MIC2172/3172 100kHz 1.25A Switching Regulators General Description Features The MIC2172 and MIC3172 are complete 100kHz SMPS current-mode controllers with internal 65V 1.25A power switches. The MIC2172 features external frequency synchronization or frequency adjustment, while the MIC3172 features an enable/shutdown control input. Although primarily intended for voltage step-up applications, the floating switch architecture of the MIC2172/3172 makes it practical for step-down, inverting, and Cuk configurations as well as isolated topologies. Operating from 3V to 40V, the MIC2172/3172 draws only 7mA of quiescent current making it attractive for battery operated supplies. The MIC3172 is for applications that require on/off control of the regulator. The MIC3172 is externally shutdown by applying a TTL low signal to EN (enable). When disabled, the MIC3172 draws only leakage current (typically less than 1µA). EN must be high for normal operation. For applications not requiring control, EN must be tied to VIN or TTL high. The MIC2172 is for applications requiring two or more SMPS regulators that operate from the same input supply. The MIC2172 features a SYNC input which allows locking of its internal oscillator to an external reference. This makes it possible to avoid the audible beat frequencies that result from the unequal oscillator frequencies of independent SMPS regulators. A reference signal can be supplied by one MIC2172 designated as a master. To insure locking of the slave’s oscillators, the reference oscillator frequency must be higher than the slave’s. The master MIC2172’s oscillator frequency is increased up to 135kHz by connecting a resistor from SYNC to ground (see applications information). The MIC2172/3172 is available in an 8-pin plastic DIP or SOIC for –40°C to +85°C operation. • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1.25A, 65V internal switch rating 3V to 40V input voltage range Current-mode operation Internal cycle-by-cycle current limit Thermal shutdown Low external parts count Operates in most switching topologies 7mA quiescent current (operating) <1µA quiescent current, shutdown mode (MIC3172) TTL shutdown compatibility (MIC3172) External frequency synchronization (MIC2172) External frequency trim (MIC2172) Fits most LT1172 sockets (see applications info) Applications • • • • Laptop/palmtop computers Toys Hand-held instruments Off-line converter up to 50W (requires external power switch) • Predriver for higher power capability • Master/slave configurations (MIC2172) ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Micrel Inc. • 2180 Fortune Drive • San Jose, CA 95131 • USA • tel +1 (408) 944-0800 • fax + 1 (408) 474-1000 • http://www.micrel.com April 2006 M9999-041806 (408) 955-1690 Micrel MIC2172/3172 Typical Applications Figure 1. MIC2172 5V to 12V Boost Converter Figure 2. MIC3172 Flyback Converter Ordering Information Part Number Junction Temp. Range Package MIC2172YN –40°C to +85°C 8-pin plastic DIP MIC2172BM MIC2172YM –40°C to +85°C 8-pin SOIC MIC3172BN MIC3172YN –40°C to +85°C 8-pin plastic DIP MIC3172BM MIC3172YM –40°C to +85°C 8-pin SOIC Standard Pb-Free MIC2172BN Note: 1. Other Voltage available. Contact Micrel for details. Pin Configuration 8-pin DIP (N) April 2006 8-pin SOIC (M) 2 M9999-041806 (408) 955-1690 Micrel MIC2172/3172 Pin Description Pin Number Pin Name 1 S GND Signal Ground: Internal analog circuit ground. Connect directly to the input filter capacitor for proper operation (see applications info). Keep separate from power grounds. 2 COMP Frequency Compensation: Output of transconductance type error amplifier. Primary function is for loop stabilization. Can also be used for output voltage soft-start and current limit tailoring. 3 FB Feedback: Inverting input of error amplifier. Connect to external resistive divider to set power supply output voltage. 4 (MIC2172) SYNC Synchronization/Frequency Adjust: Capacitively coupled input signal greater than device’s free running frequency (up to 135kHz) will lock device’s oscillator on falling edge. Oscillator frequency can be trimmed up to 135kHz by adding a resistor to ground. If unused, pin must float (no connection). 4 (MIC3172) EN Enable: Apply TTL high or connect to VIN to enable the regulator. Apply TTL low or connect to ground to disable the regulator. Device draws only leakage current (<1µA) when disabled. 