DC136A - Demo Manual

DEMO MANUAL DC136A
DESIGN-READY
LINEAR REGULATOR
DEMO MANUAL
DC136A
LT1575
UltraFast Linear Regulator for
Microprocessor Power
DESCRIPTIO
U
Demo circuit DC136A is an ultrahigh speed linear regulator designed to provide power for high performance
microprocessors, such as the Intel Pentium® processor.
These CPUs exhibit extreme dynamic loading of the core
power supply and have very tight supply voltage tolerances. To date, the only way to maintain voltage tolerance
in the face of large magnitude transient loads was to
include several large value tantalum or aluminum electrolytic capacitors at the power supply output. In addition to
the bulk capacitors, these systems require on the order of
twenty-four 1µF ceramic capacitors. These parts are necessary to decouple the very high frequency components
associated with the processor load. The LT ®1575 changes
these requirements dramatically.
The LT1575 UltraFastTM linear regulator controller drives a
power MOSFET pass transistor, forming a very wide
bandwidth linear regulator. Loop crossover frequency is
on the order of 1MHz. Total response time to a 5A load step
is approximately 370ns. As a result of this extreme speed,
the bulk capacitors may be entirely eliminated. The circuit
provided here will power a 200MHz Pentium processor
without a single bulk capacitor connected to the CPU core
supply.
The demo board contains an LT1575 based linear regulator, a Pentium compatible socket and a load pulse generator circuit. The Pentium socket is included to permit the
use of an Intel Power Validator to generate load steps that
emulate a Pentium’s load characteristics. If a Power
Validator is not available, the board contains its own load
step generator. Although not as flexible as a Power
Validator, the step generator will produce loads that are
adequate to evaluate the regulator’s performance. There
are a pair of connectors on the board to permit connection
of a standard AT-type power supply. The regulator’s output
voltage may be jumper selected for 2.8V, 3.3V or 3.5V.
It is the intent of this demo board to show the layout
techniques that should be employed to ensure proper
operation of an LT1575 regulator circuit and microprocessor. Gerber files for this circuit are available. Call LTC
marketing.
, LTC and LT are registered trademarks of Linear Technology Corporation.
UltraFast is a trademark of Linear Technology Corporation.
Pentium is a registered trademark of Intel Corporation.
W U
U
TYPICAL PERFOR A CE CHARACTERISTICS A D BOARD PHOTO
Transient Response
Completed Demo Board
50mV/DIV
2A/DIV
0
200µs/DIV
DM 136A TA01
DM 136A Bd Photo
1
2
CON6
J2
1
2
3
4
5
6
CON6
J1
1
2
3
4
5
6
C36
0.1µF
R24
1.43k
R23
11.5k
TRIG
RSET
DSCH
THRES
CON
OUT
8
JP5
V
DD
1
GND
E8
PWR_GOOD
E7
12V
E6
5V
C37
0.01µF
2
4
7
6
5
U2
TLC555C
C27
0.1µF
OUTPUT VOLTAGE
JP1
JP2
OUTPUT
IN
OUT
3.5V
OUT
IN
3.3V
OUT
OUT
2.8V
3
R30
4.75Ω
R7
100Ω
R27
100Ω
C43
1µF
Q7
2N7002
Q11
TPO610T
Q14
TP0610T
R26
10k
C42
22µF
20V
OS-CON
Q9
2N7002
JP5
+
E5
12V
PULSE LOADS
JP4
JP3
LOAD
IN
IN
0.6 Ω
IN
OUT
0.8 Ω
OUT
OUT
1.2 Ω
4
R8
4.75Ω
6
5
GND 3
FB 4
2 3
Q15A
S16954
1
R1
4.75Ω
Q2
2N7002
Q1
TP0610T
7
Q10
2N7002
R13
1k
R32
100Ω
5
R2
4.75Ω
7
R6
100Ω
2
3
Q17A
S16954
R3
4.75Ω
1
6
C41
1µF
+
E9
RESET
R10
4.75Ω
C40
1µF
Q13
TP0610T
Q15B
S16954
4
R33
100Ω
Q8
2N7002
Q6
TP0610T
R14
1k
C32
330µF +
6.3V
OS-CON
LT1575CS8
8
R9
4.75Ω
C2
1µF
Q12
TP0610T
JP3
COMP
GATE
INEG
IPOS
PULSE GENERATOR
R25
100Ω
Q16
TP0610T
C44
1µF
Q4
2N7002
Q3
TP0610T
R29
4.75Ω
R28
4.75Ω
R31
4.75Ω
C1
1µF
JP4
E1
INPUT SUPPLY
E2
RTN
S8 PACKAGE
8-LEAD PLASTIC SO
8
VIN 2
R5
100Ω
5
R34
100Ω
C35
0.22µF
C33
330µF
6.3V
OS-CON
COMP
FB
6
7
Q17B
S16954
8
R4
4.75Ω
R20
3.74k
C34
1000pF
E3
RTN
R11
4.75Ω
JP2
5
6
7
8
R35
6.2k
INEG
GATE
VIN
IPOS
GND
SHDN
R19
1.21k
4
3
2
1
U1
LT1575
C28
OPTION
C45
1µF
C23
1µF
C7
1µF
C3
1µF
C11
1µF
C15
1µF
J3 R12
BNC 51.1Ω
C39
10pF
R15
OPTION
R17
0.005Ω
TRACE RES
E4
VCORE
R18
18.2Ω
1W
JP1
R21
2.67k
REGULATOR
C25
1µF
C9
1µF
C5
1µF
C13
1µF
C17
1µF
C20
1µF
R22
1.58k
R16
OPTION
C22
1µF
U3
PENTIUM®
PROCESSOR
C26
1µF
C10
1µF
C6
1µF
C14
1µF
C18
1µF
C21
1µF
Q6
IRFZ24
Pentium is a registered trademark of Intel Corp.
