View detail for ATAVRFBKIT / EVLB001 Dimmable Fluorescent Ballast

ATAVRFBKIT / EVLB001
Dimmable Fluorescent Ballast
...............................................................................................................................
User Guide
Section 1
Introduction ........................................................................................... 1-1
1.1
1.2
General Description ..................................................................................1-3
Ballast Demonstrator Features .................................................................1-3
Section 2
Ballast Demonstrator Device Features ................................................. 2-4
2.1
2.2
Atmel Supported Products ........................................................................2-4
IXYS® Supported Products .......................................................................2-4
Section 3
Microcontroller Port Pin Assignments ................................................... 3-6
Section 4
Ballast Demonstrator Operation ........................................................... 4-7
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
General Requirements ..............................................................................4-7
Startup features ........................................................................................4-7
Circuit Topology ........................................................................................4-8
Startup and PFC Description ....................................................................4-8
Lamp Operation Description ...................................................................4-10
Section 5
Device Design & Application............................................................... 5-13
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
Magnetics................................................................................................5-13
IXYS IXTP02N50D depletion mode Mosfet Used As Current Source ....5-13
IXYS IXD611 Half- bridge MOSFET driver .............................................5-13
IXYS IXI859 Charge Pump Regulator.....................................................5-14
IXYS IXTP3N50P PolarHVTM N-Channel Power MOSFET ...................5-15
Clare LDA111S Optocoupler...................................................................5-15
Section 6
ATPWMX Demonstrator Software ...................................................... 6-16
6.1
6.2
6.3
Main_pwmx_fluo_demo.c .......................................................................6-18
Pfc_ctrl.c .................................................................................................6-19
Lamp_ctrl.c .............................................................................................6-22
Section 7
Conclusion .......................................................................................... 7-25
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
ATAVRFBKIT / EVLB001 User Guide
Appendix 1: SWITCH DIM ......................................................................7-25
Appendix 2: Capacitor Coupled Low Voltage Supply..............................7-26
Appendix 3: PFC Basics .........................................................................7-27
Appendix 4: Bill Of Material.....................................................................7-28
Appendix 5: Schematics..........................................................................7-31
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Section 1
Introduction
Efficient fluorescent lamps and magnetic ballasts have been the standard lighting fixture
in commercial and industrial lighting for many years. Several lamp types, rapid start,
high output, and others are available for cost effective and special applications. But
incandescent lamps, in spite of the poor light to power ratio, typically one fourth of fluorescent, offer one feature - dimming - that hasn’t been available in fluorescent lamps
until now. Dimming allows the user to conserve electrical power under natural ambient
light or create effects to enhance mood or image presentation and projection for
example.
Typical rapid start fluorescent lamps have two pins at each end with a filament across
the pins. The lamp has argon gas under low pressure and a small amount of mercury in
the phosphor coated glass tube. As an AC voltage is applied at each end and the filaments are heated, electrons are driven off the filaments that collide with mercury atoms
in the gas mixture. A mercury electron reaches a higher energy level then falls back to a
normal state releasing a photon of ultraviolet (UV) wavelength. This photon collides with
both argon assisting ionization and the phosphor coated glass tube. High voltage and
UV photons ionize the argon, increasing gas conduction and releasing more UV photons. UV photons collide with the phosphor atoms increasing their electron energy state
and releasing heat. Phosphor electron state decreases and releases a visible light photon. Different phosphor and gas materials can modify some of the lamp characteristics.
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Introduction
Figure 1-1. Fluorescent Tube Composition
Since the argon conductivity increases and resistance across the lamp ends decreases
as the gas becomes excited, an inductance (ballast) must be used to limit and control
the gas current. In the past, an inductor could be designed to limit the current for a narrow range of power voltage and frequency. A better method to control gas current is to
vary an inductor’s volt-seconds to achieve the desired lamp current and intensity. A variable frequency inverter operating from a DC bus can do this. If the inductor is part of an
R-L-C circuit, rapid start ignition currents, maximum intensity, and dimming currents are
easily controlled depending on the driving frequency versus resonant frequency.
A ballast should include a power factor corrector (PFC) to keep the main current and
voltage in phase with a very low distortion over a wide range of 90 to 265 VAC 50/60 Hz.
With microcontroller control, economical remote analog or digital control of lamp function and fault reporting are a reality. Moreover, adjusting the lamp power to correspond
with human perceived light level is possible. An application specific microcontroller
brings the designer the flexibility to increase performance and add features to the lighting product. Some of the possible features are described here in detail. The final design
topology is shown in the block diagram of Figure 2-1.
Now, a new way of dimming fluorescent lamps fills the incandescent/fluorescent feature
gap plus adds many additional desirable features at a very reasonable cost.
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Introduction
1.1
General
Description
Fluorescent ballast topology usually includes line conditioning for CE and UL compliance, a power factor correction block including a boost converter to 400 V for universal
input applications and a half bridge inverter. By varying the frequency of the inverter, the
controller will preheat the filaments (high frequency), then ignite the lamp (reducing the
frequency). Once the lamp is lit, varying the frequency will dim the light. The Atmel
AT90PWM2B/216 microcontroller can be programmed to perform all of these functions.
