LT3493 1.2A, 750kHz Step-Down Switching Regulator in 2mm × 3mm DFN FEATURES DESCRIPTION n The LT®3493 is a current mode PWM step-down DC/DC converter with an internal 1.75A power switch. The wide operating input range of 3.6V to 36V (40V maximum) makes the LT3493 ideal for regulating power from a wide variety of sources, including unregulated wall transformers, 24V industrial supplies and automotive batteries. Its high operating frequency allows the use of tiny, low cost inductors and ceramic capacitors, resulting in low, predictable output ripple. n n n n n n n n n n Wide Input Range: 3.6V to 36V Operating, 40V Maximum 1.2A Output Current Fixed Frequency Operation: 750kHz Output Adjustable Down to 780mV Short-Circuit Robust Uses Tiny Capacitors and Inductors Soft-Start Internally Compensated Low Shutdown Current: <2μA Low VCESAT Switch: 330mV at 1A Thermally Enhanced, Low Profile DFN Package Cycle-by-cycle current limit provides protection against shorted outputs and soft-start eliminates input current surge during start-up. The low current (<2μA) shutdown mode provides output disconnect, enabling easy power management in battery-powered systems. APPLICATIONS n n n n n Automotive Battery Regulation Industrial Control Supplies Wall Transformer Regulation Distributed Supply Regulation Battery-Powered Equipment L, LT, LTC and LTM are registered trademarks of Linear Technology Corporation. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. TYPICAL APPLICATION Efficiency 90 3.3V Step-Down Converter 85 VIN BOOST 0.1μF 10μH LT3493 ON OFF VOUT 3.3V 1.2A, VIN > 12V 0.95A, VIN > 5V SW SHDN 32.4k GND 1μF FB 22pF 10μF 10k 80 EFFICIENCY (%) VIN 4.2V TO 36V 75 70 65 60 VIN = 12V VOUT = 3.3V L = 10μH 55 3493 TA01a 50 0 0.2 0.8 0.4 0.6 LOAD CURRENT (A) 1.0 1.2 3493 TA01b 3493fb 1 LT3493 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS PIN CONFIGURATION (Note 1) Input Voltage (VIN) ....................................................40V BOOST Pin Voltage ..................................................50V BOOST Pin Above SW Pin.........................................25V SHDN Pin ..................................................................40V FB Voltage ...................................................................6V Operating Temperature Range (Note 2) LT3493E .............................................. –40°C to 85°C LT3493I ............................................. –40°C to 125°C Maximum Junction Temperature .......................... 125°C Storage Temperature Range................... –65°C to 150°C TOP VIEW 6 SHDN FB 1 7 GND 2 5 VIN 4 SW BOOST 3 DCB PACKAGE 6-LEAD (2mm s 3mm) PLASTIC DFN TJMAX = 125°C, θJA = 64°C/W EXPOSED PAD (PIN 7) IS GND, MUST BE SOLDERED TO PCB ORDER INFORMATION LEAD FREE FINISH TAPE AND REEL PART MARKING PACKAGE DESCRIPTION TEMPERATURE RANGE LT3493EDCB#PBF LT3493EDCB#TRPBF LCGG 6-Lead (2mm × 3mm) Plastic DFN –40°C to 85°C LT3493IDCB#PBF LT3493IDCB#TRPBF LCGH 6-Lead (2mm × 3mm) Plastic DFN –40°C to 125°C LEAD BASED FINISH TAPE AND REEL PART MARKING PACKAGE DESCRIPTION TEMPERATURE RANGE LT3493EDCB LT3493EDCB#TR LCGG 6-Lead (2mm × 3mm) Plastic DFN –40°C to 85°C LT3493IDCB LT3493IDCB#TR LCGH 6-Lead (2mm × 3mm) Plastic DFN –40°C to 125°C Consult LTC Marketing for parts specified with wider operating temperature ranges. For more information on lead free part marking, go to: http://www.linear.com/leadfree/ For more information on tape and reel specifications, go to: http://www.linear.com/tapeandreel/ ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS The l denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C. VIN = 12V, VBOOST = 17V, unless otherwise noted. (Note 2) PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN VIN Operating Range TYP 3.6 Undervoltage Lockout l Feedback Voltage MAX 36 UNITS V 3.1 3.4 3.6 V 765 780 795 mV l FB Pin Bias Current VFB = Measured VREF + 10mV (Note 4) 50 150 nA Quiescent Current Not Switching 1.9 2.5 mA Quiescent Current in Shutdown VSHDN = 0V 0.01 2 μA Reference Line Regulation VIN = 5V to 36V Switching Frequency VFB = 0.7V VFB = 0V 0.007 l Maximum Duty Cycle TA = 25°C 685 750 36 88 91 95 95 %/V 815 kHz kHz % % 3493fb 2 LT3493 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS The l denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C. VIN = 12V, VBOOST = 17V, unless otherwise noted. (Note 2) PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX Switch Current Limit (Note 3) 1.4 1.75 2.2 Switch VCESAT ISW = 1A ISW = 1A BOOST Pin Current ISW = 1A SHDN Input Voltage High mV 2 μA 1.85 2.2 V 30 50 mA 2.3 V SHDN Input Voltage Low SHDN Bias Current VSHDN = 2.3V (Note 5) VSHDN = 0V Note 1: Stresses beyond those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. Exposure to any Absolute Maximum Rating condition for extended periods may affect device reliability and lifetime. Note 2: The LT3493E is guaranteed to meet performance specifications from 0°C to 85°C. Specifications over the –40°C to 85°C operating temperature range are assured by design, characterization and correlation with statistical process controls. The LT3493I specifications are guaranteed over the –40°C to 125°C temperature range. 