AX5042 D

AX5042
Advanced Multi-channel
Single Chip UHF Transceiver
OVERVIEW
The AX5042 is a true single chip low−power CMOS transceiver
primarily for use in SRD bands. The on−chip transceiver consists of a
fully integrated RF front−end with modulator and demodulator. Base
band data processing is implemented in an advanced and flexible
communication controller that enables user friendly communication
via the SPI interface or in direct wire mode.
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1
Features
• Advanced Multi−channel Single Chip UHF Transceiver
• Configurable for Usage in 400−470 (510) MHz and
800−940 (1020) MHz ISM Bands
• Wide Variety of Shaped Modulations Supported in RX and TX
(ASK, PSK, OQPSK, MSK, FSK, GFSK)
• Data Rates from 1 to 250 kbps (FSK, MSK, GFSK, GMSK,
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28
QFN28 5x5, 0.5P
CASE 485EF
ORDERING INFORMATION
Device
Type
Qty
AX5042−1−TA05
Tape & Reel
500
OQPSK) and 2 to 600 kbps (ASK, PSK) with Fully Scaling
AX5042−1−TW30
Tape & Reel
3,000
Narrow−band Channel Filtering
4.8 kHz to 600 kHz Programmable Channel Filter
Ultra Fast Settling RF Frequency Synthesizer for Low−power
Consumption
802.15.4 Compatible
• Wire and Frame Mode
RS−232 (UART) Compatible
• QFN28 Package
RF Carrier Frequency and FSK Deviation
• Low Power 17 − 23 mA at 2.5 V Supply during
Programmable in 1 Hz Steps
Receive and 13 − 37 mA during Transmit
Fully Integrated Frequency Synthesizer with VCO
• 24 Bit RX/TX FIFO
Auto−ranging and Band−width Boost Modes for Fast
• 2.3 V to 2.8 V Supply Range
Locking
• Programmable Cyclic Redundancy Check
Few External Components
(CRC−CCITT, CRC−16, CRC−32)
On−chip Communication Controller and Flexible
• Optional Spectral Shaping Using a Self Synchronized
Digital Modem
Shift Register
Channel Hopping up to 2000 hops/s
• RoHS Compliant
Sensitivity down to −123 dBm @ 1.2 kbps FSK
Applications
Sensitivity down to −115 dBm @ 10 kbps FSK
400−470 MHz and 800−940 MHz data transmission and
Up to +10 dBm (+13 dBm 433 MHz) Programmable
reception in the Short Range Device (SRD) band. The
Transmitter Power Amplifier for Long Range
frequency range up to 510 MHz and 1020 MHz is accessible
Operation
with higher VDD limit.
Crystal Oscillator with Programmable
• Automatic Meter Reading
Transconductance for Low Cost Crystals (a TCXO is
• FCC Part 90.210 6.25 kHz, 12.5 kHz and 25 kHz
recommended for Channel Filter BW < 40 kHz)
Applications
Automatic Frequency Control (AFC)
• EN 300 220 V 2.1.1
SPI Micro−controller Interface
• European Paging Applications
Digital RSSI with 0.625 dB Resolution
• Long Range Sensor Read−out
Fully Integrated Current/Voltage References
• Long Range Remote Controls
© Semiconductor Components Industries, LLC, 2016
April, 2016 − Rev. 4
1
Publication Order Number:
AX5042/D
AX5042
BLOCK DIAGRAM
ANTP 4
RSSI
ANTN 5
AGC
Modulator
PA
Crystal
Oscillator
typ.
16 MHz
De−
modulator
FIFO
Digital IF
channel
filter
ADC
Framing
IF Filter &
AGC PGAs
Encoder
LNA
AX5042
Forward error
correction
Mixer
FOUT
FXTAL RF Frequency
Generation
Subsystem
Chip configuration
Communication Controller &
Serial Interface
Divider
Figure 1. Functional Block Diagram of the AX5042
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2
18
RESET_N
PWRUP
19 23
IRQ_TXEN
DATA
21
DCLK
16 17
MOSI
MISO
SEL
CLK
14 15
13
SYSCLK
CLK16N
CLK16P
27 28
12
AX5042
Table 1. PIN FUNCTION DESCRIPTIONS
Pin(s)
Type
NC
Symbol
1
N
Not to be connected
Description
VDD
2
P
Power supply
GND
3
G
Ground
ANTP
4
A
Antenna input/output
ANTN
5
A
Antenna input/output
GND
6
P
Ground
VDD
7
P
Power supply
NC
8
N
Not to be connected
LPFILT
9
A
Pin for optional external synthesizer loop filter; leave unconnected if not used
It is recommended to use the internal loop filter
NC
10
N
Not to be connected
GND
11
P
Ground
RESET_N
12
I
Optional reset input. If not used this pin must be connected to VDD.
SYSCLK
13
I/O
SEL
14
I
Serial peripheral interface select
CLK
15
I
Serial peripheral interface clock
MISO
16
O
Serial peripheral interface data output
MOSI
17
I
Serial peripheral interface data input
DATA
18
I/O
In wire mode: Data input/output
Can be programmed to be used as a general purpose I/O pin
IRQ_TXEN
19
I/O
In frame mode: Interrupt request output
In wire mode: Transmit enable input
Can be programmed to be used as a general purpose I/O pin
VDD
20
P
DCLK
21
I/O
GND
22
P
PWRUP
23
I/O
NC
24
N
Not to be connected
NC
25
N
Not to be connected
VDD
26
P
Power supply
CLK16P
27
A
Crystal oscillator input/output
CLK16N
28
A
Crystal oscillator input/output
Default functionality: Crystal oscillator (or divided) clock output
Can be programmed to be used as a general purpose I/O pin
Power supply
In wire mode: Clock output
Can be programmed to be used as a general purpose I/O pin
Ground
Power−up/−down input; activates/deactivates analog blocks
Can be programmed to be used as a general purpose I/O pin
If the power−up/−down functionality is handled in software and no usage as
general purpose I/O pin is planned then this pin should be tied to VDD
All digital inputs are Schmitt trigger inputs, digital input
and output levels are LVCMOS/LVTTL compatible and
3.3 V / 5 V tolerant.
The center pad of the QFN28 package should be
connected to GND.
A = analog signal
I = digital input signal
O = digital output signal
I/O = digital input/output signal
N = not to be connected
P = power or ground
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AX5042
CLK16N
CLK16P
VDD
NC
NC
PWRUP
GND
Pinout Drawing
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
DCLK
NC 1
21
VDD 2
20
VDD
GND 3
19
IRQ_TXEN
18
DATA
AX5042
ANTP 4
CLK
NC
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
SEL
15
SYSCLK
VDD 7
GND
MISO
RESET_N
16
NC
MOSI
GND 6
LPFILT
ANTN 5
17
Figure 2. Pinout Drawing (Top View)
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AX5042
SPECIFICATIONS
Table 2. ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
Symbol
Description
Condition
Min
Max
Units
−0.5
2.8
V
mA
VDD
Supply voltage
IDD
Supply current
50
Ptot
Total power consumption
800
mW
PI
Absolute maximum input power at receiver input
15
dBm
II1
DC current into any pin except ANTP, ANTN
−10
10
mA
II2
DC current into pins ANTP, ANTN
−100
100
mA
IO
Output current
40
mA
Via
Input voltage ANTP, ANTN pins
−0.5
VDD + 2.0 V
V
Input voltage digital pins
−0.5
VDD + 3 V
V
−2000
2000
V
Operating ambient temperature
−40
85
°C
Tstg
Storage temperature
−65
150
°C
Tj
Junction temperature
150
°C
Ves
Electrostatic handling
Tamb
HBM
Stresses exceeding those listed in the Maximum Ratings table may damage the device. If any of these limits are exceeded, device functionality
should not be assumed, damage may occur and reliability may be affected.
1. Exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.
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AX5042
DC Characteristics
Table 3. SUPPLIES
Symbol
Description
Condition
Min
Typ
Max
Units
TAMB
Operational ambient temperature
−40
27
85
°C
VDD
Power supply voltage
2.3
2.5
2.8
V
IPDOWN
Power−down current
IRX
Current consumption RX
ITX
Current consumption TX
0.5
mA
868 MHz; bit rate 10 kBit/s
21
mA
868 MHz; bit rate 10 kBit/s
low power mode, (Note 1)
17
868 MHz; bit rate 600 kBit/s
23
868 MHz; bit rate 600 kBit/s
low power mode, (Note 1)
19
433 MHz; bit rate 10 kBit/s
21
433 MHz; bit rate 10 kBit/s
low power mode, (Note 1)
17
433 MHz; bit rate 600 kBit/s
23
433 MHz; bit rate 600 kBit/s
low power mode, (Note 1)
19
868 MHz, 10 dBm
36
868 MHz, 4 dBm
23
868 MHz, 0 dBm
19
868 MHz, −12 dBm
13
433 MHz, 12 dBm
37
433 MHz, 6 dBm
24
433 MHz, 2 dBm
20
433 MHz, −8 dBm
13
mA
1. Low power mode requires reprogramming of the device reference current (REF_I) as well as the synthesizer VCO current (VCO_I) and there
are trade−offs with the lowest achievable power supply value as well as with sensitivity. Sensitivities and operating conditions in this
data−sheet do not refer to low power mode.
Table 4. LOGIC
Symbol
Description
Condition
Min
Typ
Max
Units
Digital Inputs
VT+
Schmitt trigger low to high threshold point
1.9
VT−
Schmitt trigger high to low threshold point
1.2
VIL
Input voltage, low
VIH
Input voltage, high
IL
Input leakage current
V
V
0.8
2
−10
V
V
10
mA
Digital Outputs
IOH
Output Current, high
VOH = 2.1 V
IOL
Output Current, low
VOL = 0.4 V
IOZ
Tri−state output leakage current
4
4
−10
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6
mA
mA
10
mA
AX5042
AC Characteristics
Table 5. CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR
Symbol
Description
Condition
Min
Typ
Max
Units
fosc
Crystal frequency
(Note 1)
16
MHz
gmosc
Transconductance oscillator
XTALOSCGM = 0000
1
mS
XTALOSCGM = 0001
2
XTALOSCGM = 0010 default
3
XTALOSCGM = 0011
4
XTALOSCGM = 0100
5
fext
External clock input
RINosc
Input impedance
CINosc
Input capacitance
XTALOSCGM = 0101
6
XTALOSCGM = 0110
6.5
XTALOSCGM = 0111
7
XTALOSCGM = 1000
7.5
XTALOSCGM = 1001
8
XTALOSCGM = 1010
8.5
XTALOSCGM = 1011
9
XTALOSCGM = 1100
9.5
XTALOSCGM = 1101
10
XTALOSCGM = 1110
10.5
XTALOSCGM = 1111
11
(Note 2)
16
MHz
10
kW
4
pF
1. Tolerances and start−up times will depend on the crystal used. Depending on the RF frequency and channel spacing the IC must be calibrated
to the exact crystal frequency using the readings of the register TRKFREQ
2. External clock should be input via an AC coupling at pin CLK16P with the oscillator powered up
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AX5042
Table 6. RF FREQUENCY GENERATION SUBSYSTEM (SYNTHESIZER)
Symbol
Description
fREF
Reference frequency
frange_hi
Frequency range
frange_low
fRESO
Frequency resolution
BW1
Synthesizer loop bandwidth
BW2
Internal loop filter, pin LPFILT
is unconnected
Condition
Min
Typ
930
MHz
BANDSEL = 1
400
470
MHz
1
Hz
Loop filter configuration: FLT = 01
Charge pump current: PLLCPI = 001
50
BW3
Loop filter configuration: FLT = 11
Charge pump current: PLLCPI = 111
200
BW4
Loop filter configuration: FLT = 10
Charge pump current: PLLCPI = 111
500
Loop filter configuration: FLT = 01
Charge pump current: PLLCPI = 111
15
Loop filter configuration: FLT = 01
Charge pump current: PLLCPI = 001
30
Loop filter configuration: FLT = 11
Charge pump current: PLLCPI = 111
7
Loop filter configuration: FLT = 10
Charge pump current: PLLCPI = 111
3
Loop filter configuration: FLT = 01
Charge pump current: PLLCPI = 111
default
25
Loop filter configuration: FLT = 01
Charge pump current: PLLCPI = 001
50
Loop filter configuration: FLT = 11
Charge pump current: PLLCPI = 111
12
Loop filter configuration: FLT = 10
Charge pump current: PLLCPI = 111
5
Tset2
Tset3
Internal loop filter, pin LPFILT
is unconnected
Tset4
Tstart1
Tstart2
Tstart3
Synthesizer start−up time if
crystal oscillator and
reference are running
Internal loop filter, pin LPFILT
is unconnected
Tstart4
PN1868
PN1433
PN2868
PN2868
Synthesizer phase noise
Loop filter configuration:
FLT = 01
Charge pump current:
PLLCPI = 111
Internal loop filter, pin LPFILT
is unconnected
Synthesizer phase noise
Loop filter configuration:
FLT = 01
Charge pump current:
PLLCPI = 001
Internal loop filter, pin LPFILT
is unconnected
MHz
800
100
Synthesizer settling time for
1 MHz step as typically
required for RX/TX switching
Units
BANDSEL = 0
Loop filter configuration: FLT = 01
Charge pump current: PLLCPI = 111
default
Tset1
Max
16
868 MHz; 50 kHz from carrier
−77
868 MHz; 100 kHz from carrier
−75
868 MHz; 300 kHz from carrier
−85
868 MHz; 2 MHz from carrier
−100
433 MHz; 50 kHz from carrier
−85
433 MHz; 100 kHz from carrier
−80
433 MHz; 300 kHz from carrier
−90
433 MHz; 2 MHz from carrier
−105
868 MHz; 50 kHz from carrier
−65
868 MHz; 100 kHz from carrier
−90
868 MHz; 300 kHz from carrier
−105
868 MHz; 2 MHz from carrier
−110
433 MHz; 50 kHz from carrier
−75
433 MHz; 100 kHz from carrier
−80
433 MHz; 300 kHz from carrier
−93
433 MHz; 2 MHz from carrier
−115
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8
kHz
ms
ms
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
AX5042
Table 7. TRANSMITTER
Symbol
SBR
Description
Condition
Signal bit rate
PTX868
Transmitter power @ 868 MHz
PTX433
Transmitter power @ 433 MHz
2nd
PTX868−harm2
Emission @
PTX868−harm3
Emission @ 3rd harmonic
harmonic
Max
Units
ASK
Min
1
Typ
600
kbps
PSK
10
600
FSK, MSK, OQPSK,
GFSK, GMSK
1
200
TXRNG = 0000
−50
TXRNG = 0001
−14
TXRNG = 0010
−8
TXRNG = 0011
−4
dBm
TXRNG = 0100
−1
TXRNG = 0101
0.5
TXRNG = 0110
2
TXRNG = 0111
3
TXRNG = 1000
4
TXRNG = 1001
5
TXRNG = 1010
6
TXRNG = 1011
7
TXRNG = 1100
8
TXRNG = 1101
8.5
TXRNG = 1110
9
TXRNG = 1111
10
TXRNG = 1111
13.5
dBm
(Note 1)
−50
dBc
−55
1. Additional low−pass filtering was applied to the antenna interface, see section Application Information.
Table 8. RECEIVER
Input Sensitivity in dBm TYP. on SMA Connector of AX_mod_7−3 for BER = 10−3
868 MHz
Datarate [kbps]
ASK
FSK
1.2
−118
−121
433 MHz
PSK
ASK
FSK
−119
−123
PSK
2
−115
−118
−117
−120
10
−111
−114
−117
−113
−116
−119
100
−101
−104
−107
−99
−106
−109
250
−97
−98
−103
−96
−100
−105
600
−93
−99
−99
1. Measured on AX_mod_7−3 at SMA connector with BER measurement tool of AX−EVK software V1.3
2. For all FSK measurements register FREQGAIN = 0x06
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−102
AX5042
Table 9.