5 VIN Supply Voltage: 3.0V to 40V 6 P GND 2 Power Ground #2: One of two NPN power switch emitters with 0.3Ω current sense resistor in series. Required. Connect to external inductor or input voltage ground depending on circuit topology. 7 VSW Power Switch Collector: Collector of NPN switch. Connect to external inductor or input voltage depending on circuit topology. 8 P GND 1 April 2006 Pin Function Power Ground #1: One of two NPN power switch emitters with 0.3Ω current sense resistor in series. Optional. For maximum power capability connect to P GND 2. Floating pin reduces current limit by a factor of two. 3 M9999-041806 (408) 955-1690 Micrel MIC2172/3172 Absolute Maximum Ratings MIC2172 Input Voltage.................................................................. 40V Switch Voltage ............................................................... 65V Sync Current............................................................... 50mA Feedback Voltage (Transient, 1ms) ............................ ±15V Operating Temperature Range 8-pin PDIP .................................................–40 to +85°C 8-pin SOIC ................................................–40 to +85°C Junction Temperature................................–55°C to +150°C Thermal Resistance θJA 8-pin PDIP ................................................. 130°C/W θJA 8-pin SOIC................................................. 120°C/W Storage Temperature ................................–65°C to +150°C Soldering (10 sec.) ...................................................+300°C Electrical Characteristics MIC2172 Note 1, 3. Unless otherwise specified, VIN = 5V. Parameter Condition Reference Section Pin 2 tied to pin 3 Feedback Voltage (VFB) Feedback Voltage Line Regulation Min Typ Max Units 1.220 1.214 1.240 1.264 1.274 V V 0.03 %/V 310 750 1100 nA nA 3V ≤ VIN ≤ 40V Feedback Bias Current (IFB) Error Amplifier Section Transconductance (∆ICOMP/∆VFB) ∆ICOMP = ±25µA 3.0 2.4 3.9 6.0 7.0 µA/mV µA/mV Voltage Gain (∆VCOMP/∆VFB) 0.9V ≤ VCOMP ≤ 1.4V 500 800 2000 V/V Output Current VCOMP = 1.5V 125 100 175 350 400 µA µA Output Swing High Clamp, VFB = 1V Low Clamp, VFB = 1.5V 1.8 0.25 2.1 0.35 2.3 0.52 V V Compensation Pin Threshold Duty Cycle = 0 0.8 0.6 0.9 1.08 1.25 V V 0.76 1 1.1 Ω Ω 3 3.5 2.5 A A A Output Switch Section ON Resistance ISW = 1A, VFB = 0.8V Current Limit Duty Cycle = 50%, TJ ≥ 25°C Duty Cycle = 50%, TJ < 25°C Duty Cycle = 80%, Note 2 Breakdown Voltage (BV) 3V ≤ VIN ≤ 40V ISW = 5mA 1.25 1.25 1 65 75 V Notes: 1. Exceeding the absolute maximum rating may damage the device. 2. The device is not guaranteed to function outside its operating rating. 3. Devices are ESD sensitive. Handling precautions recommended. Human body model, 1.5k in series with 100pF. 4. Specification for packaged product only. April 2006 4 M9999-041806 (408) 955-1690 Micrel MIC2172/3172 Typical Characteristics MIC2172 (cont) Parameter Condition Min Typ Max Units Frequency (fO) 88 85 100 112 115 kHz kHz Duty Cycle [δ(max)] 80 89 95 % 22 2.2 51 4.7 120 10 pF pF 2.7 3.0 V Oscillator Section Sync Coupling Capacitor Required for Frequency Lock VPP = 3.0V VPP = 40V Input Supply Voltage Section Minimum Operating Voltage Quiescent Current (IQ) 3V ≤ VIN ≤ 40V, VCOMP = 0.6V, ISW = 0 7 9 mA Supply Current Increase (∆IIN) ∆ISW = 1A, VCOMP = 1.5V 9 20 mA Min Typ Max Units 1.224 1.214 1.240 1.264 1.274 V V Electrical Characteristics MIC3172 Note 1, 3. Unless otherwise specified, VIN = 5V. Parameter Condition Reference Section Pin 2 tied to pin 3 Feedback Voltage (VFB) Feedback Voltage Line Regulation 3V ≤ VIN ≤ 40V 0.07 Feedback Bias Current (IFB) %/V 310 750 1100 nA nA Error Amplifier Section Transconductance (∆ICOMP/∆VFB) ∆ICOMP = ±25µA 3.0 2.4 3.9 6.0 7.0 µA/mV µA/mV Voltage Gain (∆VCOMP/∆VFB) 0.9V ≤ VCOMP ≤ 1.4V 500 800 2000 V/V Output Current VCOMP = 1.5V 125 100 175 350 400 µA µA Output Swing High Clamp, VFB = 1V Low Clamp, VFB = 1.5V 1.8 0.25 2.1 0.35 2.3 0.52 V V Compensation Pin Threshold Duty Cycle = 0 0.8 0.6 0.9 1.08 1.25 V V 0.76 1 1.1 Ω Ω 3 3.5 2.5 A A A Output Switch Section ON Resistance ISW = 1A, VFB = 0.8V Current Limit Duty Cycle = 50%, TJ ≥ 25°C Duty Cycle = 50%, TJ < 25°C Duty Cycle = 80%, Note 2 Breakdown Voltage (BV) 3V ≤ VIN ≤ 40V ISW = 5mA April 2006 1.25 1.25 1 65 5 75 V M9999-041806 (408) 955-1690 Micrel MIC2172/3172 Typical