Crystal oscillator (or divided) clock output
Can be programmed to be used as a general purpose I/O pin
Serial peripheral interface select
CLK
9
I
MISO
10
O
NC
11
N
MOSI
12
I
NC
13
N
IRQ
14
I/O
VDD_IO
15
P
NC
16
N
VREG
17
P
VDD
18
P
Power supply, must be supplied with regulated voltage VREG
CLK16P
19
A
Crystal oscillator input/output
CLK16N
20
A
Crystal oscillator input/output
centre
pad
P
Ground on centre pad of QFN
GND
A =
I =
O =
analog signal
digital input signal
digital output signal
Serial peripheral interface clock
Serial peripheral interface data output
Serial peripheral interface data input
Default functionality: Interrupt
Can be programmed to be used as a general purpose I/O pin
Unregulated power supply
Regulated output voltage
VDD pins must be connected to this supply voltage
A 1µF low ESR capacitor to GND must be connected to this pin
I/O
N
P
=
=
=
digital input/output signal
not to be connected
power or ground
All digital inputs are Schmitt trigger inputs, digital input and output levels are LVCMOS/LVTTL compatible and 5V
tolerant.
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Overview
1.3.
SPI Register Access
Registers are accessed via a synchronous Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI). Most registers are 8
bit wide and accessed using the waveforms detailed in Figure 2. These waveforms are
compatible to most hardware SPI master controllers, and can easily be generated in
software. MISO changes on the falling edge of CLK, while MOSI is latched on the rising edge
of CLK.
SEL
CLK
MOSI
R/W
MISO
A6
A5
A4
A3
A2
A1
A0
D7
D6
D5
D4
D3
D2
D1
S6
S5
S4
S3
S2
S1
S0
D7
D6
D5
D4
D3
D2
D1
D0
D0
Figure 2: SPI 8 bit read/write access
It is necessary to deactivate and reactivate SEL between register accesses. Some registers
perform preparatory actions on the falling edge of SEL and perform cleanup actions on the
rising edge of SEL, so if SEL is left active between register accesses, some registers may fail.
Status Bits
During the address phase of the access, the chip outputs the most important status bits. This
feature is designed to speed up software decision on what to do in an interrupt handler.
Table 1 shows which register bit is transmitted during the status timeslots.
SPI Bit Cell
Status
Register Bit
0
–
0
1
S6
PLL LOCK
2
S5
FIFO OVER
3
S4
FIFO UNDER
4
S3
FIFO FULL
5
S2
FIFO EMPTY
6
S1
FIFOSTAT(1)
7
S0
FIFOSTAT(0)
Table 1: SPI Status bits
For information on the meaning of the status bits see the Transmit section of the next chapter
as well as the description of the register FIFOCTRL in the Register Description section.
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Programming the Chip
2. Programming the Chip
The operation sequences of the chip are controlled using the PWRMODE register.
PWRMODE
register
Name
Description
0.25 μA
POWERDOWN
All digital and analog functions, except the register file, are
disabled. The core supply voltage is reduced to conserve leakage
power. SPI registers are still accessible, but at a slower speed. FIFO
access is possible.
140 μA
0100
VREGON
All digital and analog functions, except the register file, are
disabled. The core voltage, however is at its nominal value for
operation, and all SPI registers are accessible at the maximum
speed.
0101
STANDBY
The crystal oscillator is powered on; the transmitter is off.
500 μA
SYNTHTX
The synthesizer is running on the transmit frequency. The transmitter
is still off. This mode is used to let the synthesizer settle on the
correct frequency for transmit.
10 mA
1100
11 - 45 mA
FULLTX
Synthesizer and transmitter are running. Do not switch into this
mode before the synthesizer has completely settled on the transmit
frequency (in SYNTHTX mode), otherwise spurious spectral
transmissions will occur.
0000
1101
Typical Idd
Table 2: PWRMODE register states
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Programming the Chip
Figure 3 shows the basic programming flow chart of the device for transmitting.
1.
Power up references and oscillators: Set PWRMODE to STANDBY
First, the on-chip references and the crystal oscillator are powered up, but the synthesizer
is still powered down. Settling time of this phase is dominated by the crystal oscillator
start-up time, which depends on the specific crystal used but is typically 3 ms.
2.
Program parameters
Then the desired modulation, carrier frequency and encoding is set (see section 2.1). This
can be done while the crystal oscillator is settling.
3.
Power up synthesizer: Set PWRMODE to SYNTHTX
After all the modulation parameters are set, the synthesizer can be powered up. The
settling time of the synthesizer is 5 – 50 μs depending on settings (see section AC
Characteristics in the AX5031 Datasheet)
4.
Auto-ranging
After powering up, the VCO in the synthesizer needs to be auto-ranged to the correct
range setting. This is done using the auto-ranging procedure, for details see section 2.2:
Synthesizer VCO Auto-Ranging. The auto-ranging needs to be performed, if it has not
been done in a previous TX session, if the temperature or VDD have changed or if the
frequency has changed.
5.
Start transmitter: Set PWRMODE to FULLTX
6.
Power down: Set PWRMODE to POWERDOWN
When transmission is finished, the chip can be powered down.
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Programming the Chip
Set PWRMODE to STANDBY
Program Parameters
Set PWRMODE to SYNTHTX
Perform Auto-ranging
Set PWRMODE to FULLTX
Transmit
Set PWRMODE to
POWERDOWN
Figure 3: Transmit flow chart
The register contents are preserved as long as the chip is powered, therefore, registers that
do not change between different transmit cycles do not need to be reprogrammed.
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Programming the Chip
Transmit on Freq 0
Set PWRMODE to SYNTHTX
Set FLT (PLLLOOP) to 10
Set PLLRANGING to range of
Freq 1
Set FREQ3 to Freq 1 Bits
31:24
Set FREQ2 to Freq 1 Bits
23:16
Set FREQ1 to Freq 1 Bits 15:8
Set FREQ0 to Freq 1 Bits 7:0
Wait 3us (synthesizer settling)
Set FLT (PLLLOOP) to 01
Set PWRMODE to FULLTX
Transmit on Freq 1
Figure 4: Transmit frequency change flow chart
In Frequency Hopping systems, it is important to perform fast frequency changes. Figure 4
shows the recommended frequency change flow chart for frequency hopping transmitters.
This flow chart details the recommended sequence to change the transmit frequency. It
does not detail the synchronization necessary to keep transmitter and receiver hopping
schedules synchronous.
It is assumed that auto-ranging has been performed offline for all frequencies of the hopping
schedule, and the auto-ranging results (VCOR bits of register REGPLLRANGING) have been
stored in the micro-controller.
