TC828A Switched Capacitor Voltage Converter FEATURES GENERAL DESCRIPTION ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ The TC828A is a CMOS “charge-pump” voltage converter in an ultra-small 5-Pin SOT-23A package. It can invert and/or double an input voltage that can range from +1.8V to +5.5V. Conversion efficiency is typically >95%, and switching frequency is 12KHz. The external component requirement is only two capacitors (10µF nominal) for standard voltage inverter applications. With a few additional components a positive doubler can also be built. All other circuitry, including control, oscillator, power MOSFETs are integrated on-chip. Supply current is 38µA typically. The TC828A is available in a 5-Pin SOT-23A surface mount package. Charge Pump in 5-Pin SOT-23A Package >95% Voltage Conversion Efficiency Voltage Inversion and/or Doubling Low 38µA Quiescent Current Operates from +1.8V to +5.5V Up to 25mA Output Current Only Two External Capacitors Required Lower Power Version of TCM828 APPLICATIONS ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ LCD Panel Bias Cellular Phones Pagers PDAs, Portable Dataloggers Battery-Powered Devices ORDERING INFORMATION PIN CONFIGURATION 5-Pin SOT-23A OUT 1 VIN 2 C– 3 Part No. Package Temp. Range TC828AECT 5-Pin SOT-23A – 40°C to +85°C NOTE: 5-Pin SOT-23A is equivalent to EIAJ-SC74A. 5 C+ 4 GND TC828ECT NOTE: *5-Pin SOT-23A is equivalent to EIAJ SC-74A TYPICAL OPERATING CIRCUIT Voltage Inverter C+ VIN INPUT OUT V– OUTPUT C1 C– TC828A GND C2 TC828A-1 5/1/00 TelCom Semiconductor reserves the right to make changes in the circuitry and specifications of its devices. Switched Capacitor Voltage Converters TC828A Power Dissipation (TA ≤ 70°C) 5-Pin SOT-23A ...............................................240mW Storage Temperature (Unbiased) ......... – 65°C to +150°C Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec) ................. +300°C ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS* Input Voltage (VIN to GND) ......................... +6.0V, – 0.3V Output Voltage (OUT to GND) .................... –6.0V, + 0.3V Current at OUT Pin .................................................. 50mA Short-Circuit Duration – OUT to GND ................ Indefinite Operating Temperature Range ............... – 40°C to +85°C *This is a stress rating only and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions above those indicated in the operational sections of the specifications is not implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability. ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS: TA = –40°C to +85°C, VIN = +5V, C1 = C2 = 10 µF, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are at TA = +25°C. Symbol Parameter IDD V+ Supply Current Minimum Supply Voltage Maximum Supply Voltage Oscillator Frequency Power Efficiency Voltage Conversion Efficiency Output Resistance V+ FOSC PEFF VEFF ROUT Test Conditions Min Typ Max Unit RLOAD = 1 KΩ — 1.8 38 — 80 — µA V RLOAD = 1 KΩ — — 5.5 V RLOAD = 1 KΩ, TA = +25°C RLOAD = ∞ 6 — 95 12 96 99.9 20 — — KHz % % IOUT = 5 mA, TA = +25°C TA = –40°C to +85°C — — 25 — 50 65 Ω NOTE: 1. Capacitor contribution is approximately 20% of the output impedance [ESR = 1 / pump frequency x capacitance)]. 2. All – 40°C to +85°C specifications above are guaranteed by design. PIN DESCRIPTION Pin No. (5-Pin SOT-23A) 1 2 3 4 5 TC828A-1 5/1/00 Symbol OUT VIN C1– GND + C1 Description Inverting charge pump output. Positive power supply input. Commutation capacitor negative terminal. Ground. Commutation capacitor positive terminal. 