STMICROELECTRONICS L6731B

L6731B
Adjustable step-down controller with synchronous rectification
Dedicated to DDR Memory
Features
■
Input voltage range from 1.8V to 14V
■
Supply voltage range from 4.5V to 14V
■
Adjustable output voltage down to 0.6V with
±0.8% accuracy over line voltage and
temperature (0°C~125°C)
■
Fixed frequency voltage mode control
■
TON lower than 100ns
■
0% to 100% duty cycle
■
VDDR input sense
■
Regulates VTT and VTTREF within 1% of VDDQ
■
Soft-start and inhibit
■
High current embedded drivers
■
Predictive anti-cross conduction control
■
Programmable high-side and low-side RDS(on)
sense over-current-protection
■
Selectable switching frequency 250KHz/
500KHz
■
Power good output
■
Sink/source capability for ddr memory and
termination supply
■
Over voltage protection
■
Thermal shut-down
■
Package: HTSSOP16
HTSSOP16 (Exposed Pad)
Applications
■
High performance / high density DC-DC
modules
■
Low voltage distributed DC-DC
■
niPOL converters
■
DDR memory supply
■
DDR termination supply
■
Graphic cards
Order Codes
June 2006
Part number
Package
Packing
L6731B
HTSSOP16
Tube
L6731BTR
HTSSOP16
Tape & Reel
Rev 3
1/24
www.st.com
24
L6731B
Contents
Contents
1
Summary description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1
2
Functional description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Electrical data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1
Maximum rating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2
Thermal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3
Pin connections and functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4
Electrical characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5
Device description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6
5.1
Oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.2
Internal LDO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.3
Bypassing the LDO to avoid the voltage drop with low Vcc . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.4
Internal and external references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.5
Error amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.6
Soft start . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.7
Driver section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5.8
Monitoring and protections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.9
HICCUP mode during an OCP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.10
Thermal shutdown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.11
Minimum on-time (TON, MIN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Application details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6.1
Inductor design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6.2
Output capacitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6.3
Input capacitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
6.4
Compensation network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
7
Package mechanical data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
8
Revision history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2/24
L6731B
1
Summary description
Summary description
The controller is an integrated circuit realized in BCD5 (BiCMOS-DMOS, version 5) fabrication
that provides complete control logic and protection for high performance step-down DC-DC and
niPOL converters.
It is designed to drive N-Channel MOSFETs in a synchronous rectified buck topology. The
output voltage of the converter can be precisely regulated down to 600mV with a maximum
tolerance of ±0.8%. If an external reference is used, it will be trasferred divided by 2 to the N.I.
input of the error-amplifier, in accordance to the DDR memory specifications.
An internal resistor divider and a voltage buffer allow to achieve an accuracy of 1% on both Vtt
and Vttref. It's possibile to provide an external reference from 0V to 2.5V in order to meet the
specification for DDRI and DDRII. The input voltage can range from 1.8V to 14V, while the
supply voltage can range from 4.5V to 14V. High peak current gate drivers provide for fast
switching to the external power section, and the output current can be in excess of 20A.
The PWM duty cycle can range from 0% to 100% with a minimum on-time (TON, MIN) lower than
100ns making possible conversions with very low duty cycle at high switching frequency. The
device provides voltage-mode control that includes a selectable frequency oscillator (250KHz
or 500KHz).
The error amplifier features a 10MHz gain-bandwidth-product and 5V/µs slew-rate that permits
to realize high converter bandwidth for fast transient response. The device monitors the current
by using the RDS(on) of both the high-side and low-side MOSFET(s), eliminating the need for a
current sensing resistor and guaranteeing an effective over-current-protection in all the
application conditions.
When necessary, two different current limit protections can be externally set through two
external resistors. During the soft-start phase a constant current protection is provided while
after the soft-start the device enters in hiccup mode in case of over-current. The converter can
always sink current. Other features are Power-Good, not latched over-voltage-protection, feedback disconnection and thermal shutdown. The HTSSOP16 package allows the realization of
really compact DC/DC converters.
3/24
L6731B
Summary description
1.1
Figure 1.
