MIC22405 4A Integrated Switch High-Efficiency Synchronous Buck Regulator with Frequency Programmable upto 4MHz General Description Features The Micrel MIC22405 is a high efficiency, 4A integrated switch synchronous buck (step-down) regulator. The MIC22405 is optimized for highest efficiency, achieving more than 95% efficiency while still switching at 1MHz. The ultra-high speed control loop keeps the output voltage within regulation even under the extreme transient load swings commonly found in FPGAs and low-voltage ASICs. The output voltage is pre-bias safe and can be adjusted down to 0.7V to address all low-voltage power needs. The MIC22405 offers a full range of sequencing and tracking options. The Enable/Delay (EN/DLY) pin, combined with the Power Good (PG) pin, allows multiple outputs to be sequenced in any way during turn-on and turn-off. The Ramp Control™ (RC) pin allows the device to be connected to another product in the MIC22xxx and/or MIC68xxx family, to keep the output voltages within a certain ∆V on start-up. ® The MIC22405 is available in a 20-pin 3mm x 4mm MLF with a junction operating range from –40°C to +125°C. Data sheets and support documentation can be found on Micrel’s web site at: www.micrel.com. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Input voltage range: 2.9V to 5.5V Output voltage adjustable down to 0.7V Output load current up to 4A Safe start-up into a pre-biased output Full sequencing and tracking capability Power Good output Efficiency > 95% across a broad load range Programmable frequency 300kHz to 4MHz Ultra-fast transient response Easy RC compensation 100% maximum duty cycle Fully-integrated MOSFET switches Thermal shutdown and current-limit protection 20-pin 3mm x 4mm MLF® –40°C to +125°C junction temperature range Applications • • • • • High power density point-of-load conversion Servers, routers, and base stations DVD recorders / Blu-ray players Computing peripherals FPGAs, DSP and low voltage ASIC power _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Typical Application Efficiency (VIN = 5.0V) vs. Output Current 100 3.3V EFFICIENCY (%) 95 90 1.8V 85 80 V IN = 5.0V 75 70 MIC22405 4A 1MHz Synchronous Output Converter 0 1 2 3 4 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) Ramp Control is a trademark of Micrel, Inc MLF and MicroLeadFrame are registered trademarks of Amkor Technology, Inc. Micrel Inc. • 2180 Fortune Drive • San Jose, CA 95131 • USA • tel +1 (408) 944-0800 • fax + 1 (408) 474-1000 • http://www.micrel.com May 2011 M9999-061511-A Micrel, Inc. MIC22405 Ordering Information Part Number Voltage MIC22405YML Adjustable Junction Temperature Range –40° to +125°C Package Lead Finish ® 20-Pin 3x4 MLF * Pb-Free Note: ® 1. MLF is a GREEN ROHS compliant package. Lead finish is NiPdAu. Mold compound is Halogen Free. Pin Configuration 20-Pin 3mm x 4mm MLF® (ML) Pin Description Pin Number Pin Name Description 1 PG PG (Output): This is an open drain output that indicates when the output voltage is below 90% of its nominal voltage. The PG flag is asserted without delay when the enable is set low or when the output goes below the 90% threshold. 2 CF Adjustable frequency with external capacitor. Refer to table 2. Compensation Pin (Input): The MIC22405 uses an internal compensation network containing a fixed-frequency zero (phase lead response) and pole (phase lag response) which allows the external compensation network to be much simplified for stability. The addition of a single capacitor and resistor to the COMP pin will add the necessary pole and zero for voltage mode loop stability using low-value, low-ESR ceramic capacitors. 4 COMP 6 FB 7 SGND Signal Ground: Internal signal ground for all low power circuits. 8 SVIN Signal Power Supply Voltage (Input): This pin is connected externally to the PVIN pin. A 2.2µF ceramic capacitor from the SVIN pin to SGND must be placed next to the IC. 10, 17 PVIN Power Supply Voltage (Input): The PVIN pins are the input supply to the internal P-Channel Power MOSFET. A 22µF ceramic is recommended for bypassing at each PVIN pin. The SVIN pin must be connected to a PVIN pin. 11, 16 PGND Power Ground: Internal ground connection to the source of the internal N-Channel MOSFETs. 12, 13, 14, 15 SW June 2011 Feedback: Input to the error amplifier. The FB pin is regulated to 0.7V. A resistor divider connecting the feedback to the output is used to adjust the desired output voltage. Switch (Output): This is the connection to the drain of the internal P-Channel MOSFET and drain of the N-Channel MOSFET. This is a high-frequency, high-power connection; therefore traces should be kept as short and as wide as practical. 2 M9999-061511-A Micrel, Inc. MIC22405 Pin Description (Continued) Pin Number Pin Name 18 EN/DLY 19 NC 20 RC EP GND June 2011 Description Enable/Delay (Input): This pin is internally fed with a 1µA current source from SVIN. A delayed turn on is implemented by adding a capacitor to this pin. The delay is proportional to the capacitor value. The internal circuits are held off until EN/DLY reaches the enable threshold of 1.24V. This pin is pulled low when the input voltage is lower than the UVLO threshold. No Connect: Leave this pin open. Do not connect to ground or route other signal through this. Ramp Control: A capacitor from the RC pin-to-ground determines slew rate of output voltage during start-up. The RC pin is internally fed with a 1µA current source. The output voltage tracks the RC pin voltage. The slew rate is proportional by the internal 1µA source and RC pin capacitor. This feature can be used for tracking capability as well as soft start. Exposed Pad (Power): Must be connected to the GND plane for full output power to be realized. 