Symbol
Description
Condition
802.15.4 (ZigBee)
Min
Typ
Max
Units
−20
dBm
SBR
Signal bit rate
IL
Maximum input level
CP1dB
Input referred compression point
IIP3
Input referred IP3
−25
RSSIR
RSSI control range
85
dB
RSSIS1
RSSI step size
Before digital channel filter;
calculated from register AGCCOUNTER
0.625
dB
RSSIS2
RSSI step size
Behind digital channel filter;
calculated from registers AGCCOUNTER,
TRKAMPL
0.1
dB
SEL868
Adjacent channel suppression
FSK 4.8 kbps; (Notes 1 & 2)
22
dB
2 tones separated by 100 kHz
Alternate channel suppression
Adjacent channel suppression
FSK 12.5 kbps ; (Notes 1 & 3)
FSK 50 kbps; (Notes 1 & 4)
FSK 100 kbps ; (Notes 1 & 5)
IMRR868
Blocking at ± 1 MHz offset
dB
18
dB
16
dB
30
PSK 200 kbps; (Notes 1 & 6)
Alternate channel suppression
BLK868
20
19
Alternate channel suppression
Adjacent channel suppression
dBm
22
Alternate channel suppression
Adjacent channel suppression
−35
22
Alternate channel suppression
Adjacent channel suppression
−99
17
dB
28
FSK 4.8 kbps, (Notes 2 & 7)
43
Blocking at − 2 MHz offset
51
Blocking at ± 10 MHz offset
74
Blocking at ± 100 MHz offset
82
Image rejection
25
dB
dB
1. Interferer/Channel @ BER = 10−3, channel level is +10 dB above the typical sensitivity, the interfering signal is a random data signal (except
PSK200); both channel and interferer are modulated without shaping
2. FSK 4.8 kbps: 868 MHz, 20 kHz channel spacing, 2.4 kHz deviation, programming as recommended in Programming Manual
3. FSK 12.5 kbps: 868 MHz, 50 kHz channel spacing, 6.25 kHz deviation, programming as recommended in Programming Manual
4. FSK 50 kbps: 868 MHz, 200 kHz channel spacing, 25 kHz deviation, programming as recommended in Programming Manual
5. FSK 100 kbps: 868 MHz, 400 kHz channel spacing, 50 kHz deviation , programming as recommended in Programming Manual
6. PSK 200 kbps: 868 MHz, 400 kHz channel spacing, programming as recommended in Programming Manual, interfering signal is a constant
wave
7. Channel/Blocker @ BER = 10−3, channel level is +10 dB above the typical sensitivity, the blocker signal is a constant wave; channel signal
is modulated without shaping, the image frequency lies 2 MHz above the wanted signal
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AX5042
Table 10. SPI TIMING
Symbol
Description
Condition
Min
Typ
Max
Units
Tss
SEL falling edge to CLK rising edge
10
ns
Tsh
CLK falling edge to SEL rising edge
10
ns
Tssd
SEL falling edge to MISO driving
0
10
ns
Tssz
SEL rising edge to MISO high−Z
0
10
ns
Ts
MOSI setup time
10
Th
MOSI hold time
10
Tco
CLK falling edge to MISO output
Tck
CLK period
50
ns
Tcl
CLK low duration
40
ns
Tch
CLK high duration
40
ns
ns
ns
10
ns
For a figure showing the SPI timing parameters see section Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI).
Table 11. WIRE MODE INTERFACE TIMING
Symbol
Description
Condition
Min
Depends on bit
rate programming
Typ
Max
Units
1.6
10,000
ms
Tdck
DCLK period
Tdcl
DCLK low duration
25
75
%
Tdch
DCLK high duration
25
75
%
Tds
DATA setup time relative to active DCLK edge
10
Tdh
DATA hold time relative to active DCLK edge
10
Tdco
DATA output change relative to active DCLK edge
ns
ns
10
For a figure showing the wire mode interface timing parameters see section Wire Mode Interface.
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11
ns
AX5042
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
The receiver supports multi−channel operation for all data
rates and modulation schemes.
The AX5042 is a true single chip low−power CMOS
transceiver primarily for use in SRD bands. The on−chip
transceiver consists of a fully integrated RF front−end with
modulator and demodulator. Base band data processing is
implemented in an advanced and flexible communication
controller that enables user friendly communication via the
SPI interface or in direct wire mode.
AX5042 can be operated from 2.3 V to 2.8 V power
supply over a temperature range from −40°C to 85°C, it
consumes 13 − 37 mA for transmitting depending on data
mode and output power and 17 − 23 mA for receiving.
The AX5042 features make it an ideal interface for
integration into various battery powered SRD solutions such
as ticketing or as transceiver for telemetric applications e.g.
in sensors. As primary application, the transceiver is
intended for UHF radio equipment in accordance with the
European Telecommunication Standard Institute (ETSI)
specification EN 300 220−1 and the US Federal
Communications Commission (FCC) standard CFR47, part
15. The use of AX5042 in accordance to FCC Par 15.247,
allows for improved range in the 915 MHz band.
Additionally AX5042 is compatible with the low frequency
standards of 802.15.4 (ZigBee).
The AX5042 can be operated in two fundamentally
different modes.
In wire mode the IC behaves as an extension of any wire.
The internal communication controller is disabled and the
modem data is directly available on a dedicated pin (DATA).
The bit clock is also output on a dedicated pin (DCLK). In
this mode the user can connect the data pin to any port of a
micro−controller or to a UART, but has to control coding,
checksums, pre and post ambles. The user can choose
between synchronous and asynchronous wire mode,
asynchronous wire mode performs RS232 start bit
recognition and re−synchronization for transmit.
In frame mode data is sent and received via the SPI port
in frames. Pre− and postambles as well as checksums can be
generated automatically. Interrupts control the data flow
between a micro−controller and the AX5042.
Both modes can be used both for transmit and receive. In
both cases the AX5042 behaves as a SPI slave interface.
Configuration of the AX5042 is always done via the SPI
interface.
AX5042 supports any data rate from 1.2 kbps to 250 kbps
for FSK, GFSK, GMSK , MSK and from 2 kbps to 600 kbps
for ASK and PSK. To achieve optimum performance for
specific data rates and modulation schemes several register
settings to configure the AX5042 are necessary, they are
outlined in the following, for details see the AX5042
Programming Manual.
Spreading and despreading is possible on all data rates and
modulation schemes. The net transfer rate is reduced by a
factor of 15 in this case. For 802.15.4 either 600 or 300 kbps
modes have to be chosen.
Crystal Oscillator
The on−chip crystal oscillator allows the use of an
inexpensive quartz crystal as the RF generation subsystem’s
timing reference. Although a wider range of crystal
frequencies can be handled by the crystal oscillator circuit,
it is recommended to use 16 MHz as reference frequency
since this choice allows all the typical SRD band RF
frequencies to be generated.
The oscillator circuit is enabled by programming the
PWRMODE register. After reset the oscillator is enabled.
To adjust the circuit’s characteristics to the quartz crystal
being used without using additional external components
the transconductance of the crystal oscillator can be
programmed.
The transconductance is programmed via register bits
XTALOSCGM[3:0] in register XTALOSC.
The recommended method to synchronize the receiver
frequency to a carrier signal is to make use of the high
resolution RF frequency generation subsystem together
with the Automatic Frequency Control, both are described
further down.
Alternatively a single ended reference (TXCO, CXO)
may be used. The CMOS levels should be applied to pin
CLK16P via an AC coupling with the crystal oscillator
enabled.