Functional description
Block Diagram
VCC=4.5V to14V
Vin=1.8V to14V
OCL
OCH
VCCDR
VCC
BOOT
LDO
SS/INH
Monitor
Protection and Ref
HGATE
OSC
DDR-IN
-
Vo
PHASE
L6731B
R
LGATE
+
-
R
PGOOD
+
-
0.6V
+
PWM
PGND
E/A
+
-
SGND
VFB
VTTREF
4/24
COMP
L6731B
Electrical data
2
Electrical data
2.1
Maximum rating
Table 1.
Absolute maximum ratings
Symbol
Parameter
Value
Unit
-0.3 to 18
V
0 to 6
V
0 to VBOOT - VPHASE
V
BOOT
-0.3 to 24
V
PHASE
-1 to 18
VCC to GND and PGND, OCH, PGOOD
VCC
VBOOT - VPHASE Boot Voltage
VHGATE - VPHASE
VBOOT
VPHASE
PHASE Spike, transient < 50ns (FSW = 500KHz)
SS, FB, VTTREF, DDR-IN, SYNC, OCL, LGATE, COMP,
VCCDR
OCH Pin
PGOOD Pin
OTHER PINS
2.2
Maximum Withstanding Voltage Range
Test Condition: CDF-AEC-Q100-002 "Human Body Model"
Acceptance Criteria: "Normal Performance"
-3
V
+24
-0.3 to 6
V
±1500
±1000
V
±2000
Thermal data
Table 2.
Thermal data
Symbol
Value
Unit
50
°C/W
Storage temperature range
-40 to 150
°C
TJ
Junction operating temperature range
-40 to 125
°C
TA
Ambient operating temperature range
-40 to +85
°C
RthJA(1)
TSTG
Description
Thermal Resistance Junction to ambient
1. Package mounted on demoboard
5/24
L6731B
Pin connections and functions
3
Pin connections and functions
Figure 2.
Pins connection ( Top view)
PGOOD
1
16
VCC
VTTREF
2
15
VCCDR
SGND
3
14
LGATE
FB
4
13
PGND
COMP
5
12
BOOT
SS/INH
6
11
HGATE
DDR-IN
7
10
PHASE
OCL
8
9
OCH
HTSSOP16
Table 3.
Pin functions
Pin n.
Name
Function
1
PGOOD
This pin is an open collector output and it is pulled low if the output voltage is not
within the specified thresholds (90%-110%). If not used it may be left floating. Pull-up
this pin to VCCDR with a 10K resistor to obtain a logical signal.
2
VTTREF
This pin is connected to the output of an internal buffer that provides ½ of DDR-IN.
This pin can be connected to the VTTREF input of the DDR memory itself. Filter to GND
with 10nF capacitor.
3
SGND
All the internal references are referred to this pin.
4
FB
5
COMP
This pin is connected to the error amplifier output and is used to compensate the
voltage control feedback loop.
6
SS/INH
The soft-start time is programmed connecting an external capacitor from this pin and
GND. The internal current generator forces a current of 10µA through the capacitor.
When the voltage at this pin is lower than 0.5V the device is disabled.
This pin is connected to the error amplifier inverting input. Connect it to VOUT through
the compensation network. This pin is also used to sense the output voltage in order
to manage the over voltage conditions and the PGood signal.
By setting the voltage at this pin is possible to select the internal/external reference
and the switching frequency:
VEAREF 0-80% of VCCDR -> External Reference/FSW=250KHz
7
DDR-IN
VEAREF = 80%-95% of VCCDR -> VREF = 0.6V/FSW=500KHz
VEAREF = 95%-100% of VCCDR -> VREF = 0.6V/FSW=250KHz
An internal clamp limits the maximum VEAREF at 2.5V (typ.). The device captures the
analog value present at this pin at the start-up when VCC meets the UVLO threshold.
6/24
L6731B
Table 3.
Pin connections and functions
Pin functions
A resistor connected from this pin to ground sets the valley- current-limit. The valley
current is sensed through the low-side MOSFET(s). The internal current generator
sources a current of 100µA (IOCL) from this pin to ground through the external resistor
(ROCL). The over-current threshold is given by the following equation:
8
OCL
I OCL • I OCL
I VALLEY = -------------------------------2 • R DSONLS
Connecting a capacitor from this pin to GND helps in reducing the noise injected from
VCC to the device, but can be a low impedance path for the high-frequency noise
related to the GND. Connect a capacitor only to a "clean" GND.
