Single-Phase Energy Metering IC Application Note 90E21/22/23/24 AN-641 Table of Contents 1 Application Outline............................................................................................................................. 2 2 Hardware Reference Design ............................................................................................................. 3 2.1 Schematics .................................................................................................................................................................... 3 2.2 Component BOM ........................................................................................................................................................... 4 2.3 PCB................................................................................................................................................................................ 5 3 Interface............................................................................................................................................. 6 3.1 SPI Interface .................................................................................................................................................................. 6 3.1.1 SPI Outline .............................................................................................................................................................. 6 3.1.2 SPI Interface Code .................................................................................................................................................. 7 3.2 Application of WarnOut and IRQ.................................................................................................................................. 11 3.2.1 Metering Parameter Error Alarm ........................................................................................................................... 11 3.2.2 Voltage Sag........................................................................................................................................................... 11 3.2.3 Measurement Parameter Error Alarm ................................................................................................................... 11 3.2.4 Active/Reactive Energy Direction Change ............................................................................................................ 11 3.2.5 Toggle of L Line and N Line .................................................................................................................................. 11 4 Calibration........................................................................................................................................ 12 4.1 Calibration Method....................................................................................................................................................... 12 4.2 Calibration Example..................................................................................................................................................... 12 4.2.1 Configure Calibration Start Command Register and Checksum 1 Register.......................................................... 12 4.2.2 PL_Constant Calculation and Configuration ......................................................................................................... 12 4.2.3 MMode Register Configuration.............................................................................................................................. 12 4.2.4 L Line Calibration .................................................................................................................................................. 13 4.2.5 N Line Calibration.................................................................................................................................................. 14 5 Others .............................................................................................................................................. 15 5.1 Acceleration of Verification at Low Current State......................................................................................................... 15 5.2 Treatment When Current Exceeds 65.535A ................................................................................................................ 15 5.3 Application of LastSPIData .......................................................................................................................................... 15 5.3.1 SPI Read ............................................................................................................................................................... 