SYSCLK Output
The SYSCLK pin outputs the reference clock signal
divided by a programmable integer. Divisions from 1 to
2048 are possible. For divider ratios > 1 the duty cycle is
50%. Bits SYSCLK[3:0] in the PINCFG1 register set the
divider ratio. The SYSCLK output can be disabled.
Outputting a frequency that is identical to the IF frequency
(default 1 MHz) on the SYSCLK pin is not recommended
during receive operation, since it requires extensive
decoupling on the PCB to avoid interference.
PWRUP Input
The PWRUP pin disables all analog blocks when it is
pulled low. If the pin is pulled high, then the power−up state
of the analog blocks can be handled fully in software by
programming register PWRMODE. It is recommended to
connect PWRUP to VDD.
RESET_N Input
The AX5042 can be reset in two ways:
1. By SPI accesses: the bit RST in the PWRMODE
register is toggled.
2. Via the RESET_N pin: A low pulse is applied at
the RESET_N pin. With the rising edge of
RESET_N the device goes into its operational
state.
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AX5042
The synthesizer loop bandwidth can be programmed, this
serves three purposes:
1. Start−up time optimization, start−up is faster for
higher synthesizer loop bandwidths.
2. TX spectrum optimization, phase−noise at
300 kHz to 1 MHz distance from the carrier
improves with lower synthesizer loop bandwidths.
3. Adaptation of the bandwidth to the data−rate. For
transmission of FSK, GFSK and MSK it is
required that the synthesizer bandwidth must be in
the order of the data−rate.
A reset must be applied after power−up. It is safe to
perform this power−on reset using a SPI access, so using the
RESET_N pin is strictly optional. If the RESET_N pin is not
used it must be tied to VDD.
DATA Input/Output and DCLK Output
The DATA input/output pin is used for data transfer from
and to AX5042 in wire mode.
The transfer direction of data is set by programming the
PWRMODE register or by the level applied to the pin
IRQ_TXEN (1 = TX, then DATA is an input pin; 0 = RX,
then DATA is an output pin).
The DCLK output pin supplies the corresponding data
clock which depends on the data−rate settings programmed
to AX5042. In synchronous wire mode a connected
micro−controller must receive or supply data on the DATA
pin synchronous to the clock available the DCLK pin. In
asynchronous wire mode, the receive/transmit clock is still
available on the DCLK pin, but its usage is optional.
If frame mode is used for data communication, the pins
DCLK and DATA can optionally be used as general purpose
I/O pins.
VCO
An on−chip VCO converts the control voltage generated
by the charge pump and loop filter into an output frequency.
This frequency is used for transmit as well as for receive
operation. The frequency can be programmed in 1 Hz steps
in the FREQ registers. For operation in the 433 MHz band,
the BANDSEL bit in the PLLLOOP register must be
programmed.
VCO Auto−Ranging
The AX5042 has an integrated auto−ranging function,
which allows to set the correct VCO range for specific
frequency generation subsystem settings automatically.
Typically it has to be executed after power−up. The function
is initiated by setting the RNG_START bit in the
PLLRANGING register. The bit is readable and a 0 indicates
the end of the ranging process. If the bit RNGERR is 0, then
the auto−ranging has been executed successfully.
RF Frequency Generation Subsystem
The RF frequency generation subsystem consists of a
fully integrated synthesizer, which multiplies the reference
frequency from the crystal oscillator to get the desired RF
frequency. The advanced architecture of the synthesizer
enables frequency resolutions of 1 Hz, as well as fast settling
times of 5 – 50 ms depending on the settings (see section:
AC Characteristics). Fast settling times mean fast start−up,
which enables low−power system design.
For receive operation the RF frequency is fed to the mixer,
for transmit operation to the power−amplifier.
The frequency must be programmed to the desired carrier
frequency. The RF frequency shift by the IF frequency that
is required for RX operation, is automatically set when the
receiver is activated and does not need to be programmed by
the user. The default IF frequency is 1 MHz. It can be
programmed to other values. Changing the IF frequency and
thus the center frequency of the digital channel filter can be
used to adapt the blocking performance of the device to
specific system requirements.
Loop Filter and Charge Pump
The AX5042 internal loop filter configuration together
with the charge pump current sets the synthesizer loop band
width. The loop−filter has three configurations that can be
programmed via the register bits FLT[1:0] in register
PLLLOOP, the charge pump current can be programmed
using register bits PLLCPI[2:0] also in register PLLLOOP.
Synthesizer bandwidths are typically 50 – 500 kHz
depending on the PLLLOOP settings, for details see the
section: AC Characteristics.
Registers
Table 12. REGISTERS
Register
PLLLOOP
Bits
Purpose
FLT[1:0]
Synthesizer loop filter bandwidth, recommended usage is to increase the bandwidth for faster
settling time, bandwidth increases of factor 2 and 5 are possible.
PLLCPI[2:0]
Synthesizer charge pump current, recommended usage is to decrease the bandwidth (and
improve the phase−noise) for low data−rate transmissions.
BANDSEL
Switches between 868 MHz / 915 MHz and 433 MHz bands
FREQ
Programming of the carrier frequency
IFFREQHI, IFFREQLO
Programming of the IF frequency
PLLRANGING
Initiate VCO auto−ranging and check results
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13
AX5042
RF Input and Output Stage (ANTP/ANTN)
Analog IF Filter
The AX5042 uses fully differential antenna pins. RX/TX
switching is handled internally, an external RX/TX switch
is not required.
The mixer is followed by a complex band−pass IF filter,
which suppresses the down−mixed image while the wanted
signal is amplified. The centre frequency of the filter is
1 MHz, with a passband width of 1 MHz. The RF frequency
generation subsystem must be programmed in such a way
that for all possible modulation schemes the IF frequency
spectrum fits into the passband of the analog filter.
LNA
The LNA amplifies the differential RF signal from the
antenna and buffers it to drive the I/Q mixer. An external
matching network is used to adapt the antenna impedance to
the IC impedance. A DC feed to the supply voltage VDD
must be provided at the antenna pins. For recommendations
see section: Application Information.
Digital IF Channel Filter and Demodulator
The digital IF channel filter and the demodulator extract
the data bit−stream from the incoming IF signal. They must
be programmed to match the modulation scheme as well as
the bit rate. Inaccurate programming will lead to loss of
sensitivity.
The channel filter offers bandwidths of 4.8 kHz up to
600 kHz. Data−rates down to 1.2 kbit/s can be demodulated,
but sensitivities will not increase significantly vs. 4.8 kbit/s.
For detailed instructions how to program the digital
channel filter and the demodulator see the AX5042
Programming Manual, an overview of the registers involved
is given in the following table. The register setups typically
must be done once at power−up of the device.
I/Q Mixer
The RF signal from the LNA is mixed down to an IF of
typically 1 MHz. I− and Q−IF signals are buffered for the
analog IF filter.
PA
In TX mode the PA drives the signal generated by the
frequency generation subsystem out to the differential
antenna terminals. The output power of the PA is
programmed via bits TXRNG[3:0] in the register TXPWR.
Output power as well as harmonic content will depend on the
external impedance seen by the PA, recommendations are
given in the section: Application Information.
Table 13. REGISTERS
Register
Remarks
CICDECHI, CICDECLO
This register programs the bandwidth of the digital channel filter.
DATARATEHI, DATARATELO
These registers specify the receiver bit rate, relative to the channel filter bandwidth.
TMGGAINHI, TMGGAINLO
These registers specify the aggressiveness of the receiver bit timing recovery. More aggressive
settings allow the receiver to synchronize with shorter preambles, at the expense of more timing
jitter and thus a higher bit error rate at a given signal−to−noise ratio.
MODULATION
This register selects the modulation to be used by the transmitter and the receiver, i.e. whether
ASK, PSK , FSK, MSK, GFSK, GMSK or OQPSK should be used.