Figure 1-2. Ballast Demonstrator Board
1.2
Ballast
Demonstrator
Features
• Automatic microcontroller dimmable ballast
• Universal input – 90 to 265 VAC 50/60 Hz, 90 to 370 VDC
• Power Factor Corrected (PFC) boost regulator
• Power feedback for stable operation over line voltage range
• Variable frequency half bridge inverter
• 18W, up to 2 type T8 lamps
• Automatic dimmable single lamp operation
• Automatic detection of Swiss or DALI
• Very versatile power saving options with microcontroller design for most functions
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ATAVRFBKIT / EVLB001 User Guide
Section 2
Ballast Demonstrator Device Features
2.1
Atmel Supported AT90PWM2B/216 Microcontroller
Products
• High speed comparator for PFC zero crossover detection
• 6 Analog inputs for A/D conversion, 2.56V reference level
• 3 Digital inputs used for the dimming control input
• 3 High speed configurabel PWM outputs used for the PFC and half bridge driver
• A fully differential A/D with programmable gain used for efficient current sensing
• SOIC 24 pin package
• Low power consumption in standby mode
2.2
IXYS® Supported
Products
IXI859 Charge pump with voltage regulator and MOSFET driver
• 3.3V regulator with undervoltage lockout
• Converts PFC energy to regulated 15VDC
• Low propagation delay driver with 15V out and 3V input for PFC FET gate
IXTP3N50P MOSFET
• 500V, low RDS (ON) power MOSFET, 3 used in design
IXTP02N50D depletion mode MOSFET
• 500V, 200mA, normally ON, TO-220 package and configured as current source
IXD611S MOSFET driver
• Up to 600mA drive current
• half bridge, high and low side driver in a single surface mount IC
• Undervoltage lockout
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Ballast Demonstrator Device Features
LDA111S Optocoupler (by Clare Inc., an IXYS company)
• 100mA continuous load rating
• 3750VRMS input to output isolation
Figure 2-1. Ballast Demonstrator Block Diagram
RESONATING
INDUCTOR
AND
FILAMENT
TRANSFORMER
INVERTER
PFC BOOST REGULATOR
BALANCE
TRANSFORMER
AND
LAMPS
Q1
R35
IX859
15V
Regulator
3.3V
IXD611
R10
&
R14
Driver
2
11
3
12
10
5
1
8
6
Q4
C9
R39
C14
Driver
T4
7
RESONATING CAPACITOR
D3
BULK CAPACITOR
IXTP02N50D
R9
&
R13
15V
IXTP3N50P
D4
T1
POWER
VOLTAGE
UVLO
DECOUPLING CAPACITOR
PFC Inductor
T3
11
2
3
10
5
6
7
C11
8
PFC Driver
Q5
R2
D2
Q3
R28
R42
AT90PWMX
PFC_ZCD
Dimming
Control
DALI+
DALI-
Isolated
DALI
SWITCH
SWITCH
V_BUS
V_HAVERSINE
DALI_TX
DALI_RX
SWITCH_CTRL
V_LAMP
I_LAMP
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ACMP0/PD7
PSCOUT00/PD0
ADC5/PB2
PFC Output
ADC4/PB7
TXD/DALI/PD3
RXD/DALI/PD4
ADC7/PB6
ADC3/PD6
PSCOUT20/PB0
AMP0+/PB4
PSCOUT21/PB1
AMP0-/PB3
Inverter High
Inverter Low
ATAVRFBKIT / EVLB001 User Guide
Section 3
Microcontroller Port Pin Assignments
ATAVRFBKIT / EVLB001 User Guide
PD0
PCOUT00
PFC_OUTPUT - To IXI859 FET driver input
PD1
PSCIN0
DUAL_LAMP - Dual lamp detection
PD3
TXD/DALI
DALI_TX - DALI transmit line
PD4
RXD/DALI
DALI_RX - DALI receive line
PD5
ADC2
LAMP_EOL - Not supported in hardware nor software
PD6
ADC3
V_LAMP - Rectified lamp voltage sense, missing lamp,
open or shorted filament, preheat, ignition & run.
PD7
ACMP0
PFC_ZCD - Comparator for PFC zero current crossing
sense
PB0
PSCOUT20
INVERTER_L - Low side half bridge driver output
PB1
PSCOUT21
INVERTER_H - High side half bridge driver output
PB2
ADC5
V_BUS - 400VDC bus voltage sense for regulation.
PB3
AMP0-
GND - Diff amp - A/D, 1 ohm bus current shunt resistor
PB4
AMP0+
I_LAMP - Diff amp + A/D
PB5
ADC6
TEMPERATURE - Ambient temperature in lamp housing
PB6
ADC7
SWITCH_CTRL - SWITCH Control input
PB7
ADC4
V_HAVERSINE - Haversine input sense.
PE0
RST#
RESET - Reset pin for zero crossing detector
PE1
PE1
XTAL1
PE2
ADC0
XTAL2
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Section 4
Ballast Demonstrator Operation
4.1
General
Requirements
• Constant power as determined by DALI or Switch Control
400 volt DC bus as provided by a power factor correcting boost regulator (PFC)
100% to 2% dimming setting
• One or two lamps, type T8 of 18W
Ballast to compensate automatically
Hardware is capable of up to 40W per lamp
• Line voltage of 90 to 265 VAC, 50 or 60 Hz
• Control method
DALI power control – auto recognition of control means
One touch “Switch” dimming100% ON after ignition then dim to the last or current
programmed value, if any.
4.2
Startup features
Software based features that are not fully implemented.
End users are invited to develop features based on the following characteristics.
•Auto re-strike
-Missing lamp detection allows a default power of 100% on the remaining lamp with
no dimming.
-Open filament detection for one or two lamps as determined by combination of
400VDC current plus lamp voltage prior to ignition.
-On board physical jumper to set for one or two lamp normal operation.
•Shorted filament
-Detection by voltage sense across lamp during preheat. 400VDC current monitor
detects over current limit upon startup. The microcontroller will sense the expected
DC current to the half bridge and resonant circuit relative to the drive frequency.
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Ballast Demonstrator Operation
4.3
Circuit Topology
Input filter with varistor for noise suppression and protection.
PFC / boost circuit including IXI859 MOSFET driver
AT90PWM2B/216 microcontroller 24 pin SOIC
half bridge driver
half bridge power MOSFET stage for up to 2 lamps
Voltage driven filaments for wider lamp variety and better stability under all conditions
400VDC bus voltage after the PFC boost
4.4
Startup and PFC
Description
Upon application of main power, the microcontroller does not drive the PFC MOSFET
Q3. The C9 capacitor is charged to the peak line voltage.
The depletion FET Q1 and the Zener Diode provide a DC voltage with enough current to
supply the control portion of the ballast.
As soon as the microcontroller requests the ballast to start, the PFC is enabled according to the following sequence.
The microcontroller checks that the DC bus voltage is 90% of the haversine peak and
the under voltage lockout (UVLO) requirements are met, then a series of fixed width
soft-start pulses are sent to the PFC MOSFET (Q3) at 10 µS at a 20 kHz rate. At very
low load currents the bus voltage should rise to 400V. If the bus rises to 415 VDC all
PFC pulses stop. As the 400V drops, the zero crossing detector PD7 starts to sense a
zero crossing from the PFC transformer secondary. A 400V DC bus and a zero crossing
event start the PFC control loop.
Checks are made to detect the presence of the rectified power (haversine) and bus voltage throughout normal operation. Main supply voltage senses at PB7 < 0.848 (90 VAC)
or > 2.497 (265 VAC) peak faults the PFC to off, turns off the PFC MOSFET (Q3) and
initiates a restart.
Main Supply
Voltage
Actual switching frequency
is higher than shown
Ipeak = Vin x Ton / L
Ioff
Ion
Imean = Ipeak/2
PFC
DRIVING
The control consists of measuring the error between VBUS and 400V (2.39V at PB2) to
determine the PFC drive pulse width (PW). The PW is proportional to the error, and has
to be constant over a complete half period. The update is done each time the haversine
reaches zero.
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Ballast Demonstrator Operation
The maximum current the PFC MOSFET (Q3) can sustain is 4.5A. The relation between
PW and the peak current in PFC MOSFET (Q3) is:
PW = t = L x Ipk / Vhaversine_max
With L at 700µH and Ipk at 4.5A, PWmax = 8.5µS at high line (265 Vrms).
With L at 700µH and Ipk at 4.5A, PWmax = 24.7µS at high line (90 Vrms).
This also effectively limits the FET dissipation under upset conditions. Under normal
operation, a pulse width maximum of 25µS is allowed for a maximum bus voltage error
with the high line limitation. Regulation of 1% of the VBUS is achieved with this control
scheme.