The transmitter must be disabled before starting the frequency change and must only be reenabled once the synthesizer has settled on the new frequency, in order to avoid spurious
transmissions.
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Programming the Chip
2.1.
Parameter Programming
Choosing the Fundamental Communication Characteristics
Table 3 lists the fundamental communication characteristics that need to be chosen before
the device can be programmed.
Parameter
Description
fXTAL
Frequency of the connected crystal in Hz
modulation
FSK, MSK, ASK, PSK or OQPSK (for recommendations see Table 4 Modulation trade-offs)
fCARRIER
Carrier frequency (i.e. center frequency of the signal) in Hz
BITRATE
Desired bit rate in bit/s
Modulation index, determines the frequency deviation for FSK
h
32 > h ≥ 0.5 for FSK, fdeviation = 0.5 * h* BITRATE
h = 0.5 for MSK and OQPSK
h = 0 for all other modulations
encoding
Inversion, differential, manchester, scrambled, for recommendations see the description of the
register ENCODING and Table 12: Customary telecom modes description.
Table 3 Fundamental communication characteristics
Table 4 gives an overview of the trade-offs between the different modulations that AX5031
offers, they should be considered when making a choice.
Modulation
Trade-offs
ASK
For bit rates up to 2000 kbit/s
The sensitivity for equivalent peak output power is 3 dB lower than for other modulation types, as the
average transmit power is only half the maximum transmit power.
It is recommended to use shaped ASK for data transmissions, as the spectral efficiency is greatly
improved vs. non- shaped ASK.
FSK
For bit rates up to 350 kbit/s
Frequency deviation is a free parameter
MSK
For bit rates up to 350 kbit/s
Robust and spectrally efficient form of FSK (Modulation is the same as FSK with h=0.5)
Frequency deviation given by bit rate
The advantage of MSK over FSK is that it can be demodulated with higher sensitivity.
Slightly longer pre-ambles required than for FSK.
PSK
For bit rates up to 2000 kbit/s
Slightly longer pre-ambles required than for FSK.
It is recommended to use shaped PSK for data transmissions, as the spectral efficiency is greatly
improved vs. non- shaped PSK.
OQPSK
For bit rates up to 350 kbit/s
Very similar to MSK, with added precoding / postdecoding
For new designs, use MSK instead
Table 4 Modulation trade-offs
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Programming the Chip
Setting-up the Chip
The AX5031 should be programmed according to the following guide-line, for more detailed
recommendations and descriptions see the corresponding register descriptions in the section
Register Bank Description:
1. Program the PLLLOOP register
Bits FLT and PLLCPI must be set to program the synthesizer loop bandwidth
Recommended settings are given in Table 5.
Bit BANDSEL is programmed to select the appropriate frequency band for fcarrier, set to 0
for 868/915 MHz band set to 1 for 433 MHz band.
Register
settings
Characteristics
Usage
FLT
01
PLLCPI
010
Loop bandwidth
100 kHz
Start-up time
25 μs
01
001
50 kHz
50 μs
11
010
200 kHz
12 μs
10
010
500 kHz
5 μs
•
Recommended setting for all modulations, all
values of BITRATE
•
Mandatory for FSK, MSK, OQPSK with BITRATE > 50
kHz
•
Use if phase noise between 300kHz and 1MHz
from carrier is critical
•
Cannot be used for FSK, MSK, OQPSK with BITRATE
> 50 kHz
•
Use to speed up start-up or switching
•
Do not use for TX
•
Use to speed up start-up or switching
•
Do not use for TX
Table 5: Recommended synthesizer loop bandwidth settings
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Programming the Chip
2. Program the frequency registers FREQ3, FREQ2, FREQ1and FREQ0 or FREQB3, FREQB2,
FREQB1and FREQB0.
f
1
FREQ =  CARRIER 2 24 +  ;
2
 f XTAL
Set bit FREQSEL in register PLLLOOP to 1 to use registers FREQB3, FREQB2, FREQB1and
FREQB0, set it to 0 if using FREQ3, FREQ2, FREQ1 and FREQ0.
Ensure the bit 0 of FREQ0 or FREQB0 is set to one; this ensures that the built-in ΔΣ
modulator does not exhibit tonal behaviour 1.
Note that to program frequencies in the 433 MHz band registers FREQ3, FREQ2,
FREQ1and FREQ0 must be programmed to appropriate values and the bit BANDSEL in
the PLLLOOP register must be set to 1.
3. Program the TXPWR register according to the desired output power
4. Program the frequency deviation registers FSKDEV2, FSKDEV1 and FSKDEV0;
f DEVIATION =
h
BITRATE
2
f
1
FSKDEV =  DEVIATION 2 24 + 
2
 f XTAL
Program the transmit bit-rate registers TXRATEHI, TXRATEMID and TXRATELO;
5.
 BITRATE 24 1 
TXRATE = 
2 + 
2
 f XTAL
5. Program the MODULATION register
See Table 11 for coding details.
6. Program the ENCODING register according to the desired bit encoding
7. Program the FRAMING register according to the desired framing mode
8. Program the PINCFG1, PINCFG2, PINCFG3 according to the desired pin usage
1
x 
denotes the floor function of the real number x. It returns the highest integer less than or equal x.
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Programming the Chip
2.2.
Synthesizer VCO Auto-Ranging
Whenever the frequency or the environment (e.g. temperature, voltage) of the chip
changes, the synthesizer VCO should be set to the correct range using the built-in autoranging. A re-ranging of the VCO is required if the frequency change required is larger than 5
MHz in the 868/915 MHz band or 2.5 MHz in the 433 MHz band.
Figure 5 shows the flow chart of the auto-ranging process.
Set RNGSTART of
PLLRANGING
yes
RNGSTART == 1?
no
yes
RNGERR == 1?
Error
no
Figure 5: Synthesizer VCO auto-ranging flow chart
Before starting the auto-ranging, the frequency registers (FREQ3, FREQ2, FREQ1and FREQ0
or FREQB3, FREQB2, FREQB1and FREQB0) need to be programmed, and the chip should be
in SYNTHTX mode.
Auto-ranging starts at the VCOR (register PLLRANGING) setting; if you already know the
approximately correct synthesizer VCO range, you should set VCOR to this value prior to
starting auto-ranging; this can speed up the ranging process considerably. If you have no
prior knowledge about the correct range, set VCOR to 8. Starting with VCOR < 6 should be
avoided, as the initial synthesizer frequency can exceed the maximum frequency
specification.
Hardware clears the RNG START bit automatically as soon as the ranging is finished; the
device may be programmed to deliver an interrupt on resetting of the RNG START bit.
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Programming the Chip
2.3.