2 Switched Capacitor Voltage Converters TC828A (4) Losses that occur during charge transfer (from the commutation capacitor to the output capacitor) when a voltage difference between the two capacitors exists. DETAILED DESCRIPTION The TC828A charge pump converter inverts the voltage applied to the VIN pin. Conversion consists of a two-phase operation (Figure 1). During the first phase, switches S2 and S4 are open and S1 and S3 are closed. During this time, C1 charges to the voltage on VIN and load current is supplied from C2. During the second phase, S2 and S4 are closed, and S1 and S3 are open. This action connects C1 across C2, restoring charge to C2. Most of the conversion losses are due to factors (2), (3) and (4) above. These losses are given by Equation 1. PLOSS (2, 3, 4) = IOUT2 x ROUT ≅ IOUT2 x [(f 1 OSC) C1 +8RSWITCH + 4ESRC1 + ESRC2 ] S2 S1 IN Equation 1. The 1/(fOSC)(C1) term in Equation 1 is the effective output resistance of an ideal switched capacitor circuit (Figures 2a, 2b). The losses in the circuit due to factor (4) above are also shown in Equation 2. The output voltage ripple is given by Equation 3. TC828 C1 C2 S3 S4 VOUT = – (VIN) [ PLOSS (4) = (0.5)(C1)(VIN2– VOUT2) + (0.5)(C2)(VRIPPLE2 – 2VOUTVRIPPLE) Figure 1. Ideal Switched Capacitor Charge Pump ] xf OSC Equation 2. APPLICATIONS INFORMATION Output Voltage Considerations VRIPPLE = The TC828A performs voltage conversion but does not provide regulation. The output voltage will droop in a linear manner with respect to load current. The value of this equivalent output resistance is approximately 25Ω nominal at +25°C and VIN = +5V. VOUT is approximately – 5V at light loads, and droops according to the equation below: IOUT +2(IOUT)(ESRC2) (fOSC)(C2) Equation 3. f V+ VOUT C2 C1 VDROOP = IOUT x ROUT VOUT = – (VIN – VDROOP) Charge Pump Efficiency RL Figure 2a. Ideal Switched Capacitor Model The overall power efficiency of the charge pump is affected by four factors: REQUIV V+ REQUIV = (1) Losses from power consumed by the internal oscillator, switch drive, etc. (which vary with input voltage, temperature and oscillator frequency). (2) I2R losses due to the on-resistance of the MOSFET switches on-board the charge pump. (3) Charge pump capacitor losses due to effective series resistance (ESR). VOUT 1 f x C1 C2 RL Figure 2b. Equivalent Output Resistance TC828A-1 5/1/00 3 Switched Capacitor Voltage Converters TC828A Capacitor Selection VIN C3 10 µF* In order to maintain the lowest output resistance and output ripple voltage, it is recommended that low ESR capacitors be used. Additionally, larger values of C1 will lower the output resistance and larger values of C2 will reduce output ripple. (See Equation 1(b)). Table 1 shows various values of C1 and the corresponding output resistance values @ +25°C. It assumes a 0.1Ω ESRC1 and 2Ω RSW. Table 2 shows the output voltage ripple for various values of C2. The VRIPPLE values assume 10mA output load current and 0.1Ω ESRC2. VOUT 1 2 3 Table 1. Output Resistance vs. C1 (ESR = 0.1Ω) C1(µF) ROUT (Ω) 0.1 1 3.3 10 47 100 850 100 42 25 18.3 17.3 IN C1 10 µF* TC828 C1– C2 10 µF* GND 4 Figure 3. Test Circuit Cascading Devices Two or more TC828As can be cascaded to increase output voltage (Figure 4). If the output is lightly loaded, it will be close to (– 2 x VIN) but will droop at least by ROUT of the first device multiplied by the IQ of the second. It can be seen that the output resistance rises rapidly for multiple cascaded devices. For large negative voltage requirements see the TC682 or TCM680 data sheets. 