15 5.3.2 SPI Write ............................................................................................................................................................... 15 1 March 27, 2013 DSC-7278/2 Single-Phase Energy Metering IC Application Note 1 AN-641 APPLICATION OUTLINE The 90E21/22/23/24 has highly stable on-chip reference power supply. Different from competitor’s products, the 90E21/22/23/24 requires only a 1μF SMT capacitor to connect to the Vref pin. Considering the characteristics under high frequency, it is suggested to also add a 1nF capacitor to the Vref. This document describes system application issues when using the 90E21/22/23/24, single-phase energy metering ICs to design singlephase energy meters. The 90E21/22/23/24 series includes 4 chips, which share similar characteristics in application. The 90E21/22/23/24 provides the active energy pulse output pin CF1 and the reactive energy pulse output pin CF2, which can be used for energy calibration. The CF1/CF2 pin can also be connected to the MCU for energy accumulation. The maximum source/sink current for the CF1/ CF2 pins is 10mA which can turn on the energy pulse light and drive the optocoupler (even when the energy pulse light and the optocoupler are in parallel with each other). Generally, a single-phase smart meter consists of a single-phase energy metering IC, an MCU processor and its peripheral equipments. Section 2.1 Schematics provides the schematics of a energy meter using the 90E21/22/23/24. MCU reads and writes data of the metering IC through the SPI interface. Considering low-cost and anti-tampering etc., ground of the single-phase energy metering IC is generally connected to the phase line (L line) of the single phase power supply. MCU can be isolated from the metering IC by optocoupler. While in cases when the end user does not touch the internal components of the energy meter, ground of the MCU can also be connected to the phase line and MCU connects to the metering IC directly. The 90E21/22/23/24 provides programmable voltage zero-crossing pin ZX which can be used by MCU to complete operations such as power line carrier sending and relay operation. The 90E21/22/23/24 provides the independent metering parameter error warning output pin WarnOut. When there is any metering parameter error, the WarnOut pin outputs high level to remind MCU to reset the 90E21/22/23/24 and reload the metering parameters. In addition, the 90E21/22/23/24 also has voltage sag warning function. The WarnOut pin outputs high level when there is voltage sag provided the SagWo bit (FuncEn, 02H) enables voltage sag warning output through the WarnOut pin. In a typical application, shunt resistor is generally used for phase line (L line) current sampling. To ensure isolation between phase line (L line) and neutral line (N line), Current Transformer (CT) is generally used for N line current sampling. While resistor divider network can be used for voltage sampling. The 90E21/22/23/24 uses 3.3V single power supply. In the reference design, the AC voltage output by the transformer is rectified by a diode then passes through the regulator 78L33 and forms 3.3V linear power supply. The 3.3V linear power supply is then directly connected to digital power DVDD of the 90E21/22/23/24 after being decoupled by the capacitors. The analog power AVDD is connected to DVDD via a 10Ω resistor. The 90E21/22/23/24 has a power-on reset circuit and the Reset pin can connect to DVDD directly. Application Outline The 90E21/22/23/24 provides a dedicated interrupt request output pin IRQ. The IRQ pin outputs high level when there is any metering / measurement parameter error, active/ reactive energy direction change, voltage sag, metering line change in anti-tampering mode, etc. The maximum source current for the above ZX, WarnOut and IRQ pins is 5mA. In application when MCU is isolated from the 90E21/22/23/ 24, these pins can directly drive the optocouplers. 2 March 27, 2013 Hardware Reference Design 1 L Phase Line 3 3 Neutral Line 4 1 Shunt N N Current Sampling 5(100)A/5mA Class 0.1 CT L Current Sampling L 100Ω 100Ω R16 120kΩ R17 120kΩ C10 33nF C9 33nF C8 330nF C6 330nF 2 Voltage Sampling R14 R15 120kΩ 120kΩ R10 1kΩ R9 2.4Ω R7 2.4Ω R6 1kΩ R4 R2 Power for RS485 6 TD35-18A-220V 8 7 R18 120kΩ I2N I2P I1P I1N R19 120kΩ 220μF/35V C1 D1 4007 120kΩ R13 0.1μF C7 R1 10Ω DVDD R20 1kΩ C3 0.1μF 3 33nF C14 C11 1μF OUT 78L33 C12 1nF Vref I1N 14 13 12 11 10 9 7 8 6 5 4 3 2 1 I2N I1P C2 J4 J3 SDI I1N U1 CF1 VN VP WarnOut 90E24 AGND Vref NC CF2 IRQ NC I1P ZX OSCI OSCO CS SCLK SDO I2N I2P AGND AVDD RESET DVDD DGND MMD1 MMD0 J2 DVDD J1 DVDD 100μF/10V 1 I2P AVDD C5 0.1μF IN U2 3 IRQ 18 15 16 17 X1 