PHASEGAIN, FREQGAIN,
FREQGAIN2, AMPLGAIN
These registers control the bandwidth of the phase, frequency offset and amplitude tracking loops.
Recommended settings are provided in the Programming Manual.
AGCATTACK, AGCDECAY
These registers control the AGC (automatic gain control) loop slopes, and thus the speed of gain
adjustments. The faster the bit rate, the faster the AGC loop should be. Recommended settings
are provided in the Programming Manual.
TXRATE
These registers control the bit rate of the transmitter.
FSKDEV
These registers control the frequency deviation of the transmitter in FSK mode. The receiver does
not explicitly need to know the frequency deviation, only the channel filter bandwidth has to be set
wide enough for the complete modulation to pass.
Encoder
The encoder is located between the Framing Unit, the
Demodulator and the Modulator. It can optionally transform
the bit−stream in the following ways:
• It can invert the bit stream.
• It can perform differential encoding. This means that a
zero is transmitted as no change in the level, and a one
is transmitted as a change in the level. Differential
encoding is useful for PSK, because PSK transmissions
can be received either as transmitted or inverted, due to
•
•
the uncertainty of the initial phase. Differential
encoding / decoding removes this uncertainty.
It can perform Manchester encoding. Manchester
encoding ensures that the modulation has no DC
content and enough transitions (changes from 0 to 1 and
from 1 to 0) for the demodulator bit timing recovery to
function correctly, but does so at a doubling of the data
rate.
It can perform Spectral Shaping. Spectral Shaping
removes DC content of the bit stream, ensures
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14
AX5042
The FIFO can be operated in polled or interrupt driven
modes. In polled mode, the micro−controller must
periodically read the FIFO status register or the FIFO count
register to determine whether the FIFO needs servicing.
In interrupt mode EMPTY, NOT EMPTY, FULL, NOT
FULL and programmable level interrupts are provided. The
AX5042 signals interrupts by asserting (driving high) its
IRQ_TXEN line. The interrupt line is level triggered, active
high. The IRQ line polarity can be inverted by programming
register PINCFG2. Interrupts are acknowledged by
removing the cause for the interrupt, i.e. by emptying or
filling the FIFO.
Basic FIFO status (EMPTY, FULL, Overrun, Underrun,
and the top two bits of the top FIFO word) are also provided
during each SPI access on MISO while the micro−controller
shifts out the register address on MOSI. See the SPI interface
section for details. This feature significantly reduces the
number of SPI accesses necessary during transmit and
receive.
transitions for the demodulator bit timing recovery, and
makes sure that the transmitted spectrum does not have
discrete lines even if the transmitted data is cyclic. It
does so without adding additional bits, i.e. without
changing the data rate. Spectral Shaping uses a self
synchronizing feedback shift register.
The encoder is programmed using the register
ENCODING, details and recommendations on usage are
given in the AX5042 Programming Manual.
Framing and FIFO
Most radio systems today group data into packets. The
framing unit is responsible for converting these packets into
a bit−stream suitable for the modulator, and to extract
packets from the continuous bit−stream arriving from the
demodulator.
The Framing unit supports three different modes:
• HDLC
• Raw
• 802.15.4 Compliant
HDLC Mode
NOTE: HDLC mode follows High−Level Data Link
Control (HDLC, ISO 13239) protocol.
HDLC Mode is the main framing mode of the AX5042. In
this mode, the AX5042 performs automatic packet
delimiting, and optional packet correctness check by
inserting and checking a cyclic redundancy check (CRC)
field.
The packet structure is given in the following table.
The micro−controller communicates with the framing
unit through a 3 level × 10 bit FIFO. The FIFO decouples
micro−controller timing from the radio (modulator and
demodulator) timing. The bottom 8 bit of the FIFO contain
transmit or receive data. The top 2 bit are used to convey
meta information in HDLC and 802.15.4 modes. They are
unused in Raw mode. The meta information consists of
packet begin / end information and the result of CRC checks.
The AX5042 contains one FIFO. Its direction is switched
depending on whether transmit or receive mode is selected.
Table 14.
Flag
Address
Control
Information
FCS
(Optional Flag)
8 bit
8 bit
8 or 16 bit
Variable length, 0 or more bits in multiples of 8
16 / 32 bit
8 bit
HDLC packets are delimited with flag sequences of
content 0x7E.
In AX5042 the meaning of address and control is user
defined. The Frame Check Sequence (FCS) can be
programmed to be CRC−CCITT, CRC−16 or CRC−32.
The receiver checks the CRC, the result can be retrieved
from the FIFO, the CRC is appended to the received data.
For details on implementing a HDLC communication see
the AX5042 Programming Manual.
802.15.4 (ZigBee) DSSS
802.15.4 uses binary phase shift keying (PSK) with
300 kbit/s (868 MHz band) or 600 kbit/s (915 MHz band) on
the radio. The usable bit rate is only a 15th of the radio bit
rate, however. A spreading function in the transmitter
expands the user bit rate by a factor of 15, to make the
transmission more robust. The despreader function of the
receiver undoes that.
In 802.15.4 mode, the AX5042 framing unit performs the
spreading and despreading function according to the
802.15.4 specification. In receive mode, the framing unit
will also automatically search for the 802.15.4 preamble,
meaning that no interrupts will have to be serviced by the
micro−controller until a packet start is detected.
The 802.15.4 is a universal DSSS mode, which can be
used with any modulation or data rate as long as it does not
violate the maximum data rate of the modulation being used.
Therefore the maximum DSSS data rate is 16 kbps for FSK
and 40 kbps for ASK and PSK.
Raw Mode
In Raw mode, the AX5042 does not perform any packet
delimiting or byte synchronization. It simply serialises
transmit bytes and de−serializes the received bit−stream and
groups it into bytes.
This mode is ideal for implementing legacy protocols in
software.
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15
AX5042
RX AGC and RSSI
information in the TRKAMPL register. By
combining both the AGCCOUNTER and the
TRKAMPL registers, a high resolution (better than
0.1 dB) RSSI value can be computed at the
expense of a few arithmetic operations on the
micro−controller. Formulas for this computation
can be found in the AX5042 Programming
Manual.
AX5042 features two receiver signal strength indicators
(RSSI):
1. RSSI before the digital IF channel filter.
The gain of the receiver is adjusted in order to
keep the analog IF filter output level inside the
working range of the ADC and demodulator. The
register AGCCOUNTER contains the current
value of the AGC and can be used as an RSSI. The
step size of this RSSI is 0.625 dB. The value can
be used as soon as the RF frequency generation
sub−system has been programmed.
2. RSSI behind the digital IF channel filter.
The demodulator also provides amplitude
Modulator
Depending on the transmitter settings the modulator
generates various inputs for the PA (see Table 15):
Table 15.
Modulation
Bit = 0
Bit = 1
Main Lobe Bandwidth
Max. Bit Rate
ASK
PA off
PA on
BW = BITRATE
600 kBit/s
FSK/MSK/GFSK
Df = −fdeviation
Df = +fdeviation
BW = (1 + h) ⋅BITRATE
250 kBit/s
PSK
DF = 0°
DF = 180°
BW = BITRATE
600 kBit/s
OQPSK = offset quadrature shift keying. The AX5042
supports OQPSK. However, unless
compatibility to an existing system is required,
MSK should be preferred.
h
= modulation index. It is the ratio of the
deviation compared to the bit−rate;
fdeviation = 0.5⋅h⋅BITRATE, AX5042 can
demodulate signals with h < 4
ASK
= amplitude shift keying
FSK
= frequency shift keying
MSK
= minimum shift keying; MSK is a special case
of FSK, where h = 0.5, and therefore
fdeviation = 0.25⋅BITRATE; the advantage of
MSK over FSK is that it can be demodulated
more robustly.
GFSK = gaussian frequency shift keying, same as FSK
but shaped, BT = 0.3
GMSK = GFSK with h = 0.5
PSK
= phase shift keying
All modulation schemes are binary.