Characteristics MIC3172 (cont) Parameter Condition Min Typ Max Units Frequency (fO) 88 85 100 112 115 kHz kHz Duty Cycle [δ(max)] 80 89 95 % 22 2.2 51 4.7 120 10 pF pF 2.7 3.0 V Oscillator Section Sync Coupling Capacitor Required for Frequency Lock VPP = 3.0V VPP = 40V Input Supply Voltage Section and Enable Section Minimum Operating Voltage Quiescent Current (IQ) 3V ≤ VIN ≤ 40V, VCOMP = 0.6V, ISW = 0 7 9 mA Supply Current Increase (∆IIN) ∆ISW = 1A, VCOMP = 1.5V 9 20 mA 0.4 1.2 2.4 V –1 0 2 1 10 µA µA Enable Input Threshold Enable Input Current VEN = 0V VEN = 2.4V Bold type denotes specifications applicable to the full operating temperature range. Note 1. Devices are ESD sensitive. Handling precautions required. Note 2. For duty cycles (δ) between 50% and 95%, minimum guaranteed switch current is given by ICL = 0.833 (2- δ) for the MIC3172. Note 3. Specification for packaged product only. April 2006 6 M9999-041806 (408) 955-1690 Micrel MIC2172/3172 Typical Characteristics April 2006 7 M9999-041806 (408) 955-1690 Micrel MIC2172/3172 Typical Characteristics (cont.) April 2006 8 M9999-041806 (408) 955-1690 Micrel MIC2172/3172 Functional Characteristics MIC2172 Block Diagram MIC3172 Block Diagram April 2006 9 M9999-041806 (408) 955-1690 Micrel MIC2172/3172 Functional Description simplified because inductor current sensing removes a pole from the closed loop response. Inherent cycle-bycycle current limiting greatly improves the power switch reliability and provides automatic output current limiting. Finally, current-mode operation provides automatic input voltage feed forward which prevents instantaneous input voltage changes from disturbing the output voltage setting. Refer to “Block Diagram MIC2172” and “Block Diagram MIC3172.” Internal Power The MIC2172/3172 operates when VIN is ≥ 2.6V (and VEN ≥ 2.0V for the MIC3172). An internal 2.3V regulator supplies biasing to all internal circuitry including a precision 1.24V band gap reference. The enable control (MIC3172 only) enables or disables the internal regulator which supplies power to all other internal circuitry. Anti-Saturation The anti-saturation diode (D1) increases the usable duty cycle range of the MIC2172/3172 by eliminating the base to collector stored charge which would delay Q1’s turnoff. PWM Operation The 100kHz oscillator generates a signal with a duty cycle of approximately 90%. The current-mode comparator output is used to reduce the duty cycle when the current amplifier output voltage exceeds the error amplifier output voltage. The resulting PWM signal controls a driver which supplies base current to output transistor Q1. Compensation Loop stability compensation of the MIC2172/3172 can be accomplished by connecting an appropriate network from either COMP to circuit ground (Typical Applications) or COMP to FB. The error amplifier output (COMP) is also useful for soft start and current limiting. Because the error amplifier output is a transconductance type, the output impedance is relatively high which means the output voltage can be easily clamped or adjusted externally. Current Mode Advantages The MIC2172/3172 operates in current mode rather than voltage mode. There are three distinct advantages to this technique. Feedback loop compensation is greatly April 2006 10 M9999-041806 (408) 955-1690 Micrel MIC2172/3172 By using the MIC3172, U1 and Q1 shown in figure 5 can be eliminated, reducing the total components count. Application Information Using the MIC3172 Enable Control (New Designs) For new designs requiring enable/shutdown control, connect EN to a TTL or CMOS control signal (figure 3). The very low driver current requirement ensures compatibility regardless of the driver or gate used. Synchronizing the MIC2172 Using several unsynchronized switching regulators in the same circuit will cause beat frequencies to appear on the inputs and outputs. These beat frequencies can be very low making them difficult to filter. Micrel’s MIC2172 can be synchronized to a single master frequency avoiding the possibility of undesirable beat frequencies in multiple regulator circuits. The master frequency can be an external oscillator or a designated master MIC2172. The master frequency should be 1.05 to 1.20 times the slave’s 100kHz nominal frequency to guarantee synchronization. Figure 3. MIC3172 TTL Enable/Shutdown Using the MIC3172 in LT1172 