After the PFC FET ON pulse, the PFC inductor flyback boosts the voltage through the
PFC diode to the bulk filter capacitor. The boost current decays as measured by the
inductor secondary. After the current goes to zero, the next pulse is started. This
ensures operation in a critical conduction boost mode. The current zero crossing detection of PD7 sets the PFC off time. This off time is effectively proportional to the
haversine amplitude with the lowest PFC frequency occurring at the haversine crest and
the highest frequency at the haversine zero. Because of the haversine voltage and
di=v*dt/L, the mains current envelope should follow the voltage for near unity power factor. This assumes a nearly constant error (di) of the DC bus over each haversine period.
The PFC ON time is modified proportionally to the error between 400V and the actual
value of the bus. In case the Vbus reaches the overshoot value of 415V the pulse is
reduced to 0.
This control loop will determine the regulation response to ripple current on the 400V
bulk filter cap and the loads for a specific application design requirements.
4.4.1
System Sequential
Step Description
Main voltage applied.
Undervoltage lockout (UVLO) released.
IXI859 voltage regulator supplies 3.3V to microcontroller.
Power microcontroller ON in low current standby mode.
Disable half bridge drive output PB0 & PB1
Disable PD5 comparator (Not implemented).
PB7, scaled haversine voltage must be >0.848 Vmin (90VAC) & <2.497 (265VAC)
Vmax (haversine peak) for the PFC to start.
PD0 soft start PFC with 10µS pulses at 50µS period for 800µS.
Monitor comparator at PD7 for change 1 to 0 indicating a zero crossing of the PFC
inductor secondary voltage. This occurs after the 10µS start pulse burst.
If no PD7 change and after 800µS halt PD0, wait 1 second and provide again PD0 with
10µS pulses for 800µS. Try 10 times and if no crossing, set PFC alarm.
After PD7 comparator transition and 400VDC (2.368V at PB2), enable PFC control loop.
-Adjust PB2 (400VDC sense) setpoint to 2.368V with deadband.
-If PB2 > 2.50V then inhibit PD0 pulse.
-If PB2 = < 2.368V then use the control loop to establish the PD0 PFC pulse width.
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Ballast Demonstrator Operation
Limit pulse width to 25uS or as determined by the haversine peak voltage.
The adjustment of the PFC TON and TOFF is down as follows:
- The TOFF is automatically adjusted by hardware at each PFC inductor current zero
crossing detection,
- The TON is adjusted by software accordingly to the Vout measurement each time the
main supply voltage reach zero (Each half period of the main voltage supply)..
4.5
Lamp Operation
Description
T4 primary and C11 form a serial resonant circuit driven by the output half bridge. Since
the output is between 400V and 0V, DC isolation is provided by C14 to drive the lamp
circuit with AC. The lamp is conected in parallel of the resonating capacitor C11 (But
there is no current through the lamp). The lamp filaments are driven by windings on T1
secondaries to about 3Vrms so that the resonating inductor current provides the starting
lamp filament current.
Initially, the system is set up at 80KHz, a frequency well above resonance the frequency
then ramps down to 55 kHz for ignition. 80 kHz provides a lagging power factor where
most of the drive voltage appears across the inductor. A smaller voltage appears across
the resonating capacitor C11 and the lamps. However with 1 mH gapped inductance,
there is sufficient inductor current to heat the filaments.
For lamp ignition, the frequency is decreased from 80 kHz to 40 kHz with 30 kHz/sec
slope towards resonance causing the lamp voltage to rise to about 340V peak. Ignition
occurs at about 40 kHz for a 18W T8 lamp. The plasma established in the lamp presents
a resistive load across the resonating capacitor thereby reducing the voltage across the
capacitor and shifting the reactive power in the bridge circuit to resistive power in the
lamp.
A further reduction in frequency to 32 kHz at 30 kHz/sec establishes maximum brightness as the resonant circuit now has a leading (capacitive) power factor causing more
voltage and current (approx. 360 Vpeak) across the capacitor and the lamp.
Dimming is accomplished by raising the drive frequency towards 100 kHz. The lower
lamp (capacitor) voltage caused by changing from a leading to a lagging (inductive)
power factor and the resulting drop in lamp current causes lamp dimming. The visual
perception of brightness is logarithmic with applied power and must be taken into
account in the control method scheme.
4.5.1
Single Lamp
Operation
Not implemented.
Single lamp operation can be detected from the 400VDC bus current through a 1 ohm
sense resistor sensed by the differential input PB3/PB4. The AT90PWM2B/216 differential amplifier has the gain preset in the source code at 10. This scales the 200mV for two
lamps to a reasonable A/D resolution. PB4 requires low pass filtering. Through the 1
ohm sense resistor R28, V = I*R = 80 Watts*1/400V = 200mA*1 = 200mV. At preheat,
the current for one lamp is half of that for two lamps. This current is also used to sense
open filament condition or lamp removed under power condition. An abrupt change in
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Ballast Demonstrator Operation
the bus current is a good indicator of lamp condition that does not require a high frequency response or a minimal response due to reactive currents.
Once the single lamp condition is detected, the minimum run frequency is determined by
lamp current PB4 < 100mV. If the single lamp condition occurs while running, as noted
by a decrease in current of more than 20% from the preset level, increase the frequency
until the PB4 = 90mV. If the PB4 increases to 120mV, assume the lamp has been
replaced by a new one. Increase the frequency to 80 kHz to restart the ignition process.
This is necessary to preheat the new lamp filament to ensure that the hot lamp will not
ignite sooner than the cold lamp, exceeding the balance transformer range. Start the
ignition sequence. With one cold lamp in parallel with one hot lamp, it may be necessary
to restart several times to get both lamps to ignite.
Note that the lamp and resonant circuit use a common return ground separate from the
rest of the circuit. The ballast demonstrator uses active power feedback of the sense
voltage versus drive frequency to meet power objectives. Also note that the differential
amplifier is connected across the current sense resistor R28 to ensure a Kelvin connection. Layout of the amplifier + and – is critical for fast noise free loop response.
4.5.2
Lamp Sequential
Step Description
After PB2 (boost voltage at 400V) >= 2.400V (acros R42) start preheat
Enable PD6 rectified lamp voltage sense
Enable PB0 and PB1 half bridge drive output
PB0 & PB1 12.5µS total period (80 kHz) 50% duty 180° out of phase.
Check PB4 > 20mV, then 2 lamps. If PB4 < 20mV, assume a single lamp.
If PB4 < 10mV, assume an empty fixture = fault & shutdown.
Determine the lamp intensity control method: DALI (presence of data stream at PD4), or
Switch (presence of 50/60 Hz modulated at PB6).
4.5.3
Start and Ignition
Sequential Step
Description
Sweep PB0 and PB1 frequency down at 30 kHz/sec or 33µS/sec rate.
Stop sweep at 40 kHz or 25µS period (12.5µS pulses for each half bridge FET)
Check PB4 > 100mV (2 lamps) or > 30mV (1 lamp) for proof of ignition.
Hold ignition frequency for 10mS.
If no PD6 voltage, collapse to < 200mV for proof of ignition, increase frequency to 77
kHz for preheat for 1 second.
Repeat ignition sequence 6 times then if fails, set DALI fail flag or shut down.
Disable if dimmed frequency > 60 kHz. Disable if single lamp.
Proceed to power setting command at 30 kHz/sec rate as established by external control or if no internal control proceed to PB4 195mV at input terminals before gain (about
32 kHz) for 100% power.