C24
1µF
C8
1µF
C4
1µF
C12
1µF
C16
1µF
C19
1µF
C30
OPTION
C29
OPTION
R36
4.75Ω
C31
1µF
U
W
SHDN 1
PACKAGE A D SCHE ATIC DIAGRA SM
W
TOP VIEW
DEMO MANUAL DC136A
DEMO MANUAL DC136A
PARTS LIST: Regulator and Decoupling Capacitors
REFERENCE
DESIGNATOR
C3-C26, C31, C40, C41, C45
QUANTITY PART NUMBER
27
0805ZC105KAT3S
DESCRIPTION
VENDOR
1µF 16V 20% X7R Chip Capacitor
AVX
(803) 946-0362
TELEPHONE
C28-C30
3
(Optional)
Chip Capacitor
C32, C33
2
6SA330M, K
330µF 6.3V 20% OS-CON Electrolytic Capacitor
Sanyo
(619) 661-1055
C34
1
08055A102MAT3S
1000pF 50V 20% NPO Chip Capacitor
AVX
(803) 946-0362
C35
1
08053E223MAT3S
0.22µF 50V 20% Chip Capacitor
AVX
(803) 946-0362
C39
1
08051A100MAT3S
10pF 100V 20% NPO Chip Capacitor
AVX
(803) 946-0362
E9
1
2502-02
Turret Terminal
Mill-Max
(516) 922-6000
H1
1
533402/22
Heat Sink
Aavid
(714) 556-2665
J3
1
112404
Vertical BNC PC-Mount Connector
Connex
(805) 378-6464
JP1, JP2
2
3801S-2-G1
0.100 1 × 2 Header
Comm Con
(818) 301-4200
Q6
1
IRFZ24
Power MOSFET
IR
(310) 322-3331
R12
1
CR10-511J-T
51.1Ω 1/10W 1% Chip Resistor
TAD
(800) 508-1521
R15, R16
2
(Optional)
Chip Resistor
R19
1
CR10-1211F-T
1.21k 1/10W 1% Chip Resistor
TAD
(800) 508-1521
R20
1
CR10-3741F-T
3.74k 1/10W 1% Chip Resistor
TAD
(800) 508-1521
R21
1
CR10-2671F-T
2.67k 1/10W 1% Chip Resistor
TAD
(800) 508-1521
R22
1
CR10-1581F-T
1.58k 1/10W 1% Chip Resistor
TAD
(800) 508-1521
R35
1
CR10-622J-T
6.2k 1/10W 1% Chip Resistor
TAD
(800) 508-1521
R36
1
CR10-4R75F-T
4.75Ω 1/0W 1% Chip Resistor
TAD
(800) 508-1521
U1
1
LT1575
UltraFast Linear Regulator Controller
LTC
(408) 432-1900
U3
1
214 320 3110
PGA 320 Pin ZIF Socket
Methode
(800) 323-6864
2
CCIJ230-G
Shunt
Comm Con
(818) 301-4200
1
115200
Kool-Klip
Aavid
(714) 556-2665
4
4-40 1/4” Screw
4
4-40S 1/2” Nylon Stand-Off Screw
1
4-40 Nylon Washer
U
OPERATIO
The basic regulator circuit consists of U1, the LT1575, and
power MOSFET Q6. The FET is operated in its saturated
region (as opposed to its ohmic region), where it looks like
a current source. The LT1575 adjusts its gate voltage as
required to supply the desired load current and maintain
output voltage regulation. Feedback is provided by R22,
R19, R20 and R21. Installing JP1 or JP2 changes the
feedback divider ratio to provide different output voltages.