Applications The MIC3172 can be used in most original LT1172 applications by adapting the MIC3172’s enable/shutdown feature to the existing LT1172 circuit. Unlike the LT1172 which can be shutdown by reducing the voltage on pin 2 (VC) below 0.15V, the MIC3172 has a dedicated enable/shutdown pin. To replace the LT1172 with the MIC3172, determine if the LT1172’s shutdown feature is used. Circuits without Shutdown If the shutdown feature is not being used, connect EN to VIN to continuously enable the MIC3172 or use an MIC2172 with SYNC open (figure 4). Figure 6. Master/Slave Synchronization Figure 6 shows a typical application where several MIC2172s operate from the same supply voltage. U1’s oscillator frequency is increased above U2’s and U3’s by connecting a resistor from SYNC to ground. U2-SYNC and U3-SYNC are capacitively coupled to the master’s output (VSW ). The slaves lock to the negative (falling edge) of U1’s output waveform. Figure 4. MIC2172/3172 Always Enabled Circuits with Shutdown If shutdown was used in the original LT1172 application, connect EN to a logic gate that produces a TTL logiclevel output signal that matches the shutdown signal. The MIC3172 will be enabled by a logic-high input and shutdown with a logic-low input (figure 5). The actual components performing the functions of U1 and Q1 may vary according to the original application. Figure 7. External Synchronization Care must be exercised to insure that the master MIC2172 is always operating in continuous mode. Figure 7 shows how one or more MIC2172s can be Figure 5. Adapting to the LT1172 Socket April 2006 11 M9999-041806 (408) 955-1690 Micrel MIC2172/3172 locked to an external reference frequency. The slaves lock to the negative (falling edge) of the external reference waveform. Soft Start A diode-coupled capacitor from COMP to circuit ground slows the output voltage rise at turn on (figure 8). Figure 8b. Without Soft Start Figure 8. Soft Start The additional time it takes for the error amplifier to charge the capacitor corresponds to the time it takes the output to reach regulation. Diode D1 discharges C1 when VIN is removed. Another soft start circuit is shown in figure 8A. The circuit uses capacitor C1 to control the output risetime by providing feedback from the output to the FB pin. The output voltage starts to rise when the MIC3172 regulator starts switching. This is the dv/dt of the output will force a current through capacitor C1, which flows through the lower feedback resistor, R2, increasing the voltage on the FB pin. This increased voltage on the FB pin reduces the duty cycle at the VSW pin, limiting the turn-on time of the output. Increasing the value of C1 causes the output voltage to rise more slowly. Diode D1 is reverse biased in normal operation and prevents C1 from appearing in parallel with the upper voltage divider resistor, which would affect stability and transient response. Zener diode D2 clamps the voltage seen by the feedback pin and provides a discharge path for C1 when the power supply is turned off. Figure 8c. With Soft Start Current Limit For designs demanding less output current than the MIC2172/3172 is capable of delivering, P GND 1 can be left open reducing the current capability of Q1 by onehalf. Figure 8a. Additional Soft Start Circuit This circuit only limits the dv/dt of the output when the boost converter is running. It will not decrease the dv/dt or the initial inrush caused by applying the input voltage. Figure 8B shows the turn-on without a soft start circuit and Figure 8C shows how the soft start circuit reduces inrush and prevents output voltage overshoot. April 2006 Figure 9. Current Limit Alternatively, the maximum current limit of the MIC2172/3172 can be reduced by adding a voltage 12 M9999-041806 (408) 955-1690 Micrel MIC2172/3172 ⎡ ⎛ 0.004 + 0.6 ⎞⎤ P(bias + driver ) = (5 × 0.006 ) + 5 ⎢0.625 ⎜ ⎟⎥ 50 ⎝ ⎠⎦ ⎣ P(bias + driver ) = 0.068W clamp to the COMP output (figure 9). This feature can be useful in applications requiring either a complete shutdown of Q1’s switching action or a form of current fold-back limiting. This use of the COMP output does not disable the oscillator, amplifiers or other circuitry, therefore the supply current is never less than approximately 5mA. Power switch dissipation calculations are greatly simplified by making two assumptions which are usually