9
OCH
A resistor connected from this pin and the high-side MOSFET(s) drain sets the peakcurrent-limit. The peak current is sensed through the high-side MOSFET(s). The
internal 100µA current generator (IOCH) sinks a current from the drain through the
external resistor (ROCH). The over-current threshold is given by the following
equation:
I OCH • R OCH
I PEAK = --------------------------------R DSONHS
10
PHASE
This pin is connected to the source of the high-side MOSFET(s) and provides the
return path for the high-side driver. This pin monitors the drop across both the upper
and lower MOSFET(s) for the current limit together with OCH and OCL.
11
HGATE
This pin is connected to the high-side MOSFET(s) gate.
12
BOOT
Through this pin is supplied the high-side driver. Connect a capacitor from this pin to
the PHASE pin and a diode from VCCDR to this pin (cathode versus BOOT).
13
PGND
This pin has to be connected closely to the low-side MOSFET(s) source in order to
reduce the noise injection into the device.
14
LGATE
This pin is connected to the low-side MOSFET(s) gate.
15
VCCDR
5V internally regulated voltage. It is used to supply the internal drivers. Filter it to
ground with at least 1µF ceramic cap.
16
VCC
Supply voltage pin. The operative supply voltage range is from 4.5V to 14V.
7/24
L6731B
Electrical characteristics
4
Electrical characteristics
VCC = 12V, TA = 25°C unless otherwise specified.
Table 4.
Electrical Characteristics
Symbol
Parameter
Test Condition
Min.
Typ.
Max.
7
9
8.5
10
Unit
VCC SUPPLY CURRENT
ICC
VCC Stand By current
OSC = open; SS to GND
VCC quiescent current
OSC= open;
HG = open, LG = open, PH=open
Turn-ON VCC threshold
VOCH = 1.7V
4.0
4.2
4.4
V
Turn-OFF VCC threshold
VOCH = 1.7V
3.6
3.8
4.0
V
mA
Power-ON
VCC
VIN OK
Turn-ON VOCH threshold
1.1
1.25
1.47
V
VIN OK
Turn-OFF VOCH threshold
0.9
1.05
1.27
V
4.5
5
5.5
V
SS = 2V
7
10
13
SS = 0 to 0.5V
20
30
45
237
250
263
KHz
450
500
550
KHz
VCCDR Regulation
VCCDR voltage
VCC =5.5V to 14V
IDR = 1mA to 100mA
Soft Start and Inhibit
ISS
Soft Start Current
µA
Oscillator
fOSC
∆VOSC
Accuracy
Ramp Amplitude
2.1
V
Output Voltage
VFB
8/24
Output Voltage
VDIS = 0 to Vth
0.597
0.6
0.603
V
L6731B
Table 4.
Electrical characteristics
Electrical Characteristics
Symbol
Parameter
Test Condition
Min.
Typ.
Max.
Unit
70
100
150
kΩ
0.290
0.5
µA
Error Amplifier
REAREF
IFB
EAREF Input Resistance
Vs. GND
I.I. bias current
VFΒ = 0V
Ext Ref
Clamp
2.3
VOFFSET
V
Error amplifier offset
Vref = 0.6V
GV
Open Loop Voltage Gain
Guaranteed by design
100
dB
GBWP
Gain-Bandwidth Product
Guaranteed by design
10
MHz
Slew-Rate
COMP = 10pF
Guaranteed by design
5
V/µs
High Side Source Resistance
VBOOT - VPHASE = 5V
1.7
Ω
RHGATE_OFF High Side Sink Resistance
VBOOT - VPHASE = 5V
1.12
Ω
RLGATE_ON
VCCDR = 5V
1.15
Ω
VCCDR = 5V
0.6
Ω
SR
-5
+5
mV
Gate Drivers
RHGATE_ON
Low Side Source Resistance
RLGATE_OFF Low Side Sink Resistance
Protections
IOCH
OCH Current Source
IOCL
OCL Current Source
VOCH = 1.7V
90
100
110
µΑ
90
100
110
µΑ
VFB Rising
Over Voltage Trip
(VFB / VEAREF)
OVP
VEAREF = 0.6V
VFB Falling
VEAREF = 0.6V
120
%
117
%
Power Good
VPGOOD
Table 5.