If Switch control, proceed to max power. A continuous pressing of this switch will cause
a progressive increase of frequency at 33 kHz per second. The exception for a single
lamp will be minimum frequency for 97mV (39 watts) at PB4 for 100% brightness. This is
the default power for a single lamp with no dimming.
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Ballast Demonstrator Operation
4.5.4
Power Control
Description
Calculate input power for both lamps = PB4 (lamp current) * (lamp voltage). Use this
data for DALI feedback verification if required. Set programmable gain of AMP0 to 10.
78 watts will be 0.195 VDC at the input of AMP0+ or 1.95V internal A/D input.
Adjust frequency up (lower power) or down (higher power) at 30KHz/sec rate. Limit frequency to 100% (PB4 = 0.195V and 32KHz) to 80KHz dimming range. The dimming
must be logarithmic for the best resolution. The largest lumen change will be at the lowest power setting. A small high frequency change 70 to 80kHz will give a large perceived
dimmed range.
If PB4 > 0.220V for two lamps or > 0.110V for one lamp, set half bridge drive off to avoid
an over current. Start re-ignition sequence. Repeat 6 times and if still out of the limit, set
TX DALI fail signal & shutdown PFC and half bridge drive.
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Section 5
Device Design & Application
5.1
Magnetics
PFC – Power Factor Correction
Without going into the derivations of the formulae used, the inductor design is as
follows:
L = 1.4 * 90VAC * 25µS
= 700µH
4.5A peak
The ON time has been discussed earlier and the OFF time maximum will occur at high
line condition at the peak of the haversine. A 16mm core was chosen for the recommended power density at 200mT and 50 kHz.
5.2
IXYS
IXTP02N50D
DEPLETION
MODE MOSFET
USED AS
CURRENT
SOURCE
The IXYS IXTP02N50D depletion mode MOSFET is used in this circuit to provide power
and a start-up voltage to the Vcc pin of the IXI859 charge pump regulator. The
IXTP02N50D acts as a current source and self regulates as the source voltage rises
above the 15V zener voltage and causes the gate to become more negative than the
source due to the voltage drop across the source resistor (R2). Enough energy is available from the current source circuit during the conduction angles to keep the IXI859 (U1)
pin 1 greater than 14VDC as required to enable the Under Voltage Lock Out (UVLO) circuitry in the IXI859.
5.3
IXYS IXD611
Half- bridge
MOSFET driver
The IXD611 half bridge driver includes two independent high speed drivers capable of
600mA drive current at a supply voltage of 15V. The isolated high side driver can withstand up to 650V on its output while maintaining its supply voltage through a bootstrap
diode configuration. In this ballast application, the IXD611 is used in a half bridge
inverter circuit driving two IXYS IXTP3N50P power MOSFETs. The inverter load consists of a series resonant inductor and capacitor to power the lamps. Filament power is
also provided by the load circuit and is wound on the same core as the resonant inductor. Pulse width modulation (PWM) is not used in this application, instead the power is
varied and the dimming of the lamps is controlled through frequency variation. It is
important to note that pulse overlap, which could lead to the destruction of the two MOSFETs due to current shoot through, is prevented via the input drive signals through the
microcontroller(500nS deadtimes).
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Device Design & Application
Other features of the IXD611 driver include:
Wide supply voltage operation 10-35V
Matched propagation delay for both drivers
Undervoltage lockout protection
Latch up protected over entire operating range
+/- 50V/ns dV/dt immunity
5.4
IXYS IXI859
Charge Pump
Regulator
The IXI859 charge pump regulator integrates three primary functions central to the PFC
stage of the ballast demonstrator. First it includes a linear regulated supply voltage output, and in this application the linear regulator provides 3.3V to run the microcontroller.
The second function is a gate drive buffer that switches an external power MOSFET
used to boost the PFC voltage to 400V. Once the microcontroller is booted up and running, it generates the input signal to drive the PFC MOSFET through the IXI859 gate
drive buffer. Finally, the third function provides two point regulated supply voltage for
operating external devices. As a safety feature, the IXI859 includes an internal Vcc
clamp to prevent damage to itself due to over-voltage conditions.
In general applications at start-up, an R-C combination is employed at the Vcc supply
pin that ramps up a trickle voltage to the Vcc pin from a high voltage offline source. The
value of R is large to protect the internal zener diode clamp and as a result, cannot supply enough current to power the microcontroller on it’s own. C provides energy to boot
the microcontroller. At a certain voltage level during the ramp up, the Under Voltage
Lock Out point is reached and the IXI859 enables itself. The internal voltage regulator
that supplies the microcontroller is also activated during this time. However, given the
trickle charge nature of the Vcc input voltage, the microcontroller must boot itself up and
enable PFC operation to provide charge pump power to itself. This means that the R-C
combination must be sized carefully so that the voltage present at the Vcc pin does not
collapse too quickly under load and causes the UVLO circuitry to disable device operation before the microcontroller can take over the charge pump operation. Also note that
there is an internal comparator that only releases charge pump operation when the Vcc
voltage drop below 12.85V. The charge pump is released and Vcc voltage is pumped up
to 13.15V at which time the internal comparator disables the charge pump. This results
in a tightly regulated charge pump voltage.
One problem with the R-C combination described above is that when a universal range
is used at the Vcc pin, 90-265VAC, R must dissipate nine times the power, current
squared function for power in R, over a three-fold increase of voltage from 90V at the
low end to 265V on the high end. As an alternative and as used in the ballast demonstrator, the Vcc pin is fed voltage by way of a constant current source as previously
described in Section 5.2. This circuit brings several advantages over the regular R-C
usage. First we can reduce power consumed previously by R and replace it with a circuit
that can provide power at startup. It can also provide sufficient power to run the microcontroller unlike the R-C combination. This would be an advantage in the case that a
standby mode is desired. Overall power consumption can be reduced by allowing the
microcontroller to enter a low power mode and shut down PFC operation without having
to reboot the microcontroller. Since the R-C combination cannot provide enough power
to sustain microcontroller operation, the microcontroller must stay active running the
PFC section to power itself.
ATAVRFBKIT / EVLB001 User Guide
5-14
7597B–AVR–10/07
Device Design & Application
5.5
IXYS IXTP3N50P
PolarHV NChannel Power
MOSFET
TM
The IXTP3N50P is a 3A 500V general purpose power MOSFET that comes from the
family of IXYS PolarHV MOSFETs. When comparing equivalent die sizes, PolarHT
results in 50% lower RDS(ON), 40% lower RTHJC (thermal resistance, junction to
case), and 30% lower Qg (gate charge) enabling a 30% - 40% die shrink, with the same
or better performance versus the 1st generation power MOSFETs.
Within the ballast demonstrator itself the IXTP3N50 serves two functions. The first of
which is the power switching pair of devices in the half-bridge circuit that drives the
lamps. While a third device serves in the main PFC circuit as the power switch that
drives the PFC inductor.
