ASAHI KASEI [AK4532] AK4532 Internet/Network/General Purpose Multimedia Audio CODEC General Description The AK4532 is a low-cost high-quality 16-Bit CODEC designed specifically for Internet Boxes, Network PCs, and to interface with audio/video controller ICs for standard PC applications. AKM’s AK4532 serial interface mode simplifies the design process on existing and new audio projects. The converters can have a range of 4 to 50 kHz. For voice mail applications, an internal 26 dB microphone preamp has been added and because of the internal input mixer, music or other sounds can easily be mixed with voice. Features • • • • • • • • • • • • 2ch Audio CODEC 2ch stereo including 1ch mono recording mixer with L/R, R/L, L/L and R/R switching 2ch stereo playback mixer Mic input with 26 dB optional gain High Jitter Tolerance Interface compatible with AKM’s AK4531 Sampling Rate: 4 kHz to 50 kHz 3-wire Serial Interface for Mixer Control 5 V operation, can connect to 3.3 V Digital Controller. Low power consumption - 150 mW Power down mode Small low profile package - 24 pin VSOP. Block Diagram 0178-E-02 1 2004/12 ASAHI KASEI [AK4532] Ordering Guide AK4532 AKD4532 from -10°C to +70°C Evaluation Board 24pin VSOP(0.65mm pitch) Pin Layout 0178-E-02 2 2004/12 ASAHI KASEI [AK4532] Pin and Function Pin 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Pin Name AGND VA MIC/AUXR AUXL LINER LINEL PD MCLK LRCK SCLK SDI SDO DGND VD CS CCLK CDATA CMODE LOUT ROUT VRAD I/O I I I I I I I I I O I I I I O O I 22 AINFL - 23 AINFR - 24 VCOM - Function Analog Ground Analog Power - 5V Mic or Right Aux Line Level Input Left Aux Line Level Input Right Line Level Input Left Line Level Input Power down and Reset Master Clock for CODEC Left Right Clock for CODEC Serial Clock for CODEC Serial Data In Serial Data Out Digital Ground Digital Power - 5V Chip Select Control Port Clock Control Port Data MCLK select (L:256fs, H:384fs) Left Analog Out Right Analog Out A/D Reference Connect to AGND with 0.1uF and 4.7uF capacitors L channel Antialias Filter Pin Connect to AGND with 1.0nF capacitor R channel Antialias Filter Pin Connect to AGND with 1.0nF capacitor Voltage Common Output Pin Connect to AGND with 0.1uF and 4.7uF capacitors. Note: 1. No load current may be taken from the VCOM, VRAD pins for the external circuits. 2. All digital input pins should not be left floating. 0178-E-02 3 2004/12 ASAHI KASEI [AK4532] ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS AGND, DGND = 0 V Parameter Power Supplies: Analog Digital Input Current, Any Pin except Supplies Analog Input Voltage Range Digital Input Voltage Ambient Temperature Storage Temperature Symbol VA VD IIN VINA VIND Ta Tstg min -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -10 -65 max 6.0 6.0 or VA+0.3 +/- 10 6.0 or VA+0.3 6.0 or VA+0.3 70 150 Units V V mA V V °C °C Note: 1. All voltages with respect to ground. 