3 M9999-061511-A Micrel, Inc. MIC22405 Absolute Maximum Ratings(1, 2) Operating Ratings(3) PVIN to PGND.................................................... –0.3V to 6V SVIN to PGND..................................................–0.3V to PVIN VSW to PGND...................................................–0.3V to PVIN VEN/DLY to PGND .............................................. -0.3V to PVIN VPG to PGND ...................................................–0.3V to PVIN Junction Temperature ................................................ 150°C PGND to SGND ............................................. –0.3V to 0.3V Storage Temperature Range ....................–65°C to +150°C Lead Temperature (soldering, 10s)............................ 260°C ESD Rating.................................................................Note 2 Supply Voltage (PVIN/SVIN) .............................. 2.9V to 5.5V Power Good Voltage (VPG)...................................0V to PVIN Enable Input (VEN/DLY)...........................................0V to PVIN Junction Temperature (TJ) ..................–40°C ≤ TJ ≤ +125°C Package Thermal Resistance 3mm x 4mm MLF®-20 (θJC)................................25°C/W 3mm x 4mm MLF®-20 (θJA)................................55°C/W Electrical Characteristics(4) SVIN = PVIN = VEN/DLY = 3.3V, VOUT = 1.8V, TA = 25°C, unless noted. Bold values indicate –40°C< TJ < +125°C. Parameter Condition Min. PVIN Rising 2.9 2.55 Typ. Max. Units 5.5 2.9 V V mV mA µA Power Input Supply Input Voltage Range (PVIN) Under-voltage Lockout Trip Level UVLO Hysteresis Quiescent Supply Current Shutdown Current Reference Feedback Reference Voltage Load Regulation Line Regulation FB Bias Current Enable Control EN/DLY Threshold Voltage EN Hysteresis EN/DLY Bias Current RC Ramp Control RC Pin Source Current Oscillator Switching Frequency Maximum Duty Cycle Short Current Protection Current Limit Internal FETs VFB = 0.9V (not switching) VEN/DLY = 0V 2.78 420 1.3 5 2 10 0.686 0.7 0.2 0.2 1 0.714 V % % nA 1.14 1.34 1.8 V mV µA IOUT = 100mA to 4A VIN = 2.9V to 5.5V; IOUT = 100mA VFB = 0.5V VEN/DLY = 0.5V; VIN = 2.9V and VIN = 5.5V 0.6 1.24 10 1.0 VRC = 0.35V 0.5 1.0 1.7 µA 1.0 1.2 VFB ≤ 0.5V 0.8 100 MHz % VFB = 0.5V 4 7.8 14 A Top MOSFET RDS(ON) VFB = 0.5V, ISW = 1A 60 mΩ Bottom MOSFET RDS(ON) VFB = 0.9V, ISW = -1A 35 mΩ Power Good (PG) PG Threshold Threshold % of VFB from VREF Hysteresis PG Output Low Voltage IPG = 5mA (sinking), VEN/DLY = 0V PG Leakage Current VPG = 5.5V; VFB = 0.9V June 2011 −7.5 −10 −12.5 2.0 % 135 mV 1.0 2.0 4 % μA M9999-061511-A Micrel, Inc. MIC22405 Electrical Characteristics(4) (Continued) VIN = PVIN = VEN/DLY = 3.3V, VOUT = 1.8V, TA = 25°C, unless noted. Bold values indicate –40°C< TJ < +125°C. Parameter Thermal Protection Over-temperature Shutdown Over-temperature Shutdown Hysteresis Condition Min. TJ Rising Typ. Max. Units 150 °C 10 °C Notes: 1. Exceeding the absolute maximum rating may damage the device. 2. Devices are ESD sensitive. Handling precautions recommended. 3. The device is not guaranteed to function outside its operating rating. 4. Specification for packaged product only. June 2011 5 M9999-061511-A Micrel, Inc. MIC22405 Typical Characteristics 0.710 14 12 VOUT = 1.8V IOUT = 0A SWITCHING 8 8 6 4 VEN/DLY = 0V 2 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 3.0 0.702 0.698 V OUT = 1.8V 0.694 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 2.5 3.0 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 0.6% 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 5.0 5.5 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) Switching Frequency vs. Input Voltage Current Limit vs. Input Voltage Load Regulation vs. Input Voltage 20 1100 V OUT = 1.8V 1050 0.2% 0.0% VOUT = 1.8V IOUT = 0A to 4A -0.2% -0.4% 15 1000 950 10 900 5 VOUT = 1.8V 850 0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 800 2.5 3.0 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 2.5 5.5 VPG THRESHOLD/VREF (%) ENABLE INPUT CURRENT (µA) 1.00 1.30 0.75 1.20 0.50 1.10 0.25 1.00 V EN/DLY = 0V 0.00 3.5 4.0 4.5 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) June 2011 5.0 5.5 4.5 12.0 1.25 1.40 4.0 Power Good Threshold/VREF Ratio vs. Input Voltage 1.50 Rising 3.5 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) Enable Input Current vs. Input Voltage 1.50 3.0 3.0 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) Enable Threshold vs. Input Voltage 2.5 IOUT = 0A SWITCHING FREQUENCY (kHz) 0.4% CURRENT LIMIT (A) TOTAL REGULATION (%) 0.706 0.690 2.5 5.5 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) ENABLE THRESHOLD (V) FEEDBACK VOLTAGE (V) 16 10 Feedback Voltage vs. Input Voltage 10 SHUTDOWN CURRENT (µA) 18 SUPPLY CURRENT (mA) VIN Shutdown Current vs. Input Voltage VIN Operating Supply Current vs. Input Voltage 11.0 10.0 9.0 VREF = 0.7V 8.