Transmit
During transmit, the software communicates with the transmitter through a 10 bit wide and 32
levels deep FIFO. Figure 6 shows the FIFO write process.
FIFO full, empty, overrun and underrun flags are also transmitted during the status phase of
SPI transfers. See section 1.3 SPI Register Access and Table 1: SPI Status bits for details. FIFO
flags may also be used to generate interrupts. The AX5031 also features an arbitrary FIFO
level threshold interrupt.
The AX5031 can also be programmed to automatically stop the transmitter on FIFO underrun.
yes
FIFOFULL == 1?
no
Write Bits 9:8 to FIFOCTRL[1:0]
Write Bits 7:0 to FIFODATA[7:0]
Figure 6: Write FIFO flow chart
Bits [7:0] are data information. During a write access to the FIFO, Bits 9 and 8 hold the
FIFOCMD[1:0] bits of the FIFOCTRL register. The function of these bits depends on the framing
mode (for more information see following sections). The device offers two different framing
modes, namely HDLC and 802.15.4 (ZigBee). Additionally, Raw Mode allows the
implementation of legacy protocols in software. FIFO operation differs slightly depending on
the framing mode.
Write Access:
Bits 9 and 8 hold the bits FIFOCMD[1:0] of the FIFOCTRL
register during a write access to the FIFO.
FIFO
9 8
7
6
5
FIFOCMD
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
4
3
2
1
0
FIFODATA
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
FIFOCTRL[1:0]
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Programming the Chip
HDLC
In HDLC mode, frames start and end with the bit pattern 01111110.
HDLC uses bit-stuffing: In order to ensure that no bit pattern inside the frame can be
erroneously detected as a frame end, the transmitter inserts a 0 bit after five consecutive one
bits.
At the end of a HDLC frame, a checksum is transmitted. Seven or more consecutive one bits
are treated as an ABORT, causing the current packet to be discarded. See [4] for a more
elaborate description of HDLC.
In HDLC mode the meaning of the additional 2 bits in the 10 bit FIFO describe the content of
FIFODATA[7:0]:
Bit [9:8]
Transmit
FIFOCTRL[1:0]
00
Data Byte (bit stuffed)
01
CRC Byte
10
Not used
11
RAW Byte (not bit-stuffing, CRC is initialized)
Used for flags (e.g. EOF)
Table 6: HDLC mode bits
In transmit the bits [9:8] describe the type of data in the FIFODATA[7:0] to be transmitted. This
controls the internal framing block and enables or disables bit stuffing for data or flags,
respectively. It also initiates CRC calculation. However the flag content and the CRC bytes
have to be written by the host processor according to the sequence shown in Figure 7. The
number of CRC bytes has to be chosen according to the type of CRC chosen in the
FRAMING register (16 bit or 32 bit). For CRC insertion it does not matter what is written in the
CRC bytes, as the chip will calculate the CRC value and will change the values.
Transmit
Data Packet
CRC Packet
0
0
0
1
FIFODATA[7:0]
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
write 2 or 4 times
HDLC Flag Packet
1
1
0
1
1
HDLC Packet delimiter
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Programming the Chip
Preamble
Figure 7 shows the HDLC transmit process.
Write ten times 0x3AA to FIFO
(Preamble for Receiver
Synchronisation)
Write 0x37E to FIFO
(HDLC Flag, Packet Delimiter)
Write Packet Bytes to FIFO
(with Bits 9:8 set to zero)
Write two times
(CRC CCITT, CRC 16)
or four times (CRC 32) 0x100 to
FIFO
Write 0x37E to FIFO
(HDLC Flag, Packet Delimiter)
yes
more packets?
no
no
Postamble
Write two times 0x3FF to FIFO
(HDLC Abort)
FIFO EMPTY == 1?
yes
Figure 7: HDLC transmit flow chart
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Programming the Chip
802.15.4 (ZigBee)
Transmitter operation differs slightly in 802.15.4 mode versus HDLC mode, due to 802.15.4 not
having a PHY CRC, and 802.15.4 determining packet length from the first byte transmitted.
See [3] for a description of the 802.15.4 PHY.
Write four times 0x000 to FIFO
(Preamble for Receiver
Synchronisation)
Write 0x0A7 to FIFO
(ZigBee Packet Start)
Write Packet Bytes to FIFO
(with Bits 9:8 set to zero)
Write two times 0x000 to FIFO
no
FIFO EMPTY == 1?
yes
Figure 8: 802.15.4 Transmit flow chart
Figure 8 details the 802.15.4 transmit operation.
Raw Mode
In Raw Mode, no framing is performed. Transmit bits are retrieved from the FIFO as 8 bit bytes
and then serialized. The bits are transmitted LSB first, that means that bit 0 will be transmitted
first. No byte synchronisation is performed.
Raw mode is useful to implement legacy protocols in software on the micro-controller.
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Programming the Chip
4-FSK Mode
The AX5031 also supports 4-FSK. In 4-FSK mode, four frequencies are used to transmit two bits
simultaneously during each symbol. Table 7 shows the mapping from bits to frequencies. A
gray code is used to minimize bit errors.
Mx
Lx
Frequency
0
0
f C − 3 ⋅ f DEVIATION
0
1
f C − f DEVIATION
1
1
f C + f DEVIATION
1
0
f C + 3 ⋅ f DEVIATION
Table 7: 4-FSK bit to frequency mapping
f 00
f01
f 11
f 10
fc
f
fDEVIATION
Figure 9: 4-FSK frequency diagram
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Programming the Chip
2.4.
Interrupts
The AX5031 supports interrupts for all non-immediate actions. Interrupts, while not strictly
necessary, allow the micro-controller to perform other tasks instead of waiting for the AX5031.
The AX5031 supports level triggered interrupts.
FIFO EMPTY
IRQRQFIFONOTEMPTY
IRQINVFIFONOTEMPTY
IRQMFIFONOTEMPTY
FIFO FULL
IRQRQFIFONOTFULL
IRQINVFIFONOTFULL
IRQMFIFONOTFULL
PLL UNLOCK
IRQRQPLLUNLOCK
IRQINVPLLUNLOCK
IRQMPLLUNLOCK
PLL RANGINGDONE
IRQRQPLLRNGDONE
IRQI
IRQ
IRQINVPLLRNGDONE
IRQMPLLRNGDONE
FIFOCOUNT>FIFOTHRESH
IRQRQFIFOTHRESH
IRQINVFIFOTHRESH
IRQMFIFOTHRESH
FIFO OVERRUN
FIFO UNDERRUN
IRQRQFIFOERROR
IRQINVFIFOERROR
IRQMFIFOERROR
IRQRQTXBITCLOCK
IRQINVTXBITCLOCK
IRQMTXBITCLOCK
Figure 10: Interrupt logic diagram
Figure 10 shows the interrupt logic. The AX5031 supports 7 interrupt sources. Each source may
be individually inverted and masked. The final interrupt pin may also be inverted, to support
both level active high and level active low interrupts. Table 8 lists all interrupt sources, and
how they can be cleared.