2. Max value is higher voltage of 6.0 or VA+0.3V. WARNING: Operation at or beyond these limits may result in permanent damage to the device. Normal Operating Specifications are not guarantee at these extremes. RECOMMENDED OPERATING CONDITIONS (AGND, DGND = 0 V, Note 1) Parameter Power Supplies Analog Digital Symbol VA VD min 4.5 4.5 typ 5.0 5.0 max 5.5 VA units V V Note 1: All voltages with respect to ground. 0178-E-02 4 2004/12 ASAHI KASEI [AK4532] ANALOG CHARACTERISTICS (Ta=25 °C; VA, VD = 5.0V; fs = 44.1kHz; Signal Frequency = 1 kHz; MCLK=256fs; BCLK = 64 fs; LRCK = fs, Gain, ATT and Mixer switches are defualt setting. Measurement frequency bandwidth is 10Hz to 20kHz, unless otherwise noted.) Parameter min typ max units measured via LineL and LineR A/D Resolution 16 Bits S/(N+D) -0.5 dB Input 74 80 dB S/N A-weighted 84 90 dB Dynamic Range -60 dB Input, 84 90 dB A-weighted Interchannel Isolation (Note 1) 68 76 dB Interchannel Gain Mismatch 0.2 0.5 dB Gain Drift 100 ppm/° C Offset Error (Note 2) +/- 1 LSB Input Voltage (Note 4) 2.50 2.70 2.90 Vpp Mixer Input Resistance 30 60 100 kΩ measured via LOUT and ROUT D/A Resolution 16 Bits S/(N+D) 75 83 dB S/N A-weighted 83 87 dB Dynamic Range -60 dB Input, 83 87 dB A-weighted Interchannel Isolation (Note 1) 80 100 dB Interchannel Gain Mismatch 0.2 0.7 dB ppm/°C Gain Drift 100 Output Voltage (Note 4) 2.85 3.05 3.35 Vpp Load Resistance 10 kΩ Out-of-Band Noise BW < 100 kHz -81 dB MIC Amp Gain Input Resistance Mixer Gain Control Step Size Gain Control Range Master Volume Step Size Attenuation Control Range For 26dB setting 32 Steps (Note 3) 32 Steps (Note 3) 24 15 26 25 0 -50 2 0 -62 2 28 40 dB kΩ 12 dB dB 0 dB dB Power Supplies Normal Operation Power-Down Mode VA VD Power Dissipation VA VD Power Dissipation 27 3 150 10 10 100 40 5 225 200 mA mA mW uA uA uW Note: 1. Crosstalk between channels on the same A/D or D/A. 2. Internal HPF removes offset 3. Minimum spec applies to ≥ -40dB setting. 4. Input and Output voltage scale with VA. 0178-E-02 5 2004/12 ASAHI KASEI [AK4532] FILTER CHARACTERISTICS (Ta=25 °C; VA, VD = 5.0V ± 10%; fs = 44.1 kHz) Parameter Symbol A/D Digital Filter (Decimation LPF) PB Passband (Note 1) +/- 0.1 dB -0.5 dB -1.2 dB -6.7 dB Stopband SB Passband Ripple PR Stopband Attenuation SA Group Delay Distortion Delta GD Group Delay (Note 2) GD A/D Digital Filter (HPF) Frequency Response -3 dB FR (Note 1) -0.5 dB -0.1 dB D/A Digital Filter Passband (Note 1) +/- 0.1 dB PB -6.0 dB Stopband SB Passband Ripple PR Stopband Attenuation SA Group Delay (Note 2) GD D/A Digital Filter + Analog Filter Frequency Response 0 to 20 kHz FR min typ max Units 16.5 19.0 20.0 22.05 16.1 kHz kHz kHz kHz kHz dB dB uS 1/fs 6.85 19.6 44.9 Hz Hz Hz 0 0 0 0 26.0 +/- 0.1 68 0 0 0 26.1 18.0 22.05 14.4 kHz kHz kHz dB dB 1/fs +/- 1.0 dB +/- 0.1 65 Note: 1. The passband and stopband frequencies scale with fs. 2. The calculating delay time which occurred by digital filtering. This time is from the input of analog signal to setting the 16bit data of