6 0.01 Efficiency (VOUT = 3.3V, L = 10μH) 90 90 85 85 80 EFFICIENCY (%) 80 75 70 65 V 15 0.1 μA μA TA = 25°C unless otherwise noted. Efficiency (VOUT = 1.8V, L = 4.7μH) 80 75 EFFICIENCY (%) Efficiency (VOUT = 5V, L = 10μH) 95 0.3 Note 3: Current limit guaranteed by design and/or correlation to static test. Slope compensation reduces current limit at higher duty cycle. Note 4: Current flows out of pin. Note 5: Current flows into pin. TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS EFFICIENCY (%) A 330 Switch Leakage Current Minimum Boost Voltage Above Switch UNITS 75 70 65 70 65 60 60 60 VIN = 8V VIN = 12V VIN = 24V 55 50 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 LOAD CURRENT (A) 1.0 1.2 3493 G01 VIN = 8V VIN = 12V VIN = 24V 55 50 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 LOAD CURRENT (A) 1.0 1.2 3493 G02 55 VIN = 5V VIN = 12V 50 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 LOAD CURRENT (A) 1.0 1.2 3493 G03 3493fb 3 LT3493 TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS Maximum Load Current, VOUT = 5V, L = 8.2μH Maximum Load Current, VOUT = 5V, L = 33μH 1.60 1.60 1.50 1.50 1.40 1.30 1.20 MINIMUM 1.10 1.00 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) TYPICAL OUTPUT CURRENT (A) 1.40 1.30 MINIMUM 1.20 1.10 0.90 8 12 16 24 20 VIN (V) 8 12 16 20 VIN (V) 24 1.50 TYPICAL VCE(SW) (mV) MINIMUM 1.10 1.00 500 3.90 3.70 TA = 25°C 350 300 TA = –40°C 250 0.90 25 200 3.40 100 3.20 50 3.10 0 3.00 –50 –25 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 SWITCH CURRENT (A) Switching Frequency Soft-Start 2.0 800 740 720 700 680 660 640 1.8 700 SWITCH CURRENT LIMIT (A) SWITCHING FREQUENCY (kHz) 780 600 500 400 300 200 100 620 25 50 75 100 125 150 TEMPERATURE (°C) 3493 G09 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 TEMPERATURE (°C) 3493 G08 Frequency Foldback 800 760 0 3493 G06 3493 G21 0 3.50 3.30 VIN (V) 600 –50 –25 3.60 150 30 30 25 3.80 TA = 85°C 0 20 20 Undervoltage Lockout 4.00 400 1.40 1.20 15 3493 G05 550 450 1.30 10 5 28 Switch Voltage Drop 1.60 15 MINIMUM 1.10 3493 G22 Maximum Load Current, VOUT = 3.3V, L = 10μH 10 1.20 VIN (V) 3493 G04 5 1.30 0.90 0.90 28 TYPICAL 1.40 1.00 1.00 UVLO (V) OUTPUT CURRENT (A) TYPICAL OUTPUT CURRENT (A) Maximum Load Current, VOUT = 3.3V, L = 4.7μH 1.60 1.50 FREQUENCY (kHz) TA = 25°C unless otherwise noted. 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 FEEDBACK VOLTAGE (mV) 3493 G11 0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1 1.25 1.50 1.75 SHDN PIN VOLTAGE (V) 2 3493 G13 3493fb 4 LT3493 TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS TA = 25°C unless otherwise noted. Typical Minimum Input Voltage (VOUT = 5V) SHDN Pin Current 50 Typical Minimum Input Voltage (VOUT = 3.3V) 5.5 7.5 45 5.3 TO START 40 5.1 7.0 4.9 25 20 6.5 VIN (V) VIN (V) 30 TO RUN 15 10 4.5 4.1 TO RUN 3.9 5.5 3.7 5 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 VSHDN (V) 3.5 5.0 1 10 100 1000 1 10 100 1000 IOUT (mA) IOUT (mA) 3493 G14 3493 G16 3493 G15 Switch Current Limit Switch Current Limit 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.6 SWITCH CURRENT LIMIT (A) 0 TO START 4.7 4.3 6.0 SWITCH CURRENT LIMIT (A) ISHDN (μA) 35 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 1.0 –50 –25 0 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 TEMPERATURE (°C) 0 20 60 40 DUTY CYCLE (%) Operating Waveforms, Discontinuous Mode Operating Waveforms VSW 5V/DIV VSW 5V/DIV IL 0.5A/DIV 0 VOUT 20mV/DIV IL 0.5A/DIV 0 VOUT 20mV/DIV 1μs/DIV 100 3493 G18 3493 G17 VIN = 12V VOUT = 3.3V IOUT = 0.5A L = 10μH COUT = 10μF 80 3493 G19 VIN = 12V VOUT = 3.3V IOUT = 50mA L = 10μH COUT = 10μF 1μs/DIV 3493 G20 3493fb 5 LT3493 PIN FUNCTIONS FB (Pin 1): The LT3493 regulates its feedback pin to 780mV. Connect the feedback resistor divider tap to this pin. Set the output voltage according to VOUT = 0.78V • (1 + R1/R2). A good value for R2 is 10k. GND (Pin 2): Tie the GND pin to a local ground plane below the LT3493 and the circuit components. Return the feedback divider to this pin. BOOST (Pin 3): The BOOST pin is used to provide a drive voltage, higher than the input voltage, to the internal bipolar NPN power switch. SW (Pin 4): The SW pin is the output of the internal power switch. Connect this pin to the inductor, catch diode and boost capacitor. VIN (Pin 5): The VIN pin supplies current to the LT3493’s internal regulator and to the internal power switch. This pin must be locally bypassed. SHDN (Pin 6): The SHDN pin is used to put the LT3493 in shutdown mode. Tie to ground to shut down the LT3493. Tie to 2.3V or more for normal operation. If the shutdown feature is not used, tie this pin to the VIN pin. SHDN also provides a soft-start function; see the Applications Information section. Exposed Pad (Pin 7): The Exposed Pad must be soldered to the PCB and electrically connected to ground. Use a large ground plane and thermal