5.6
Clare LDA111S
Optocoupler
Clare's family of single and dual optocoupler provide an optically isolated means of
switching control circuits. The LDA111S contains one phototransistor that is optically
coupled to an LED. Shunt resistors can be used to adjust the threshold currents
required to activate the output circuitry. While both AC and DC input versions are available, the LDA111S is a DC input only model and features a 100mA continuous load
rating, 3750VRMS input to output isolation, and a 1000% current transfer ratio.
The LDA111S role is to isolate control signals within the ballast design.
5-15
7597B–AVR–10/07
ATAVRFBKIT / EVLB001 User Guide
Section 6
ATPWMX Demonstrator Software
This section of the application note describes the software architecture utilizing the following source code files and related state machines:
Main_fbkit.c
Initialisation of peripherals (Ports, ADC, timer...).
Clock pfc and lamp task each 200uS and let control task operating during free time.
Pfc_fbkit.c
PFC State Machine: executed each mS at low speed (1MHZ when the microller has
not yet been speeded up), and each 200uS at nominal speed (8MHz).
Lamp_fbkit.c
Lamp State Machine: executed each 200uS.
Control_fbkit.c
Control State Machine: executed during CPU free time.
Associated header files:
• Main_fbkit.h
• Pfc_fbkit.h
• Lamp_fbkit.h
• Control_fbkit.h
The software uses the following peripherals:
• TIMER0, ADC, amplifier, Comparator0, PSC0, PSC2, PLL, DALI via
EUSART
The application has been designed to work either with the AT90PWM2B/216 or 3B.
ATAVRFBKIT / EVLB001 User Guide
6-16
7597B–AVR–10/07
ATPWMX Demonstrator Software
In order for the ballast to operate, three primary control systems should run simultaneously. One for the PFC control, one for the Lamp control, and one for the Command
control of the ballast.
Since the software jitter was producing visible flickering, there is no more ADC state
machine. Each analog conversion is done just before being used for control loops.
The complete software package for the application is split into the functional blocks in
the diagram shown below. While the variables are identified as follows.
g_
global
gv_
global volatile
gs_
global static
Voltage and current variables are identified by the following examples.
g_v or g_i
global - voltage/current
gv_v or gv_i
global volatile - voltage/current
gs_v or gs_i
global static - voltage/current
Figure 6-1. Demo Software Architecture
Analog comparator
PFC_ZCD
V_HAVERSINE
gv_v_haversine
PFC
CTRL
PFC_OUTPUT
V_BUS
TEMPERATURE
gv_v_bus
Not software
implemented
COMMAND
CTRL
gv_pfc_state
DALI
DALI_RX
DALI_TX
gv_lamp_state
SWITCH_CTRL
DUAL_LAMP
LAMP_EOL
gv_lamp_on
gv_lamp_preset
_current
Not software
implemented
Not software
implemented
LAMP
CTRL
I_LAMP
gv_i_lamp
V_LAMP
gv_v_lamp
6-17
7597B–AVR–10/07
INVERTER_HIGH
INVERTER_LOW
ATAVRFBKIT / EVLB001 User Guide
ATPWMX Demonstrator Software
6.1
Main_pwmx_fluo_de This file executes all the peripheral initialization and then schedules the different control
tasks.
mo.c
The ADC and the Command control state machines are also included in this file. The
ADC machine is controlled via interrupts.
6.1.1
COMMAND
CONTROL STATE
MACHINE
The Command Control state machine centralizes the SWITCH and DALI controls in
order to switch PFC operation On or Off and to set the lamp control instructions given by
the user.
The Command Control state machine functional diagram is shown below:
Figure 6-2. Control State Machine
WAIT_FOR_FIRST_COMMAND
gs_nbr_read_switch_shot_zero >= MIN_SHORT_TOUCH_SET
is_dali_running() == 1
SWITCH_CONTROL
DALI_CONTROL
update gv_pfc_state and gv_lamp_state
depending on gv_lamp_preset_current
update gv_pfc_state and gv_lamp_state
depending on gv_lamp_preset_current
The different states are outlined below:
WAIT_FOR_FIRST_COMMAND
The three control means are scanned and the first command caught sets the state
machine according to the command received. (SWITCH_CONTROL or
DALI_CONTROL).
SWITCH_CONTROL
Read the input pin.
Analyze the touch dim command.
Set the control variable values corresponding to the user request.
DALI_CONTROL
Read the DALI Command.
Answer the request or set the control variable values corresponding to the DALI
command.
ATAVRFBKIT / EVLB001 User Guide
6-18
7597B–AVR–10/07
ATPWMX Demonstrator Software
6.1.2
Control state
machine Global
variables
6.1.2.1
Input variables
which have an
impact on the
Control state
machine
6.1.2.2
Output variables
which can impact
other state
machines
6.2
Pfc_ctrl.c
• gv_lamp_on is necessary to determine whether the lamp is already on or not.
• g_too_many_ignition_tries can be set in lamp state machine.
•
gv_lamp preset current is set to the wanted value and depending on the
gv_lamp_on and g_too_many_ignition_tries values, gv_lamp_state,
gv_pfc_state and gv_lamp_on can be set to the following values
LAMP_OFF, SHUT_DOWN_PFC_AND_SLOW_DOWN_UC_SPEED, and 0
or 1.
This file executes the PFC state machine according to the scheduler in the
Main_pwmx_fluo_demo.c file.
6.2.1
PFC STATE
MACHINE
The PFC state machine functional diagram is shown in Figure 6-3.
Figure 6-3. PFC State Machine
The different states are outlined below:
PFC_OFF
Nothing happens, the exit from this state is requested when the gv_lamp_preset_current
variable is modified in control_FBKIT.c file.
INIT_PFC
Nothing happens, the state machine automatically goes to next step
(INIT_PFC_HAVERSINE_CHECK) on the next pfc_task().
INIT_PFC_HAVERSINE_CHECK
Initialize the control values of the PFC.
Then jump to the HAVERSINE_CHECK state.
HAVERSINE_MEASURE
Measure the haversine peak voltage during HAVERSINE_MIN_CHECK_TIME.
Then jump to the HAVERSINE_CHECK state.
6-19
7597B–AVR–10/07
ATAVRFBKIT / EVLB001 User Guide
ATPWMX Demonstrator Software
PFC_OFF
gv_lamp_preset_current != 0 during control_task in control_FBKIT.c
INIT_PFC
INIT_PFC_HAVERSINE_CHECK
HAVERSINE_MEASURE
g_pfc_time_since_previous_timer_reset <=
HAVERSINE_MIN_CHECK_TIME
HAVERSINE_CHECK
HAVERSINE_PEAK_MIN <= gs_v_haversine_peak <=
HAVERSINE_PEAK_MAX
(0.95 * gs_v_haversine_peak) <= gv_v_bus <= V_BUS_SET_POINT
CONFIGURE_PFC_SOFT_START
PFC_SOFT_START
PFC_PROBLEM
gs_pfc_soft_start_tries <= PFC_START_MAX_TRIES
SPEED_UP_MICROCONTROLLER
PFC_DELAY_FOR_NEXT_SOFT_START
Get_v_bus() <= V_BUS_OVERSHOOT
gvs_zcd_occures
PFC_FIND_ZCD
gvs_zcd_occures == 1
PFC_CONTROL_LOOP
gv_lamp_preset_current == 0 during control_task in control_FBKIT.c
SHUT_DOWN_PFC_AND_SLOW_DOWN_UC_SPEED
HAVERSINE_CHECK
PFC haversine peak must be between HAVERSINE_PEAK_MIN and HAVERSINE_
PEAK_MAX (90VAC and 265VAC).
