AN-1145 APPLICATION NOTE One Technology Way • P.O. Box 9106 • Norwood, MA 02062-9106, U.S.A. • Tel: 781.329.4700 • Fax: 781.461.3113 • www.analog.com ADP1047/ADP1048 Advanced Power Metering by Kevin Huang INTRODUCTION CIRCUIT SETUP AND MEASUREMENT The increasingly high cost of energy is pushing data centers and other related computing businesses toward finding intelligent strategies for power management at all levels. The implementation of such strategies requires an accurate collection of data for consumed power down to the power supply level. Today, digital communication techniques and intelligent power supplies make the task easier; however, practical challenges still exist in implementing accurate power measuring because, with a few exceptions, power supplies are not measurement equipment. Figure 1 shows the ac power metering interface. The measured point of the input current is the same as the one used for PFC current loop control. If the current sensing resistor is used, it measures the return current flowing through RSENSE after the main bridge rectifier. The input voltage is rectified through an auxiliary bridge rectifier, divided by the voltage divider (R1 and R2), and then fed into the ADP1047/ADP1048. The advantage of using the auxiliary bridge rectifier is that it can measure the input voltage accurately even during a soft start condition. Currently, ac power monitoring is implemented in some high end systems, mainly by using dedicated ac power monitors and meters. However, in most cases, only the total rack power is monitored. Because most of these systems require a power factor correction (PFC) stage, where input current and voltage have to be measured by the control loop, it is logical to consider adding power metering within the PFC controller. This approach measures V and I within the PFC stage. In this case, the measurement is less challenging to perform and does not require isolation; however, it is subject to errors caused by the input bridge and EMI filter. These errors can be particularly significant at light load, when the currents in the EMI filter are comparable to the load currents. By using a proper calibration algorithm, these errors can be mitigated. Two first-order, sigma-delta (Σ-Δ) analogto-digital converters (ADCs) are used to sense the input voltage and input current. The sampling frequency of the ADCs is 1.6 MHz. True rms values are calculated at the end of each half ac line cycle by integrating the square of the instantaneous values. The ADP1047/ADP1048 are digital PFC controllers with accurate input power metering capabilities built-in. They provide accurate measurement, such as input and output voltage, input current, and power. The information can be reported to the microcontroller of the power supply via the PMBus interface. VREC VOUT RELAY BULK CAPACITOR RSENSE 3.3V R1 R3 R4 R2 1 AGND VDD 24 2 VAC RES 23 3 VFB RTD 22 4 OVP ADD 21 5 PGND SDA 20 6 ILIM SCL 19 7 NC 8 CS– INRUSH 17 9 PMBus SYNC 18 CS+ PGOOD 16 10 DGND AC_OK 15 11 PSON PWM2 14 12 VCORE PWM 13 ADP1047 Figure 1. AC Power Metering Circuit Configuration Rev. 0 | Page 1 of 12 10510-001 AC INPUT EMI FILTER AN-1145 Application Note TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ...................................................................................... 1 AC Line Period Measurement .....................................................5 Circuit Setup and Measurement..................................................... 1 Voltage, Current, and Power Calibration...................................5 Revision History ............................................................................... 2 Trimming............................................................................................6 Measurement..................................................................................... 3 Input Voltage Digital Trimming..................................................6 Input Voltage Measurement........................................................ 3 CS ADC Digital Trimming ..........................................................6 Input Current Measurement ....................................................... 3 VFB ADC Digital Trimming .......................................................7 Input Power Measurement .......................................................... 