Upper Threshold
(VFB / VEAREF)
VFB Rising
108
110
112
%
Lower Threshold
(VFB / VEAREF)
VFB Falling
88
90
92
%
PGOOD Voltage Low
IPGOOD = -5mA
ϖ
0.5
Thermal Characteristics (VCC = 12V)
Symbol
Parameter
Test Condition
Min.
Typ.
Max.
TJ = 0°C~ 125°C
0.596
0.6
0.605
TJ = -40°C~ 125°C
0.593
0.6
0.605
Unit
Output Voltage
VFB
Output Voltage
V
9/24
L6731B
Device description
5
Device description
5.1
Oscillator
The switching frequency can be fixed to two values: 250KHz or 500KHz by setting the proper
voltage at the EAREF pin (see Table 3. Pins function and section 4.3 Internal and external
reference).
5.2
Internal LDO
An internal LDO supplies the internal circuitry of the device. The input of this stage is the VCC
pin and the output (5V) is the VCCDR pin (Figure 3.).
Figure 3.
LDO block diagram.
4.5V÷14V
LDO
The LDO can be by-passed, providing directly a 5V voltage to VCCDR. In this case VCC and
VCCDR pins must be shorted together as shown in Figure 4. VCCDR pin must be filtered with at
least 1µF capacitor to sustain the internal LDO during the recharge of the bootstrap capacitor.
VCCDR also represents a voltage reference for PGOOD pin (see Table 3. Pins Function).
10/24
L6731B
5.3
Device description
Bypassing the LDO to avoid the voltage drop with low Vcc
If VCC≈ 5V the internal LDO works in dropout with an output resistance of about 1Ω. The
maximum LDO output current is about 100mA and so the output voltage drop is 100mV, to
avoid this the LDO can be bypassed.
Figure 4.
5.4
Bypassing the LDO
Internal and external references
It is possible to set the internal/external reference and the switching frequency by setting the
proper voltage at the DDR-IN pin. The maximum value of the external reference is 2.5V (typ.):
●
VEAREF from 0% to 80% of VCCDR -> External reference/FSW = 250KHz
●
VEAREF from 80% to 95% of VCCDR -> VREF = 0.6V/FSW=500KHz
●
VEAREF from 95% to 100% of VCCDR -> VREF = 0.6V/FSW=250KHz
Providing an external reference from 0V to 450mV the output voltage will be regulated but
some restrictions must be considered:
●
The minimum OVP threshold is set at 300mV;
●
The under-voltage-protection doesn't work;
●
The PGOOD signal remains low;
To set the resistor divider it must be considered that a 100K pull-down resistor is integrated into
the device (see Figure 5.). Finally it must be taken into account that the voltage at the DDR-IN
pin is captured by the device at the start-up when VCC is about 4V.
11/24
L6731B
Device description
5.5
Figure 5.
Error amplifier
Error Amplifier Reference
VCCDR
0.6V/500KHz
DDR-IN
0.6V/250KHz
DDR-IN/2
250KHz
100K
Error Amplifier Ref.
2.5V
5.6
Soft start
When both VCC and VIN are above their turn-ON thresholds (VIN is monitored by the OCH pin)
the start-up phase takes place. Otherwise the SS pin is internally shorted to GND. At start-up, a
ramp is generated charging the external capacitor CSS with an internal current generator. The
initial value for this current is 35µA and charges the capacitor up to 0.5V. After that it becomes
10µA until the final charge value of approximately 4V (see Figure 6.).
Figure 6.
Device start-up: Voltage at the SS pin.