If the haversine value is OK, set the max pulse width allowed and jump to the CONFIGURE_PFC_SOFT_START state.
Else go back to INIT_PFC_HAVERSINE_CHECK state.
CONFIGURE_PFC_SOFT_START
Configures the peripherals PSC0 and comparator0 to soft start the PFC.
ATAVRFBKIT / EVLB001 User Guide
6-20
7597B–AVR–10/07
ATPWMX Demonstrator Software
Then jump to START_PFC_SOFT_START.
START_PFC_SOFT_START
Check that the soft start has been tried less than PFC_START_MAX_TRIES
If OK then start PSC0 and jump to PFC_SOFT_START state.
Else immediately jump to the PFC_PROBLEM state.
PFC_SOFT_START
Check that the PFC has been tried to be set less times than PFC_START_MAX_TRIES.
According to this test, SPEED_UP_MICROCONTROLLER or jump to PFC_PROBLEM.
SPEED_UP_MICROCONTROLLER
In case a zero crossing detection happens, the PFC is switched on. The power will then
be sufficient so that the microcontroller can be speeded up to its nominal speed, then it
is necessary to find the zero crossing detection in the PFC_FIND_ZCD.
In case no z ero c ross ing detec tion happens, a next try will be oper ate i n
PFC_DELAY_FOR_NEXT_SOFT_START.
PFC_DELAY_FOR_NEXT_SOFT_START
In case the soft start fails, the software has to wait DELAY_FOR_NEXT_PFC_SOFT_
START*DELAY_MULTIPLIER_FOR_NEXT_PFC_SOFT_START, before trying a new
soft start by going back to the CONFIGURE_PFC_SOFT_START state.
PFC_FIND_ZCD
Find the Zero Crossing Detection in order to start the PFC_CONTROL_LOOP on a zero
crossing.
SHUT_DOWN_PFC_AND_SLOW_DOWN_UC_SPEED
Switch off the PFC.
Switch the microcontroller to a low power consumption mode.
Then go back to PFC_OFF state.
6-21
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ATAVRFBKIT / EVLB001 User Guide
ATPWMX Demonstrator Software
6.2.2
PFC State Machine
Global variables
6.2.2.1
Input variables
which have an
impact on PFC state
machine
• gv_lamp_preset_current which is modified in control_FBKIT.c file makes the PFC
state machine changing from PFC_OFF to INIT_PFC when the user request to
switch the lamp on.
• gv_pfc_state is set to SHUT_DOWN_PFC_AND_SLOW_DOWN_UC_SPEED state
on the control_FBKIT.c file when the user request to switch the lamp off.
6.2.2.2
Output variables
which can impact
other state
machines
6.3
Lamp_ctrl.c
This file executes the Lamp state machine according to the scheduler in the Main_pwmx
_fluo_demo.c file.
6.3.1
Lamp State Machine
The different states are outlined below:
• None.
Figure 6-4. Lamp State Machine
LAMP_OFF
gv_lamp_preset_current == 0
during control_task in control_FBKIT.c
gv_pfc_state == PFC_CONTROL_LOOP
CONFIGURE_LAMP_PREHEAT
TOO_MANY_LAMP_IGNITION_TRIES
LAMP_PREHEAT
gs_lamp_ignition_tries <
LAMP_IGNITION_MAX_TRIES
g_lamp_time_multiplier >= LAMP_PREHEAT_TIME_MULTIPLIER
START_IGNITION
RESTART_PREHEAT
g_inverter_comparison_values.ontime1 <
INVERTER_XXX_LAMP_IGNITION_HALF_PERIOD
IGNITION
Get_v_lamp() < IGNITION_MAXIMUM_IGNITION_VOLTAGE
START_RUN_MODE
g_inverter_comparison_values.ontime1 >=
INVERTER_RUN_HALF_PERIOD
RUN_MODE
gv_lamp_preset_current == 0 during control_task in control_FBKIT.c
LAMP_OFF
Nothing happens, the exiting of this state takes place as soon as the gv_pfc_state is set
to PFC_CONTROL_LOOP.
ATAVRFBKIT / EVLB001 User Guide
6-22
7597B–AVR–10/07
ATPWMX Demonstrator Software
CONFIGURE_LAMP_PREHEAT
This is the first time the lamp is attempted to be started once the user has requested to
switch it on.
Configure the amplifier0, which is used to measure the current, then configure the PSC2
according to the definitions in the config.h file, and initialize all the lamp control
variables.
Then jump to the LAMP_PREHEAT state.
LAMP_PREHEAT
Starts the preheat sequence for LAMP_PREHEAT_TIME. (PWM set up at 80KHz)
Then jump to the START_IGNITION state.
START_IGNITION
Decrease the frequency from the init frequency down to INVERTER_IGNITION_HALF_
PERIOD.
Then jump to the IGNITION state.
IGNITION
The ignition sequence consists of maintaining the ignition frequency determined by
INVERTER_IGNITION_HALF_PERIOD for 10ms, and then checking if ignition occurs
by measuring lamp current and voltage.
In case it has... START_RUN_MODE.
In case it hasn’t... RESTART_PREHEAT.
RESTART_PREHEAT
Reconfigure the Inverter with the Restart parameters, then go to LAMP_PREHEAT.
If Ignition fails too many times... Go to TOO_MANY_LAMP_IGNITION_TRIES.
START_RUN_MODE
Increase the frequency from the init frequency, INVERTER_IGNITION_HALF_PERIOD.
Then jump to the RUN_MODE state.
RUN_MODE
Normal control loop to have the light in accordance with the gv_lamp_preset_current
variable that is permanently updated in the command control state machine in the
Main_pwmx_fluo_demo.c file.
The transition from the RUN_MODE state to the LAMP_OFF state is done in the control
state machine (control_FBKIT.c file) when the gv_lamp_preset_current variable is set to
0.
6-23
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ATAVRFBKIT / EVLB001 User Guide
ATPWMX Demonstrator Software
TOO_MANY_LAMP_IGNITION_TRIES
If the ignition has failed LAMP_IGNITION_MAX_TRIES, g_too_many_ignition_tries variable will be set, and the lamp will be switched off thanks to control_FBKIT.c file which
will switch off the ballast.
6.3.2
Lamp state machine
Global variables
6.3.2.1
Input variables
which have an
impact on the Lamp
state machine
6.3.2.2
Output variables
which can impact
other state machine
ATAVRFBKIT / EVLB001 User Guide
• The transition from LAMP_OFF to CONFIGURE_LAMP_PREHEAT is done
when the gv_pfc_state is set to PFC_CONTROL_LOOP in PFC_FBKIT.c file.