Automatic Frequency Control (AFC)
The AX5042 has a frequency tracking register
TRKFREQ to synchronize the receiver frequency to a
carrier signal. For AFC adjustment, the frequency offset can
be computed with the following formula:
Df +
TRKFREQ
@ BITRATE
2 16
PWRMODE Register
The operation sequencies of the chip can be controlled
using the PWRMODE and APEOVER registers.
Table 16. PWRMODE REGISTER
PWRMODE
Register
APEOVER
Register
0x00
0x80
0x60
Name
Description
Typical Idd
POWERDOWN
All digital and analog functions, except the register file, are disabled.
SPI registers are still accessible.
0.5 mA
0x00
STANDBY
The crystal oscillator is powered on; receiver and transmitter are off.
650 mA
0x00
PWRUPPIN
The mode is determined by the state of the PWRUP and IRQ_TXEN
pins.
PWRUP = 0: Same function as POWERDOWN
PWRUP = 1, IRQ_TXEN = 0: Same function as FULLRX
PWRUP = 1, IRQ_TXEN = 1: Same function as FULLTX
0.5 mA
17 − 21 mA
13 − 37 mA
0x00
0x61
0x01
0x68
0x00
SYNTHRX
The synthesizer is running on the receive frequency. Transmitter and
receiver are still off. This mode is used to let the synthesizer settle
on the correct frequency for receive.
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16
12 mA
AX5042
Table 16. PWRMODE REGISTER
PWRMODE
Register
APEOVER
Register
0x69
0x00
FULLRX
Synthesizer and receiver are running
0x6C
0x00
SYNTHTX
The synthesizer is running on the transmit frequency. Transmitter
and receiver are still off. This mode is used to let the synthesizer
settle on the correct frequency for transmit.
0x6D
0x00
FULLTX
Synthesizer and transmitter are running. Do not switch into this
mode before the synthesizer has completely settled on the transmit
frequency (in SYNTHTX mode), otherwise spurious spectral
transmissions will occur.
Name
Description
Typical Idd
17 − 21 mA
11 mA
13 − 37 mA
Table 17. A TYPICAL PWRMODE AND APEOVER SEQUENCE FOR A TRANSMIT SESSION
PWRMODE
APEOVER
Step
Remarks
1
POWERDOWN
2
STANDBY
The settling time is dominated by the crystal used, typical value 3 ms.
3
SYNTHTX
The synthesizer settling time is 5 – 50 ms depending on settings, see section AC Characteristics
4
FULLTX
Data transmission
5
POWERDOWN
Table 18. A TYPICAL PWRMODE AND APEOVER SEQUENCE FOR A RECEIVE SESSION
PWRMODE
APEOVER
Step
Remarks
1
POWERDOWN
2
STANDBY
The settling time is dominated by the crystal used, typical value 3 ms.
3
SYNTHRX
The synthesizer settling time is 5 – 50 ms depending on settings, see section AC Characteristics
4
FULLRX
Data reception
5
POWERDOWN
Serial Peripheral Interface
Figure 3 shows a write/read access to the interface. The
data stream is built of an address byte including read/write
information and a data byte. Depending on the R_N/W bit
and address bits A[6..0] the data D[7..0] can be written via
MOSI or read at the pin MISO.
R_N/W = 0 means read mode, R_N/W = 1 means write
mode.
The read sequence starts with 7 bits of status information
S[6..0] followed by 8 data bits.
The status bits contain the following information:
The AX5042 can be programmed via a four wire serial
interface according SPI using the pins CLK, MOSI, MISO
and SEL. Registers for setting up the AX5042 are
programmed via the serial peripheral interface in all device
modes.
When the interface signal SEL is pulled low, a 16 bit
configuration data stream is expected on the input signal pin
MOSI, which is interpreted as D0...D7, A0...A6, R_N/W.
Data read from the interface appears on MISO.
Table 19.
S6
S5
S4
S3
S2
S1
S0
PLL LOCK
FIFO OVER
FIFO UNDER
FIFO FULL
FIFO EMPTY
FIFOSTAT(1)
FIFOSTAT(0)
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17
AX5042
SPI Timing
Tss
Tck TchTcl
Tsh
Ts Th
SS
SCK
MOSI
R/ W
MISO
A6
A5
A4
A3
A2
A1
A0
D7
D6
D5
D4
D3
D2
D1
D0
S6
S5
S4
S3
S2
S1
S0
D7
D6
D5
D4
D3
D2
D1
D0
Tssd
Tco
Tssz
Figure 3. Serial Peripheral Interface Timing
Wire Mode Interface
Setting the bit DCLKI in register PINCFG2 inverts the
DCLK signal.
In asynchronous wire mode, a low voltage RS232 type
UART can be connected to DATA. DCLK is optional in this
mode. The UART must be programmed to send two stop
bits, but must be able to accept only one stop bit. Both the
UART data rate and the AX5042 transmit and receive bit
rate must match. The AX5042 synchronizes the RS232
signal to its internal transmission clock, by inserting or
deleting a stop bit.
Registers for setting up the AX5042 are programmed via
the serial peripheral interface (SPI).
In wire mode the transmitted or received data are
transferred from and to the AX5042 using the pins DATA
and DCLK. DATA is an input when transmitting and an
output when receiving.
The direction can be chosen by programming the
PWRMODE register (recommended), or by using the
IRQ_TXEN pin.
Wire mode offers two variants: synchronous or
asynchronous.
In synchronous wire mode the, the AX5042 always drives
DCLK. Transmit data must be applied to DATA
synchronously to DCLK, and receive data must be sampled
synchronously to DCLK. Timing is given in Figure 4.
Wire Mode Timing
Tdck Tdch Tdcl
Tdh
DCLK (DCLKI=0)
DCLK (DCLKI=1)
DATA (TX)
DATA (RX)
Tdco
Figure 4. Wire Mode Interface Timing
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18
AX5042
REGISTER BANK DESCRIPTION
This section describes the bits of the register bank in
detail. The registers are grouped by functional block to
facilitate programming.
No checks are made whether the programmed
combination of bits makes sense! Bit 0 is always the LSB.
NOTES: Whole registers or register bits marked as
reserved should be kept at their default values.
All addresses not documented here must not be
accessed, neither in reading nor in writing.