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 6 5.0 5.5 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) M9999-061511-A Micrel, Inc. MIC22405 Typical Characteristics (Continued) VIN Operating Supply Current vs. Temperature 15 12.0 10.0 VIN =3.3V VOUT = 1.8V IOUT = 0A SWITCHING 8.0 Rising IOUT = 0A 12 VEN/DLY = 0V 9 6 3 0 6.0 -25 0.750 0 25 50 75 100 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 -50 0 25 50 75 Load Regulation vs. Temperature Line Regulation vs. Temperature 0.2% 0.6% LOAD REGULATION (%) 0.710 0.690 0.670 0.650 0.4% 0.2% 0.0% VIN = 3.3V VOUT = 1.8V -0.2% 0 25 50 75 100 125 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 IOUT = 0A 125 -0.2% -50 1000 950 900 VIN = 3.3V VOUT = 1.8V IOUT = 0A 800 50 75 TEMPERATURE (°C) 100 125 50 75 100 125 100 125 15 VIN = 3.3V 1.26 1.24 1.22 1.20 VIN = 3.3V 1.18 1.16 25 25 Current Limit vs. Temperature CURRENT LIMIT (A) ENABLE THRESHOLD (V) SWITCHING FREQUENCY (kHz) 1050 0 TEMPERATURE (°C) 1.28 0 -25 Enable Threshold vs. Temperature 1100 850 VIN = 2.9V to 5.5V VOUT = 1.8V TEMPERATURE (°C) Switching Frequency vs. Temperature 125 0.0% IOUT = 0A to 4A TEMPERATURE (°C) 100 0.1% -0.1% -0.4% June 2011 -25 Feedback Voltage vs. Temperature VOUT = 1.8V -25 2.2 TEMPERATURE (°C) IOUT = 0A -50 Falling 2.4 TEMPERATURE (°C) VIN = 3.3V -25 2.6 TEMPERATURE (°C) 0.730 -50 2.8 2.0 -50 125 LINE REGULATION (%) -50 FEEDBACK VOLTAGE (V) 3.0 VIN = 3.3V VIN THRESHOLD (V) SHUTDOWN CURRENT (uA) SUPPLY CURRENT (mA) 14.0 VIN UVLO Threshold vs. Temperature VIN Shutdown Current vs. Temperature VOUT = 1.8V 10 5 0 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 TEMPERATURE (°C) 7 100 125 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 TEMPERATURE (°C) M9999-061511-A Micrel, Inc. MIC22405 Typical Characteristics (Continued) Feedback Voltage vs. Output Current Efficiency vs. Output Current FEEDBACK VOLTAGE (V) VIN =5.0V 85 80 75 70 65 VOUT = 1.8V 60 VIN = 2.9V to 5.5V 0.715 0.705 0.695 VIN = 3.3V 0.685 55 0.675 50 0 1 2 3 1 2 4.3 0 4 OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) IOUT = 0A 950 3.8 2 3 VIN = 5.0V VFB < 0.8V VFB < 0.8V TA 25ºC 85ºC 125ºC 1.25 IC POWER DISSIPATION (W) 100 95 90 2.5V 1.8V 1.5V 1.2V 1.0V 0.9V 0.8V 0.7V 85 80 75 70 VIN = 3.3V 65 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) June 2011 5.0 TA 25ºC 85ºC 125ºC 4.5 4 0 0.50 0.25 5 6 3 4 80 2.5V 1.8V 1.5V 1.2V 1.0V 0.9V 0.8V 0.7V 0.75 2 Case Temperature* (VIN = 3.3V) vs. Output Current IC Power Dissipation (VIN = 3.3V) vs. Output Current 1.00 1 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) VIN = 3.3V 0.00 0 5.5 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) OUTPUT CURRENT (A) Efficiency (VIN = 3.3V) vs. Output Current 4 4.0 0 4 3 Output Voltage (VIN = 5.0V) vs. Output Current 6.0 3.3 2.8 2 VIN = 3.3V 2.3 900 1 1 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) SWITCHING FREQUENCY (kHz) VOUT = 1.8V 1000 EFFICIENCY (%) 3 Output Voltage (VIN = 3.3V) vs. Output Current VIN = 3.3V 0 0.00% OUTPUT CURRENT (A) Switching Frequency vs. Output Current 1050 0.02% -0.02% 0 4 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) 1100 VOUT = 1.8V 0.04% VOUT = 1.8V CASE TEMPERATURE (°C) EFFICIENCY (%) 90 Line Regulation vs. Output Current 0.06% 0.725 VIN =3.3V 95 LINE REGULATION (%) 100 60 40 VIN = 3.3V 20 VOUT = 1.8V 0 0 1 2 3 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) 8 4 0 1 2 3 4 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) M9999-061511-A Micrel, Inc. MIC22405 Typical Characteristics (Continued) Efficiency (VIN = 5.0V) vs. Output Current IC Power Dissipation (VIN = 5.0V) vs. Output Current 100 80 3.3V 2.5V 1.8V 1.5V 1.2V 1.0V 0.9V 0.8V 0.7V 90 85 80 75 VIN = 5.0V 70 3.3V 2.5V 1.8V 1.5V 1.2V 1.0V 0.9V 0.8V 0.7V 0.96 0.72 0.48 DIE TEMPERATURE (°C) IC POWER DISSIPATION (W) 1.20 95 EFFICIENCY (%) Case Temperature* (VIN = 5.0V) vs. Output Current 0.24 1 2 3 4 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) 5 6 40 VIN = 5V 20 VOUT = 1.8V VIN = 5.0V 0.00 0 60 0 0 1 2 3 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) 4 0 1 2 3 4 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) Die Temperature* : The temperature measurement was taken at the hottest point on the MIC22405 case and mounted on a fivesquare inch PCB (see Thermal Measurements section). Actual results will depend upon the size of the PCB, ambient temperature, and proximity to other heat-emitting components. June 2011 9 M9999-061511-A Micrel, Inc. MIC22405 Functional Characteristics June 2011 10 M9999-061511-A Micrel, Inc. MIC22405 Functional Characteristics (Continued) June 2011 11 M9999-061511-A Micrel, Inc. MIC22405 Functional Characteristics (Continued) June 2011 12 M9999-061511-A Micrel, Inc. MIC22405 Functional Diagram Figure 1. MIC22405 Functional Diagram June 2011 13 M9999-061511-A Micrel, Inc. MIC22405 Application Information The MIC22405 is a 4A synchronous voltage mode PWM step down regulator IC with a programmable frequency range from 300kHz to 4MHz. Other features include tracking and sequencing control for controlling multiple output power systems and power on reset (POR). By controlling the ratio of the on-to-off time, or duty cycle, a regulated DC output voltage is achieved. As load or supply voltage changes, so does the duty cycle to maintain a constant output voltage. In cases where the input supply runs into a dropout condition, the MIC22405 will run at 