• The transition from the RUN_MODE state to the LAMP_OFF state is done in
the Control state machine in the case gv_lamp_preset_current is equal to 0.
• g_too_many_ignition_tries == 1 makes the ballast switch off in the control state
machine in control_FBKIT.c file.
6-24
7597B–AVR–10/07
Section 7
Conclusion
The ballast demonstrator shows that the AT90PWM2B/216 microcontroller can control
and regulate fluorescent lamps from any of the two (DALI and switch) methods of dimming. It can automatically sense the control method used thereby providing lamp
controller manufacturers with maximum flexibility in their design. One or more lamps can
be controlled with flexibility and precision. Universal input and power factor control adds
to the flexibility of the design with a minimal addition of more expensive active
components.
Additionally, the programmability of the microcontroller offers the lamp manufacturer the
flexibility to add more design features than are shown here to enhance their market
position. The ballast demonstrator, although it has many features, does not address all
the possibilities available to the lamp controller designer.
7.1
Appendix 1:
SWITCH DIM
The switch DIM allows dimming control using a simple switch connected to the mains
phase.
Switch DIM operation
The Switch DIM operation is as follows:
With the lamp switched on:
A short push switches the luminary off and stores the current light level.
A long push gradually dims the light level. (Change direction by briefly taking your finger
off the button and pressing down again).
With the lamp switched off:
A short push switches the lamp on to the last light level used. (Optional: Use a soft start
from minimum level to last level used).
A longer push starts on the last light level used and gradually raises the light level to the
required brightness.
The lamps are dimmed for as long as the switch is pressed or until the minimum or maximum dimmer setting is reached.
ATAVRFBKIT / EVLB001 User Guide
7-25
7597B–AVR–10/07
Conclusion
7.2
Appendix 2:
Capacitor
Coupled Low
Voltage Supply
Small currents for the low voltage supply can be obtained from the AC line at
low loss by means of capacitor coupling as shown in the figures below. To estimate the required size of the coupling capacitor, use the following relationships
for current, charge, voltage and capacitance.
1.dQ/dt = I
DC
Figure 7-1. Negative Line Half Cycle
C1
VD
- VC1 +
AC
VD
Ich1
-VPK
C2
Vo
IDC
C2
Vo
IDC
“Negative” line half -cycle:
C1 charges to Vpk - VD with polarity shown.
Figure 7-2. Positive Line Half Cycle
C1
+VPK
VD
+ VC1 Ich2
AC
VD
“Positive” line half -cycle:
C1 charges to Vpk - VD - Vo with polarity shown.
1.dV = 2Vpk-Vo-2V
D
2.dQ = CdV or C = dQ/dV
For example, to obtain 15 mA at 20 VDC from a 220 Vrms 50 Hz line:
1.dQ/dt = (15 millijoules/sec)/(50 cycles/sec) or 0.3 millijoules / cycle.
2.Over 1 cycle, the coupling capacitor (C1) will charge from –220V x 1.4 to
+220V x 1.4 – 20V- V . dV = 2*Vpk-Vo-2V . dV ~= 600V.
D
D
3. The required C1 ~ 0.3 millijoules/600V or 0.5 uF
ATAVRFBKIT / EVLB001 User Guide
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7597B–AVR–10/07
Conclusion
In practice, C1 may have to be larger depending on the amount of ripple allowed by C2
and to account for component tolerances, minimum voltage, and current in the regulator
diode. C1 must be a non-polarized type with a voltage rating to withstand the peak line
voltage including transients. A high quality film capacitor is recommended.
7.3
Appendix 3: PFC
Basics
The function of the PFC boost regulator is to produce a regulated DC supply voltage
from a full wave rectified AC line voltage while maintaining a unity power factor load.
This means that the current drawn from the line must be sinusoidal and in phase with
the line voltage.
The ballast PFC circuit accomplishes this by means of a boost converter operating (See
Figure 7-3) at critical conduction so that the current waveform is triangular (See Figure
7-4).
Figure 7-3. PFC Boost Regulator
PFC BOOST REGULATOR
Ioff
PFC Inductor
POWER
VOLTAGE
Vbus
Vin
Ion = (Vin x t )/ L
PFC Switch
The boost switch ON time is maintained constant over each half cycle of the input voltage sinusoid. Therefore the peak current for each switching cycle is proportional to the
line voltage which is nearly constant during Ton. (Ipeak = Vin x Ton/L). Since the average value of a triangular waveform is half its peak value, the average current drawn is
also proportional to the line voltage.
Figure 7-4. Main voltage supply cutting
Main Supply
Voltage
Actual switching frequency
is higher than shown
Ipeak = Vin x Ton / L
Ioff
Ion
Imean = Ipeak/2
PFC
DRIVING
7-27
7597B–AVR–10/07
ATAVRFBKIT / EVLB001 User Guide
Conclusion
7.4
Appendix 4: Bill
of Material
Figure 7-5. Bill of Materials 1
ATAVRFBKIT / EVLB001 User Guide
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7597B–AVR–10/07
Conclusion
Figure 7-6. Bill of Materials 2
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7597B–AVR–10/07
ATAVRFBKIT / EVLB001 User Guide
Conclusion
Figure 7-7. Bill of Materials 3
ATAVRFBKIT / EVLB001 User Guide
7-30
7597B–AVR–10/07
A
B
C
4
3
2
1
1A-600V/FR
D15
R13
PB7ADC4
C12
.1uF
NOTES:
PB0
PB1
LL4148-13
D17
SWISS
LL4148-13
D9
LO
VS
HO
VB
600V
1 nF 600 V
TP9
GATELO
HIGH FET CURRENT
ALARM
CURRENT SENSE FOR
POWER CALC
LAMP MISSING DET.
LAMP CURRENT DET.
1M
R14
1M
C13
400V BUS TEST
LL4148-13
D7
27
R12
R10
VBUS
C4
VCC
LL4148-13
D16
1K
R27
NOTE NEW GND
27
R23
27
D13
MBRS140CT
.1uF
C15
.1uF 600V
CLOSE
TP8
PROXIMITY
GATEHI
NOTE NEW GND
R19
VCC
C5
.1uF 600V
1A-600V/FR
D1
75-MKP1840410634
PB2 ADC5
PB4 AMP0+
5
6
7
8
1A-600V/FR
D10
LL4148-13
IXD611S1
D12
COM
LIN
HIN
VCC
VCC
4
3
2
1
U2
D8
MBRS140CT
22K
R15
VCC
BR1
+ 1
TP6
50uF 475V GATEDR
C9
PD7 ACMP0
IXTP3N50P
1A-600V/FR
2 -
P5948-ND
22uF@450V
CM CHOKE
RV1
MURS160DICT-ND
D4
DF10SDI-ND
P7186-ND
VARISTOR265VAC
3 AMPS PEAK
L1
Q3
PLK1069-ND
BOOSTVSUP
15V
200K
R31
TP7
VCC
HAVERSINE TEST
200K
R32
1800 pF 250VAC
250VAC
C3
C1
T1
LPFC
1M
CLOSE TO U2
LL4148-13
D5
Swiss Control
VCC
1M
R9
110/220-VIN
J1
75-WYO222MCMBF0K
1
5
CONNECTOR
6
3
3
4
D
10
8
PPC62KW-3JCT-ND
62K 3W
1 /1%
R28
IXTP3N50P
Q5
IXTP3N50P
Q4
R2
1uF
C14
D18 LL4148-13
1.8 K
R33
1.2K
R29
400K
R24
400K
R20
10K
R34
200 OHM 3 W
BOOSTVSUP
TP-7
C10
1
S
.001uF
C19
1
F
VCC
IXI859S1 GATE
GND
VSUP
VCAP
LL4148-13
1K
R5
D3
VCC
TP-6
R30
460 K
0.8 V
R25
1M
TP-8
PD6 ACD3
1.25 TO 2.75 NORMAL
1.00 TO 3.00 END OF
LIFE T8
5
S
JUMPER
PD5 ACMP2
LL4148-13
D11
TP5
GND
S
F
F
8
5 nF
C16
R21
220nF 100V
6
9
T3
BALANCE
PB5 ADC6
4
1
0.264 V @ 80C
1.1V @ 25C
250 uA MAX.