Table 20. CONTROL REGISTER MAP
Bit
Addr
Name
Dir
7
Reset
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Description
Revision & Interface Probing
0
REVISION
R
00000010
SILICONREV(7:0)
Silicon Revision
1
SCRATCH
RW
11000101
SCRATCH(7:0)
Scratch Register
Operating Mode
2
PWRMODE
RW
011−0000
RST
REFEN
XOEN
−
PWRMODE(3:0)
Power Mode
3
XTALOSC
RW
−−−−0010
−
−
−
−
XTALOSCGM(3:0)
GM of Crystal
Oscillator
4
FIFOCTRL
RW
−−−−−−11
FIFOSTAT(1:0)
FIFO
OVER
FIFO
UNDER
FIFO
FULL
5
FIFODATA
RW
−−−−−−−−
FIFODATA(7:0)
FIFO
FIFO
EMPTY
FIFOCMD(1:0)
FIFO Control
FIFO Data
Interrupt Control
6
IRQMASK
RW
−−−−0000
−
−
−
−
IRQMASK(3:0)
IRQ Mask
7
IRQREQUEST
R
−−−−−−−−
−
−
−
−
IRQREQUEST(3:0)
IRQ Request
Interface & Pin Control
8
IFMODE
RW
−−−−0011
−
−
−
−
IFMODE(3:0)
Interface Mode
0C
PINCFG1
RW
11111000
DATAZ
DCLKZ
IRQ_TXENZ
PWRUPZ
SYSCLK(3:0)
Pin Configuration 1
0D
PINCFG2
RW
00000000
DATAE
DCLKE
PWRUP_IRQ_TXENE
0E
PINCFG3
R
−−−−−−−−
−
−
−
SYSCLKR DATAR
0F
IRQINVERSION RW
−−−−0000
−
−
−
−
IRQINVERSION(3:0)
IRQ Inversion
Modulation
DATAI
DCLKI
IRQPTTI
DCLKR
IRQPTTR PWRUPR
PWRUPI Pin Configuration 2
Pin Configuration 3
Modulation & Framing
10
MODULATION
RW
−−−−0010
−
−
−
−
MODULATION(3:0)
11
ENCODING
RW
−−−−0010
−
−
−
−
ENC
MANCH
12
FRAMING
RW
−0000000
−
HSUPP
CRCMODE(1:0)
14
CRCINIT3
RW
11111111
CRCINIT(31:24)
CRC Initialisation
Data
15
CRCINIT2
RW
11111111
CRCINIT(23:16)
CRC Initialisation
Data
16
CRCINIT1
RW
11111111
CRCINIT(15:8)
CRC Initialisation
Data
17
CRCINIT0
RW
11111111
CRCINIT(7:0)
CRC Initialisation
Data
ENC
SCRAM
FRMMODE(2:0)
ENC
DIFF
ENC INV Encoder/Decoder
Settings
FABORT Framing settings
Synthesizer
20
FREQ3
RW
00111001
FREQ(31:24)
Synthesizer
Frequency
21
FREQ2
RW
00110100
FREQ(23:16)
Synthesizer
Frequency
22
FREQ1
RW
11001100
FREQ(15:8)
Synthesizer
Frequency
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19
AX5042
Table 20. CONTROL REGISTER MAP
Bit
Addr
Name
Dir
Reset
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Description
23
FREQ0
RW
11001101
FREQ(7:0)
Synthesizer
Frequency
25
FSKDEV2
RW
00000010
FSKDEV(23:16)
FSK Frequency
Deviation
26
FSKDEV1
RW
01100110
FSKDEV(15:8)
FSK Frequency
Deviation
27
FSKDEV0
RW
01100110
FSKDEV(7:0)
FSK Frequency
Deviation
28
IFFREQHI
RW
00100000
IFFREQ(15:8)
2nd LO / IF
Frequency
29
IFFREQLO
RW
00000000
IFFREQ(7:0)
2nd LO / IF
Frequency
2C
PLLLOOP
RW
−0011101
−
Reserved BANDSEL
PLLCPI(2:0)
2D
PLLRANGING
RW
−−−01000
STICKY
LOCK
PLL
LOCK
RNGERR
RNG
START
VCOR(3:0)
Synthesizer VCO
Auto−Ranging
–
–
–
TXRNG(3:0)
Transmit Power
FLT(1:0)
Synthesizer Loop
Filter Settings
Transmitter
30
TXPWR
RW
−−−−1000
–
31
TXRATEHI
RW
00001001
TXRATE(23:16)
Transmitter Bit
Rate
32
TXRATEMID
RW
10011001
TXRATE(15:8)
Transmitter Bit
Rate
33
TXRATELO
RW
10011010
TXRATE(7:0)
Transmitter Bit
Rate
34
MODMISC
RW
––––––11
–
–
–
–
–
–
AGCTARGET(4:0)
AGC Target
Must be set to
0x0E
AGCATTACK(4:0)
AGC Attack
AGCDECAY(4:0)
AGC Decay
–
–
reserved
PTTCLK
GATE
Misc RF Flags
Receiver
39
AGCTARGET
RW
–––01010
–
3A
AGCATTACK
RW
00010110
reserved
3B
AGCDECAY
RW
0–010011
reserved –
3C
AGCCOUNTER R
––––––––
AGCCOUNTER(7:0)
3D
CICshift
R
−−000100
–
–
reserved
CICSHIFT(4:0)
3E
CICDECHI
RW
––––––00
–
–
–
–
3F
CICDECLO
RW
00000100
CICDEC(7:0)
CIC Decimation
Factor
40
DATARATEHI
RW
00011010
DATARATE(15:8)
Data rate
41
DATARATELO
RW
10101011
DATARATE(7:0)
Data rate
42
TMGGAINHI
RW
00000000
TIMINGGAIN(15:8)
Timing Gain
43
TMGGAINLO
RW
11010101
TIMINGGAIN(7:0)
44
PHASEGAIN
RW
00––0011
reserved
45
FREQGAIN
RW
––––1010
–
46
FREQGAIN2
RW
––––1010
–
47
AMPLGAIN
RW
–––00110
–
48
TRKAMPLHI
R
––––––––
TRKAMPL(15:8)
Amplitude Tracking
49
TRKAMPLLO
R
––––––––
TRKAMPL(7:0)
Amplitude Tracking
4A
TRKPHASEHI
R
––––––––
–
4B
TRKPHASELO
R
––––––––
TRKPHASE(7:0)
reserved
AGC Current
Value
–
CIC Shifter
–
CICDEC(9:8)
CIC Decimation
Factor
Timing Gain
–
–
PHASEGAIN(3:0)
Phase Gain
–
–
–
FREQGAIN(3:0)
Frequency Gain
–
–
–
FREQGAIN2(3:0)
Frequency Gain 2
–
–
reserved
AMPLGAIN(3:0)
Amplitude Gain
–
–
–
TRKPHASE(11:8)
Phase Tracking
Phase Tracking
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20
AX5042
Table 20. CONTROL REGISTER MAP
Bit
Addr
Name
Dir
7
Reset
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Description
4C
TRKFREQHI
R
––––––––
TRKFREQ(15:8)
Frequency
Tracking
4D
TRKFREQLO
R
––––––––
TRKFREQ(7:0)
Frequency
Tracking
Misc
70
APEOVER
R
00000000
APEOVER OSCAPE
REFAPE
72
PLLVCOI
RW
−−000100
−
reserved
74
PLLRNG
RW
00−−−000
reserved
7C
REF
RW
−−100011
−
−
reserved
7D
RXMISC
RW
−−110110
−
−
reserved
−
−
reserved
−
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21
APE Overrride
VCO_I(2:0)
−
reserved
Synthesizer VCO
current
Leave at default
PLLARNG
REF_I(2:0)
RXIMIX(1:0)
Auto−ranging
internal settings
PLLARNG must
be set to 1
Reference adjust
Leave at default
Misc RF settings
RXIMIX(1:0) must
be set to 01
AX5042
APPLICATION INFORMATION
Typical Application Diagram
GND
GND
VDD
N1
DCLK
VDD
VDD
GND
IRQ_TXEN
AX5042
ANTP
ANTN
MOSI
SEL
SYSCLK
GND
RESET_N
CLK
N3
MISO
VDD
N2
GND
DATA
GND
LPFILT
VDD
TO/FROM MICRO −CONTROLLER
GND
PWRUP
VDD
N5
N4
CLK16P
CLK16N
ANTENNA
GND
Figure 5. Typical Application Diagram
Decoupling capacitors are not drawn. It is recommended
to add 100 nF decoupling capacitor for every VDD pin. In
order to reduce noise on the antenna inputs it is
recommended to add 27 pF on the VDD pins close to the
antenna interface.
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22
AX5042
Antenna Interface Circuitry
The ANTP and ANTN pins provide RF input to the LNA
when AX5042 is in receive mode, and RF output from the
PA when AX5042 is in transmit mode. A small antenna can
be connected with an optional matching network. The
network must provide DC power to the PA and LNA. A
biasing to VDD is necessary.
Beside biasing and impedance matching, the proposed
networks also provide low pass filtering to limit spurious
emission.
Single−ended Antenna Interface
VREG
LC1
CC1
CB1
CM1
LT1
CT1
LB2
LF1
CF1
IC Antenna
Pins
LT2
LC2
CT2
CC2
CF2
50 W single−ended
equipment or
antenna
CB2
CM2
LB1
Optional filter stage
to suppress TX
harmonics
VREG
Figure 6. Structure of the Antenna Interface to 50 W Single−ended Equipment or Antenna
Table 21.