8.192MHz WarnOut IRQ ZX CS SCLK SDI SDO R11 C13 1kΩ 33nF VN VP WarnOut CF1 CF2 20 19 ZX OSCI 21 22 CS OSCO 24 SCLK SDI SDO 23 25 26 27 28 C4 0.1μF D3 D2 CF1 R8 510Ω 4 kWh- kWh+ Pulse to MCU kvarh- kvarh+ Pulse to MCU 510Ω PS2501L-1 510Ω kWh R3 CF2 PS2501L-1 R12 510Ω U4 R5 U3 kvarh D C B A SCHEMATICS 2 1 TC1 3 Power for MCU 4 2.1 D L line RV1 20K681 RT1 SPMZB-4(400Ω~700Ω) 5 9 GND 2 3 HARDWARE REFERENCE DESIGN C B A N 2 2 Pulses for Calibration Pulses for Calibration N Line 1 Single-Phase Energy Metering IC Application Note AN-641 March 27, 2013 Single-Phase Energy Metering IC Application Note 2.2 AN-641 COMPONENT BOM Table-1 Component BOM Component Type Designator Quantity Parameter Tolerance SMT Capacitor C12 C9 C10 C13 C14 C3 C4 C5 C7 1 4 4 0603 1nF 0603 33nF 0603 0.1μF ±10% X7R ±10% X7R ±10% X7R C6 C8 C11 C2 C1 R7 R9 R1 R2 R4 R3 R5 R8 R12 R6 R10 R11 R20 R13 R14 R15 R16 R17 R18 R19 D1 U3 U4 X1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 4 4 7 0603 0.33μF 0603 1μF 100μF/10V 220μF/35V 0603 2.4Ω 0603 10Ω 0603 100Ω 0603 510Ω 0603 1kΩ 0805 120kΩ ±10% X7R ±10% X7R ±5% 1/8W 100ppm ±5% 1/8W 100ppm ±5% 1/8W 100ppm ±5% 1/8W 100ppm ±5% 1/8W 100ppm ±5% 1/8W 100ppm 1 2 1 1N4007 NEC2501 8.192MHz 100ppm U1 U2 D2 D3 TC1 RV1 RT1 1 1 2 1 1 1 90E24 78L33 TO-92 Red Φ3 - Electrolytic Capacitors SMT Resistor SMT Diode Optocoupler Crystal IC LED Regulator Varistor Thermal Resistor Hardware Reference Design 20K681 SPMZB-4 (400Ω ~ 700Ω) 4 March 27, 2013 Single-Phase Energy Metering IC Application Note 2.3 AN-641 PCB Figure-2 Bottom View Figure-1 Top View Figure-3 Energy Meter Hardware Reference Design 5 March 27, 2013 Single-Phase Energy Metering IC Application Note 3 INTERFACE 3.1 SPI INTERFACE 3.1.1 SPI OUTLINE AN-641 Energy Pulses CFx: CFx does not need to connect to an MCU pin. Instead, energy can be accumulated by reading values in the corresponding energy registers. CFx can also connect to the optocoupler and the energy pulse light can be turned on by CFx. As the energy registers are cleared after read and the SPI reading process could be disturbed, it is suggested to read the LastSPIData register (06H) after reading the energy registers for confirmation. The interface to MCU is a standard 4-wire SPI or simplified 3-wire SPI. The highest rate is 160kbps and the lowest rate is 200bps. MCU can perform read and write operations through low speed optocoupler when the 90E21/22/23/24 is isolated from the MCU. Fatal Error WarnOut: Fatal error can be acquired by reading the CalErr[1:0] bits (SysStatus, 01H). When the MCU resources are limited, especially when the metering part is isolated from the MCU (e.g. IC card prepaid meter), 3-wire SPI can reduce the cost of optocoupler, using SCLK, SDI and SDO of the SPI interface. When the 90E21/22/23/24 is isolated from MCU, the realization of the related functions is as follows: Interface IRQ: IRQ interrupt can be acquired by reading the SysStatus register (01H). Reset: The 90E21/22/23/24 is reset when ‘789AH’ is written to the software reset register (SoftReset, 00H). 6 March 27, 2013 Single-Phase Energy Metering IC Application Note 3.1.2 AN-641 SPI INTERFACE CODE The reference code of the standard 4-wire SPI interface shown in this section is written using PIC 8-bit microcontroller from MicroChip. Taking into account of the habits of most users, it adopts software to simulate the SPI interface. The SDO pin of the 90E21/22/23/24 corresponds to the SDI pin of MCU, and the SDI pin of the 90E21/22/23/24 corresponds to the SDO pin of MCU. In this section, the SDI/SDO pins are defined from the perspective of MCU, that is, BIO_CS, BIO_SCK, BIO_SDI, BIO_SDO in below SPI interface codes correspond to the CS, SCLK, SDO and SDI pins respectively. ;===================================================================== ;subroutine name: single_wr ;Function: Write a register via the SPI interface ;input parameters: ; spiaddr: the address of the register to be written ; data to be written: 2 bytes data of fsr pointed, higher byte data in lower address ;output parameters: ; fsr=fsr+01h ; ;registers influenced: fsr, spiaddr, temp0, temp1 ;stack: 1 ;===================================================================== single_wr: ;Enable SPI bcf BIO_CS goto $+1 ;time delay=2 NOP bcf spiaddr,7 ;write command is 0 ;Send 8-bit Command/addr movlw 08h movwf temp0 SpiWriteOutputAddrLoop: rlf spiaddr,f btfss status,c goto SpiWriteOutputAddrLow call SpiDoutHi goto SpiWriteOutputAddrLoop_next SpiWriteOutputAddrLow: call SpiDoutLow SpiWriteOutputAddrLoop_next: decfsz temp0,f goto SpiWriteOutputAddrLoop ;c=0, bit=0, Output low ;c=1, bit=1, Output high ;Begin Send 16-bit Data movf indf,w movwf temp1 movlw movwf SpiWriteHighByteLoop: rlf btfss goto call goto SpiWriteHighByteLow: call SpiWriteHighByteLoop_next: decfsz goto incf movf movwf Interface ;move high byte data to temp1 08h temp0 ;high byte data write temp1,f status,c SpiWriteHighByteLow SpiDoutHi SpiWriteHighByteLoop_next ;c=0, bit=0, Output low ;c=1, bit=1, Output high SpiDoutLow temp0,f SpiWriteHighByteLoop fsr,f indf,w temp1 ;move low byte data to temp1 7 March 27, 2013 Single-Phase Energy Metering IC Application Note movlw movwf SpiWriteLowByteLoop: rlf btfss goto call goto AN-641 08h temp0 ;low byte data write temp1,f status,c SpiWriteLowByteLow SpiDoutHi SpiWriteLowByteLoop_next ;c=0, bit=0, Output low ;c=1, bit=1, Output high SpiWriteLowByteLow: call SpiDoutLow SpiWriteLowByteLoop_next: decfsz temp0,f goto SpiWriteLowByteLoop bsf return BIO_CS ;disable SPI, SPI single write end ;===================================================================== ; subroutine name: single_rd ;Function:read a register via the SPI interface ;input parameters: ; spiaddr: the address of the register to be read ; readout 2 bytes data to be stored at address fsr pointed, higher byte data in lower address ;output parameters ; fsr=fsr+01h, readout 2 bytes data to be stored at address fsr pointed ;registers influenced: ; fsr, temp0, spiaddr ;stack: 1 ;===================================================================== single_rd: ;Enable SPI bcf BIO_CS goto $+1 ;time delay=2 NOP bsf spiaddr,7 ;read command is 1 ;Send 8 bits Command/addr movlw 08h movwf temp0 SpiReadOutputAddrLoop: rlf spiaddr,f btfss status,c goto SpiReadOutputAddrLow call SpiDoutHi goto SpiReadOutputAddrLoop_next SpiReadOutputAddrLow: call SpiDoutLow SpiReadOutputAddrLoop_next: decfsz temp0,f goto SpiReadOutputAddrLoop bcf goto bcf ;c=0, bit=0, Output low ;c=1, bit=1, Output high BIO_SDO $+1 BIO_SCK ;do not care SDO pin when reading ;time delay=2 NOP ;begin read 16bits data movlw 08h movwf temp0 SpiReadHighByteLoop: bcf bsf Interface ;high byte data read ;assume SDI data is low(0) ;read data on the rising edge status,c BIO_SCK 8 March 27, 2013 Single-Phase Energy Metering IC Application Note AN-641 goto $+1 goto $+1 btfsc BIO_SDI bsf status,c ;time delay=4 NOP rlf goto bcf indf,f $+1 BIO_SCK ;shift data to the target register decfsz goto temp0,f SpiReadHighByteLoop incf fsr,f movlw movwf SpiReadLowByteLoop: bcf bsf goto goto btfsc bsf ;read SDI pin state ;SDI pin is high(1) 07h temp0 ;low byte data read: high 7 bits of lower byte ;assume SDI data is low(0) ;read data on the rising edge ;time delay=4 NOP status,c BIO_SCK $+1 $+1 BIO_SDI status,c rlf goto bcf indf,f $+1 BIO_SCK decfsz goto temp0,f SpiReadLowByteLoop goto goto $+1 $+1 ;read SDI pin state ;SDI pin is high(1) ;shift data to the target register ;begin read lowest bit of lower byte bcf status,c bsf BIO_SCK goto $+1 goto $+1 btfsc BIO_SDI bsf status,c ;assume SDI data is low(0) ;read data on the rising edge ;time delay=4 NOP ;read SDI pin state ;SDI pin is high(1) rlf indf,f ;shift data to the target register goto bsf return $+1 BIO_CS ;disable SPI, SCK keeps high when SPI read end ;===================================================================== ;subroutine name: SpiDoutHi ;Function: Output high level at SDO pin ;input parameters: N/A ;output parameters: N/A ;stack: 0 ;===================================================================== SpiDoutHi: bcf BIO_SCK ;pull down SCLK goto $+1 goto $+1 Interface bsf goto goto BIO_SDO $+1 $+1 ;pull up SDO after 4 NOP delay bsf BIO_SCK ;pull up SCLK after 4 NOP delay 9 March 27, 2013 Single-Phase Energy Metering IC Application Note AN-641 return ;===================================================================== ;subroutine name: SpiDoutLow ;Function: Output low level at SDO pin ;input parameters: N/A ;output parameters: N/A ;stack: 0 ;===================================================================== SpiDoutLow: bcf BIO_SCK ;pull down SCLK goto $+1 goto $+1 Interface bcf goto goto BIO_SDO $+1 $+1 ;pull down SDO after 4 NOP delay bsf return BIO_SCK ;pull up SCLK after 4 NOP delay 10 March 27, 2013 Single-Phase Energy Metering IC Application Note 3.2 AN-641 APPLICATION OF WARNOUT AND IRQ 3.2.3 The 90E21/22/23/24 only checks the correctness of the measurement parameters when the AdjStart register (30H) is 8765H. If the measurement parameters are not correct, the measurement registers (48H-4FH and 68H-6FH) do not update, the AdjErr[1:0] bits (SysStatus, 01H) are set and the IRQ pin reports interrupt. It is noted that the measurement parameter error alarm can not be configured as disabled. All functions of the WarnOut pin are covered by the IRQ pin. However, the WarnOut pin can locate abnormal events more rapidly. 