fairly accurate. First, the majority of losses in the power switch are due to on-losses. To find these losses, assign a resistance value to the collector/emitter terminals of the device using the saturation voltage versus collector current curves (see Typical Performance Characteristics). Power switch losses are calculated by modeling the switch as a resistor with the switch duty cycle modifying the average power dissipation. Thermal Management Although the MIC2172/3172 family contains thermal protection circuitry, for best reliability, avoid prolonged operation with junction temperatures near the rated maximum. The junction temperature is determined by first calculating the power dissipation of the device. For the MIC2172/3172, the total power dissipation is the sum of the device operating losses and power switch losses. The device operating losses are the dc losses associated with biasing all of the internal functions plus the losses of the power switch driver circuitry. The dc losses are calculated from the supply voltage (VIN) and device supply current (IQ). The MIC2172/3172 supply current is almost constant regardless of the supply voltage (see “Electrical Characteristics”). The driver section losses (not including the switch) are a function of supply voltage, power switch current, and duty cycle. 2 PSW = (ISW) RSW δ From the Typical performance Characteristics: RSW = 1Ω Then: 2 PSW = (0.625) × 1 × 0.6 PSW = 0.234W P(total) = 0.068 + 0.234 P(total) = 0.302W The junction temperature for any semiconductor is calculated using the following: TJ = TA + P(total) θJA Where: ⎡ ⎛ 0.004 + δ ⎞⎤ P(bias + driver ) = (VIN IQ ) + VIN ⎢ISW ⎜ ⎟⎥ 50 ⎝ ⎠⎦ ⎣ where: TJ = junction temperature P(bias+driver) = device operating losses TA = ambient temperature (maximum) VIN = supply voltage P(total) = total power dissipation IQ = quiescent supply current θJA = junction to ambient thermal resistance For the practical example: ISW = power switch current (see “Design Hints: Switch Current Calculations”) TA = 70°C δ = duty cycle θJA = 130°C/W (for plastic DIP) Then: V + VF ± VIN δ = OUT VOUT + VF TJ = 70 + 0.30 ⋅ 130 VOUT = output voltage TJ = 109°C This junction temperature is below the rated maximum of VF = D1 forward voltage drop As a practical example refer to figure 1. 150°C. VIN = 5.0V Grounding Refer to figure 10. Heavy lines indicate high current paths. IQ = 0.006A ISW = 0.625A δ = 60% (0.6) Then: April 2006 13 M9999-041806 (408) 955-1690 Micrel MIC2172/3172 L1 is operating in continuous mode if it does not discharge completely before the MIC2172/3172 power switch is turned on again. Discontinuous Mode Design Given the maximum output current, solve equation (1) to determine whether the device can operate in discontinuous mode without initiating the internal device current limit. IOUT Figure 10. Single Point Ground A single point ground is strongly recommended for proper operation. The signal ground, compensation network ground, and feedback network connections are sensitive to minor voltage variations. The input and output capacitor grounds and power ground conductors will exhibit voltage drop when carrying large currents. Keep the sensitive circuit ground traces separate from the power ground traces. Small voltage variations applied to the sensitive circuits can prevent the MIC2172/3172 or any switching regulator from functioning properly. δ= ⎛ ICL ⎞ ⎜ ⎟ VIN δ 2 ⎠ ⎝ ≤ VOUT VOUT + VF ± VIN VOUT + VF (1) (1a) Where: ICL = internal switch current limit ICL = 1.25A when δ < 50% ICL = 0.833 (2 – δ) when δ ≥ 50% (Refer to Electrical Characteristics.) IOUT = maximum output current VIN = minimum input voltage Applications and Design Hints δ = duty cycle Access to both the collector and emitter(s) of the NPN power switch makes the MIC2172/3172 extremely versatile and suitable for use in most PWM power supply topologies. VOUT = required output voltage VF = D1 forward voltage drop For the example in figure 11. IOUT = 0.14A Boost Conversion Refer to figure 11 for a typical boost conversion application where a +5V logic supply is available but +12V at 0.14A is required. ICL = 1.147A VIN = 4.75V (minimum) δ = 0.623 VOUT = 12.0V VF = 0.6V Then: IOUT IOUT This value is greater than the 0.14A output current requirement so we can proceed to find the inductance value of L1. Figure 11. 