4 Power Metering Digital Trimming .............................................7 Output Voltage Measurement..................................................... 4 Experimental Result..........................................................................9 REVISION HISTORY 3/12—Revision 0: Initial Version Rev. 0 | Page 2 of 12 Application Note AN-1145 MEASUREMENT INPUT VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT INPUT CURRENT MEASUREMENT The input voltage is sensed through the voltage divider, R1 and R2, and the divided voltage is fed into the VAC ADC. The ADP1047 can internally calculate the input voltage value according to the VAC ADC reading and the value put in the 0xFE3B register, which is the input voltage resistor divider value. The input current sensed signal is fed into the CS+ and CS− pins. The ADP1047/ADP1048 internally calculate the input current value according to the CS ADC reading and the input current sense ratio, IIN_GSENSE, which is set in the 0xFE3C register. The input current sense ratio, IIN_GSENSE = 1/RSENSE, is set in linear format as well. The input voltage is reported in linear format with a two byte value. Y is an 11-bit, twos complement integer, and N is a 5-bit twos complement integer. Therefore, the real-world value is X = Y × 2N. The exponent of READ_VIN must be set in Register 0xFE39, Bits[5:3]. The three options available to set the exponent that determines the maximum input voltage are listed in Table 1. Table 1. VIN Exponent Options and Maximum Input Voltages Binary of Bits[5:3] of Register 0xFE39 101 110 111 VIN Exponent (N) −3 −2 −1 Maximum Input Voltage (V) 256 512 1024 For the universal input line, 85 V rms to 265 V rms, the exponent should be −2. The voltage divider ratio KVIN, which is set in linear format as well, is KVIN = (R2 + R1)/R2 The exponent of KVIN is Bits[13:11] of Register 0xFE3B, and the mantissa is Bits[9:0] of Register 0xFE3B. The five exponent values available to program are listed in Table 2. Table 2. KVIN Exponent Options and Maximum Input Voltage Divider Ratios Binary of Bits[13:11] of Register 0xFE3B 100 101 110 111 000 KVIN Exponent (N) −4 −3 −2 −1 0 Maximum Input Voltage Divider Ratio 64 128 256 512 1024 If KVIN = 385, the exponent has be either −1 or 0. Program the mantissa to be 210 × 385/512 if the exponent is −1, and program the mantissa to be 385 if the exponent is 0. The exponent of IIN_GSENSE is Bits[15:11] of the 0xFE3C register, and the mantissa is Bits[9:0] of the 0xFE3C register. There are nine exponent values available to program. Table 3 shows the exponent values and corresponding maximum current sense ratios. Table 3. IIN_GSENSE Exponent Options and Maximum Current Sense Ratios Binary of Bits[15:11] of Register 0xFE3C 10110 10111 11000 11001 11010 11011 11100 11101 11110 IIN_GSENSE Exponent (N) −10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 Maximum Current Sense Ratios 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 For instance, if RSENSE is 50 mΩ, the IIN_GSENSE is 20. To get the best resolution, set the IIN_GSENSE exponent to −5. The mantissa of IIN_GSENSE is 210 × 20/32. The input current is reported in linear format through the PMBus command. The exponent, Bits[10:6] of Register 0xFE39, must be programmed according to the maximum input current specification. To report IIN correctly, the following condition must be satisfied: IIN_MAX < 211 × 2N Therefore, N > log2 IIN_MAX 211 Table 4. IIN Exponent Options and Maximum Input Currents Binary of Bits[10:6] of Register 0xFE39 10110 10111 11000 11001 11010 11011 Rev. 0 | Page 3 of 12 IIN Exponent (N) −10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 Maximum Input Current (A) 2 4 8 16 32 64 AN-1145 Application Note INPUT POWER MEASUREMENT The input power is reported with the PMBus command in linear format. There are eight exponent values available to set. The exponent, Bits[2:0] of Register 0xFE39, must be programmed according to the maximum input power specification. To report PIN correctly, the following condition must be satisfied: PIN < 211 × 2N K = (R3 + R4)/R4 The exponent of K is Bits[13:11] of Register 0x2A, and the mantissa is Bits[9:0]of Register 0x2A. The five exponent values available to program are list in Table 6. Table 6. VOUT_SCALE_MONITOR Exponent Options Therefore, PIN N > log2 11 2 For example, if the maximum