3.2.1 METERING PARAMETER ERROR ALARM The 90E21/22/23/24 only checks the correctness of the metering parameters when the CalStart register (20H) is 8765H. If the metering parameters are not correct, the metering function of the 90E21/22/23/24 is disabled, the CalErr[1:0] bits (SysStatus, 01H) are set and the WarnOut/IRQ pins report warning/interrupt at the same time. In this situation, the MCU should first reset the 90E21/22/23/24, then reload the calibration parameters. It is noted that the metering parameter error alarm can not be configured as disabled. 3.2.2 3.2.4 The 90E21/22/23/24 detects voltage sag based on instantaneous value of the voltage. Comparing with the traditional means of evaluating the DC voltage after rectification, the 90E21/22/23/24 can detect voltage sag earlier as there is no lag effect by the Electrolytic Capacitor to maintain the voltage. Voltage sag is detected when there are no 3 sampling points whose voltage is above the voltage sag threshold within one cycle. Voltage sag is detected when voltage is continuously below the voltage sag threshold for one cycle which starts from any zero-crossing point. In application it is suggested to read the RevP/RevQ bit (EnStatus, 46H) to acquire the current direction of the active/reactive energy as there are cases when the SPI process is disturbed and the direction change is missed. Detailed operation is as follows: MCU reads the EnStatus register (46H) for a fixed interval such as 1s. If there is no change with the RevP/RevQ bit, only read the value of the energy register of the current direction. If there is any change with the RevP/ RevQ bit, read both the active and reactive energy registers. Voltage sag detection is disabled by default after power-on reset. Voltage sag detection can be enabled by configuring the FuncEn (02H) and SagTh (03H) registers. When there is voltage sag, the SagWarn bit (SysStatus, 01H) is set and the IRQ pin outputs high level. Voltage sag can be reported by the WarnOut pin at the same time in order to locate abnormal events more rapidly. In addition, the 90E21/22/23/24 provides absolute active/reactive energy registers to meet the needs of absolute value of active/reactive energy in some cases. CFx can be configured correspondingly to realize consistency between CFx output and the absolute active energy register (ATenergy,42H)/ absolute reactive energy register (RTenergy, 45H). Configuration of voltage sag: The power-on value of SagTh is: 22000 * 2 * 0.78 4 * U gain /32768 3.2.5 it corresponds to 1D6AH. TOGGLE OF L LINE AND N LINE In anti-tampering mode, when the metering line changes from L line to N line, or changes from N line to L line, MCU can acquire the change in a timely manner by the following means: 1 When L line and N line toggles, the LNchange bit (SysStatus,01H) is set and the IRQ pin outputs high level. MCU can then read the SysStatus register (01H) after receipt of the interrupt reported by the IRQ pin. As the SysStatus register (01H) is cleared after read, it is suggested to read the LastSPIData register (06H) for confirmation. 2 MCU can also read the LLine bit (EnStatus, 46H) to acquire the current metering line. Users can calculate voltage sag threshold based on the percentage (x%) of the voltage sag threshold with regards to the reference voltage Un in application. The equation is: Interface ACTIVE/REACTIVE ENERGY DIRECTION CHANGE There is no dedicated pin to indicate the change of the direction of active/reactive energy. However, MCU can acquire the change in a timely manner by the following means: 1 MCU reads the SysStatus register (01H) to check if there is any change of the direction when the IRQ pin reports high level. As the SysStatus register (01H) is cleared after read, it is suggested to read the LastSPIData register (06H) for confirmation. This active/reactive energy direction change interrupt can be enabled/disabled by the RevQEn/RevPEn bit (FuncEn, 02H). 2 MCU reads the RevP/RevQ bit (EnStatus, 46H) to acquire the current direction of the active/reactive energy. The RevP bit is updated after each CF1 pulse outputs and the RevQ bit is updated after each CF2 pulse outputs. VOLTAGE SAG SagTh = MEASUREMENT PARAMETER ERROR ALARM 100 * U n * 2 × x% 4 * U gain /32768 11 March 27, 2013 Single-Phase Energy Metering IC Application Note 4 CALIBRATION 4.1 CALIBRATION METHOD AN-641 CalStart register (20H). Note that the readout value of the CS1 register (2CH) might not be the same as the one that is written. Normally the CS1 register (2CH) should be written during calibration. It is fine to read the CS1 register (2CH) first then write the readout value to the CS1 register (2CH). Metering Calibration Only single-point calibration is needed over the entire