835 254 85 19.7 10.3 ... + VIN 2 2 3 3 Input Supply Bypassing C1 The VIN input should be capacitively bypassed to reduce AC impedance and minimize noise effects due to the switching internal to the device. The recommended capacitor depends on the configuration of the TC828A. If the device is loaded from OUT to GND it is recommended that a large value capacitor (at least equal to C1) be connected from the input to GND. If the device is loaded from IN to OUT a small (0.1 µF) capacitor from IN to OUT is sufficient. 4 5 4 C1 TC828 “1” TC828 “N” 5 1 1 VOUT ... C2 C2 VOUT = –nVIN Figure 4. Cascading TC828As to Increase Output Voltage Paralleling Devices To reduce the value of ROUT, multiple TC828As can be connected in parallel (Figure 5). The output resistance will be reduced by a factor of N where N is the number of TC828As. Each device will require it’s own pump capacitor (C1), but all devices may share one reservoir capacitor (C2). However, to preserve ripple performance the value of C2 should be scaled according to the number of paralleled TC828As. Voltage Inverter The most common application for charge pump devices is the inverter (Figure 3). This application uses two external capacitors – C1 and C2 (plus a power supply bypass capacitor, if necessary). The output is equal to V– IN plus any voltage drops due to loading. Refer to Table 1 and Table 2 for capacitor selection. TC828A-1 5/1/00 RL Voltage Inverter Table 2. Output Voltage Ripple vs. C2 (ESR = 0.1Ω) IOUT 10mA C2(µF) VRIPPLE (mV) 1 3.3 10 47 100 5 C1+ OUT 4 Switched Capacitor Voltage Converters TC828A Diode Protection for Heavy Loads ROUT = ROUT OF SINGLE DEVICE NUMBER OF DEVICES + VIN 2 2 3 3 4 C1 When heavy loads require the OUT pin to sink large currents being delivered by a positive source, diode protection may be needed. The OUT pin should not be allowed to be pulled above ground. This is accomplished by connecting a Schottky diode (1N5817) as shown in Figure 7. ... TC828 “1” 5 4 C1 TC828 “N” 5 1 1 VOUT GND 4 ... – VOUT = VIN C2 TC828 Figure 5. Paralleling TC828As to Reduce Output Resistance OUT Voltage Doubler/Inverter Another common application of the TC828A is shown in Figure 6. This circuit performs two functions in combination. C1 and C2 form the standard inverter circuit described above. C3 and C4 plus the two diodes form the voltage doubler circuit. C1 and C3 are the pump capacitors and C2 and C4 are the reservoir capacitors. Because both subcircuits rely on the same switches if either output is loaded, both will droop toward GND. Make sure that the total current drawn from both the outputs does not total more than 40 mA. Figure 7. High V– Load Current Layout Considerations As with any switching power supply circuit good layout practice is recommended. Mount components as close together as possible to minimize stray inductance and capacitance. Also use a large ground plane to minimize noise leakage into other circuitry. + VIN 2 3 D1, D2 = 1N4148 C1 4 TC828 5 D1 1 – VOUT = VIN C2 D2 VOUT = (2VIN) – (VFD1) – (VFD2) C3 C4 Figure 6. Combined Doubler and Inverter TC828A-1 5/1/00 1 5 Switched