5V to 12V Boost Converter The first step in designing a boost converter is determining whether inductor L1 will cause the converter to operate in either continuous or discontinuous mode. Discontinuous mode is preferred because the feedback control of the converter is simpler. When L1 discharges its current completely during the MIC2172/3172’s off-time, it is operating in discontinuous mode. April 2006 ⎛ 1.147 ⎞ ⎜ ⎟ × 4.75 × 0.623 2 ⎠ ≤⎝ 12 ≤ 0.141A L1 ≤ (VIN δ)2 2 POUT fSW (2) Where: POUT = 12 ⋅ 0.14 = 1.68W 5 fSW = 1⋅10 kHz (100kHz) For our practical example: 14 M9999-041806 (408) 955-1690 Micrel L1 ≤ MIC2172/3172 (4.75 × 0.623 )2 inverting input is also possible. 2 × 1.68 × 1× 10 5 Voltage Clipper Care must be taken to minimize T1’s leakage inductance, otherwise it may be necessary to incorporate the voltage clipper consisting of D1, R4, and C3 to avoid second breakdown (failure) of the MIC3172’s power NPN Q1. IL1 ≤ 26.062µH (use 27µH) Equation (3) solves for L1’s maximum current value. IL1(peak) = VIN TON L1 (3) Where: Enable/Shutdown The MIC3172 includes the enable/shutdown feature. When the device is shutdown, total supply current is less than 1µA. This is ideal for battery applications where portions of a system are powered only when needed. If this feature is not required, simply connect EN to VIN or to a TTL high voltage. -6 TON = δ / fSW = 6.23×10 sec IL1(peak) = 4.75 × 6.23 × 10 −6 27 × 10 − 6 IL1(peak) = 1.096A Use a 27µH inductor with a peak current rating of at least 1.4A. Discontinuous Mode Design When designing a discontinuous flyback converter, first determine whether the device can safely handle the peak primary current demand placed on it by the output power. Equation (8) finds the maximum duty cycle required for a given input voltage and output power. If the duty cycle is greater than 0.8, discontinuous operation cannot be used. Flyback Conversion Flyback converter topology may be used in low power applications where voltage isolation is required or whenever the input voltage can be less than or greater than the output voltage. As with the step-up converter the inductor (transformer primary) current can be continuous or discontinuous. Discontinuous operation is recommended. Figure 12 shows a practical flyback converter design using the MIC3172. δ≥ (8) For a practical example let: Switch Operation During Q1’s on time (Q1 is the internal NPN transistor— see block diagrams), energy is stored in T1’s primary inductance. During Q1’s off time, stored energy is partially discharged into C4 (output filter capacitor). Careful selection of a low ESR capacitor for C4 may provide satisfactory output ripple voltage making additional filter stages unnecessary. C1 (input capacitor) may be reduced or eliminated if the MIC3172 is located near a low impedance voltage source. POUT = 5.0V × 0.25A = 1.25W VIN = 4.0V to 6.0V ICL = 1.25A when δ < 50% Then: δ≥ 2 × 1.25 1.25 × 4 δ ≥ 0.5 (50%) Use 0.55. The slightly higher duty cycle value is used to overcome circuit inefficiencies. A few iterations of equation (8) may be required if the duty cycle is found to be greater than 50%. Calculate the maximum transformer turns ratio a, or NPRI/NSEC, that will guarantee safe operation of the MIC2172/3172 power switch. Output Diode The output diode allows T1 to store energy in its primary inductance (D2 nonconducting) and release energy into C4 (D2 conducting). The low forward voltage drop of a Schottky diode minimizes power loss in D2. Frequency Compensation A simple frequency compensation network consisting of R3 and C2 prevents output oscillations. High impedance output stages (transconductance type) in the MIC2172/3172 often permit simplified loop-stability solutions to be connected to circuit ground, although a more conventional technique of connecting the components from the error amplifier output to its April 2006 2 POUT ICL VIN(min) a≤ VCE FCE ± VIN(max) (9) VSEC Where: a = transformer maximum turns ratio VCE = power switch collector to emitter maximum voltage 15 M9999-041806 (408) 955-1690 Micrel MIC2172/3172 Then: FCE = safety derating factor (0.8 for most commercial and industrial applications) LPRI ≤ VIN(max) = maximum input voltage VSEC = transformer secondary voltage (VOUT + VF) For the practical example: FCE = 0.8 VSEC = 5.6V Then: 65 × 0.8 ± 6.0 5.6 a ≤ 8.2143 Next, calculate the maximum primary inductance required to store the needed