vias to optimize thermal performance. BLOCK DIAGRAM 5 VIN VIN C2 INT REG AND UVLO ON OFF SLOPE COMP R3 6 BOOST 3 R Q S Q D2 3 SHDN C3 DRIVER C4 Q1 SW OSC L1 VOUT 4 D1 FREQUENCY FOLDBACK VC C1 gm 780mV 2 GND 1 R2 FB R1 3493 BD 3493fb 6 LT3493 OPERATION (Refer to Block Diagram) The LT3493 is a constant frequency, current mode stepdown regulator. A 750kHz oscillator enables an RS flip-flop, turning on the internal 1.75A power switch Q1. An amplifier and comparator monitor the current flowing between the VIN and SW pins, turning the switch off when this current reaches a level determined by the voltage at VC. An error amplifier measures the output voltage through an external resistor divider tied to the FB pin and servos the VC node. If the error amplifier’s output increases, more current is delivered to the output; if it decreases, less current is delivered. An active clamp (not shown) on the VC node provides current limit. The VC node is also clamped to the voltage on the SHDN pin; soft-start is implemented by generating a voltage ramp at the SHDN pin using an external resistor and capacitor. An internal regulator provides power to the control circuitry. This regulator includes an undervoltage lockout to prevent switching when VIN is less than ~3.4V. The SHDN pin is used to place the LT3493 in shutdown, disconnecting the output and reducing the input current to less than 2μA. The switch driver operates from either the input or from the BOOST pin. An external capacitor and diode are used to generate a voltage at the BOOST pin that is higher than the input supply. This allows the driver to fully saturate the internal bipolar NPN power switch for efficient operation. The oscillator reduces the LT3493’s operating frequency when the voltage at the FB pin is low. This frequency foldback helps to control the output current during startup and overload. 3493fb 7 LT3493 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION FB Resistor Network The output voltage is programmed with a resistor divider between the output and the FB pin. Choose the 1% resistors according to: V R1= R2 OUT – 1 0.78V R2 should be 20k or less to avoid bias current errors. Reference designators refer to the Block Diagram. An optional phase lead capacitor of 22pF between VOUT and FB reduces light-load output ripple. Input Voltage Range The input voltage range for LT3493 applications depends on the output voltage and on the absolute maximum ratings of the VIN and BOOST pins. The minimum input voltage is determined by either the LT3493’s minimum operating voltage of 3.6V, or by its maximum duty cycle. The duty cycle is the fraction of time that the internal switch is on and is determined by the input and output voltages: DC = VIN – VSW + VD where VD is the forward voltage drop of the catch diode (~0.4V) and VSW is the voltage drop of the internal switch (~0.4V at maximum load). This leads to a minimum input voltage of: VOUT + VD DCMAX Minimum On Time The part will still regulate the output at input voltages that exceed VIN(MAX) (up to 40V), however, the output voltage ripple increases as the input voltage is increased. Figure 1 illustrates switching waveforms in continuous mode for a 3V output application near VIN(MAX) = 33V. As the input voltage is increased, the part is required to switch for shorter periods of time. Delays associated with turning off the power switch dictate the minimum on time of the part. The minimum on time for the LT3493 is ~120ns. Figure 2 illustrates the switching waveforms when the input voltage is increased to VIN = 35V. VSW 20V/DIV IL 0.5A/DIV VOUT + VD VIN(MIN) = of the VIN and BOOST pins. The input voltage should be limited to the VIN operating range (36V) during overload conditions (short-circuit or start-up). VOUT 200mV/DIV AC COUPLED COUT = 10μF VOUT = 3V VIN = 30V ILOAD = 0.75A L = 10μH Figure 1 VSW 20V/DIV The maximum input voltage is determined by the absolute maximum ratings of the VIN and BOOST pins. For continuous mode operation, the maximum input voltage is determined by the minimum duty cycle DCMIN = 0.10: IL 0.5A/DIV VIN(MAX) = DCMIN 3493 F01 – VD + VSW with DCMAX = 0.91 (0.88 over temperature). VOUT + VD 2μs/DIV – VD + VSW Note that this is a restriction on the operating input voltage for continuous mode operation; the circuit will tolerate transient inputs up to the absolute maximum ratings VOUT 200mV/DIV AC COUPLED COUT = 10μF VOUT = 3V VIN = 35V ILOAD = 0.75A L = 10μH 2μs/DIV 3493 F02 Figure 2 3493fb 8 LT3493 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION Now the required on-time has decreased below the minimum on time of 120ns. Instead of the switch pulse width becoming narrower to accommodate the lower duty cycle requirement, the switch pulse width remains fixed at 120ns. In Figure 2 the inductor current ramps up to a value exceeding the load current and the output ripple increases to ~200mV. The part then remains off until the output voltage dips below 100% of the programmed value before it begins switching again. Provided