100% duty cycle. The internal MOSFETs include a high-side P-channel MOSFET from the input supply to the switch pin and an N-channel MOSFET from the switch pin to ground. Since the low-side N-channel MOSFET provides the current during the off cycle, a very low amount of power is dissipated during the off period. The PWM control technique also provides fixedfrequency operation. By maintaining a constant switching frequency, predictable fundamental and harmonic frequencies are achieved. Other methods of regulation, such as burst and skip modes, have frequency spectrums that change with load that can interfere with sensitive communication equipment. Input Capacitor A 22µF X5R or X7R dielectrics ceramic capacitor is recommended on each of the PVIN pins for bypassing. A Y5V dielectric capacitor should not be used. Aside from losing most of their capacitance over temperature, they also become resistive at high frequencies. This reduces their ability to filter out high-frequency noise. Output Capacitor The MIC22405 was designed specifically for use with ceramic output capacitors. The output capacitor can be increased from 100µF to a higher value to improve transient performance. Since the MIC22405 is in voltage mode, the control loop relies on the inductor and output capacitor for compensation. For this reason, do not use excessively large output capacitors. The output capacitor requires either an X7R or X5R dielectric. Y5V and Z5U dielectric capacitors, aside from the undesirable effect of their wide variation in capacitance over temperature, become resistive at high frequencies. Using Y5V or Z5U capacitors can cause instability in the MIC22405. • Size requirements • DC resistance (DCR) Efficiency Considerations Efficiency is defined as the amount of useful output power, divided by the amount of power consumed. ⎛V ×I Efficiency % = ⎜⎜ OUT OUT ⎝ VIN × IIN ⎞ ⎟⎟ × 100 ⎠ Maintaining high efficiency serves two purposes. First, it decreases power dissipation in the power supply, reducing the need for heat sinks and thermal design considerations and it decreases consumption of current for battery powered applications. Reduced current demand from a battery increases the devices operating time, critical in hand held devices. There are mainly two loss terms in switching converters: static losses and switching losses. Static losses are simply the power losses due to VI or I2R. For example, power is dissipated in the high side switch during the on cycle. Power loss is equal to the high-side MOSFET Inductor Selection Inductor selection will be determined by the following (not necessarily in the order of importance): Inductance June 2011 Rated current value The MIC22405 is designed for use with a 0.47µH to 4.7µH inductor. Maximum current ratings of the inductor are generally given in two methods: permissible DC current and saturation current. Permissible DC current can be rated either for a 40°C temperature rise or a 10% loss in inductance. Ensure the inductor selected can handle the maximum operating current. When saturation current is specified, make sure that there is enough margin so that the peak current will not saturate the inductor. The ripple current can add as much as 1.2A to the output current level. The RMS rating should be chosen to be equal or greater than the current limit of the MIC22405 to prevent overheating in a fault condition. For best electrical performance, the inductor should be placed very close to the SW nodes of the IC. For this reason, the heat of the inductor is somewhat coupled to the IC, so it offers some level of protection if the inductor gets too hot (In such cases IC case temperature is not a true indication of IC dissipation). It is important to test all operating limits before settling on the final inductor choice. The size requirements refer to the area and height requirements that are necessary to fit a particular design. Please refer to the inductor dimensions on their datasheet. DC resistance is also important. While DCR is inversely proportional to size, DCR increase can represent a significant efficiency loss. Refer to the “Efficiency Considerations” sub-section for a more detailed description. Component Selection • • 14 M9999-061511-A Micrel, Inc. MIC22405 selection becomes a trade-off between efficiency and size in this case. Alternatively, under lighter loads, the ripple current due to the inductance becomes a significant factor. When light load efficiencies become more critical, a larger inductor value maybe desired. Larger inductances reduce the peak-to-peak inductor ripple current, which minimize losses. RDS(ON) multiplied by the RMS switch current squared (ISW2). During the off-cycle, the low-side N-channel MOSFET conducts, also dissipating power. Similarly, the inductor’s DCR and capacitor’s ESR also contribute to the I2R losses. Device operating current also reduces efficiency by the product of the quiescent (operating) current and the supply voltage. The current required to drive the gates on and off at a constant 1MHz frequency and the switching transitions make up the switching losses. Figure 2 illustrates a typical efficiency curve. From 0A to 0.2A, efficiency losses are dominated by quiescent current losses, gate drive, transition and core losses. In this case, lower supply voltages yield greater