output energy with a power switch duty cycle of 55%. LPRI ≤ 0.5 fSW VIN(min)2 TON2 ) 2 LPRI ≤ 19.23µH Use an 18µH primary inductance to overcome circuit inefficiencies. To complete the design the inductance value of the secondary is found which will guarantee that the energy stored in the transformer during the power switch on time will be completed discharged into the output during the off-time. This is necessary when operating in discontinuous-mode. VCE = 65V max. for the MIC2172/3172 a≤ ( 0.5 × 1× 10 5 × 4.0 2 5.5 × 10 − 6 1.25 L SEC ≤ 0.5 fSW VSEC2 TOFF 2 POUT (11) Where: LSEC = maximum secondary inductance (10) POUT TOFF = power switch off time Then: Where: LPRI = maximum primary inductance L SEC ≤ fSW = device switching frequency (100kHz) ( 0.5 × 1× 10 5 × 5.6 2 × 4.5 × 10 − 6 1.25 ) 2 LSEC ≤ 25.4µH VIN(min) = minimum input voltage TON = power switch on time Figure 12. MIC3172 5V 0.25A Flyback Converter April 2006 16 M9999-041806 (408) 955-1690 Micrel MIC2172/3172 requiring a transformer (forward), the MIC2172/3172 is a good choice. A 12V to 5V step-down converter using transformer isolation (forward) is shown in figure 14. Unlike the isolated flyback converter which stores energy in the primary inductance during the controller’s on-time and releases it to the load during the off-time, the forward converter transfers energy to the output during the ontime, using the off-time to reset the transformer core. In the application shown, the transformer core is reset by the tertiary winding discharging T1’s peak magnetizing current through D2. For most forward converters the duty cycle is limited to 50%, allowing the transformer flux to reset with only two times the input voltage appearing across the power switch. Although during normal operation this circuit’s duty cycle is well below 50%, the MIC2172 (and MIC3172) has a maximum duty cycle capability of 90%. If 90% was required during operation (start-up and high load currents), a complete reset of the transformer during the off-time would require the voltage across the power switch to be ten times the input voltage. This would limit the input voltage to 6V or less for forward converter applications. To prevent core saturation, the application given here uses a duty cycle limiter consisting of Q1, C4 and R3. Whenever the MIC3172 exceeds a duty cycle of 50%, T1’s reset winding current turns Q1 on. This action reduces the duty cycle of the MIC3172 until T1 is able to reset during each cycle. Finally, recalculate the transformer turns ratio to insure that it is less than the value earlier found in equation (9). a≤ LPRI L SEC (12) Then: a≤ 1.8 × 10 − 5 2.54 × 10 − 5 a ≤ 0.84 Use 0.8 (same as 1:1.25). This ratio is less than the ratio calculated in equation (9). When specifying the transformer it is necessary to know the primary peak current which must be withstood without saturating the transformer core. IPEAK(pri) = VIN(min) TON LPRI So: IPEAK(pri) = 4.0 × 5.5 × 10 −6 18µ8 (13) IPEAK(pri) = 1.22A Now find the minimum reverse voltage requirement for the output rectifier. This rectifier must have an average current rating greater than the maximum output current of 0.25A. VBR ≥ VIN(max) + (VOUT a ) FBR a (14) Where: Fluorescent Lamp Supply An extremely useful application of the MIC3172 is generating an ac voltage for fluorescent lamps used as liquid crystal display back lighting in portable computers. Figure 15 shows a complete power supply for lighting a fluorescent lamp. Transistors Q1 and Q2 together with capacitor C2 form a Royer oscillator. The Royer oscillator generates a sine wave whose frequency is determined by the series L/C circuit comprised of T1 and C2. Assuming that the MIC3172 and L1 are absent, and the transistors’ emitters are grounded, circuit operation is described in “Oscillator Operation.” VBR = output rectifier maximum peak reverse voltage rating a = transformer turns ratio (0.8) FBR = reverse voltage safety derating factor (0.8) Then: 6.0 + (5.0 × 0.8 ) 0.8 × 0.8 ≥ 15.625V VBR ≥ VBR A 1N5817 will safely handle voltage and current requirements in this example. Oscillator Operation Resistor R2 provides initial base current that turns transistor Q1 on and impresses the input voltage across one half of T1’s primary winding (Pri 1). T1’s feedback winding provides additional base drive (positive feedback) to Q1 forcing it well