PIN is 600 W, the exponent N should be larger than −2. To get the best resolution, the exponent N should be −1. Table 5. PIN Exponent Options and Maximum Input Power Binary of Bits[2:0] of Register 0xFE39 101 110 111 000 001 010 011 100 The VOUT_SCALE_MONITOR, K, which is set in linear format as well, is PIN Exponent (N) −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 Maximum Input Power 256 512 1024 2048 4096 8192 16384 32768 The averaging window is programmable from zero full line cycles to 4096 full line cycles using Bits[2:0] of Register 0xFE3A. At the end of each averaging period, the new value for average power is written to the READ_PIN register (Register 0x97) and is available to be read back through the interface until it is overwritten by the next averaged value at the end of the next averaging period. OUTPUT VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT Binary of Bits[13:11] of Register 0x2A 100 101 110 111 000 K Exponent (N) −4 −3 −2 −1 0 Maximum VOUT_SCALE_MONITOR 64 128 256 512 1024 For best performance, the VFB ADC voltage is recommended to be 1 V. Therefore, if the nominal output voltage is 385 V, the exponent should be −1 for best resolution. The output voltage is reported in linear format as well. The exponent of READ_VOUT must be set in Bits[2:0]of Register 0x20. The four options available to set the exponent that determines the maximum output voltage are listed in Table 7. Table 7. VOUT Exponent Options and Maximum Output Voltages Binary of Bits[2:0] of Register 0x20 101 110 111 000 VOUT Exponent (N) −3 −2 −1 0 Maximum Output Voltage (V) 256 512 1024 2048 For an output voltage of around 385 V or 400 V, the exponent should be −2. The output voltage is sensed through the voltage divider (R3 and R4), and the divided voltage is fed into the VFB ADC. The ADP1047 internally calculates the output voltage value according to the VFB ADC reading and the value of VOUT_SCALE_ MONITOR set in the 0x2A register, which is the output voltage resistor divider value. Rev. 0 | Page 4 of 12 Application Note AN-1145 AC LINE PERIOD MEASUREMENT The input voltage and current rms values are calculated at the end of each half ac line cycle by integrating the instantaneous values across each line cycle. Line period measurement is a critical step that correctly determines the rms values of the ac input voltage, the current, and, ultimately, the rms ac power. The controller implements an adaptive algorithm to determine the zero crossing transitions. The interval between two consecutive crossings in the positive and negative direction of an adaptive threshold is measured. The zero crossing is calculated as the middle point of the interval. Once the zero crossing is measured, the interval between zero crossings is the semi period of the ac line. This method allows operating in several different line conditions, providing a reliable indication of the period. For the dc input system, the ADP1047 uses the value of MAX_AC_PERIOD_SET as the value of period to run the calculation. Therefore, the ADP1047 can also report accurate input voltage, current, and power for the dc input system. VOLTAGE, CURRENT, AND POWER CALIBRATION The input voltage and current can be calibrated individually to minimize the error caused by the sensors, as well as those introduced by the ADCs. This calibration is performed via gain and offset adjustments. Once current and voltage are accurate, it is still possible to do further calibration on the power measurement. This offset and gain calibration can be optimized for different line conditions to eliminate the errors introduced by the EMI filter and input bridge rectifier. Three Σ-Δ ADCs have a digital trimming function in the ADP1047, which include the following: • • • VAC_ADC to measure the input voltage CS_ADC to measure the input current VFB_ADC to measure the feedback voltage In the Power Supply System Calibration and Trim section of ADP1047/ADP1048 data sheet, only gain trimming is discussed. This application note discusses how to use both the gain trim and offset trim. Ten registers are used for these digital trimmings. The meanings of the register and how to set these numbers is discussed in the following sections. These 11 8-bit registers include the following: • • • • • • • • • Rev. 0 | Page 5 of 12 VAC ADC offset trim (Register 0xFE53) VAC ADC gain