efficiency in that they require less current to drive the MOSFETs and have reduced input power consumption. Compensation The MIC22405 has a combination of internal and external stability compensation to simplify the circuit for small, high efficiency designs. In such designs, voltage mode conversion is often the optimum solution. Voltage mode is achieved by creating an internal ramp signal and using the output of the error amplifier to modulate the pulse width of the switch node, thereby maintaining output voltage regulation. With a typical gain bandwidth of 100kHz − 200kHz, the MIC22405 is capable of extremely fast transient response. The MIC22405 is designed to be stable with a typical application using a 1µH inductor and a 100µF ceramic (X5R) output capacitor. These values can be varied dependent upon the tradeoff between size, cost and efficiency, keeping the LC natural frequency ⎛ ⎞ 1 ⎜ ⎟ ideally less than 26 kHz to ensure ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ 2× π × L×C ⎠ stability can be achieved. The minimum recommended inductor value is 0.47µH and minimum recommended output capacitor value is 22µF. The tradeoff between changing these values is that with a larger inductor, there is a reduced peak-to-peak current which yields a greater efficiency at lighter loads. A larger output capacitor will improve transient response by providing a larger hold up reservoir of energy to the output. Efficiency (VIN = 5.0V) vs. Output Current 100 3.3V EFFICIENCY (%) 95 90 1.8V 85 80 VIN = 5.0V 75 70 0 1 2 3 4 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) Figure 2. Efficiency Curve From 0.5A to 4A, efficiency loss is dominated by MOSFET RDS(ON) and inductor DC losses. Higher input supply voltages will increase the gate-to-source voltage on the internal MOSFETs, thereby reducing the internal RDS(ON). This improves efficiency by decreasing DC losses in the device. All but the inductor losses are inherent to the device. In which case, inductor selection becomes increasingly critical in efficiency calculations. As the inductors are reduced in size, the DC resistance (DCR) can become quite significant. The DCR losses can be calculated as follows: LPD = IOUT2 × DCR From that, the loss in efficiency due to inductor resistance can be calculated as follows: ⎡ ⎛ VOUT × IOUT Efficiency Loss = ⎢1− ⎜⎜ ⎢⎣ ⎝ (VOUT × IOUT ) + L PD ⎞⎤ ⎟⎥ × 100 ⎟ ⎠⎥⎦ Efficiency loss due to DCR is minimal at light loads and gains significance as the load is increased. Inductor June 2011 15 M9999-061511-A Micrel, Inc. MIC22405 The integration of one pole-zero pair within the control loop greatly simplifies compensation. The optimum values for CCOMP (in series with a 20k resistor) are shown below. CÆ LÈ 22µF ̶ 47µF 47µF ̶ 100µF 100µF ̶ 470µF 0* ̶ 10pF 22pF 33pF 0.47µH † 1µH 0 ̶ 15pF 15 ̶ 22pF 33pF 2.2µH 15 ̶ 33pF 33 ̶ 47pF 100 ̶ 220pF CF Capacitor Frequency 56pF 4.4MHz 68pF 4MHz 82pF 3.4MHz 100pF 2.8MHz 150pF 2.1MHz 180pF 1.7MHz 220pF 1.4MHz 270pF 1.2MHz 330pF 1.1MHz 390pF 1.05MHz 470pF 1MHz Table 2. CF vs. Frequency † * VOUT > 1.2V, VOUT > 1V Table 1. Compensation Capacitor Selection Note: Compensation values for various output voltages and inductor values refer to table 3. It is necessary to connect the CF capacitor between the CF pin and signal ground. 300kHz to 800kHz Operation The frequency range can be lowered by adding an additional resistor (RCF) in parallel with the CF capacitor. This reduces the amount of current used to charge the capacitor, reducing the frequency. The following equation can be used to for frequencies between 800kHz to 300kHz.: Feedback The MIC22405 provides a feedback pin to adjust the output voltage to the desired level. This pin connects internally to an error amplifier. The error amplifier then compares the voltage at the feedback to the internal 0.7V reference voltage and adjusts the output voltage to maintain regulation. The resistor divider network for a desired VOUT is given by: R2 = ⎛ 1.0V − R CF × C CF × ln⎜1 + ⎜ 400μ0 × R CF ⎝ R CF > 2.9KΩ R1 ⎛V ⎞ ⎜ OUT − 1⎟ ⎜V ⎟ ⎝ REF ⎠ RC Pin (Soft-Start) The RC pin provides a trimmed 1µA current source/sink for accurate ramp-up (soft-start). This allows the MIC22405 to be used in systems requiring voltage tracking or ratio-metric voltage tracking at startup. There are two ways of using the RC pin: 1. Externally driven from a voltage source 2. Externally attached capacitor sets output rampup/down rate In the first case, driving RC with a voltage from 0V to VREF will program the output voltage between 0 and 100% of the nominal set voltage as shown in figure 3. In the second case, the external capacitor sets the rampup and ramp-down time of the output voltage. The time is given by where VREF is 0.7V and VOUT is the desired output voltage. A 10kΩ or lower resistor value from the output to the feedback (R1) is recommended since large feedback resistor values increase the impedance at the feedback pin, making the feedback node more susceptible to noise pick-up. A small capacitor (50pF – 100pF) across the lower resistor can reduce noise pickup by providing a low impedance path to ground. Enable/Delay (EN/DLY) Pin Enable/Delay (EN/DLY) sources 1µA out of the IC to allow a startup delay to be implemented. The delay time is simply the time it takes 1µA to charge CEN/DLY to 1.25V. Therefore: t EN/DLY = 1.24 × C EN/DLY 1× 10 − 6 t RAMP = 0.7 × C RC 1× 10 − 6 is the time from 0 to 100% nominal output CF Capacitor Adding a capacitor to this pin can adjust switching frequency from 800kHz to 4MHz. CF sources 400µA out of the IC to charge the CF capacitor to set up the switching frequency. The switch period is simply the time it takes 400µA to charge CF to 1.0V. Therefore: June 2011 ⎞ ⎟=t ⎟ ⎠ Where tRAMP voltage. During start-up, a light load condition (IOUT < 1.25A) can lead to negative inductor current. Under these 16 M9999-061511-A Micrel, Inc. MIC22405 conditions, the maximum ramp-up time should not exceed the critical ramp-up time period to keep regulator in continuous mode operation when VFB reaches 90% of reference voltage. Beyond the critical ramp-up time, the regulator is in discontinuous mode which leads to prolonged N-channel MOSFET conduction, which in turn causes negative inductor current. The maximum CRC value is calculated as follows. CRC < 2.86 • COUT • L • FSW • 10 1 MOSFET will turn on until the ramp control voltage (VRC) is above the reference voltage (VREF). Then, the highside MOSFET starts switching, forcing the output to follow the VRC ramp. Once the feedback voltage is above 90 percent of the reference voltage, the low-side MOSFET will begin switching. 6 VOUT VIN Pre-Bias Start-Up The MIC22405 is designed for safe start-up into a prebiased output. This prevents large negative inductor currents and excessive output voltage oscillations. The MIC22405 starts with the low-side MOSFET turned off, preventing reverse inductor current flow. The synchronous MOSFET stays off until the Power Good (PG) goes high after the VFB is above 90 percent of VREF. A pre-bias condition can occur if the input is turned off then immediately turned back on before the output capacitor is discharged to ground. It is also possible that the output of the MIC22405 could be pulled up or prebiased through parasitic conduction paths from one supply rail to another in multiple voltage (VOUT) level ICs such as a FPGA. Figure 3 shows a normal start-up waveform. A 1µA current source charges the soft-start capacitor CRC. The CRC capacitor forces the VRC voltage to come up slowly (VRC trace), thereby providing a soft-start ramp. This ramp is used to control the internal reference (VREF). The error amplifier forces the output voltage to follow the VREF ramp from zero to the final value. Figure 4. EN Turn-On at 1V Pre-Bias When the MIC22405 is turned off, the low-side MOSFET will be disabled and the output voltage will decay to zero. During this time, the ramp control voltage (VRC) will still control the output voltage fall-time with the high-side MOSFET if the output voltage falls faster than the VRC voltage. Figure 5 shows this operating condition. Here a 4A load pulls the output down fast enough to force the high-side MOSFET on (VSW trace). Figure 5. EN Turn-OFF − 7A Load If the output voltage falls slower than the VRC voltage, then the both MOSFETs will be off and the output will decay to zero as shown in the VOUT trace in Figure 6 with both MOSFETs off, any resistive load connected to the output will help pull down the output voltage. This will occur at a rate determined by the resistance of the load and the output capacitance. Figure 3. EN Turn-On Time − Normal Start-Up If the output is pre-biased to a voltage above the expected value, as shown in Figure 4, then neither June 2011 17 M9999-061511-A Micrel, Inc. MIC22405 Thermal Considerations The MIC22405 is packaged in a MLF® 3mm x 4mm – a package that has excellent thermal-performance equaling that of the larger TSSOP packages. This maximizes heat transfer from the junction to the exposed pad (ePad) which connects to the ground plane. The size of the ground plane attached to the exposed pad determines the overall thermal resistance from the junction to the ambient air surrounding the printed circuit board. The junction temperature for a given ambient temperature can be calculated using: TJ = TAMB + PDISS × RθJA Figure 6. EN Turn-Off − 200mA Load where: Current Limit The MIC22405 uses a two-stage technique to protect against overload. The first stage is to limit the current in the P-channel switch; the second is over temperature shutdown. Current is limited by measuring the current through the high-side MOSFET during its power stroke and immediately switching off the driver when the preset limit is exceeded. The circuit in Figure 7 describes the operation of the current limit circuit. Since the actual RDSON of the Pchannel MOSFET varies from part to part, and with changes in temperature and with input voltage, simple IR voltage detection is not employed. Instead, a smaller copy of the Power MOSFET (Reference FET) is fed with a constant current which is a directly proportional to the factory set current limit. This sets the current limit as a current ratio and thus, is not dependant upon the RDSON value. Current limit is set to nominal value. Variations in the scale factor K between the power PFET and the reference PFET used to generate the limit threshold account for a relatively small inaccuracy. • PDISS is the power dissipated within the MLF® package and is at 4A load. RθJA is a combination of junction-to-case thermal resistance (RθJC) and Case-to-Ambient thermal resistance (RθCA), since