dynamic range 4.2.2 Metering calibration is realized by first calibrating gain at unity power factor and then calibrating phase angle compensation at 0.5 inductive power factor. PL_CONSTANT CALCULATION AND CONFIGURATION PL_Constant is determined by L line hardware parameters. PL_Constant is calculated as follows: However, due to very small signal in L line current sampling circuits, any external interference, e.g., a tens of nano volts influence voltage on shunt resistor conducted by transformer in the energy meter’s power supply may cause perceptible metering error, especially in low current state. For this nearly constant external interference, the 90E21/22/23/24 also provides power offset compensation. PL_Constant = int(838860800 * GL * VL * VU ) MC * Un * Ib MC: pulse constant of the energy meter, unit is imp/kWh or imp/ kvarh; Un: reference voltage, unit is V; L line and N line need to be calibrated sequentially. Reactive does not need to be calibrated. Ib: basic current, unit is A; Measurement Calibration GL: L line current circuit gain; Measurement calibration is realized by calibrating the gains for voltage rms and current rms. Considering the possible nonlinearity around zero caused by external components, the chip also provides offset compensation for voltage rms, current rms, mean active power and mean reactive power. VL: sampling voltage of the L line circuit at Ib, unit is mV; VU: sampling voltage of the voltage circuit at Un, unit is mV; 838860800: constant. Before configuring PL_Constant, 5678H should be written to the CalStart register (20H) to start up calibration. Registers 21H-2BH then resume to their power-on values. Frequency, phase angle and power factor do not need calibration. 4.2 CALIBRATION EXAMPLE Example: 4.2.1 CONFIGURE CALIBRATION START COMMAND REGISTER AND CHECKSUM 1 REGISTER Assume MC=3200 imp/kWh All metering registers are in 20H-2CH. Among them, the calibration start command register (CalStart,20H) and the Checksum 1 Register (CS1,2CH) are specially designed registers. Un = 220V Note that for the 90E21/22/23, all or part of the 25H/26H/29H/2AH registers are not applicable and data written to these registers are invalid. GL=24 4.2.1.1 Ib = 5A L line shunt resistor=200 μΩ, so VL=1mV Voltage divider coefficient=880, so VU=250mV Calibration Start Command Register (CalStart, 20H) Unit of the sampling voltage of the voltage and current circuits is mV The default value for the CalStart register (20H) is '6886H' after power-on reset. It should be set to '5678H' when calibration is needed. Then the 21H-2BH registers resume to their power-on values and the 90E21/22/23/24 starts to meter. GL * VL * VU MC * Un * Ib = 1429876.36 = 15D174H PL_Constant = 838860800 * Generally after calibration, the CalStart register (20H) should be set to '8765H'. The 90E21/22/23/24 checks the correctness of the 21H-2BH registers. If correct, normal metering. If not correct, metering function is disabled, the CalErr[1:0] bits (SysStatus, 01H) are set and the WarnOut/ IRQ pins report warning/interrupt. 4.2.1.2 '0015H' should be written to the PLconstH register (21H), and 'D174H' should be written to the PLconstL register. Note that the PLconstH register (21H) takes effect after the PLconstL register (22H) are configured. Checksum 1 Register (CS1, 2CH) 4.2.3 The CS1 register (2CH) can be read through the SPI interface. The readout value is the calculation by the 90E21/22/23/24 based on data in the 21H-2BH registers. The calculation is independent of data in the Calibration MMODE REGISTER CONFIGURATION The MMode register (2BH) should be configured according to hardware design. L line gain Lgain[2:0]: bit 15-13 12 March 27, 2013 Single-Phase Energy Metering IC Application Note AN-641 N line gain Ngain[1:0]: bit 12-11 4.2.4.2 metering line selection LNSel: bit 10 L line gain calibration is performed when power factor PF=1.0 and the current is Ib. HPF configuration DisHPF[1:0]: bit 9-8 L Line Gain Calibration Assume the error output from the calibration bench is ε, then CFx output for active/reactive power Amod/Rmod: bit 7-6 LRATIO = -ε/(1+ε) zero-crossing mode Zxcon[1:0]: bit 5-4 L line gain calibration is anti-tampering threshold Pthresh[3:0]: bit 3-0 LGain= Complementary (LRATIO* 2^15) Example: which is the complement of LRATIO* 2^15: Hardware design configuration is: Shunt resistor for sampling current in L line, gain is '24'; if LRATIO ≥ 0, LGain=int(LRATIO* 2^15) CT for sampling current in N line, gain is '1'; if LRATIO ＜ 0, LGain=int(2^16+ LRATIO* 2^15) L line metering; Example: HPF is used; Assume PF=1.0, current=Ib, ε=-13.78%, then Forward (inductive) or reverse (capacitive) energy pulse output; LRATIO= -ε/(1+ε)=0.159823707 All zero-crossing; LGain= int(LRATIO* 2^15)=5237.10=1475H Default threshold for anti-tampering mode. That is, '1475H' should be written to the Lgain register (23H). 