that the load can tolerate the increased output voltage ripple and that the components have been properly selected, operation above VIN(MAX) is safe and will not damage the part. Figure 3 illustrates the switching waveforms when the input voltage is increased to its absolute maximum rating of 40V. As the input voltage increases, the inductor current ramps up quicker, the number of skipped pulses increases and the output voltage ripple increases. For operation above VIN(MAX) the only component requirement is that the components be adequately rated for operation at the intended voltage levels. The part is robust enough to survive prolonged operation under these conditions as long as the peak inductor current does not exceed 2.2A. Inductor current saturation may further limit performance in this operating regime. VSW 20V/DIV IL 0.5A/DIV Inductor Selection and Maximum Output Current A good first choice for the inductor value is: L = 1.6 (VOUT + VD) where VD is the voltage drop of the catch diode (~0.4V) and L is in μH. With this value there will be no subharmonic oscillation for applications with 50% or greater duty cycle. The inductor’s RMS current rating must be greater than your maximum load current and its saturation current should be about 30% higher. For robust operation in fault conditions, the saturation current should be above 2.2A. To keep efficiency high, the series resistance (DCR) should be less than 0.1Ω. Table 1 lists several vendors and types that are suitable. Of course, such a simple design guide will not always result in the optimum inductor for your application. A larger value provides a higher maximum load current and reduces output voltage ripple at the expense of slower transient response. If your load is lower than 1.2A, then you can decrease the value of the inductor and operate with higher ripple current. This allows you to use a physically smaller inductor, or one with a lower DCR resulting in higher efficiency. There are several graphs in the Typical Performance Characteristics section of this data sheet that show the maximum load current as a function of input voltage and inductor value for several popular output voltages. Low inductance may result in discontinuous mode operation, which is okay, but further reduces maximum load current. For details of the maximum output current and discontinuous mode operation, see Linear Technology Application Note 44. Catch Diode VOUT 200mV/DIV AC COUPLED COUT = 10μF VOUT = 3V VIN = 40V ILOAD = 0.75A L = 10μH 2μs/DIV Figure 3 3493 F03 Depending on load current, a 1A to 2A Schottky diode is recommended for the catch diode, D1. The diode must have a reverse voltage rating equal to or greater than the maximum input voltage. The ON Semiconductor MBRM140 is a good choice; it is rated for 1A continuous forward current and a maximum reverse voltage of 40V. 3493fb 9 LT3493 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION Table 1. Inductor Values VENDOR URL PART SERIES INDUCTANCE RANGE (μH) SIZE (MM) Sumida www.sumida.com CDRH4D28 CDRH5D28 CDRH8D28 1.2 to 4.7 2.5 to 10 2.5 to 33 4.5 × 4.5 5.5 × 5.5 8.3 × 8.3 Toko www.toko.com A916CY D585LC 2 to 12 1.1 to 39 6.3 × 6.2 8.1 × 8.0 Würth Elektronik www.we-online.com WE-TPC(M) WE-PD2(M) WE-PD(S) 1 to 10 2.2 to 22 1 to 27 4.8 × 4.8 5.2 × 5.8 7.3 × 7.3 Input Capacitor Bypass the input of the LT3493 circuit with a 1μF or higher value ceramic capacitor of X7R or X5R type. Y5V types have poor performance over temperature and applied voltage and should not be used. A 1μF ceramic is adequate to bypass the LT3493 and will easily handle the ripple current. However, if the input power source has high impedance, or there is significant inductance due to long wires or cables, additional bulk capacitance may be necessary. This can be provided with a low performance electrolytic capacitor. Step-down regulators draw current from the input supply in pulses with very fast rise and fall times. The input capacitor is required to reduce the resulting voltage ripple at the LT3493 and to force this very high frequency switching current into a tight local loop, minimizing EMI. A 1μF capacitor is capable of this task, but only if it is placed close to the LT3493 and the catch diode; see the PCB Layout section. A second precaution regarding the ceramic input capacitor concerns the maximum input voltage rating of the LT3493. A ceramic input capacitor combined with trace or cable inductance forms a high quality (underdamped) tank circuit. If the LT3493 circuit is plugged into a live supply, the input voltage can ring to twice its nominal value, possibly exceeding the LT3493’s voltage rating. This situation is easily avoided; see the Hot Plugging Safely section. Output Capacitor The output capacitor has two essential functions. Along with the inductor, it filters the square wave generated by the LT3493 to produce the DC output. In this role it determines the output ripple so low impedance at the switching frequency is important. The second function is to