OVERTEMP DET.
C17
5 nF
6
S
3
S
F
F
NOTE NEW GND
220nF 100V
C22
Appendix 5: Schematics
PRELIMINARY
7
Flourescent Lamp
CONNECTOR
FL1
10
REMOVE FOR SINGLE LAMP OP.
T4C
TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER
T4E
220nF 100V
C18
REMOVE FOR SINGLE LAMP OP.
200 OHM 3 W
R22
OPEN FILAMENTS DETECTED BY 1/2 BRIDGE CURRENT, ONE LAMP
JUMPER, & RECT LAMP VOLTAGE. OPTION IN CODE TO ACCEPT
ONE LAMP W/DALI FLAG OR FAULT.
NOTE NEW GND
220nF 100V
C21
Flourescent Lamp
CONNECTOR
FL2
11
200 OHM 3 W
RT1
10K @ 25C
C20
R6
20K
t
VCC
TRANSFORMER
T4B
JP2
TRANSFORMER
T4D
2
SINGLE LAMP OP
TP4
GND
LAMP VOLT DET.
END OF LIFE DC & AC
DAC CONTROLLED WINDOW
COMP.
VCC
10uF 25V
C7
TP3
15V
BOOSTVSUP
RECT. LAMP VOLTAGE DET.
IGNITION, RAMP, MISSING LAMP DET.
ANALOG INPUT
LL4148-13
D14
1K
R26
C11
15V
.022uF
C46
LL4148-13
D26
D28
LL4148-13
VOLTAGE DOUBLER
.01uF 1500V FILM
5
6
7
8
NOTE NEW GND
505-M100.01/2000/5
RESONANT CAP
12
D6
MBRS140CT
TRANSFORMER
T4A
IN
NC
VOUT
VCC
U1
.02 uF
4
3
PD0
R3
100 OHM
2
R11
Q1
IXTP02N50D
R73
22 OHM
3
47 uF
C8
VCC
2
C6
1nF
18K
C2
1
1
1A-600V/FR
D27
.1 uF 600V FILM
100K 1/4W
R18
D2
15V Zener
100-
2
3
R72
2
1
1
2
75-F17724332000
9
VDC
2
1
L2
L1
L4
L3
4
3
2
1
7597B–AVR–10/07
L2
L1
7-31
L4
L3
7.5
4
3
TO-220
Conclusion
ATAVRFBKIT / EVLB001 User Guide
GND
VCC
5
Y1
8MHz
PB1
PB0
PD4
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
AT90PWM2
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
4
1. DALI
2. DALI
END OF LIFE CKT
(ADC2/ACMP2) PD5
(ADC3/ACMPM/INT0) PD6
(ACMP0) PD7
(ADC5/INT1) PB2
AVCC
AGND
AREF
(AMP-) PB3
(AMP0+) PB4
(ADC6/INT2) PB5
LOCATE IN CENTER OF BOARD
PD4 (ADC1/RXD/DALI/CP1A/SCL_A)
PE2 (ADC0/XTAL2)
PE1 (OC0B/XTAL1)
PB1 (PSCOUT21)
PBO (PSCOUT20)
GND
VCC
PD3 (TXD/DALI/OC0A/MOSI_A)
PD2 (PSCIN2/OC1A/MISO_A)
PD1 (PSCIN0/CLK)
(ADC7/ICP1B) PB6
(ADC4/PSCOUT01) PB7
PB7ADC4
100PF
C31
J5
1
2
3
4
CON4
100 K
R42
PD5 ACMP2
RECTIFIED LAMP VOLTAGE
PFC ZERO
400 V DETECT
CURRENT SENSE
CURRENT SENSE
TEMP SENSE
PE1(SWISS)
12K
HAVERSINE
.01uF
R35
PD6 ACD3
2 -
.1uF
C30
.1uF
C24
PB5 ADC6
PD7 ACMP0
.1uF
C32
.1uF
C23
PB4 AMP0+
3
+ 1
BR2
0.5A 200V
Q8
BC846BCT
10K
R46
PB2 ADC5
RH02DICT-ND
R39
12K
400 V DET.
0 OHM
R70
1
10R
R47
.1uF
C27
VCC
100 K
R48
100
R50
R37
22 OHM
10K
R40
LL4148-13
D19
R51
1nF
10K
CON2
2
1
J4
ISO2
LDA111S
470
R49
R43
ISO1
10uF 25V
C29
LDA111S
BC857B
Q6
+
100 K
R44
Title
BZX84C5V6SDICT-ND
4.7K
PRELIMINARY
PD3
TX
TESTPT
TP2
VCC
BC857BLT1OSCT-ND
C28
R38
2.2K
CON2
2
1
J3
TESTPT
R45
100 K
PD4
C33
.1uF
1
4.7K
R41
VCC
Q7
BC846BCT
VCC
WL Williamson & ASSOC
DALI must recognize the difference in
pulse rate between the DALI input,
the VCO output range and the much
longer Swiss control.
SWISS
RX
TP1
2
.1uF
C47
Rev
3
PE1(SWISS)
R71
10K
C
D
2
Date:
Size
C
1
Ballast Control
C-2346-2
Sheet
Friday, May 25, 2007
Document Number
2
of
A
R68
22 OHM
PD3
4
PEO (RESET/OCD)
PDO (PSCOUT00/XCK/SS_A)
U3
1
A
VCC
1
2
.1uF
C26
PD4
3
3
4
1
2
PD0
5
6
PSCIN0
2
B
HEADER6PIN
PDO
VCC
SCK
PDI
RESET*
JUMPER
3
B
C
D
J2
C48
1
2
4
3
4
5
6
4
SINGLE LAMP OPERATION PIN
JUMPER IN
THROW AWAY JUMPER FOR DUAL
LAMP
6
5
4
3
5
3
2
1
2
ATAVRFBKIT / EVLB001 User Guide
2
SPARE IF CODE RECOGNIZES SINGLE LAMP
JP3
1
2
Conclusion
7-32
7597B–AVR–10/07
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7597B–AVR–10/07