thermal resistance of the solder connection from the ePAD to the PCB is negligible; RθCA is the thermal resistance of the ground plane-to-ambient, so RθJA = RθJC + RθCA. • TAMB is the operating ambient temperature. Example: The Evaluation board has two copper planes contributing to an RθJA of approximately 55°C/W. The worst case RθJC of the MLF 3mmx4mm is 25oC/W. RθJA = RθJC + RθCA RθJA = 25 + 30 = 55oC/W To calculate the junction temperature for a 50°C ambient: TJ = TAMB+PDISS . RθJA TJ = 50 + (0.89 x 55) TJ = 98.95°C This is below the maximum of 125°C. Figure 7. Current-Limit Detail June 2011 18 M9999-061511-A Micrel, Inc. MIC22405 Window Sequencing: Thermal Measurements Measuring the IC’s case temperature is recommended to ensure it is within its operating limits. Although this might seem like a very elementary task, it is easy to get erroneous results. The most common mistake is to use the standard thermal couple that comes with a thermal meter. This thermal couple wire gauge is large, typically 22 gauge, and behaves like a heat-sink, resulting in a lower case measurement. Two better methods of temperature measurement are using a smaller thermal couple wire or an infrared thermometer. If a thermal couple wire is used, it must be constructed of 36 gauge wire or higher then (smaller wire size) to minimize the wire heat-sinking effect. In addition, the thermal couple tip must be covered in either thermal grease or thermal glue to make sure that the thermal couple junction is making good contact with the case of the IC. Omega brand thermal couple (5SC-TT-K36-36) is adequate for most applications. Whenever possible, an infrared thermometer is recommended. The measurement spot size of most infrared thermometers is too large for an accurate reading on a small form factor ICs. However, an IR thermometer from Optris has a 1mm spot size, which makes it a good choice for measuring the hottest point on the case. An optional stand makes it easy to hold the beam on the IC for long periods of time. Sequencing and Tracking There are four variations which are easily implemented using the MIC22405. The two sequencing variations are Delayed and Windowed. The two tracking variants are Normal and Ratio Metric. The following diagrams illustrate methods for connecting two MIC22405’s to achieve these requirements. Time (4.0ms/div) June 2011 19 M9999-061511-A Micrel, Inc. MIC22405 Normal Tracking: Delayed Sequencing: Time (4.0ms/div) June 2011 Time (4.0ms/div) 20 M9999-061511-A Micrel, Inc. MIC22405 Ratio Metric Tracking: Time (4.0ms/div) June 2011 21 M9999-061511-A Micrel, Inc. MIC22405 VIN = 5V VOUT L COUT CCOMP RCOMP CFF RFF CFB RFB 4.2V 1.5µH 2 x 47µF 100pF 20k Ω 1nF 4.7k Ω 100pF 953 Ω Table 3. Compensation Selection Figure 8. Schematic Reference June 2011 22 M9999-061511-A Micrel, Inc. MIC22405 Inductor PCB Layout Guidelines Warning!!! To minimize EMI and output noise, follow these layout recommendations. PCB Layout is critical to achieve reliable, stable and efficient performance. A ground plane is required to control EMI and minimize the inductance in power, signal and return paths. The following guidelines should be followed to insure proper operation of the MIC22405 converter: • Keep the inductor connection to the switch node (SW) short. • Do not route any digital lines underneath or close to the inductor. • Keep the switch node (SW) away from the feedback (FB) pin. • To minimize noise, place a ground plane underneath the inductor. • The inductor can be placed on the opposite side of the PCB with respect to the IC. It does not matter whether the IC or inductor is on the top or bottom as long as there is enough air flow to keep the power components within their temperature limits. The input and output capacitors must be placed on the same side of the board as the IC. IC • The 2.2µF ceramic capacitor, which is connected to the SVIN pin, must be located right at the IC. The SVIN pin is very noise sensitive and placement of the capacitor is very critical. Use wide traces to connect to the SVIN and SGND pins. • The signal ground pin (SGND) must be connected directly to the ground planes. Do not route the SGND pin to the PGND Pad on the top layer. • Place the IC close to the point of load (POL). • Use fat traces to route the input and output power lines. • Signal and power grounds should be kept separate and connected at only one location. Output Capacitor Input Capacitor • A 22µF X5R or X7R dielectrics ceramic capacitor is recommended on each of the PVIN pins for bypassing. • Place the input capacitors on the same side of the board and as close to the IC as possible. • Keep both the PVIN pin and PGND connections short. • Place several vias to the ground plane close to the input capacitor ground terminal. • Use either X7R or X5R dielectric input capacitors. Do not use Y5V or Z5U type capacitors. • Do not replace the ceramic input capacitor with any other type of capacitor. Any type of capacitor can be placed in parallel with the input capacitor. • If a Tantalum input capacitor is placed in parallel with the input capacitor, it must be recommended for switching regulator applications and the operating voltage must be derated by 50%. • In “Hot-Plug” applications, a Tantalum or Electrolytic bypass capacitor must be used to limit the overvoltage spike