Vcc
Vin
4.2V
VCC
VIN
1.25V
t
Vss
4V
0.5V
t
12/24
L6731B
Device description
The output of the error amplifier is clamped with this voltage (Vss) until it reaches the
programmed value. No switching activity is observable if VSS is lower than 0.5V and both
MOSFETs are off. When Vss is between 0.5V and 1.1V the low-side MOSFET is turned on
because the comp signal is lower than the valley of the triangular wave and so the duty-cycle is
0%. As VSS reaches 1.1V (i.e. the oscillator triangular wave inferior limit) even the high-side
MOSFET begins to switch and the output voltage starts to increase. The L6731B can always
sink or source current. If an over current is detected during the soft-start phase, the device
provides a constant-current-protection. In this way, in case of short soft-start time and/or small
inductor value and/or high output capacitors value and so, in case of high ripple current during
the soft-start, the converter can start in any case, limiting the current (see 5.8: Monitoring and
protections) but not entering in HICCUP mode. During normal operation, if any under-voltage is
detected on one of the two supplies, the SS pin is internally shorted to GND and so the SS
capacitor is rapidly discharged.
5.7
Driver section
The high-side and low-side drivers allow using different types of power MOSFETs (also multiple
MOSFETs to reduce the RDS(on)), maintaining fast switching transitions. The low-side driver is
supplied by VCCDR while the high-side driver is supplied by the BOOT pin. A predictive dead
time control avoids MOSFETs cross-conduction maintaining very short dead time duration in
the range of 20ns. The control monitors the phase node in order to sense the low-side body
diode recirculation. If the phase node voltage is less than a certain threshold (-350mV typ.)
during the dead time, it will be reduced in the next PWM cycle. The predictive dead time control
doesn’t work when the high-side body diode is conducting because the phase node doesn’t go
negative. This situation happens when the converter is sinking current for example and, in this
case, an adaptive dead time control operates.
13/24
L6731B
Device description
5.8
Monitoring and protections
The output voltage is monitored by means of pin FB. If it is not within ±10% (typ.) of the
programmed value, the Power-Good (PGOOD) output is forced low. The device provides overvoltage-protection: when the voltage sensed on FB pin reaches a value 20% (typ.) greater than
the reference, the low-side driver is turned on as long as the over voltage is detected (see
Figure 7.).
Figure 7.
OVP
LGate
FB
It must be taken into account that there is an electrical network between the output terminal and
the FB pin and therefore the voltage at the pin is not a perfect replica of the output voltage.
However due to the fact that the converter can sink current, in the most of cases the low-side
will turn-on before the output voltage exceeds the over-voltage threshold, because the error
amplifier will throw off balance in advance. Even if the device doesn't report an over-voltage, the
behavior is the same, because the low-side is turned-on immediately. The following figure
shows the device behavior during an over-voltage event. The output voltage rises with a slope
of 100mV/µs, emulating in this way the breaking of the high-side MOSFET as an over-voltage
cause.
14/24
L6731B
Device description
Figure 8.
OVP: the low-side MOSFET is turned-on in advance.
VOUT
109%
VFB
LGate
The device realizes the over-current-protection (OCP) sensing the current both on the highside MOSFET(s) and the low-side MOSFET(s) and so 2 current limit thresholds can be set (see
OCH pin and OCL pin in Table 3. Pins function):
●
Peak Current Limit
●
Valley Current Limit
The Peak Current Protection is active when the high-side MOSFET(s) is turned on, after a
masking time of about 100ns. The valley-current-protection is enabled when the low-side
MOSFET(s) is turned on after a masking time of about 400ns. If, when the soft-start phase is
completed, an over current event occurs during the on time (peak-current-protection) or during
the off time (valley-current-protection) the device enters in HICCUP mode: the high-side and
low-side MOSFET(s) are turned off, the soft-start capacitor is discharged with a constant
current of 10µA and when the voltage at the SS pin reaches 0.5V the soft-start phase restarts.
During the soft-start phase the OCP provides a constant-current-protection. If during the TON
the OCH comparator triggers an over current the high-side MOSFET(s) is immediately turned
off (after the masking time and the internal delay) and returned on at the next pwm cycle. The
limit of this protection is that the TON can't be less than masking time plus propagation delay
because during the masking time the peak-current-protection is disabled. In case of very hard
short circuit, even with this short TON, the current could escalate. The valley-current-protection
is very helpful in this case to limit the current. If during the off-time the OCL comparator triggers
an over current, the high-side MOSFET(s) is not turned on until the current is over the valleycurrent-limit. This implies that, if it is necessary, some pulses of the high-side MOSFET(s) will
be skipped, guaranteeing a maximum current due to the following formula:
I MAX = IVALLEY +
Vin − Vout
⋅ TON , MIN
L
In constant current protection a current control loop limits the value of the error amplifier output
(comp), in order to avoid its saturation and thus recover faster when the output returns in
regulation. Figure 9. shows the behaviour of the device during an over current condition that
persists also in the soft-start phase.