Registers used for interrupt configuration programming are IRQMASK, IRQREQUEST and
IRQINVERSION.
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Programming the Chip
Source
When Active
How to Clear
FIFO Not Full
The FIFO contains less than 32 words. At least
one word can be written without causing an
overrun
Write words into the FIFO until it is full. Be
careful not to cause overruns.
FIFO Not Empty
The FIFO contains at least one word. At least
one word can be transmitted without causing
an underrun.
Wait until all words from the FIFO have been
transmitted. Be careful not to cause
underruns.
This interrupt can be cleared by reading the
PLLRANGING register. After switching the
synthesizer on, and after frequency changes,
the synthesizer requires some time to settle on
the correct frequency and to achieve phase
lock with the reference crystal. After that, it
should remain locked. The synthesizer losing
lock after that point indicates a severe
problem. Check the following:
PLL Unlock
The PLL has lost lock
•
Synthesizer programming (esp.
frequency, loop filter settings,
charge pump settings, VCO
settings) are correct
•
Synthesizer has been auto-ranged
(calibrated) properly
•
VDD is within spec and not too noisy
•
Temperature is within spec
•
Synthesizer is enabled
PLL Ranging Done can be cleared only by
restarting a new auto-ranging process. If no
more ranging processes are needed, mask
the interrupt.
PLL Ranging Done
The synthesizer has finished auto-ranging its
VCO
FIFO Threshold
This interrupt can be cleared by writing words
The FIFO contains more words than FIFOTHRESH,
into the FIFO until FIFOCOUNT > FIFOTHRESH,
i.e.
or by writing a value greater than or equal to
FIFOCOUNT > FIFOTHRESH
FIFOCOUNT into the FIFOTHRESH register.
FIFO Error
TX Bitclock
A FIFO overrun or underrun has occurred
This interrupt is cleared as soon as the FIFO
OVER and FIFO UNDER bits in the FIFOCTRL
register are cleared, i.e. by reading the
FIFOCTRL register.
This interrupt is cleared by doing one of the
following:
Transmit bit clock is high
•
Wait half the bit time
•
Mask the interrupt
Table 8: Interrupt sources
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AND9353/D
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Programming the Chip
Edge triggered interrupts are not directly supported. In the unlikely event that the chosen
micro-controller does not support level triggered interrupts and only supports edge triggered
interrupts, they need to be emulated in software. The following C pseudo code illustrates how
this can be done:
void interrupt_handler(void)
{
acknowledge_interrupt();
do {
handle_interrupt();
} while (IRQ);
}
The first line, acknowledge_interrupt(), acknowledges the interrupt in the interrupt controller
of the micro-controller. How this is done is specific to the micro-controller in question, and
may even be implicit. The following loop handles interrupts as long as the IRQ line is still
active. It is important that the interrupt handler is not terminated before IRQ goes inactive,
because otherwise no new edges will be produced by the AX5031, and the interrupt
becomes stuck.
Interrupt Strategies
The AX5031 supports three interrupt strategies:
1. The default strategy is to assert IRQ as soon as there is one word empty space in the
FIFO (transmit, using the FIFONOTFULL interrupt). The micro-controller is required to
service the interrupt within 24 bit times (24/BITRATE) to prevent a FIFO overrun or
underrun. The micro-controller will receive one interrupt per received FIFO word
(message byte). This strategy is recommended for micro-controllers with low interrupt
overhead (which is true for most micro-controllers).
2. The second strategy is to assert IRQ only when absolutely necessary, i.e. when the
FIFO is empty (transmit, using the inverted FIFONOTEMPTY interrupt). The microcontroller will receive one interrupt every three FIFO words (message bytes). This
strategy is useful for micro-controllers with a very high interrupt overhead. Care must
be taken to avoid FIFO overruns and underruns.
3. The FIFOTHRESH interrupt allows an arbitrary trade-off between interrupt rate and
interrupt service latency.
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AND9353/D
Programming the Chip
2.5.
Preamble
At the beginning of a data transfer, a preamble must be transmitted, before the actual data
can be transmitted. The preamble has many purposes:
•
The preamble allows the power amplifier to ramp up to operational power levels. This
is not an issue with the built-in amplifier of the AX5031, which is nearly instantaneous,
but may be an issue if external amplifiers are used.
•
The preamble allows the receiver to achieve lock
•
The preamble allows the encoder (transmitter) and the decoder (receiver) to initialise
Choosing the Preamble Bit Pattern
In 802.15.4, the preamble bit pattern is specified by the standards committee. This
specification, which is four bytes of 0x00, should be followed.
In all other modes, the preamble bit pattern as it enters the modulator should be chosen such
that:
•
It is DC-free, to ensure that frequency offset estimation works correctly
•
It contains as many transitions as possible
Now the transmitter cannot directly control the modulator bits, only the bits that enter the
encoder. Thus, the bytes transmitted during the preamble should be chosen according to
the selected encoder mode:
Encoder Settings
Preamble Byte
INV=X, DIFF=0, SCRAM=0, MANCH=0
0x55 or 0xAA
INV=0, DIFF=1, SCRAM=0, MANCH=0
0xFF
INV=1, DIFF=1, SCRAM=0, MANCH=0
0x00
INV=X, DIFF=X, SCRAM=1, MANCH=X
0x55 or 0xAA.
INV=X, DIFF=0, SCRAM=0, MANCH=1
0x00 or 0xFF
INV=0, DIFF=1, SCRAM=0, MANCH=1
0x00
INV=1, DIFF=1, SCRAM=0, MANCH=1
0xFF
Table 9: Recommended preamble values
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AND9353/D
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Programming the Chip
2.6.
Postamble
After the data is transmitted, the micro-controller must write two additional postamble bytes
to the FIFO. These bytes are used to clear the transmit pipeline. Their contents do not matter;
HDLC flags can be used in HDLC mode.
After these preamble bytes are written to the FIFO, the micro-controller must wait until the
FIFO is fully drained (empty). Only then can the transmitter be turned off.
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AND9353/D
Register Bank Description
3.
Register Bank Description
This section describes the bits of the register bank in detail. The registers are grouped by
functional block to facilitate programming.
No checks are made whether the programmed combination of bits makes sense! Bit 0 is
always the LSB.