Capacitor Voltage Converters TC828A TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS Circuit of Figure 3, VIN = +5V, C1 = C2 = C3, TA = +25°C, unless otherwise noted. Output Resistance vs. Temperature 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 45 55 50 45 VIN = 1.8V 40 35 30 VIN = 3.3V 25 VIN = 5.0V 20 2.5 3.5 4.5 15 –40 5.5 OUTPUT CURRENT (mA) 60 1.5 –20 0 20 40 60 VIN = 3.15V, VOUT = – 2.5V 300 VIN = 1.9V, VOUT = – 1.5V 200 150 100 50 0 20 CAPACITANCE (µF) TC828A-1 5/1/00 VIN = 3.15V, VOUT = – 2.5V 15 10 VIN = 1.9V, VOUT = –1.5V 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Pump Frequency vs. Temperature 15 35 30 25 20 15 10 25 30 0 1.5 14 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V) 6 5 5.5 VIN = 5.0V 13 12 VIN = 3.3V 11 10 9 5 25 20 CAPACITANCE (µF) PUMP FREQUENCY (kHz) 350 SUPPLY CURRENT (µA) VIN = 4.75V, VOUT = – 4.0V 10 25 0 80 40 400 5 30 5 45 500 450 0 35 Supply Current vs. Supply Voltage Output Voltage Ripple vs. Capacitance 250 VIN = 4.75V, VOUT = – 4.0V 40 TEMPERATURE (°C) SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V) OUTPUT VOLTAGE RIPPLE (mVp-p) Output Current vs. Capacitance 65 OUTPUT RESISTANCE (Ω) OUTPUT RESISTANCE (Ω) Output Resistance vs. Supply Voltage 8 –40 VIN = 1.5V –20 0 20 40 TEMPERATURE (°C) 60 80 Switched Capacitor Voltage Converters TC828A TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS (Cont.) Circuit of Figure 3, VIN = +5V, C1 = C2 = C3, TA = +25°C, unless otherwise noted. Efficiency vs. Output Current 100 90 –0.5 80 VIN = 2.0V –1.5 EFFICIENCY (%) OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) Output Voltage vs. Output Current 0.5 VIN = 3.3V –2.5 –3.5 VIN = 5.0V VIN = 5.0V 70 VIN = 2.0V VIN = 3.3V 60 50 40 30 20 –4.5 10 –5.5 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 0 OUTPUT CURRENT (mA) 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 OUTPUT CURRENT (mA) TAPING FORM Component Taping Orientation for 5-Pin SOT-23A (EIAJ SC-74A) Devices PIN 1 User Direction of Feed User Direction of Feed Device Marking Device Marking W PIN 1 P Standard Reel Component Orientation TR Suffix Device (Mark Right Side Up) Reverse Reel Component Orientation RT Suffix Device (Mark Upside Down) Carrier Tape, Number of Components Per Reel and Reel Size Package 5-Pin SOT-23A TC828A-1 5/1/00 Carrier Width (W) Pitch (P) Part Per Full Reel Reel Size 8 mm 4 mm 3000 7 in 7 Switched Capacitor Voltage Converters TC828A represents year and 2-month code MARKING SOT-23A-5 represents lot ID number Part Numbers and Part Marking & = part number code + temperature range (two-digit code). TC828A TC828AECT Code CC C C ex: 828ECT = PACKAGE DIMENSIONS 5-Pin SOT-23A (EIAJ SC-74A) .075 (1.90) REF. .071 (1.80) .059 (1.50) .122 (3.10) .098 (2.50) .020 (0.50) .012 (0.30) PIN 1 .037 (0.95) REF. .122 (3.10) .106 (2.70) .057 (1.45) .035 (0.90) .010 (0.25) .004 (0.09) 10° MAX. .006 (0.15) .000 (0.00) .024 (0.60) .004 (0.10) Dimensions: inches (mm) Sales Offices TelCom Semiconductor, Inc. 1300 Terra Bella Avenue P.O. Box 7267 Mountain View, CA 94039-7267 TEL: 650-968-9241 FAX: 650-967-1590 E-Mail: [email protected] TC828A-1 5/1/00 TelCom Semiconductor, GmbH Lochhamer Strasse 13 D-82152 Martinsried Germany TEL: (011) 49 89 895 6500 FAX: (011) 49 89 895 6502 2 8 TelCom Semiconductor H.K. Ltd. 10 Sam Chuk Street, Ground Floor San Po Kong, Kowloon Hong Kong TEL: (011) 852-2350-7380 FAX: (011) 852-2354-9957