Loop compensation is provided by R35, C34 and C39.
Trace resistor R17 is on internal layer 2 of the PCB and
provides load current information to the LT1575. C35
determines the current limit time delay. In the event of a
short circuit on the output, the current-limit circuitry will
control the output current and start the timer. C35 is
charged by a 15µA current source. When the voltage on
C35 equals 1.21V, the LT1575 shuts down and latches the
output off. To restore normal operation after removing the
cause of the short, ground RESET, E9, or recycle the input
power to clear the latch.
The load pulser operation is straightforward. The TLC555C
timer is configured as a low frequency oscillator with a
duty factor of approximately 10%. The low duty factor is
intended to minimize the dissipation in the load resistors.
The output of the ‘555 can be disconnected from the rest
of the circuit by removing JP5. The load is turned off in this
3
DEMO MANUAL DC136A
QUICK START GUIDE
Getting Demonstration Board DC136A up and running is
really quite simple.
• Connect a standard off-line AT-type power supply to
connector J1 and J2.
• Connect a BNC cable from connector J3 to an oscilloscope input. Make sure the scope is set up for a high
impedance input, not 50Ω. Set the scale for AC
coupling, 50mV/div, and 200µs/div.
• If a Power Validator is available, it may be plugged into
the processor socket and set up according to its
manual’s instructions. Nominal loads for this test
circuit are 200mA minimum load and 5A maximum.
Be sure to remove jumper JP5. This turns off the
onboard load pulser.
• Connect a DVM across E3 and E4 to measure the
output voltage.
• If a Power Validator is not available, use the onboard
pulser. In this case, install JP5 to activate the pulser.
There are three load levels possible: 50% load, 75%
load and 100% load. Leave JP3 and JP4 off for 50%.
Install JP3 only for 75% and install both JP3 and JP4
for 100% load.
• If using a Power Validator, apply power to it prior to
powering up the AT supply. Next, turn on the AT
supply. Verify that the output is as desired. The scope
will show the transient response of the regulator.
• Select the desired output voltage with jumper JP1 or
JP2. With no jumpers installed, VCORE equals 2.8V.
Installing JP1 raises VCORE to 3.5V. Installing JP2
gives an output of 3.3V.
U
OPERATIO
case. Note that the 18Ω resistor, R18, is still in circuit to
provide a small minimum load. When JP5 is installed, the
output of the ‘555 is buffered by several inverting buffers,
which consist of the N-channel/P-channel inverters. The
pair of dual MOSFETs, Q15 and Q17, are driven to switch
the array of 4.7Ω load resistors in and out of the circuit.
The two sections of Q17 can be disabled by removing
jumpers JP3 and JP4, allowing the load pulse amplitude to
be altered. Removing the jumpers turns off Q12 and Q13,
which, in turn, removes the drive to the load switch gates.
To apply a steady-state load to the regulator, remove JP5
and wire the desired load to E3 and E4. Note that it is not
possible to power an actual processor board from this
circuit because the lead inductance of the interconnect
wiring is far above permissible levels and the transient
response at the distant load would be unacceptable.
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
The basic circuit design is quite straightforward. Read
Linear Technology Application Note AN69 for more detail.
4
The most important aspect of the power system design is
the quality of the local decoupling of the microprocessor.
The use of good quality X7R dielectric ceramic capacitors
will produce good results if proper layout techniques are
employed. These capacitors have extremely low ESR and
ESL. To capitalize on these parameters, it is important not
to introduce substantial parasitic impedance in the interconnect path. Keep connections to the capacitors extremely short. There should be two vias per end, per
capacitor. They can be implemented as was done here on
the demo board, where the capacitors are soldered to a
floating power or ground island, which, in turn, is connected to the main internal power and ground layers by
numerous vias.
Alternatively, the capacitors can have their own individual
interconnects to the internal planes. Many designers will
connect a trace “tail” of 2mm to 3mm length to a pad and
then connect a via at the end of this trace. This is a poor
practice for high frequency decoupling. The inductance of
the pair of traces connected to a capacitor is approximately 1.6nH, compared to the 0.6nH of the capacitor
DEMO MANUAL DC136A
U
OPERATIO
itself. Instead, place two vias nearly tangent to the edge of
a pad and tie them into the pad with very short traces, less
than 1mm in length. This will produce the lowest inductance connections possible (Figure 1).
Calculate the required thermal resistance of the heat sink
as follows:
RθSA = [(TJMAX – TAMB)/PDIS(MAX)] – (RθCS + RθJC)
where:
DO THIS:
TJMAX is the maximum allowable FET junction temperature,
NOT THIS:
DM136 F01
Figure 1
Mount the MOSFET as close to the load as possible. This
will minimize the series inductance between the FET and
the load. The LT1575 should also be mounted close to the
FET to minimize the lengths of the interconnects, primarily
the gate connection. Follow the layout shown here for
grounding the frequency compensation and feedback
divider (if using an adjustable part). It is preferable to make
a separate connection from the LT1575’s ground pin to the
load ground, rather than connecting it to the ground plane
locally. The interconnect trace should be fairly wide, at
least 1mm.