15/24
L6731B
Device description
5.9
Figure 9.
HICCUP mode during an OCP
Constant current and Hiccup Mode during an OCP.
VSS
VCOMP
IL
5.10
Thermal shutdown
When the junction temperature reaches 150°C ±10°C the device enters in thermal shutdown.
Both MOSFETs are turned off and the soft-start capacitor is rapidly discharged with an internal
switch. The device doesn't restart until the junction temperature goes down to 120°C and, in
any case, until the voltage at the soft-start pin reaches 500mV.
16/24
L6731B
5.11
Device description
Minimum on-time (TON, MIN)
The device can manage minimum on-times lower than 100ns. This feature comes down from
the control topology and from the particular over-current-protection system of the L6731B. In
fact, in a voltage mode controller the current has not to be sensed to perform the regulation
and, in the case of L6731B, neither for the over-current protection, given that during the off-time
the valley-current-protection can operate in every case. The first advantage related to this
feature is the possibility to realize extremely low conversion ratios. Figure 10. shows a
conversion from 14V to 0.3V at 500KHz with a TON of about 50ns.
Figure 10. 14V -> 0.3V@500KHz, 5A
VOUT
IL
VPHASE
50ns
The on-time is limited by the turn-on and turn-off times of the MOSFETs.
17/24
L6731B
Application details
6
Application details
6.1
Inductor design
The inductance value is defined by a compromise between the transient response time, the
efficiency, the cost and the size. The inductor has to be calculated to sustain the output and the
input voltage variation to maintain the ripple current (∆IL) between 20% and 30% of the
maximum output current. The inductance value can be calculated with the following
relationship:
L≅
Vin − Vout Vout
⋅
Fsw ⋅ ∆I L Vin
(2)
Where FSW is the switching frequency, Vin is the input voltage and Vout is the output voltage.
Increasing the value of the inductance reduces the ripple current but, at the same time,
increases the converter response time to a load transient. If the compensation network is well
designed, during a load transient the device is able to set the duty cycle to 100% or to 0%.
When one of these conditions is reached, the response time is limited by the time required to
change the inductor current. During this time the output current is supplied by the output
capacitors. Minimizing the response time can minimize the output capacitor size.
6.2
Output capacitors
The output capacitors are basic components for the fast transient response of the power
supply. They depend on the output voltage ripple requirements, as well as any output voltage
deviation requirement during a load transient. During a load transient, the output capacitors
supply the current to the load or absorb the current stored in the inductor until the converter
reacts. In fact, even if the controller recognizes immediately the load transient and sets the duty
cycle at 100% or 0%, the current slope is limited by the inductor value. The output voltage has
a first drop due to the current variation inside the capacitor (neglecting the effect of the ESL):
∆Vout ESR = ∆Iout ⋅ ESR
(3)
Moreover, there is an additional drop due to the effective capacitor discharge or charge that is
given by the following formulas:
∆VoutCOUT =
∆Iout 2 ⋅ L
2 ⋅ Cout ⋅ (Vin, min⋅ D max − Vout )
∆VoutCOUT =
∆Iout 2 ⋅ L
2 ⋅ Cout ⋅Vout
(4)
(5)
Formula (4) is valid in case of positive load transient while the formula (5) is valid in case of
negative load transient. DMAX is the maximum duty cycle value that in the L6731D is 100%. For
a given inductor value, minimum input voltage, output voltage and maximum load transient, a
maximum ESR and a minimum Cout value can be set. The ESR and Cout values also affect
the static output voltage ripple. In the worst case the output voltage ripple can be calculated
with the following formula:
∆Vout = ∆I L ⋅ ( ESR +
1
)
8 ⋅ Cout ⋅ Fsw
(6)
Usually the voltage drop due to the ESR is the biggest one while the drop due to the capacitor
discharge is almost negligible.