store energy in order to satisfy transient loads and stabilize the LT3493’s control loop. Ceramic capacitors have very low equivalent series resistance (ESR) and provide the best ripple performance. A good value is: COUT = 65/VOUT where COUT is in μF. Use X5R or X7R types and keep in mind that a ceramic capacitor biased with VOUT will have less than its nominal capacitance. This choice will provide low output ripple and good transient response. Transient performance can be improved with a high value capacitor, but a phase lead capacitor across the feedback resistor R1 may be required to get the full benefit (see the Compensation section). For small size, the output capacitor can be chosen according to: COUT = 25/VOUT where COUT is in μF. However, using an output capacitor this small results in an increased loop crossover frequency and increased sensitivity to noise. A 22pF capacitor connected between VOUT and the FB pin is required to filter noise at the FB pin and ensure stability. High performance electrolytic capacitors can be used for the output capacitor. Low ESR is important, so choose one that is intended for use in switching regulators. The ESR should be specified by the supplier and should be 0.1Ω or less. Such a capacitor will be larger than a ceramic capacitor and will have a larger capacitance, because the 3493fb 10 LT3493 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION Table 2. Capacitor Vendors VENDOR PHONE URL PART SERIES COMMENTS Panasonic (714) 373-7366 www.panasonic.com Ceramic, Polymer, Tantalum Kemet Sanyo Murata (864) 963-6300 (408) 749-9714 (404) 436-1300 AVX Taiyo Yuden (864) 963-6300 www.kemet.com www.sanyovideo.com Ceramic, Tantalum Ceramic, Polymer, Tantalum www.murata.com Ceramic www.avxcorp.com Ceramic, Tantalum www.taiyo-yuden.com capacitor must be large to achieve low ESR. Table 2 lists several capacitor vendors. Figure 4 shows the transient response of the LT3493 with several output capacitor choices. The output is 3.3V. The load current is stepped from 250mA to 1A and back to 250mA, and the oscilloscope traces show the output voltage. The upper photo shows the recommended value. The second photo shows the improved response (less voltage drop) resulting from a larger output capacitor and a phase lead capacitor. The last photo shows the response to a high performance electrolytic capacitor. Transient performance is improved due to the large output capacitance. BOOST Pin Considerations Capacitor C3 and diode D2 are used to generate a boost voltage that is higher than the input voltage. In most cases a 0.1μF capacitor and fast switching diode (such as the 1N4148 or 1N914) will work well. Figure 5 shows two ways to arrange the boost circuit. The BOOST pin must be at least 2.3V above the SW pin for best efficiency. For outputs of 3.3V and above, the standard circuit (Figure 5a) is best. For outputs between 3V and 3.3V, use a 0.22μF capacitor. For outputs between 2.5V and 3V, use a 0.47μF capacitor and a small Schottky diode (such as the BAT54). For lower output voltages the boost diode can be tied to the input (Figure 5b). The circuit in Figure 5a is more EEF Series T494, T495 POSCAP TPS Series Ceramic efficient because the BOOST pin current comes from a lower voltage source. You must also be sure that the maximum voltage rating of the BOOST pin is not exceeded. The minimum operating voltage of an LT3493 application is limited by the undervoltage lockout (3.6V) and by the maximum duty cycle as outlined above. For proper start-up, the minimum input voltage is also limited by the boost circuit. If the input voltage is ramped slowly, or the LT3493 is turned on with its SHDN pin when the output is already in regulation, then the boost capacitor may not be fully charged. Because the boost capacitor is charged with the energy stored in the inductor, the circuit will rely on some minimum load current to get the boost circuit running properly. This minimum load will depend on the input and output voltages, and on the arrangement of the boost circuit. The minimum load generally goes to zero once the circuit has started. Figure 6 shows a plot of minimum load to start and to run as a function of input voltage. In many cases the discharged output capacitor will present a load to the switcher which will allow it to start. The plots show the worst-case situation where VIN is ramping verly slowly. For lower start-up voltage, the boost diode can be tied to VIN; however this restricts the input range to one-half of the absolute maximum rating of the BOOST pin. 3493fb 11 LT3493 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION ILOAD 2A/DIV VOUT IL 0.5A/DIV 32.4k FB 10μF 10k VOUT 0.1V/DIV AC COUPLED 40μs/DIV 3493 F04a 40μs/DIV 3493 F04b 40μs/DIV 3493 F04c ILOAD 2A/DIV VOUT 32.4k IL 0.5A/DIV 3.3nF 10μF s2 FB 10k VOUT 0.1V/DIV AC COUPLED ILOAD 2A/DIV VOUT 32.4k IL 0.5A/DIV + FB 100μF 10k SANYO 4TPB100M VOUT 0.1V/DIV AC COUPLED Figure 4. Transient Load Response of the LT3493 With Different Output Capacitors as the Load