trim (Register 0xFE40) CS ADC offset trim (Register 0xFE54 and Register 0xFE7F) CS ADC gain trim (Register 0xFE42 and Register 0xFE7E) VFB ADC gain trim (Register 0xFE41) Power metering offset trim for low line input register (Register 0xFE33) Power metering gain trim for low line input register (Register 0xFE34) Power metering offset trim for high line input register (Register 0xFE8E) Power metering gain trim for high line input register (Register 0xFE8F) AN-1145 Application Note TRIMMING INPUT VOLTAGE DIGITAL TRIMMING CS ADC DIGITAL TRIMMING The VAC ADC offset trim register trims the offset error of the input voltage, and the VAC ADC gain trim register trims the gain error of the input voltage. The CS ADC offset trim register trims the offset error of the PFC input current, and the CS ADC gain trim register trims the gain error of the PFC input current. Because the CS ADC input range has 500 mV and 750 mV options, the trim registers are, respectively, available for each range selection. Input Voltage Digital Trimming Register Definition The following lists the register definitions for the VAC ADC offset trim and VAC ADC gain trim registers: • • • • Offset error = ( VAC ADC offset trim[7:0] CS ADC Digital Trimming Register Definition ) × 1.6 × K VIN 2 11 When the VAC ADC offset trim register, Bits[7:0] = 0x0, the offset range is 0, and when the VAC ADC offset trim register, Bits[7:0] = 0xFF , the offset is 12.5% of the full input range, which is 1.6 V × KVIN. VIN > 0, VAC ADC gain trim[7] = 1 When 1 − VIN _ R VIN ≤ 0, VAC ADC gain trim[7] = 0 When 1 − VIN _ R where: VIN is the reading of the input voltage from a calibrated multimeter. VIN_R is the reading of input voltage from the ADP1047/ ADP1048. VAC ADC gain trim[6:0] Gain error = 2 11 When the VAC ADC gain trim register, Bits[7:0] = 0x0, the gain error is zero; when the VAC ADC gain trim register, Bits[7:0] = 0xFF, the gain error is −6.2%; and when the VAC ADC gain trim register, Bits[7:0] = 0x7F, the gain error is +6.2%. Input Voltage Digital Trimming Trim Steps The following lists the register definitions for the CS ADC offset trim and CS ADC gain trim registers: • • CS ADC Digital Trimming Trim Steps The trim steps for the CS ADC digital trimming include the following: 1. 2. The trim steps for the input voltage digital trimming include the following: 1. 2. Apply a zero input voltage to the PFC and read the READ_VIN register. In addition, adjust the VAC ADC offset trim register value until the mantissa of the READ_VIN register is 0. Connect a calibrated multimeter to the input terminal of the PFC circuit. Apply a 110 V ac input voltage to the PFC circuit and set the load to a full load condition. Adjust the VAC ADC gain trim register until the READ_VIN register equals the input voltage reading from the multimeter. CS ADC offset trim[7:0] CS _ RANGE )× 2 11 RSENSE CS_RANGE is 500 mV or 750 mV as determined by the user selection. Bit[1] of the register sets the CS ADC input range. When the CS ADC offset trim register, Bits[7:0] = 0x0, the offset range is 0, and when the CS ADC offset trim register, Bits[7:0] = 0xFF, the offset is 12.5% of the full input current range, which is CS_RANGE/RSENSE. CS ADC gain trim[6:0] Gain error = 2 11 When the CS ADC gain trim register, Bits[7:0] = 0x0, the gain error is zero; when the CS ADC gain trim register, Bits[7:0] = 0xFF, the gain error is −6.2%; and when the CS ADC gain trim register, Bits[7:0] = 0x7F, the gain error is +6.2%. Offset error = ( 3. VIN VAC ADC offset trim[6:0] = − 1 × 211 VIN _ R Rev. 0 | Page 6 of 12 The CS ADC gain trim register and the CS ADC offset trim register are set to 0. Use a calibrated multimeter to measure the input current. Apply a 110 V ac input voltage to the PFC, set the load to half of the full load, and read READ_IIN; this number is IIN_Y1 in terms of current. Under this condition, the multimeter reading of the input current is IIN_X1. Set the load to full load and read READ_IIN; this number is IIN_Y2 in terms of current. Under this condition, the multimeter reading of the input current is IIN_Y2. The input current offset error is IIN _ OFF _ ERR = IIN _ X1 × IIN _ Y 2 − IIN _ X 2 × IIN _ Y 1 IIN _ X1 − IIN _ X 2 CS ADC offset trim[7 : 0] = IIN _ OFF _ ERR × 211 Application Note 4. AN-1145 Set the load to full load and read READ_IIN; this number is IIN_R in