Note Whole registers or register bits marked as reserved should be kept at their default values
Note All addresses not documented here must not be accessed, neither in reading or in writing.
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AND9353/D
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26
Register Bank Description
3.1.
Control Register Map
Addr
Name
Dir
Reset
Bit
7
6
5
Description
4
3
2
1
0
Revision & Interface Probing
0
REVISION
1
SCRATCH
R
SILICONREV(7:0)
00100001
RW 11000101
Silicon Revision
SCRATCH(7:0)
Scratch Register
Operating Mode
2
PWRMODE
RW 011-0000
RST
REFEN
XOEN
–
PWRMODE(3:0)
Power Mode
RW ----0010
–
–
–
–
XTALOSCGM(3:0)
GM of Crystal Oscillator
FIFOSTAT(1:0)
FIFO OVER
FIFO UNDER
FIFO EMPTY
FIFO Control
Crystal Oscillator, Part 1
3
XTALOSC
FIFO, Part 1
4
FIFOCTRL
RW ------11
5
FIFODATA
RW --------
FIFO FULL
FIFOCMD(1:0)
FIFODATA(7:0)
FIFO Data
Interrupt Control
6
IRQMASK
7
IRQREQUEST
RW -0000000
R
--------
–
IRQMASK(6:0)
IRQ Mask
–
IRQREQUEST(6:0)
IRQ Request
Interface & Pin Control
0C
PINCFG1
RW 00101000
–
IRQZ
–
0D
PINCFG2
RW 00000000
–
IRQE
–
–
IRQI
–
Pin Configuration 2
0E
PINCFG3
RW 0-------
reserved
–
SYSCLKR
–
IRQR
–
Pin Configuration 3
0F
IRQINVERSION
RW -0000000
–
IRQINVERSION(6:0)
IRQ Inversion
RW -0000010
–
MODULATION(6:0)
Modulation
–
SYSCLK(3:0)
Pin Configuration 1
Modulation & Framing
10
MODULATION
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AND9353/D
Register Bank Description
11
ENCODING
RW ---00010
–
–
12
FRAMING
RW 00000000
–
HSUPP
14
CRCINIT3
RW 11111111
CRCINIT(31:24)
CRC Initialization Data or
Preamble
15
CRCINIT2
RW 11111111
CRCINIT(23:16)
CRC Initialization Data or
Preamble
16
CRCINIT1
RW 11111111
CRCINIT(15:8)
CRC Initialization Data or
Preamble
17
CRCINIT0
RW 11111111
CRCINIT(7:0)
CRC Initialization Data or
Preamble
–
ENC NOSYNC ENC MANCH
CRCMODE(1:0)
ENC SCRAM
ENC DIFF
ENC INV
FRMMODE(2:0)
–
Encoder/Decoder Settings
Framing settings
Voltage Regulator
1B
VREG
R
--------
–
–
–
–
SSDS
SSREG
SDS
SREG
Voltage Regulator Status
Synthesizer
1C
FREQB3
RW 00111001
FREQB(31:24)
Synthesizer Frequency
1D
FREQB2
RW 00110100
FREQB(23:16)
Synthesizer Frequency
1E
FREQB1
RW 11001100
FREQB(15:8)
Synthesizer Frequency
1F
FREQB0
RW 11001101
FREQB(7:0)
Synthesizer Frequency
20
FREQ3
RW 00111001
FREQ(31:24)
Synthesizer Frequency
21
FREQ2
RW 00110100
FREQ(23:16)
Synthesizer Frequency
22
FREQ1
RW 11001100
FREQ(15:8)
Synthesizer Frequency
23
FREQ0
RW 11001101
FREQ(7:0)
Synthesizer Frequency
25
FSKDEV2
RW 00000010
FSKDEV(23:16)
FSK Frequency Deviation
26
FSKDEV1
RW 01100110
FSKDEV(15:8)
FSK Frequency Deviation
27
FSKDEV0
RW 01100110
FSKDEV(7:0)
FSK Frequency Deviation
2C
PLLLOOP
RW 00011101
reserved
BANDSEL
2D
PLLRANGING
RW 00001000 STICKY LOCK PLL LOCK
RNGERR
RNG START
VCOR(3:0)
Synthesizer VCO Auto-Ranging
–
–
TXRNG(3:0)
Transmit Power
FREQSEL
PLLCPI(2:0)
FLT(1:0)
Synthesizer Loop Filter Settings
Transmitter
30
TXPWR
RW ----1000
31
TXRATEHI
RW 00001001
TXRATE(23:16)
Transmitter Bitrate
32
TXRATEMID
RW 10011001
TXRATE(15:8)
Transmitter Bitrate
–
–
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AND9353/D
27
28
Register Bank Description
33
34
TXRATELO
MODMISC
RW 10011010
RW ––––––11
TXRATE(7:0)
–
–
–
–
–
–
Transmitter Bitrate
–
–
reserved
PTTCLK
GATE
Misc RF Flags
FIFO, Part 2
35
FIFOCOUNT
36
37
R
--000000
FIFOTHRESH
RW --000000
–
–
FIFOCONTROL2
RW 0-----00
CLEAR
–
RW --000000
–
–
RW –––––––0
–
–
FIFOCOUNT(5:0)
FIFO Fill state
FIFOTHRESH(5:0)
–
–
–
FIFO Threshold
–
STOPONERR(1:0)
Additional FIFO control
Crystal Oscillator, Part 2
4F
XTALCAP
Crystal oscillator tuning
capacitance
XTALCAP(5:0)
Transmitter, Part 2
50
FOURFSK
–
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–
–
–
–
FOUR FSK
ENA
Four FSK Control
AND9353/D
Register Bank Description
3.2.
Register Descriptions
REVISION
The register holds the revision index of the chip.
Name
Bits
R/W
Reset
REVISION
7:0
R
00100001
Description
Silicon Revision
SCRATCH
The SCRATCH register does not affect the function of the chip in any way. It is intended for
the micro-controller to test communication to the AX5031.
Name
Bits
R/W
Reset
SCRATCH
7:0
R
11000101
Description
Scratch Register
PWRMODE
This register controls the powering and reset of the various blocks on the chip.
Name
Bits
R/W
Reset
Description
RST
7
RW
0
This bit does not auto-reset – the chip remains in
reset state until this bit is cleared.
REFEN
XOEN
PWRMODE
6
RW
1
Reference Enable
5
RW
1
Crystal Oscillator Enable
3:0
RW
0000
Reset; setting this bit to 1 resets the whole chip.
Powermode; see Table 2: PWRMODE register states
Note Before RST can be written to 1, the SPI interface of the chip needs to be reset. This is done by
setting the SEL line to high.