into saturation for a period determined by the Pri 1/C2 time constant. Once the voltage across C2 has reached its maximum circuit value, Q1’s collector current will no longer increase. Since T1 is in series with Q1, this drop in primary current causes the flux in T1 to change and because of the Forward Converters Micrel’s MIC2172/3172 can be used in several circuit configurations to generate an output voltage which is less than the input voltage (buck or step-down topology). Figure 13 shows the MIC3172 in a voltage step-down application. Because of the internal architecture of these devices, more external components are required to implement a step-down regulator than with other devices offered by Micrel (refer to the LM257x or LM457x family of buck switchers). However, for step-down conversion April 2006 17 M9999-041806 (408) 955-1690 Micrel MIC2172/3172 Figure 13. Step-Down or Buck Regulator constant lamp current by adjusting its duty cycle to keep the feedback voltage at 1.24V. The intensity of the lamp is adjusted using potentiometer R5. The MIC3172 adjusts its duty cycle accordingly to bring the average voltage across R4 and R5 back to 1.24V. mutual coupling to the feedback winding further reduces primary current eventually turning Q1 off. The primary windings now change state with the feedback winding forcing Q2 on repeating the alternate half cycle exactly as with Q1. This action produces a sinusoidal voltage wave form; whose amplitude is proportional to the input voltage, across T1’s primary winding which is stepped up and capacitively coupled to the lamp. On/Off Control Especially important for battery powered applications, the lamp can be remotely or automatically turned off using the MIC3172’s EN pin. The entire circuit draws less than 1µA while shutdown. Lamp Current Regulation Initial ionization (lighting) of the fluorescent lamp requires several times the ac voltage across it than is required to sustain current through the device. The current through the lamp is sampled and regulated by the MIC3172 to achieve a given intensity. The MIC3172 uses L1 to maintain a constant average current through the transistor emitters. This current controls the voltage amplitude of the Royer oscillator and maintains the lamp current. During the negative half cycle, lamp current is rectified by D3. During the positive half cycle, lamp current is rectified by D2 through R4 and R5. R3 and C5 filter the voltage dropped across R4 and R5 to the MIC3172’s feedback pin. The MIC3172 maintains a April 2006 Efficiency To obtain maximum circuit efficiency careful selection of Q1 and Q2 for low collector to emitter saturation voltage is a must. Inductor L1 should be chosen for minimal core and copper losses at the switching frequency of the MIC3172, and T1 should be carefully constructed from magnetic materials optimized for the output power required at the Royer oscillator frequency. Suitable inductors may be obtained from Coiltronics, Inc., tel: (407) 241-7876. 18 M9999-041806 (408) 955-1690 Micrel MIC2172/3172 Figure 14. 12V to 5V Forward Converter Figure 15. LCD Backlight Fluorescent Lamp Supply April 2006 19 M9999-041806 (408) 955-1690 Micrel MIC2172/3172 Package Information 8-Pin Plastic DIP (N) 8-Pin SOIC (M) MICREL, INC. 2180 FORTUNE DRIVE SAN JOSE, CA 95131 USA TEL +1 (408) 944-0800 FAX +1 (408) 474-1000 WEB http:/www.micrel.com The information furnished by Micrel in this data sheet is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Micrel for its use. Micrel reserves the right to change circuitry and specifications at any time without notification to the customer. Micrel Products are not designed or authorized for use as components in life support appliances, devices or systems where malfunction of a product can reasonably be expected to result in personal injury. Life support devices or systems are devices or systems that (a) are intended for surgical implant into the body or (b) support or sustain life, and whose failure to perform can be reasonably expected to result in a significant injury to the user. A Purchaser’s use or sale of Micrel Products for use in life support appliances, devices or systems is a Purchaser’s own risk and Purchaser agrees to fully indemnify Micrel for any damages resulting from such use or sale. © 2004 Micrel, Incorporated. April 2006 20 M9999-041806 (408) 955-1690