7C22H should be written to the MMode register (2BH). 4.2.4 4.2.4.1 4.2.4.3 L line angle calibration is performed when power factor PF=0.5L, the current is Ib and the frequency is 50Hz. L LINE CALIBRATION Small-Power Mode and Power Offset Compensation Assume the error output from the calibration bench is εL, then Power offset compensation can be used to eliminate stationary noise introduced by the external circuits in system design, such as coupling noise on shunt resistor conducted by transformer in meter’s power supply. Angle = -εL*180/sqrt(3)/π L line angle calibration is LPhi= (εL*3763.74) Power offset compensation is performed in small-power mode. The register value of L line and N line active/reactive power in small-power mode and normal mode are different. Their relationship is: In this equation, 3763.74 is a constant, and LPhi is signed. LPhi is a negative number when MSB is '1'. Power in normal mode Example: = Power in small-power mode * 10 * Igain * Ugain / 2^42 L line gain is calibrated, PF=0.5L, current=Ib, frequency=50Hz, error of the energy meter εL=0.95% The following steps are recommended: 1 Disconnect the current circuit of the energy meter; 2 Write 'A987H' to the SmallPMod register (04H) to enter smallpower mode; 3 Read out L / N line active / reactive power in small-power mode many times to get a mean value; 4 Write the complement of the above mean value to the corresponding L / N line active / reactive power offset registers; 5 Write any non-A987H value to the SmallPMod register (04H) to exit small-power mode. Angle= -εL*180/sqrt(3)/π =-0.0095*180/ sqrt(3)/π=-0.31425747 LPhi=(εL*3763.74) =0.0095*3763.74=35.75553=24H, That is, '24H' should be written to the LPhi register (24H). 4.2.4.4 Startup Power/ Current Threshold and No-Load Power/ Current Threshold Example: Disconnect the current circuit of the energy meter, write 'A987H' to the SmallPMod register (04H) to enter small-power mode. Readout L line active power 5 times consecutively. The values are FFC4H, FFCAH, FFCAH, FFDCH and FFC5H averaged as FFCBH. Then write the complement 35H to the PoffsetL register (37H). The definitions of the Active/Reactive Startup/No-load Power Threshold registers (27H/28H/29H/2AH) are all the same. Below is an example of the active power threshold. Assume the active startup current is KS times of Ib (0.004 if 0.4%), then The same procedure goes for reactive power offset compensation. L line reactive power offset register is QoffsetL (38H). Calibration L Line Angle Calibration 13 March 27, 2013 Single-Phase Energy Metering IC Application Note AN-641 If the readout of L line current rms (Irms, 48H) is Cur_meaL, the actual current rms is the basic current Ib, then the equation for Igain, the current rms gain is: PStartTh = int(93.2067556 * GL * VL * VU * K S ) Assume the active no-load current is KN times of Ib, then Igain = int(31251*Ib Cur_mea L) PNolTh = int(93.2067556 * GL * VL * VU * K N ) In the above equation, the unit for Ib is A, Cur_meaL is the readout value of the Irms register (hex should be changed to decimal and divided by 1000, unit is A), and 31251, or 7A13H, is the power-on value of L line current rms gain register (IgainL, 32H). In the above equations, the unit for VL and VU is mV, and 93.2067556 is a constant. Example: Assume startup current is 0.4% of Ib Example: The actual current rms Ib is 5.008A. Cur_meaL, the readout value of the L line current rms is 1A58H, or 6.744A. PNolTh = int(93.2067556 * GL * VL * VU * K S ) = 2236.962134 = 08BDH Igain = int(31251*Ib Cur_mea L) 5.008 = int(31251 * ) = 23207 = 5AA7H 6.744 The configuration of the no-load power threshold is similar to that of the startup power threshold. 4.2.4.5 Voltage rms Gain and L Line Current rms Gain Note that it is not required to calibrate the current rms gain when Igain is the power-on value. The equation is: Calibration of voltage and current rms is performed at reference voltage and basic current, and has no relationship with power factor PF. So the calibration can be performed at PF=1.0, reference voltage Un and basic current Ib. To simplify the process, the calibration of voltage and current rms can be after 4.2.4.3 the calibration of angle. Igain New = int(Igain Old *I b Cur_meaL ) The current offset calibration should be performed at reference voltage and no current. Calibration is performed by reading the current, multiplying it with the above Igain/2^16 and 2^8, calculating the complement and writing the result to the L line current offset register (IoffsetL, 35H). Assume Vol_mea is the readout value of the Urms register (49H) and reference voltage Un is the actual voltage, voltage rms gain Ugain is calculated as: Calibration of voltage offset is similar to that of current offset, but voltage offset calibration is not applicable for self-powered meter. Ugain = int(26400 * Un Vol_mea) In the above equation, the unit of Un is V, Vol_mea is the readout value of the Urms register (hex should be changed to decimal and divided by 100, unit is V), and 26400 is the decimal of 6720H which is the power-on value of the voltage rms gain register (Ugain, 31H). 