terms of current. Under this condition, the multimeter reading of the input current is IIN. IIN > 0, CS ADC gain trim[7] = 1 When 1 − IIN _ R IIN When 1 − ≤ 0CS, ADC gain trim[7] = 0 IIN _ R IIN − 1 × 211 IIN _ R CS ADC gain trim[6:0] = Note that the previous trim step can be used for both of the CS ADC input ranges. VFB ADC DIGITAL TRIMMING The VFB ADC gain trim register trims the gain error of the output voltage. No offset trimming was designed for trimming the offset error of the output voltage. The actual output voltage is defined as VOUT, and the ideal output voltage is defined as VREF. VFB ADC Digital Trimming Register Definition The following lists the register definitions for VFB ADC gain trim register: V • When 1 − REF > 0, VFB ADC gain trim[7] = 1 VOUT V • When 1 − REF ≤ 0, VFB ADC gain trim[7] = 0 VOUT • POWER METERING DIGITAL TRIMMING The power metering offset trim for the low line input register is designed to correct the offset error to the input power measurement under the low line input. The power metering gain trim for the low line input register is designed to correct the gain error of the input power measurement under the low line input. The power metering offset trim for the high line input register is designed to correct the offset error to the input power measurement under the high line input. The power metering gain trim for high line input register is designed to correct the gain error of the input power measurement under the high line input. These four registers are designed for customers to compensate power loss of the EMI filter and bridge rectifier. Power Metering Digital Trimming Register Definition The following lists the register definitions for the power metering offset trim for the low line input register, the power metering gain trim for low line input register, the power metering offset trim for high line input register, and the power metering gain trim for high line input register. For low line input, • VFB ADC gain trim[6:0] 2 11 When the VFB ADC gain trim register, Bits[7:0] = 0x0, the gain error is zero; when the VFB ADC gain trim register, Bits[7:0] = 0xFF, the gain error is −6.2%; and when the VFB ADC gain trim register, Bits[7:0] = 0x7F, the gain error is 6.2%. Gain error = VFB ADC Digital Trimming Trim Steps • The trim steps for the VFB ADC digital trimming include the following: • 1. 2. Turn on the PFC circuit. Use a calibrated multimeter to perform the output voltage reading. Adjust the VFB ADC gain trim register (Register 0xFE41) until the power supply outputs the exact value in the READ_VOUT register (Register 0x8B). VFB ADC gain trim[6:0] = VREF − 1 × 211 VOUT Rev. 0 | Page 7 of 12 Offset error = ⎛ Power Mete ring Offset Trim for Low Line Input [6:0 ] ⎞ ⎜ ⎟× 2 11 ⎝ ⎠ CS _ RANGE 1.6 × K VIN × RSENSE When the power metering offset trim for low line input register, Bits[7:0] = 0x0, the offset range is 0; when the power metering offset trim for low line input register, Bits[7:0] = 0x7F, the offset is +6.2% of the full power; and when the power metering offset trim for low line input register, Bits[7:0] = 0xFF, the offset is −6.2% of the full power. CS _ RANGE PFULL (the full power) = 1.6 × K VIN × RSENSE Gain error = Power Mete ring Gain Trim for Low Line Input[6:0] 211 When the power metering gain trim for low line input register, Bits[7:0] = 0x0, the gain error is zero; when the power metering gain trim for low line input register, Bits[7:0] = 0xFF, the gain error is −6.2%; and when power metering gain trim for low line input register, Bits[7:0] = 0x7F, the gain error is +6.2%. AN-1145 Application Note For the high line input, • 4. Offset error = Power Mete ring Offset Trim for High Line Input [6: 0] ( )× 211 CS _ RANGE 1.6 × K VIN × RSENSE When the power metering offset trim for high line input register, Bits[7:0] = 0x0, the offset range is 0; when the power metering offset trim for high line input register, Bits[7:0] = 0x7F, the offset is +6.2% of the full power; and when the power metering offset trim for high line input register, Bits[7:0] = 0xFF, the offset is −6.2% of the full power. Gain error = Power Mete ring Gain Trim for High Line Input[6:0] 211 When the power metering gain trim for high line input register, Bits[7:0] = 0x0, the gain error is zero; when the power metering gain trim for high line input register, Bits[7:0] = 0xFF, the