Current is Stepped from 250mA to 1A. VIN = 12V, VOUT = 3.3V, L = 10μH D2 D2 C3 BOOST VIN VIN C3 BOOST LT3493 LT3493 SW VOUT GND VIN VIN SW VOUT GND 3493 F05b 3493 F05a VBOOST – VSW VOUT MAX VBOOST VIN + VOUT VBOOST – VSW VIN MAX VBOOST 2VIN (5a) (5b) Figure 5. Two Circuits for Generating the Boost Voltage 3493fb 12 LT3493 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION 5.5 7.5 5.3 TO START 7.0 5.1 VIN (V) VIN (V) 4.9 6.5 TO START 4.7 4.5 4.3 6.0 TO RUN 4.1 TO RUN 3.9 5.5 3.7 3.5 5.0 1 10 100 1000 1 10 100 1000 IOUT (mA) IOUT (mA) 3493 G16 3493 G15 (6a) Typical Minimum Input Voltage, VOUT = 5V (6b) Typical Minimum Input Voltage, VOUT = 3.3V Figure 6 At light loads, the inductor current becomes discontinuous and the effective duty cycle can be very high. This reduces the minimum input voltage to approximately 400mV above VOUT. At higher load currents, the inductor current is continuous and the duty cycle is limited by the maximum duty cycle of the LT3493, requiring a higher input voltage to maintain regulation. Soft-Start The SHDN pin can be used to soft-start the LT3493, reducing the maximum input current during start-up. The SHDN pin is driven through an external RC filter to create a voltage ramp at this pin. Figure 7 shows the start-up waveforms with and without the soft-start circuit. By choosing a large RC time constant, the peak start-up current can be reduced to the current that is required to regulate the output, with no overshoot. Choose the value of the resistor so that it can supply 20μA when the SHDN pin reaches 2.3V. Shorted and Reversed Input Protection If the inductor is chosen so that it won’t saturate excessively, an LT3493 buck regulator will tolerate a shorted output. There is another situation to consider in systems where the output will be held high when the input to the LT3493 is absent. This may occur in battery charging applications or in battery backup systems where a battery or some other supply is diode OR-ed with the LT3493’s output. If the VIN pin is allowed to float and the SHDN pin is held high (either by a logic signal or because it is tied to VIN), then the LT3493’s internal circuitry will pull its quiescent current through its SW pin. This is fine if your system can tolerate a few mA in this state. If you ground the SHDN pin, the SW pin current will drop to essentially zero. However, if the VIN pin is grounded while the output is held high, then parasitic diodes inside the LT3493 can pull large currents from the output through the SW pin and the VIN pin. Figure 8 shows a circuit that will run only when the input voltage is present and that protects against a shorted or reversed input. Hot Plugging Safely The small size, robustness and low impedance of ceramic capacitors make them an attractive option for the input bypass capacitor of LT3493 circuits. However, these capacitors can cause problems if the LT3493 is plugged into a live supply (see Linear Technology Application Note 88 for 3493fb 13 LT3493 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION VSW 10V/DIV SHDN RUN IL 0.5A/DIV GND 3493 F07a VOUT 2V/DIV VIN = 12V VOUT = 3.3V L = 10μH COUT = 10μF 20μs/DIV VIN = 12V VOUT = 3.3V L = 10μH COUT = 10μF 20μs/DIV VSW 10V/DIV RUN 15k SHDN 0.1μF IL 0.5A/DIV GND 3493 F07b VOUT 2V/DIV Figure 7. To Soft-Start the LT3493, Add a Resistor and Capacitor to the SHDN Pin. VIN = 12V, VOUT = 3.3V, COUT = 10μF, RLOAD = 5Ω D4 VIN VIN BOOST LT3493 SHDN GND VOUT SW FB BACKUP D4: MBR0540 3493 F08 Figure 8. Diode D4 Prevents a Shorted Input from Discharging a Backup Battery Tied to the Output; It Also Protects the Circuit from a Reversed Input. The LT3493 Runs Only When the Input is Present a complete discussion). The low loss ceramic capacitor combined with stray inductance in series with the power source forms an underdamped tank circuit, and the voltage at the VIN pin of the LT3493 can ring to twice the nominal input voltage, possibly exceeding the LT3493’s rating and damaging the part. If the input supply is poorly controlled or the user will be plugging the LT3493 into an energized supply, the input network should be designed to prevent this overshoot. Figure 9 shows the waveforms that result when an LT3493 circuit is connected to a 24V supply through six feet of 24-gauge twisted pair. The first plot is the response with 3493fb 14 LT3493 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION a 2.2μF ceramic capacitor at the input. The input voltage rings as high as 35V and the input current peaks at 20A. One method of damping the tank circuit is to add another capacitor with a series resistor to the circuit. In Figure 9b an aluminum electrolytic capacitor has been added. This capacitor’s high equivalent series resistance damps the circuit and eliminates the voltage overshoot. The extra capacitor improves low frequency ripple filtering and can slightly improve the efficiency of the circuit, though it is likely to be the largest component in the circuit. An alternative solution is shown in Figure 9c. A 1Ω resistor