Note The reference is enabled whenever the REFEN bit is one or the mode set by PWRMODE
requires it (or both); the crystal oscillator is enabled whenever the XOEN bit is one or the
mode set by PWRMODE requires it (or both). Normally, it is not necessary to set the REFEN or
the XOEN bit, they can be programmed to zero. Since the crystal oscillator requires the
reference, REFEN should be set whenever XOEN is set.
XTALOSC
This register controls the transconductance of the crystal oscillator. Optimal settings will
depend on the characteristics of the specific crystal that is used. For a table containing the
values as a function of the register settings see the AX5031 Datasheet.
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AND9353/D
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Register Bank Description
Name
Bits
R/W
Reset
Description
XTALOSCGM
3:0
RW
0010
Transconductance of the Crystal Oscillator
For other crystal oscillator settings see the register XTALCAP.
Note that crystal oscillator settings should be chosen, that avoid amplitudes that exceed 0.5V
at pin CLK16P.
FIFOCTRL
This register is used to send control commands (depending on the selected frame mode)
and holds the FIFO status information. For further FIFO settings see the registers FIFODATA,
FIFOCOUNT, FIFOTHRESH, FIFOCONTROL2.
Name
FIFOCMD
FIFO EMPTY
FIFO FULL
FIFO UNDER
FIFO OVER
FIFOSTAT
Bits
R/W
Reset
1:0
RW
11
2
R
-
FIFO is empty if 1
3
R
-
FIFO is full if 1; if 1, the FIFO contains 32 words.
-
FIFO under run occurred since last read of FIFOCTRL
when 1. This bit is set when a read operation by the
micro-controller (was attempted while the FIFO was
empty.
4
R
Description
FIFO command bits (written to FIFO during next write
to FIFODATA); see section 2.3 Transmit for exact
operation of these bits
5
R
-
FIFO over run occurred since last read of FIFOCTRL
when 1. This bit is set when a write operation by the
micro-controller was attempted while the FIFO was
full.
7:6
R
-
FIFO Status bits associated with current FIFO top
word; see section 2.3 Transmit for exact operation of
these bits
FIFODATA
This register is used to read from and write to the 31 level x 10 bit FIFO. For further information
on FIFO settings see section 2.3: Transmit and the register FIFOCTRL.
The FIFO can be accessed in powerdown mode.
Name
FIFODATA
Bits
R/W
Reset
7:0
RW
-
Description
FIFO access register
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AND9353/D
Register Bank Description
IRQMASK
This register allows to mask or de-mask interrupts. For further information on interrupt related
settings see section 2.4: Interrupts and the registers IRQREQUEST and IRQINVERSION as well
as PINCFG1 and PINCFG2.
Name
IRQMFIFONOTEMPTY
IRQMFIFONOTFULL
IRQMPLLUNLOCK
IRQMPLLRNGDONE
IRQMFIFOTHRESH
IRQMFIFOERROR
IRQMTXBITCLOCK
Bits
R/W
Reset
Description
0
RW
0
FIFO not empty interrupt enable
1
RW
0
FIFO not full interrupt enable
2
RW
0
Synthesizer lock lost interrupt enable
3
RW
0
Synthesizer auto-ranging done interrupt enable
4
RW
0
FIFO count >= threshold interrupt enable
5
RW
0
FIFO error (overrun or underrun) interrupt enable
6
RW
0
Transmit Bitclock interrupt enable
IRQREQUEST
This register indicates pending interrupts. For further information on interrupt related settings
see section 2.4: Interrupts and the registers IRQREQUEST and IRQINVERSION as well as
PINCFG1 and PINCFG2.
Name
IRQRQFIFONOTEMPTY
IRQRQFIFONOTFULL
IRQRQPLLUNLOCK
IRQRQPLLRNGDONE
IRQRFIFOTHRESH
IRQRFIFOERROR
IRQRTXBITCLOCK
Bits
R/W
Reset
Description
0
R
-
FIFO not empty interrupt pending
1
R
-
FIFO not full interrupt pending
2
R
-
Synthesizer lock lost interrupt pending
3
R
-
Synthesizer auto-ranging done interrupt pending
4
R
-
FIFO count >= threshold interrupt pending
5
R
-
FIFO error (overrun or underrun) interrupt pending
6
R
-
Transmit Bitclock Interrupt pending
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AND9353/D
31
32
Register Bank Description
PINCFG1
This register allows to configure the SYSCLK and IRQ pins for application specific use.
Name
SYSCLK
IRQZ
Bits
R/W
Reset
Description
3:0
RW
1000
See Table 10
5
RW
1
1: configure IRQ pin as input (tri-state)
0: configure IRQ pin as output
This bit is only active when IRQE=1
SYSCLK Bits
Meaning
0000
SYSCLK pin outputs static ’0’
0001
SYSCLK pin outputs static ’1’
0010
SYSCLK pin is an input (tri-state)
0011
SYSCLK pin outputs inverted fXTAL
0100
SYSCLK pin outputs fXTAL
0101
SYSCLK pin outputs fXTAL/2
0110
SYSCLK pin outputs fXTAL/4
0111
SYSCLK pin outputs fXTAL/8
1000
SYSCLK pin outputs fXTAL/16
1001
SYSCLK pin outputs fXTAL/32
1010
SYSCLK pin outputs fXTAL/64
1011
SYSCLK pin outputs fXTAL/128
1100
SYSCLK pin outputs fXTAL/256
1101
SYSCLK pin outputs fXTAL/512
1110
SYSCLK pin outputs fXTAL/1024
1111
SYSCLK pin outputs fXTAL/2048
Table 10: SYSCLK bit values
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AND9353/D
Register Bank Description
PINCFG2
This register allows to configure the IRQ pin to function as a General Purpose I/O (GPIO) pin
rather than having its special default function.
IRQE is used to enable the special function of the IRQ pin or set it to GPIO. IRQI is used to set
the state of the pin, if defined as GPIO and configured as output in PINCFG1. If the pin is
configured as special function pin, then bit IRQI is used to chose if the output signal should be
inverted.
Name
IRQI
IRQE
Bits
R/W
1
Reset
RW
5
0
RW
0
Description
GPIO pin
Special pin
0: set IRQ pin to ‘1’
0: level high active interrupt
1: set IRQ pin to ‘0’
1: level low active interrupt
0: IRQ pin carries the interrupt signal
1: IRQ pin is a general purpose I/O (GPIO)
PINCFG3
GPIO state register: This register holds the signals on the GPIO pins. (can be used to read
back signals, if PINCFG1 configures the respective pin as input).