seen on the input supply with power is suddenly applied. June 2011 • Use a wide trace to connect the output capacitor ground terminal to the input capacitor ground terminal. • Phase margin will change as the output capacitor value and ESR changes. Contact the factory if the output capacitor is different from what is shown in the BOM. • The feedback divider network must be place close to the IC with the bottom of R2 connected to SGND. • The feedback trace should be separate from the power trace and connected as close as possible to the output capacitor. Sensing a long high-current load trace can degrade the DC load regulation. RC Snubber • 23 Place the RC snubber on either side of the board and as close to the SW pin as possible. M9999-061511-A Micrel, Inc. MIC22405 Evaluation Board Schematic Bill of Materials Item C1, C2 Part Number AVX C2012X5R0J226M TDK(2) C4, C12 GRM188R60J225M Murata(3) C6 TDK AVX C8 June 2011 Capacitor, 1nF, 10V, COG, Size 0603 2 Murata(3) 06035C471KAT2A AVX(1) 06035A390JAT2A 1 Capacitor, 1nF, 50V, X7R, Size 0603 (1) TDK(2) GRM188R71H391JA01 2.2µF/6.3V, Ceramic Capacitor, X5R, Size 0603 (2) C1608X7RH471K C1608COG1H390J 2 (1) Murata(3) 06035C102KAT2A GRM188R71H390JA01 C7 TDK C1608C0G1H102J GRM188R71H471KA01D Capacitor, 22µF, 6.3V, X5R, Size 0805 Murata AVX(2) GRM188R71H102KA01D Qty. (3) 06036D225MAT2A C1608X5R0J225M Description (1) 08056D226MAT GRM21BR60J226ME39L C3 Manufacturer Capacitor, 470pF, 50V, X7R, Size 0603 1 Capacitor, 39pF, 50V, Size 0603 1 Capacitor, 390pF, 50V, Size 0603 1 Murata(3) TDK(2) (1) AVX Murata(3) 1608COG1H391J TDK(2) 06035A391JAT2A (1) AVX 24 M9999-061511-A Micrel, Inc. MIC22405 Bill of Materials (Continued) Item Part Number GRM188R71H101JA01 C9 Cin L1 06035A101JT2A AVX(1) R1 12066D476MAT2A (1) AVX B41125A3477M Epcos CRCW06031101FKEYE3 R2 CRCW06036980FKEYE3 1 Capacitor, 47µF, 6.3V, X5R, Size 1206 2 (3) TDK(2) SPM6530T-1R0M120 ( 7x6.5x3mm ) Capacitor, 100pF, 50V, Size 0603 Murata C3216X5R0J476M CDRH8D28NP-1R0NC ( 8x6x3mm ) Qty. Murata TDK(2) FP3-1R0-R( 7.2x6.7x3mm ) Description (3) C1608COG1H101J GRM31CR60J476ME19 C10, C11 Manufacturer 470µF, 10V, Electrolytic, 8x10-case (5) Inductor, 1µH, 6.26A 1 (6) Inductor, 1µH, 8A 1 Inductor, 1µH, 12A 1 (4) Resistor, 1.1k, 1%, Size 0603 1 (4) Resistor, 698, 1%, Size 0603 1 (4) Cooper Sumida TDK(2) Vishay Vishay R3 CRCW06032002FKEYE3 Vishay Resistor, 20k, 1%, Size 0603 1 R4 CRCW06034752FKEYE3 Vishay(4) Resistor, 47.5k, 1%, Size 0603 1 (4) Resistor, 100k, 1%, Size 0603 1 (4) R5 (Open) CRCW06031003FKEYE3 Vishay R6 CRCW06032R20FKEA Vishay Resistor, 2.2Ω, 1%, Size 0603 1 R7 CRCW060349R9FKEA Vishay(4) Resistor, 49.9Ω, 1%, Size 0603 1 (4) Open 1 (7) Integrated 4A Synchronous Buck Regulator 1 Q1 2N7002E U1 MIC22405YML Vishay Micrel Notes: 1. AVX: www.avx.com 2. TDK: www.tdk.com 3. Murata: www.murata.com 4. Vishay: www.vishay.com 5. Cooper Bussmann: www.cooperet.com 6. Sumida: www.sumida.com 7. Micrel, Inc.: www.micrel.com June 2011 25 M9999-061511-A Micrel, Inc. MIC22405 PCB Layout Recommendations MIC22405 Evaluation Board Top Layer MIC22405 Evaluation Board Top Silk June 2011 26 M9999-061511-A Micrel, Inc. MIC22405 PCB Layout Recommendations (Continued) MIC22405 Evaluation Board Mid-Layer 1 (Ground Plane) MIC22405 Evaluation Board Mid-Layer 2 June 2011 27 M9999-061511-A Micrel, Inc. MIC22405 PCB Layout Recommendations (Continued) MIC22405 Evaluation Board Bottom Layer MIC22405 Evaluation Board Bottom Silk June 2011 28 M9999-061511-A Micrel, Inc. MIC22405 Package Information 20-Pin 3mm × 4mm MLF® (ML) June 2011 29 M9999-061511-A Micrel, Inc. MIC22405 Recommended Landing Pattern MICREL, INC. 2180 FORTUNE DRIVE SAN JOSE, CA 95131 USA TEL +1 (408) 944-0800 FAX +1 (408) 474-1000 WEB http://www.micrel.com Micrel makes no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the information furnished in this data sheet. This information is not intended as a warranty and Micrel does not assume responsibility for its use. Micrel reserves the right to change circuitry, specifications and descriptions at any time without notice. No license, whether express, implied, arising by estoppel or otherwise, to any intellectual property rights is granted by this document. Except as provided in Micrel’s terms and conditions of sale for such products, Micrel assumes no liability whatsoever, and Micrel disclaims any express or implied warranty relating to the sale and/or use of Micrel products including liability or warranties relating to fitness for a particular purpose, merchantability, or infringement of any patent, copyright or other intellectual property right. Micrel Products are not designed or authorized for use as components in life support appliances, devices or systems where malfunction of a product can reasonably be expected to result in personal injury. Life support devices or systems are devices or systems that (a) are intended for surgical implant into the body or (b) support or sustain life, and whose failure to perform can be reasonably expected to result in a significant injury to the user. A Purchaser’s use or sale of Micrel Products for use in life support appliances, devices or systems is a Purchaser’s own risk and Purchaser agrees to fully indemnify Micrel for any damages resulting from such use or sale. © 2010 Micrel, Incorporated. June 2011 30 M9999-061511-A