4.2.5 4.2.5.1 Match of N Line and L Line Calibration N line metering and L line metering share the same PL_Constant, the same voltage and the same gain range (-50%~+50%) of registers (Lgain, 23H) and (Ngain, 25H). Therefore, the L line and N line sampling signals should be about the similar level after amplification of L line gain Lgain [2:0] and N line gain Ngain [1:0]. If the N line current signal is too small, N line gain can be adjusted, for example from '1' to '4'. If, however, the N line current signal is too large even though the gain is only '1', the load resistor of CT can be reduced. Example: The actual voltage Un is 220.024V. The readout value of the Urms register Vol_mea is 6019H, or 246.01V. Ugain = int(26400 * Un Vol_mea) = int(26400* 220.024/246.01 = 23611 = 5C3BH 4.2.5.2 That is, 5C3BH should be written to the Ugain register (31H). Calibration Calibration of N line is similar to that of L line. Note that the power-on value for the N Line Current rms Gain register (IgainN, 33H) is 7530H, therefore the N line calibration equation is Note that it is not required to calibrate the voltage rms gain when Ugain is the power-on value. The equation is: Ugain New = int(Ugain Old *U n Vol_mea ) Calibration N LINE CALIBRATION Igain = int(30000 * Ib Cur_mea N) 14 March 27, 2013 Single-Phase Energy Metering IC Application Note 5 AN-641 OTHERS parameters such as active / reactive / apparent power have the same multiple relationship with the corresponding actual power. 5.1 ACCELERATION OF VERIFICATION AT LOW CURRENT STATE 5.3 The LastSPIData register (06H) stores the latest SPI read/write data. The application of this register can improve the reliability of the SPI read/ write operation. The acceleration of low current calibration can be achieved by MCU. The 90E21/22/23/24 has good linearity at different PL_constant. It is suggested to set PL_constant as a multiple of 4 because the acceleration is up to 4 times in low current calibration. 5.3.1 SPI READ Generally, the SPI read reliability can be improved by reading the target register first, then reading the LastSPIData register (06H), and then comparing the two results. If the results are the same, the read operation is considered to be correct. If the results are inconsistent, the LastSPIData register (06H) should be read again to find out the correct register value. 5.2 TREATMENT WHEN CURRENT EXCEEDS 65.535A The current range of the current rms registers is 0 ~ 65.535A. When the current exceeds 65.535A, it is suggested to be handled by MCU as follows: 1 The register value of the Irms/Irms2 registers (48H/68H) can be calibrated to be half of the actual current rms during calibration. For example, when Ib is 20A, the value of the Irms/Irms2 registers (48H/68H) can be calibrated to 10A for a 20(80)A energy meter, that is, IgainL / IgainN is doubled. The multiple relationships between the Irms/Irms2 registers (48H/68H) and the actual value should be recorded in memory; 2 MCU automatically multiplies the Irms/Irms2 registers with 2 for applications such as display and communication. The 90E21/22/23/24 has some read/clear registers, such as active / reactive energy registers and system status register. When these registers are cleared after read, the LastSPIData register (06H) is updated. This function is very useful in cases such as abnormal SCLK cycles. 5.3.2 SPI WRITE SPI writes to registers only when the number of SCLK cycles is equal to ‘24’. Generally, the SPI write reliability can be improved by writing to the target register first, then reading the target register, and then comparing the two results. If the results are the same, the write operation is considered to be correct. An alternative way is to write the target register first, then read the LastSPIData register (06H), and then compare the results. As the current rms uses fiducial error in evaluation, 16-bit registers are sufficient to guarantee measurement accuracy of 0.5%. Note that if the Irms/Irms2 registers are calibrated to be half of the actual current rms and doubled by MCU, the power measurement Others APPLICATION OF LASTSPIDATA 15 March 27, 2013