Name
IRQPTTR
SYSCLKR
Bits
R/W
Reset
Description
1
R
–
Logic State of IRQPTT Pin
4
R
–
Logic State of SYSCLK Pin
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Register Bank Description
IRQINVERSION
This register allows to invert the logic levels of the level-triggered interrupts.
Name
IRQINVFIFONOTEMPTY
IRQINVFIFONOTFULL
IRQINVPLLUNLOCK
IRQINVPLLRNGDONE
IRQINVFIFOTHRESH
IRQINVFIFOERROR
IRQINVTXBITCLOCK
Bits
R/W
Reset
Description
0
RW
0
FIFO not empty interrupt inversion
1
RW
0
FIFO not full interrupt inversion
2
RW
0
Synthesizer lock lost interrupt inversion
3
RW
0
Synthesizer auto-ranging done interrupt inversion
4
RW
0
FIFO count >= threshold interrupt inversion
5
RW
0
FIFO error (overrun or underrun) interrupt inversion
6
RW
0
Transmit Bitclock Interrupt inversion
MODULATION
This register sets the modulation type. For details on coding see also section 2: Programming
the Chip.
Name
MODULATION
Bits
R/W
Reset
6:0
RW
0000010
MODULATION Bits
Description
See Table 11
Meaning
0000000
ASK
0000010
ASK Shaped
0000100
PSK
0000101
PSK Shaped
0000110
OQSK
0000111
MSK
10nnnnn
FSK; nnnnn = FSKMUL – 1
11nnnnn
FSK; nnnnn = FSKMUL – 1
Table 11: Modulation bit values
TX operation is the same for all FSKMUL values. This coding for FSK is implemented for software
compatibility with AX5051.
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AND9353/D
Register Bank Description
ENCODING
The register configures the encoder.
Name
Bits
R/W
Reset
Description
ENC INV
ENC DIFF
ENC SCRAM
0
RW
0
Invert data if set to 1
1
RW
1
Differential encode of data if set to 1
2
RW
0
Enable scrambler if set to 1
ENC MANCH
3
RW
0
Enable manchester encoding. FM0/FM1 may be
achieved by also appropriately setting ENC DIFF and
ENC INV
ENC NOSYNC
4
RW
0
Disable synchronisation of 4-FSK symbols to byte
boundaries in raw frame mode
The intention of the scrambler is the removal of tones contained in the transmit data, i.e. to
randomize the transmit spectrum. The scrambler polynomial is 1+X12+X17, it is therefore
compatible to the K9NG/G3RUH Satellite Modems.
0
1
2
3
5
4
6
7
8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Figure 11: Scrambler operation
Figure 11 shows a schematic circuit diagram for the scrambler. The numbered boxes
represent a delay by one bit.
NRZ
1
1
0
0
1
0
NRZI
FM1 (Biphase Mark)
FM0 (Biphase Space)
Manchester
Figure 12: Customary telecom encoding modes
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AND9353/D
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Register Bank Description
Name
Bits
Description
NRZ
INV=0, DIFF=0,
SCRAM=0, MANCH=0
NRZ represents 1 as a high signal level, 0 as a low signal level. NRZ
performs no change
INV=1, DIFF=1,
SCRAM=0, MANCH=0
NRZI represents 1 as no change in the signal level, and 0 as a change
in the signal level. NRZI is recommended for HDLC. The HDLC bit
stuffing ensures that there are periodic zeros and thus transitions, and
the encoding is inversion invariant, and therefore useable for PSK.
INV=1, DIFF=1,
SCRAM=0, MANCH=1
FM1 (Biphase Mark) always ensures transitions at bit edges. It encodes
1 as a transition at the bit centre, and 0 as no transition at the bit
centre.
INV=0, DIFF=1,
SCRAM=0, MANCH=1
FM0 (Biphase Space) always ensures transitions at bit edges. It
encodes 1 as no transition at the bit centre, and 0 as a transition at
the bit centre.
INV=0, DIFF=0,
SCRAM=0, MANCH=1
Manchester encodes 1 as a 10 pattern, and 0 as a 01 pattern.
Manchester is not inversion invariant.
NRZI
FM1
FM0
Manchester
Table 12: Customary telecom modes description
Figure 12 shows a few well known encoding formats used in telecom and Table 12 describes
them.
Guidelines:
•
Manchester, FM0, and FM1 are not recommended for new systems, as they double
the bit rate
•
In HDLC mode, use NRZI, NRZI+Scrambler, or NRZ+Scrambler. If HDLC is to be
transmitted over PSK, NRZI and NRZI+Scrambler are valid choices.
•
In 802.15.4, use NRZ mode.
•
In Raw modes, the choice depends on the legacy system to be implemented.
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AND9353/D
Register Bank Description
FRAMING
This register sets the framing mode and the CRC type.
Name
Bits
R/W
Reset
FRMMODE
3:1
RW
000
CRCMODE
5:4
RW
00
Defines the CRC type. See Table 14. This field is only
available in HDLC mode.
6
RW
0
Suppress unneeded abort / flag / data indications.
This field is only available in HDLC mode.
HSUPP
FRMMODE Bits
Description
Defines framing type. See Table 13
Meaning
000
Raw
001
Raw, Soft-Decision
010
HDLC
011
Raw, Preamble Match
110
802.15.4 900 MHz
111
reserved for future use
Table 13: Frame mode bit values
CRCMODE Bits
Meaning
00
CCITT (16bit)
01
CRC-16
10
CRC-32
11
Invalid
Table 14: CRC mode bit values
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38
Register Bank Description
CRCINIT3, CRCINIT2, CRCINIT1, CRCINIT0
This register can be used to set the reset value of the CRC calculation. Normally this register is
left at all ones.
Name
CRCINIT
Bits
R/W
Reset
31:0
RW
0xFFFFFFFF
Description
CRC Reset Value; normally all ones
VREG
This contains status information of the internal voltage regulator.
Name
Bits
R/W
Reset
Description
SREG
0
R
-
This bit is 1 if the voltage regulator is in high-power
mode and the output voltage is > 2.3V
SDS
1
R
-
1 if the voltage regulator start-up is complete
SSREG
2
R
-
Sticky version of SREG, meaning that this bit is 0 if
it was 0 at any time since the last read access
SSDS
3
R
-
Sticky version of SDS, meaning that this bit is 0 if it
was 0 at any time since the last read access
FREQ3, FREQ2, FREQ1, FREQ0, FREQB3, FREQB2, FREQB1, FREQB0
This register sets the carrier frequency.
Name
Bits
R/W
Reset
Description
Frequency;
FREQ(B)
31:0
RW
0x3934CCCD
f
1
FREQ =  CARRIER 2 24 + 
2
f
 XTAL
Note Note that to program frequencies in the 433 MHz band carrier frequency registers must be
programmed to appropriate values and the bit BANDSEL in the PLLLOOP register must be set
to 1.