is added in series with the input to eliminate the voltage overshoot (it also reduces the peak input current). A 0.1μF capacitor improves high frequency filtering. This solution is smaller and less expensive than the electrolytic capacitor. For high input voltages its impact on efficiency is minor, reducing efficiency less than one half percent for a 5V output at full load operating from 24V. Frequency Compensation The LT3493 uses current mode control to regulate the output. This simplifies loop compensation. In particular, the LT3493 does not require the ESR of the output capacitor for stability allowing the use of ceramic capacitors to achieve low output ripple and small circuit size. Figure 10 shows an equivalent circuit for the LT3493 control loop. The error amp is a transconductance amplifier with finite output impedance. The power section, consisting of the modulator, power switch and inductor, is modeled as a transconductance amplifier generating an output current proportional to the voltage at the VC node. Note that the output capacitor integrates this current, and that the capacitor on the VC node (CC) integrates the error amplifier output current, resulting in two poles in the loop. RC provides a zero. With the recommended output capacitor, the loop crossover occurs above the RCCC zero. This simple CLOSING SWITCH SIMULATES HOT PLUG IIN VIN DANGER! LT3493 + VIN 20V/DIV 2.2μF LOW IMPEDANCE ENERGIZED 24V SUPPLY IIN 5A/DIV STRAY INDUCTANCE DUE TO 6 FEET (2 METERS) OF TWISTED PAIR 20μs/DIV (9a) LT3493 + 10μF 35V AI.EI. RINGING VIN MAY EXCEED ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATING OF THE LT3493 + VIN 20V/DIV 2.2μF IIN 5A/DIV (9b) 20μs/DIV 1Ω LT3493 + 0.1μF VIN 20V/DIV 2.2μF IIN 5A/DIV (9c) 20μs/DIV 3493 F09 Figure 9. A Well Chosen Input Network Prevents Input Voltage Overshoot and Ensures Reliable Operation When the LT3493 is Connected to a Live Supply 3493fb 15 LT3493 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION model works well as long as the value of the inductor is not too high and the loop crossover frequency is much lower than the switching frequency. With a larger ceramic capacitor (very low ESR), crossover may be lower and a phase lead capacitor (CPL) across the feedback divider may improve the phase margin and transient response. Large electrolytic capacitors may have an ESR large enough to create an additional zero, and the phase lead may not be necessary. If the output capacitor is different than the recommended capacitor, stability should be checked across all operating CURRENT MODE POWER STAGE SW gm = +1.6A/V LT3493 – 0.7V OUT R1 – gm = 300μA/V RC 60k CC 100pF ERROR AMPLIFIER + VC CPL FB ESR 780mV C1 + C1 1M R2 GND 3493 F10 Figure 10. Model for Loop Response C2 conditions, including load current, input voltage and temperature. The LT1375 data sheet contains a more thorough discussion of loop compensation and describes how to test the stability using a transient load. PCB Layout For proper operation and minimum EMI, care must be taken during printed circuit board layout. Figure 11 shows the recommended component placement with trace, ground plane and via locations. Note that large, switched currents flow in the LT3493’s VIN and SW pins, the catch diode (D1) and the input capacitor (C2). The loop formed by these components should be as small as possible and tied to system ground in only one place. These components, along with the inductor and output capacitor, should be placed on the same side of the circuit board, and their connections should be made on that layer. Place a local, unbroken ground plane below these components, and tie this ground plane to system ground at one location, ideally at the ground terminal of the output capacitor C1. The SW and BOOST nodes should be as small as possible. Finally, keep the FB node small so that the ground pin and ground traces will shield it from the SW and BOOST nodes. Include vias near the exposed GND pad of the LT3493 to help remove heat from the LT3493 to the ground plane. D1 SYSTEM GROUND VOUT C1 VIN SHDN 3493 F11 : VIAS TO LOCAL GROUND PLANE : OUTLINE OF LOCAL GROUND PLANE Figure 11. A Good PCB Layout Ensures Proper, Low EMI Operation 3493fb 16 LT3493 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION High Temperature Considerations Outputs Greater Than 6V The die temperature of the LT3493 must be lower than the maximum rating of 125°C. This is generally not a concern unless the ambient temperature is above 85°C. For higher temperatures, care should be taken in the layout of the circuit to ensure good heat sinking of the LT3493. The maximum load current should be derated as the ambient temperature approaches 125°C. The die temperature is calculated by multiplying the LT3493 power dissipation by the thermal resistance from junction to ambient. Power dissipation within the LT3493 can be estimated by calculating the total power loss from an efficiency measurement and subtracting the catch diode loss. The resulting temperature rise at full