Frequency Band
LC1,2
[nH]
CC1,2
[pF]
LT1,2
[nH]
CT1,2
[pF]
CM1,2
[pF]
LB1,2
[nH]
CB1,2
[pF]
LF1
[nH]
CF1,2
[pF]
868 / 915 MHz
68
NC
12
18
2.4
12
2.7
0W
NC
433 MHz
120
1.5
39
7.5
6.0
27
5.2
0W
NC
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23
AX5042
QFN28 PACKAGE INFORMATION
QFN28 5x5, 0.5P
CASE 485EF
ISSUE A
PIN ONE
REFERENCE
ÉÉ
ÉÉ
A
D
NOTES:
1. DIMENSIONS AND TOLERANCING PER
ASME Y14.5M, 1994.
2. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: MILLIMETERS.
3. DIMENSION b APPLIES TO PLATED
TERMINAL AND IS MEASURED BETWEEN
0.15 AND 0.30MM FROM THE TERMINAL TIP.
4. COPLANARITY APPLIES TO THE EXPOSED
PAD AS WELL AS THE TERMINALS.
L
L
B
L1
DETAIL A
ALTERNATE TERMINAL
CONSTRUCTIONS
E
DIM
A
A1
A3
b
D
D2
E
E2
e
L
L1
0.15 C
0.15 C
EXPOSED Cu
A
DETAIL B
0.10 C
(A3)
A1
0.08 C
C
SIDE VIEW
NOTE 4
DETAIL A
8
28X
ÉÉ
ÇÇ
ÇÇ
TOP VIEW
MOLD CMPD
DETAIL B
ALTERNATE
CONSTRUCTION
MILLIMETERS
MIN
MAX
0.80
1.00
0.00
0.05
0.20 REF
0.18
0.30
5.00 BSC
3.45
3.75
5.00 BSC
3.45
3.75
0.50 BSC
0.35
0.45
−−−
0.15
SEATING
PLANE
RECOMMENDED
SOLDERING FOOTPRINT*
D2
5.30
15
L
28X
0.60
3.80
E2
1
1
28
22
e
BOTTOM VIEW
28X
3.80 5.30
b
0.10
M
C A B
0.05
M
C
NOTE 3
0.50
PITCH
28X
0.32
DIMENSION: MILLIMETERS
*For additional information on our Pb−Free strategy and soldering
details, please download the ON Semiconductor Soldering and
Mounting Techniques Reference Manual, SOLDERRM/D.
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24
AX5042
QFN28 Soldering Profile
Preheat
Reflow
Cooling
tP
TP
Temperature
TL
tL
TsMAX
TsMIN
ts
25°C
T25°C to Peak
Time
Figure 7. QFN28 Soldering Profile
Table 22.
Profile Feature
Pb−Free Process
Average Ramp−Up Rate
3°C/s max.
Preheat Preheat
Temperature Min
TsMIN
150°C
Temperature Max
TsMAX
200°C
Time (TsMIN to TsMAX)
ts
60 – 180 sec
Time 25°C to Peak Temperature
T25°C to Peak
8 min max.
Liquidus Temperature
TL
217°C
Time over Liquidus Temperature
tL
60 – 150 s
Peak Temperature
tp
260°C
Time within 5°C of actual Peak Temperature
Tp
20 – 40 s
Reflow Phase
Cooling Phase
Ramp−down rate
6°C/s max.
1. All temperatures refer to the top side of the package, measured on the the package body surface.
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25
AX5042
QFN28 Recommended Pad Layout
1. PCB land and solder masking recommendations
are shown in Figure 8.
A = Clearance from PCB thermal pad to solder mask opening, 0.0635 mm minimum
B = Clearance from edge of PCB thermal pad to PCB land, 0.2 mm minimum
C = Clearance from PCB land edge to solder mask opening to be as tight as possible
to ensure that some solder mask remains between PCB pads.
D = PCB land length = QFN solder pad length + 0.1 mm
E = PCB land width = QFN solder pad width + 0.1 mm
Figure 8. PCB Land and Solder Mask Recommendations
3. For the PCB thermal pad, solder paste should be
printed on the PCB by designing a stencil with an
array of smaller openings that sum to 50% of the
QFN exposed pad area. Solder paste should be
applied through an array of squares (or circles) as
shown in Figure 9.
4. The aperture opening for the signal pads should be
between 50−80% of the QFN pad area as shown in
Figure 10.
5. Optionally, for better solder paste release, the
aperture walls should be trapezoidal and the
corners rounded.
6. The fine pitch of the IC leads requires accurate
alignment of the stencil and the printed circuit
board. The stencil and printed circuit assembly
should be aligned to within + 1 mil prior to
application of the solder paste.
7. No−clean flux is recommended since flux from
underneath the thermal pad will be difficult to
clean if water−soluble flux is used.
2. Thermal vias should be used on the PCB thermal
pad (middle ground pad) to improve thermal
conductivity from the device to a copper ground
plane area on the reverse side of the printed circuit
board. The number of vias depends on the package
thermal requirements, as determined by thermal
simulation or actual testing.
3. Increasing the number of vias through the printed
circuit board will improve the thermal
conductivity to the reverse side ground plane and
external heat sink. In general, adding more metal
through the PC board under the IC will improve
operational heat transfer, but will require careful
attention to uniform heating of the board during
assembly.
Assembly Process
Stencil Design & Solder Paste Application
1. Stainless steel stencils are recommended for solder
paste application.
2. A stencil thickness of 0.125 – 0.150 mm
(5 – 6 mils) is recommended for screening.
Figure 9. Solder Paste Application on Exposed Pad
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26
AX5042
Minimum 50% coverage
62% coverage
Maximum 80% coverage
Figure 10. Solder Paste Application on Pins
ON Semiconductor and the
are registered trademarks of Semiconductor Components Industries, LLC (SCILLC) or its subsidiaries in the United States and/or other countries.
SCILLC owns the rights to a number of patents, trademarks, copyrights, trade secrets, and other intellectual property. A listing of SCILLC’s product/patent coverage may be accessed
at www.onsemi.com/site/pdf/Patent−Marking.pdf. SCILLC reserves the right to make changes without further notice to any products herein. SCILLC makes no warranty, representation
or guarantee regarding the suitability of its products for any particular purpose, nor does SCILLC assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any product or circuit, and
specifically disclaims any and all liability, including without limitation special, consequential or incidental damages. “Typical” parameters which may be provided in SCILLC data sheets
and/or specifications can and do vary in different applications and actual performance may vary over time. All operating parameters, including “Typicals” must be validated for each
customer application by customer’s technical experts. SCILLC does not convey any license under its patent rights nor the rights of others. SCILLC products are not designed, intended,
or authorized for use as components in systems intended for surgical implant into the body, or other applications intended to support or sustain life, or for any other application in which
the failure of the SCILLC product could create a situation where personal injury or death may occur. Should Buyer purchase or use SCILLC products for any such unintended or
unauthorized application, Buyer shall indemnify and hold SCILLC and its officers, employees, subsidiaries, affiliates, and distributors harmless against all claims, costs, damages, and
expenses, and reasonable attorney fees arising out of, directly or indirectly, any claim of personal injury or death associated with such unintended or unauthorized use, even if such claim
alleges that SCILLC was negligent regarding the design or manufacture of the part. SCILLC is an Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer. This literature is subject to all applicable
copyright laws and is not for resale in any manner.
PUBLICATION ORDERING INFORMATION
LITERATURE FULFILLMENT:
Literature Distribution Center for ON Semiconductor
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Phone: 303−675−2175 or 800−344−3860 Toll Free USA/Canada
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Phone: 421 33 790 2910
Japan Customer Focus Center
Phone: 81−3−5817−1050
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27
ON Semiconductor Website: www.onsemi.com
Order Literature: http://www.onsemi.com/orderlit
For additional information, please contact your local
Sales Representative
AX5042/D