If current limit is to be employed, calculate the sense
resistor value as follows:
RS = 30mV/IMAX
See AN69 for details on how to use a small section of PCB
trace for this resistor.
The time delay capacitor for the Shutdown pin will typically
be in the range of 0.1µF to 1µF. Select a value that produces
a delay time longer than the turn-on rise time of the
regulator, because the regulator will probably come up in
current limit if the input supply rise time is fast.
Heat sink requirements are no different than those for any
linear regulator. The power dissipation is identical in all
cases. Calculate the maximum power dissipation from the
following equation:
TAMB is the maximum expected ambient temperature,
RθCS is the case-to-sink thermal resistance (assume approximately 1°C/W), and
RθJC is the junction-to-case thermal resistance of the
MOSFET.
Select an appropriate heat sink from manufacturer’s catalogs based on the number calculated above and the
expected box airflow rate.
Note that the heat sink employed on the demo board is
quite large compared to what will be required in most
computer supplies. This was done because there will likely
be no airflow during testing. Also, the power dissipation
can become quite high if the board is operated with higher
than normal input voltage and lower than normal output.
Current limit is set to a nominal 10A.
Input Capacitors
The OS-CON capacitors used on the demo board’s input
were chosen for convenience. Tantalum or aluminum
electrolytic capacitors are viable alternatives. The single
most important factor controlling the input capacitor
selection is the off-line power supply’s transient response.
Monitor the 5V supply while subjecting the system to the
maximum amplitude load transients that are anticipated.
If the 5V supply is being pulled beyond specification limits,
either add capacitors to the 5V supply or select a faster
responding off-line supply. See AN69 for additional considerations.
PDIS(MAX) = (VIN(MAX) – VOUT(MIN)) • IMAX
5
DEMO MANUAL DC136A
U
W
PCB LAYOUT A D FIL
Component Silkscreen Top
Copper Layer 1
6
Component Silkscreen Bottom
Copper Layer 2
DEMO MANUAL DC136A
U
W
PCB LAYOUT A D FIL
Copper Layer 3
Copper Layer 4
Information furnished by Linear Technology Corporation is believed to be accurate and reliable.
However, no responsibility is assumed for its use. Linear Technology Corporation makes no representation that the interconnection of its circuits as described herein will not infringe on existing patent rights.
7
DEMO MANUAL DC136A
U
PC FAB DRAWI G
U
Y
V
Y
V
Y
V
V
V
U
V
T
X
S
V
S
V
R S
V
Y
V
V
V
Y
S
S
V
V
V
W
W
V
V
V
V
V
Y
S
V
X
V
S
V
V
V
V
X
S
V
R S
Y
S
V
S
V
V
S
V
V
V
4.875
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
Y
V
V
V
V
X
Y
V
V
X
V
V
T
Y
U
Y
V
Y
Z
Y
V
V
U
4.000
NOTES:
1. MATERIAL: R4 OR EQUIVALENT EPOXY
2 OZ COPPER CLAD FOR ALL OUTER LAYERS
1 OZ COPPER CLAD FOR ALL INNER LAYERS
THICKNESS 0.062” ± 0.006, TOTAL OF 4 LAYERS
2. FINISH:
ALL PLATED HOLES 0.001 MIN/0.0015 MAX COPPER PLATE
ELECTRODEPOSITED TIN-LEAD COMPOSITION
BEFORE REFLOW, SOLDER MASK OVER BARE COPPER (SMOBC)
3. SOLDER MASK: BOTH SIDES USING GREEN SR1020 OR EQUIVALENT
4. SILKSCREEN: USING WHITE NONCONDUCTIVE EPOXY INK
5. ALL DIMENSIONS ARE INCHES
8
Linear Technology Corporation
1630 McCarthy Blvd., Milpitas, CA 95035-7417 ● (408) 432-1900
FAX: (408) 434-0507● TELEX: 499-3977 ● www.linear-tech.com
SYMBOL
DIAMETER
(INCH)
NUMBER OF
HOLES
PLATED
R
0.065
2
Yes
S
0.075
12
Yes
T
0.072
2
No
U
0.125
4
Yes
V
0.025
454
Yes
W
0.110
2
Yes
X
0.042
13
Yes
Y
0.096
13
Yes
Z
0.052
1
Yes
TOTAL HOLES
662
dc136aa LT/TP 0397 500 REV A • PRINTED IN USA
 LINEAR TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 1997