load is nearly independent of input voltage. Thermal resistance depends on the layout of the circuit board, but 64°C/W is typical for the (2mm × 3mm) DFN (DCB) package. For outputs greater than 6V, add a resistor of 1k to 2.5k across the inductor to damp the discontinuous ringing of the SW node, preventing unintended SW current. The 12V Step-Down Converter circuit in the Typical Applications section shows the location of this resistor. Also note that for outputs above 6V, the input voltage range will be limited by the maximum rating of the BOOST pin. The 12V circuit shows how to overcome this limitation using an additional zener diode. Other Linear Technology Publications Application notes AN19, AN35 and AN44 contain more detailed descriptions and design information for Buck regulators and other switching regulators. The LT1376 data sheet has a more extensive discussion of output ripple, loop compensation and stability testing. Design Note DN100 shows how to generate a bipolar output supply using a Buck regulator. TYPICAL APPLICATIONS 0.78V Step-Down Converter 1N4148 VIN 3.6V TO 25V VIN BOOST 0.1μF 3.3μH LT3493 ON OFF SHDN VOUT 0.78V 1.2A SW MBRM140 GND FB 47μF 2.2μF 3493 TA02 1.8V Step-Down Converter 1N4148 VIN 3.6V TO 25V VIN BOOST 0.1μF LT3493 ON OFF SHDN 5μH SW MBRM140 GND 2.2μF 26.1k FB VOUT 1.8V 1.2A 22μF 20k 3493 TA03 3493fb 17 LT3493 TYPICAL APPLICATIONS 2.5V Step-Down Converter BAT54 VIN 3.6V TO 28V VIN 0.47μF 6.8μH LT3493 ON OFF VOUT 2.5V 1A, VIN > 5V 1.2A, VIN > 10V BOOST SHDN SW MBRM140 GND 22.1k FB 22μF 10k 1μF 3493 TA04 3.3V Step-Down Converter VIN 4.2V TO 36V 1N4148 VIN 0.1μF 8.2μH LT3493 ON OFF VOUT 3.3V 0.9A, VIN > 4.5V 1.2A, VIN > 12V BOOST SHDN SW MBRM140 GND 32.4k FB 10μF 10k 1μF 3493 TA05 5V Step-Down Converter VIN 6.4V TO 36V 1N4148 VIN 0.1μF 10μH LT3493 ON OFF SHDN SW MBRM140 GND 1μF VOUT 5V 0.9A, VIN > 7V 1.1A, VIN > 14V BOOST 59k FB 10μF 11k 3493 TA06 3493fb 18 LT3493 PACKAGE DESCRIPTION DCB Package 6-Lead Plastic DFN (2mm × 3mm) (Reference LTC DWG # 05-08-1715) 0.70 ±0.05 3.55 ±0.05 1.65 ±0.05 (2 SIDES) 2.15 ±0.05 PACKAGE OUTLINE 0.25 ± 0.05 0.50 BSC 1.35 ±0.05 (2 SIDES) RECOMMENDED SOLDER PAD PITCH AND DIMENSIONS R = 0.115 TYP 2.00 ±0.10 (2 SIDES) R = 0.05 TYP 3.00 ±0.10 (2 SIDES) 0.40 ± 0.10 4 6 1.65 ± 0.10 (2 SIDES) PIN 1 NOTCH R0.20 OR 0.25 s 45° CHAMFER PIN 1 BAR TOP MARK (SEE NOTE 6) 3 0.200 REF 1 (DCB6) DFN 0405 0.25 ± 0.05 0.50 BSC 0.75 ±0.05 1.35 ±0.10 (2 SIDES) 0.00 – 0.05 BOTTOM VIEW—EXPOSED PAD NOTE: 1. DRAWING TO BE MADE A JEDEC PACKAGE OUTLINE M0-229 VARIATION OF (TBD) 2. DRAWING NOT TO SCALE 3. ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS 4. DIMENSIONS OF EXPOSED PAD ON BOTTOM OF PACKAGE DO NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH. MOLD FLASH, IF PRESENT, SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.15mm ON ANY SIDE 5. EXPOSED PAD SHALL BE SOLDER PLATED 6. SHADED AREA IS ONLY A REFERENCE FOR PIN 1 LOCATION ON THE TOP AND BOTTOM OF PACKAGE 3493fb Information furnished by Linear Technology Corporation is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed for its use. Linear Technology Corporation makes no representation that the interconnection of its circuits as described herein will not infringe on existing patent rights. 19 LT3493 TYPICAL APPLICATION 12V Step-Down Converter D1 6V 1N4148 1k* 0.25W VIN 14.5V TO 36V VIN BOOST 0.1μF LT3493 SHDN ON OFF 22μH SW MBRM140 GND 71.5k FB VOUT 12V 1A 4.7μF 4.99k 1μF *FOR CONTINUOUS OPERATION ABOVE 30V USE TWO 2k, 0.25Ω RESISTORS IN PARALLEL. D1: CMDZ5235B 3493 TA07 RELATED PARTS PART NUMBER DESCRIPTION COMMENTS LT1766 60V, 1.2A IOUT , 200kHz, High Efficiency Step-Down DC/DC Converter VIN: 5.5V to 60V, VOUT(MIN) = 1.2V, IQ = 2.5mA, ISD = 25μA, TSSOP16/TSSOP16E Packages LT1933 36V, 600mA IOUT , 500kHz, High Efficiency Step-Down DC/DC Converter LT1936 36V, 1.4A IOUT , 500kHz, High Efficiency Step-Down DC/DC Converter LT1940 25V, Dual 1.4A IOUT , 1.1MHz, High Efficiency Step-Down DC/DC Converter VIN: 3.6V to 25V, VOUT(MIN) = 1.25V, IQ = 3.8mA, ISD < 30μA, TSSOP16E Package LT1976 60V, 1.2A IOUT , 200kHz, High Efficiency Step-Down DC/DC Converter with Burst Mode® Operation VIN: 3.3V to 60V, VOUT(MIN) = 1.2V, IQ = 100μA, ISD < 1μA, TSSOP16E Package LT3010 80V, 50mA, Low Noise Linear Regulator VIN: 1.5V to 80V, VOUT(MIN) = 1.28V, IQ = 30μA, ISD < 1μA, MS8E Package LTC3407 Dual 600mA IOUT , 1.5MHz, Synchronous Step-Down DC/DC Converter VIN: 2.5V to 5.5V, VOUT(MIN) = 0.6V, IQ = 40μA, ISD < 1μA, MS10E Package LT3430/LT3431 60V, 2.75A IOUT , 200kHz/500kHz, High Efficiency Step-Down DC/DC Converter VIN: 5.5V to 60V, VOUT(MIN) = 1.2V, IQ = 2.5mA, ISD = 30μA, TSSOP16E Package LT3470 40V, 200mA IOUT , 26μA IQ, Step-Down DC/DC Converter Burst Mode is a registered trademark of Linear Technology Corporation. 3493fb 20 Linear Technology Corporation LT 1108 REV B • PRINTED IN USA 1630 McCarthy Blvd., Milpitas, CA 95035-7417 (408) 432-1900 ● FAX: (408) 434-0507 ● www.linear.com © LINEAR TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 2006