gain error is −6.2%; and the when power metering gain trim for high line input register, Bits[7:0] = 0x7F, the gain error is +6.2%. • 5. , Power metering offset trim for the low line input register: PP −P P when 1 m2 2 m1 < 0 Bit[7] = 1. P1 − P2 , Power metering offset trim for the low line input register, PP −P P 211 Bit[6:0] = 1 m2 2 m1 × . P1 − P2 PFULL Power metering gain trim for low line input register, P −P when 1 − 1 2 > 0 Bit[7] = 1. Pm1 − Pm2 , Power metering gain trim for the low line input register, P −P when 1 − 1 2 ≤ 0 , Bit[7] = 0. Pm1 − Pm2 Power metering gain trim for the low line input register, The trim steps for the power metering digital trimming include the following: 2. 3. The power metering offset trim for low line input register and the power metering gain trim for low line input register are set to zero. Apply a 110 V ac input voltage to the PFC circuit. Set the load to 20% of full load. Read the READ_PIN register and the reading is recorded as Pm1. The input power reading from a calibrated power meter is recorded as P1. Set the load to full load. Read the READ_PIN register and the reading is recorded as Pm2. The input power reading from a calibrated power meter is recorded as P2. 6. 7. 8. PM2 REAL POWER 10510-002 PM1 P2 P1 − P2 − 1 × 211 . Pm1 − Pm2 The power metering gain trim for the high line input register and the power metering offset trim for the high line input register are set to zero. Apply 230 V ac input voltage to the PFC circuit. Repeat Step 2 to Step 4. Power metering offset trim for the high line input register, PP −P P when 1 m2 2 m1 ≥ 0 Bit[7] = 0. P1 − P2 , Power metering offset trim for the high line input register, PP −P P when 1 m2 2 m1 < 0 Bit[7] = 1. P1 − P2 , Power metering offset trim for the high line input register, PP −P P 211 Bit[6:0] = 1 m2 2 m1 × P1 − P2 PFULL . Power metering gain trim for the high line input register, P −P when 1 − 1 2 > 0 Bit[7] = 1. Pm1 − Pm2 , Power metering gain trim for the high line input register, P −P when 1 − 1 2 ≤ 0 , Bit[7] = 0. Pm1 − Pm2 Power metering gain trim for the high line input register, Bit[6:0] = MEASURED POWER P1 P1 − P2 −1 Pm1 − Pm2 Power metering offset trim for the low line input register: PP −P P when 1 m2 2 m1 ≥ 0 Bit[7] = 0. P1 − P2 Gain error = Power Metering Digital Trimming Trim Steps 1. Based on these points, the offset error and gain error can be calculated as follows: PP −P P Offset error = 1 m2 2 m1 P1 − P2 Figure 2. Measured Power vs. Real Power Bits[6:0] = Rev. 0 | Page 8 of 12 P1 − P2 − 1 × 211 Pm1 − Pm2 . Application Note AN-1145 EXPERIMENTAL RESULT 4 2 1 0 –1 0 20 40 60 80 100 PERCENTAGE OF FULL LOAD (%) Figure 5. Measured Power Error with Nonideal Input AC Source 1 5 VIN = 90V VIN = 120V VIN = 150V VIN = 180V VIN = 210V VIN = 240V 4 3 2 1 0 –1 –2 –3 50 100 150 200 250 300 OUTPUT POWER (W) Figure 6. Nonideal Input AC Source 2 Waveform Figure 3. Measured Power Error with Ideal Input AC Source 6 ERROR PERCENTAGE (%) 5 4 3 2 1 0 –1 0 20 40 60 80 100 PERCENTAGE OF FULL LOAD (%) Figure 4. Nonideal Input AC Source 1 Waveform Figure 7. Measured Power Error with Nonideal Input AC Source 2 Rev. 0 | Page 9 of 12 10510-007 0 10510-003 –5 10510-006 –4 10510-004 ERROR PERCENTAGE (%) 3 10510-005 Figure 3 shows the measured power error compared with the commercial power meter under a wide input range with an ideal input source. The test is done at room temperature at 25°C. Figure 4 through Figure 7 show the experimental results for nonideal sinusoidal ac line voltages at 25°C. In addition, Figure 4 through Figure 7 show the benefits of true rms power measurements so that the accuracy can be maintained even with nonideal ac line voltages. Note that the rectified input voltage for the input ac source shown in Figure 6 is approximately similar to the dc input voltage. 5 ERROR PERCENTAGE (%) Measurements were performed on a 300 W demonstration board implemented using the ADP1047. The demonstration board is designed to operate at 100 kHz in CCM, and the output voltage is regulated at 385 V. AN-1145 Application Note NOTES Rev. 0 | Page 10 of 12 Application Note AN-1145 NOTES Rev. 0 | Page 11 of 12 AN-1145 Application Note NOTES ©2012 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved. Trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners. AN10510-0-3/12(0) Rev. 0 | Page 12 of 12