18/24
L6731B
6.3
Application details
Input capacitors
The input capacitors have to sustain the RMS current flowing through them, that is:
Irms = Iout ⋅ D ⋅ (1 − D)
Where D is the duty cycle. The equation reaches its maximum value, IOUT /2 with D = 0.5. The
losses in worst case are:
P = ESR ⋅ (0.5 ⋅ Iout ) 2
6.4
Compensation network
The loop is based on a voltage mode control (Figure 18.). The output voltage is regulated to the
internal/external reference voltage and scaled by the external resistor divider. The error
amplifier output VCOMP is then compared with the oscillator triangular wave to provide a pulsewidth modulated (PWM) with an amplitude of VIN at the PHASE node. This waveform is filtered
by the output filter. The modulator transfer function is the small signal transfer function of VOUT/
VCOMP. This function has a double pole at frequency FLC depending on the L-COUT resonance
and a zero at FESR depending on the output capacitor's ESR. The DC Gain of the modulator is
simply the input voltage VIN divided by the peak-to-peak oscillator voltage: VOSC.
Figure 11. Compensation Network
19/24
L6731B
Application details
The compensation network consists in the internal error amplifier, the impedance networks ZIN
(R3, R4 and C20) and ZFB (R5, C18 and C19). The compensation network has to provide a
closed loop transfer function with the highest 0dB crossing frequency to have fastest transient
response (but always lower than fsw/10) and the highest gain in DC conditions to minimize the
load regulation error. A stable control loop has a gain crossing the 0dB axis with -20dB/decade
slope and a phase margin greater than 45°. To locate poles and zeroes of the compensation
networks, the following suggestions may be used:
●
Modulator singularity frequencies:
ω LC =
●
(13)
ω ESR =
1
ESR ⋅ Cout
ωZ 1 =
1
(15)
⎛ C18 ⋅ C19 ⎞
⎟⎟
R5 ⋅ ⎜⎜
+
C
C
19 ⎠
⎝ 18
1
R5 ⋅ C19
(17)
ωP 2 =
ωZ 2 =
1
R4 ⋅ C20
1
C20 ⋅ (R3 + R4 )
(16)
(18)
Compensation network design:
–
Put the gain R5/R3 in order to obtain the desired converter bandwidth
ϖC =
R5 Vin
⋅
⋅ϖ LC (19)
R3 ∆Vosc
–
Place ωZ1 before the output filter resonance ωLC;
–
Place ωZ2 at the output filter resonance ωLC;
–
Place ωP1 at the output capacitor ESR zero ωESR;
–
Place ωP2 at one half of the switching frequency;
–
Check the loop gain considering the error amplifier open loop gain.
Figure 12. Asymptotic Bode plot of Converter's open loop gain
20/24
(14)
Compensation network singularity frequencies:
ω P1 =
●
1
L ⋅ Cout
L6731B
7
Package mechanical data
Package mechanical data
In order to meet environmental requirements, ST offers these devices in ECOPACK®
packages. These packages have a Lead-free second level interconnect . The category of
second Level Interconnect is marked on the package and on the inner box label, in compliance
with JEDEC Standard JESD97. The maximum ratings related to soldering conditions are also
marked on the inner box label. ECOPACK is an ST trademark. ECOPACK specifications are
available at: www.st.com.
21/24
L6731B
Package mechanical data
Table 6.
HTSSOP16 mechanical data
mm.
inch
DIM.
MIN.
TYP
MAX.
A
1.2
A1
0.15
A2
0.8
b
TYP.
MAX.
0.047
0.004
0.006
0.039
0.041
1.05
0.031
0.19
0.30
0.007
0.012
c
0.09
0.20
0.004
0.0089
D
4.9
5.1
0.193
D1
1.7
E
6.2
6.4
6.6
E1
4.3
4.4
4.5
E2
1.5
e
1
MIN.
5
0.197
0.201
0.244
0.252
0.260
0.169
0.173
0.177
0.067
0.059
0.65
K
0°
L
0.45
0.60
0.0256
8°
0°
0.75
0.018
8°
0.024
0.030
Figure 13. Package dimensions
7419276A
22/24
L6731B
8
Revision history
Revision history
Table 7.
Revision history
Date
Revision
Changes
22-Dec-2005
1
Initial release
31-May-2006
2
New template, thermal data updated
26-Jun-2006
3
Note page 5 deleted
23/24
L6731B
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