The device provides two frequency registers, to ease switching between multiple
frequencies. The FREQSEL bit in the PLLLOOP register selects which frequency register is used.
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AND9353/D
Register Bank Description
FSKDEV2, FSKDEV1, FSKDEV0
This register is used to set the FSK frequency deviation.
Name
Bits
R/W
Reset
Description
FSK Frequency Deviation;
FSKDEV
23:0
RW
0x026666
f
1
FSKDEV =  DEVIATION 2 24 + 
2
 f XTAL
Note that fDEVIATION is actually half the deviation. The mark (bit=1) frequency is fCARRIER+fDEVIATION, the
space (bit=0) frequency is fCARRIER–fDEVIATION.
f DEVIATION =
h
BITRATE
2
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AND9353/D
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Register Bank Description
PLLLOOP
This register allows to configure the synthesizer loop bandwidth and the frequency band. For
recommendations on settings see Table 5: Recommended synthesizer loop bandwidth
settings.
Name
Bits
FLT
PLLCPI
BANDSEL
FREQSEL
1:0
RW
01
4:2
RW
111
5
RW
0
Band selection. See Table 16
7
RW
0
Frequency Register selection. See Table 17
FLT Bits
R/W
Reset
Description
Loop Filter configuration. See Table 15
Charge pump current multiplier
Meaning
00
Invalid
01
Loop filter configuration with nominal bandwidth
10
Boosted loop filter configuration with x5 nominal bandwidth
11
Boosted loop filter configuration with x2 nominal bandwidth
Table 15: Filter bit values
BANDSEL Bit
Meaning
0
868/915 MHz
1
433 MHz
Table 16: Band selection bit values
FREQSEL Bit
Meaning
0
FREQ registers
1
FREQB registers
Table 17: Frequency Register selection bit values
Note that to program frequencies in the 433 MHz band registers the carrier frequency
registers must be programmed to appropriate values and the bit BANDSEL in the PLLLOOP
register must be set to 1.
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AND9353/D
Register Bank Description
PLLRANGING
This register is used to initiate ranging of the synthesizer VCO. It also holds the VCO range that
is currently being used. For a description of the VCO ranging procedure see section 2.2:
Synthesizer VCO Auto-Ranging.
Name
Bits
R/W
Reset
VCOR
3:0
RW
1000
Description
VCO Range
RNG START
4
RS
0
Synthesizer VCO auto-ranging; Write 1 to start
auto-ranging, bit clears when auto-ranging done
RNGERR
5
R
-
Ranging Error; this bit is set when RNG START
transitions from 1 to 0 and the programmed
frequency cannot be achieved
PLL LOCK
6
R
-
Synthesizer LOCK indicates the state of the
synthesizer at the moment of the register access.
Synthesizer is locked if 1
STICKY LOCK
7
R
-
STICKY LOCK indicates, the state of synthesizer
since last read of the register.
if 0, synthesizer lost lock after last read of
PLLRANGING register
TXPWR
This register programs the transmit output power.
Name
Bits
R/W
Reset
Description
TXRNG
3:0
RW
1000
Transmit Power; see AX5031 Datasheet for
details.
TXRATEHI, TXRATEMID, TXRATELO
These registers set the transmit bit rate.
Name
Bits
R/W
Reset
Description
Transmit Bitrate;
TXRATE
23:0
RW
0x09999A
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 BITRATE 24 1 
TXRATE = 
2 + 
2
 f XTAL
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Register Bank Description
MODMISC
The behaviour of the transmitter if the synthesizer looses lock is set with this register.
Name
PTTLCK GATE
Bits
R/W
Reset
0
RW
1
Description
if set to 1 then the transmitter is automatically
disabled if the synthesizer looses lock
FIFOCOUNT
This register allows the micro-controller to obtain the number of words contained in the FIFO.
FIFOCOUNT returns the number of words that can be read without underrun. Since the
AX5031 contains a 32 level deep FIFO, the FIFO will contain 32 – FIFOCOUNT empty words. 32
– FIFOCOUNT can be written without an overrun error.
Name
Bits
R/W
Reset
FIFOCOUNT
5:0
R
------
Description
Current number of FIFO words
FIFOTHRESH
This register specifies the FIFO count that must be exceeded to activate the FIFO threshold
interrupt. That is, if IRQMFIFOTHRESH is one and FIFOCOUNT > FIFOTHRESH, an interrupt is
requested. IRQINVFIFOTHRESH may be used to invert the sense of this interrupt.
Name
Bits
R/W
Reset
FIFOTHRESH
5:0
RW
000000
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Description
FIFO threshold
AND9353/D
Register Bank Description
FIFOCONTROL2
This register specifies the action the transmitter should take on FIFO error, and allows the FIFO
to be cleared.
If a FIFO error (an overrun or an underrun) occurs, the transmitter performs the action
specified in STOPONERR, but does not change the PWRMODE register. Thus, to recover from
the error, the software must first write SYNTHTX or STANDBY mode into the PWRMODE register,
and then clear the overrun and underrun bits by reading FIFOSTAT.
Name
Bits
R/W
Reset
Description
This bitfield determines what should happen on
FIFO overrun or underrun
STOPONERR
CLEAR
1:0
7
RW
W
00
0
Bits
Meaning
00
No action taken, transmitter continues
01
Switch off transmitter, continue synthesizer
10
Switch off transmitter and synthesizer,
continue crystal oscillator
11
Switch off everything
Clear the FIFO by writing 1. This bit is self clearing.
XTALCAP
This register allows to program the tuning capacitor array at pins CLK16P and CLK16N.
Name
Bits
R/W
Reset
XTALCAP
5:0
RW
000000
Description
Crystal oscillator tuning capacitance
For the capacitance values see the AX5031 Datasheet.
Note that crystal oscillator settings should be chosen, that avoid amplitudes that exceed 0.5V
at pin CLK16P.
FOURFSK
This register is used to configure the 4-FSK mode.
Name
FOURFSKENA
Bits
R/W
Reset
0
RW
0
www.onsemi.com
Description
Enable Four FSK Mode
AND9353/D
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References
4. References
[1]
ON Semiconductor. AX5031 Datasheet, see http://www.onsemi.com
[2]
ON Semiconductor. AX5031 Evaluation Software, see http://www.onsemi.com
[3]
LAN MAN Standards Committee. Part 15.4: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC)
and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks
(LR-WPANs). IEEE Computer Society, 2003.
[4]
Wikipedia. High-Level Data Link Control. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDLC.
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