both channels to the output register of ADC. For DAC, this time is from setting 16bit data of both channels on input register to the output of analog signal. DIGITAL CHARACTERISTICS (Ta=25 °C; VA, VD = 5.0V±10%) Parameter High-Level Input Voltage Low-Level Input Voltage High-Level Output Voltage (Iout=-80uA) Low-Level Output Voltage (Iout=80uA) Input Leakage Current 0178-E-02 Symbol VIH VIL VOH VOL Iin 6 min 2.2 VD-0.4 - typ - max 0.8 0.4 +/-10 Units V V V V uA 2004/12 ASAHI KASEI [AK4532] SWITCHING CHARACTERISTICS (Ta=25 °C; VA, VD = 5.0V ± 10%, CL = 20pF) Parameter Symbol min typ max Units 11.2896 12.800 MHz 1.024 fCLK Master Clock Timing (CMODE=L) 16.9344 19.2 MHz 1.536 fCLK (CMODE=H) ns 31.25 fCLKL Pulse Width Low (CMODE=L) ns 23 fCLKL (CMODE=H) ns 31.25 fCLKH Pulse Width High (CMODE=L) ns 23 fCLKH (CMODE=H) LRCK Frequency (Note 1) fs 4 44.1 50 kHz Duty Cycle 45 55 % Serial Interface Timing ns 312.5 tSCK SCLK Period ns 100 tSCKL SCLK Pulse Width Low ns 100 tSCKH SCLK Pulse Width High ns 50 LRCK Edge to SCLK “rising edge” (Note 2) tLRS ns 50 SCLK “rising edge” to LRCK edge (Note 2) tSLR ns 50 tSDH SDI Hold Time ns 50 tSDS SDI Setup Time ns 70 tLRS LRCK to SDO(MSB) ns 70 tSSD SCLK “rising edge” to SDO Control Interface Timing ns 200 (Note 4) CCLK Period tCCK ns 80 CCLK Pulse Width Low tCCKL ns 80 CCLK Pulse Width High tCCKH ns 50 CDATA Hold Time tCDS ns 50 CDATA Setup Time tCDH ns 150 (Note 4) tCSW CS High Level Time ns 50 (Note 4) tCSS CS “falling edge” to CCLK “rising” time ns 50 tCSH CCLK “rising time” to CS “rising” time Reset Timing tPD 150 ns PD Pulse Width tPDS 516 1/fs PD “rising edge” to SDO delay (Note 3) Note: 1. If the duty of LRCK changes larger than 5% from 50%, the AK4532 is reset by the internal phase detecting circuit automatically. 2. SCLK rising edge must not occur at the same time as LRCK edge. 3. These cycles are the number of LRCK rising from PD rising. 4. fs ≥ 19.6kHz. In the case of fs <19.6kHz, these three parameters must meet a relationship of (tCSW + tCSS + 7 × tCCK) > 1/(32 × fs) in addition to these specifications. For example, when tCCK=200ns and tCSS=50ns at fs=8kHz, tCSW(min) is 2457ns. When tCSW=150ns and tCSS=50ns fs=8kHz, tCCK(min) is 530ns. 0178-E-02 7 2004/12 ASAHI KASEI [AK4532] Audio Data Formats The data format of ADC and DAC are MSB first & MSB justified with 16bit. The SCLK needs 32fs or more than 32fs in a LRCK cycle. Lch LRCK Rch SCLK =64fs SDO 16Bit 15141312 1 0 Don't Care 15141312 1 0 Don't Care 1514 SDI 16Bit 15141312 1 0 Don't Care 15141312 1 0 Don't Care 1514 SDO,SDI - 15:MSB,0:LSB Timing Diagram 1/fCLK VIH VIL MCLK tCLKH tCLKL 1/fs VIH VIL LRCK tSCK VIH VIL SCLK tSCKH tSCKL Clock Timing VIH VIL LRCK tSLR tLRS VIH VIL SCLK tLRS tSSD VIH VIL SDO tSDS tSDH VIH VIL SDI Serial Audio Interface Timing 0178-E-02 8 2004/12 ASAHI KASEI [AK4532] tCSW VIH VIL CS tCSS tCCK VIH VIL CCLK tCDS CDATA tCCKH tCDH A7 A6 tCCKL A5 VIH VIL Control Data Interface Timing 1 VIH VIL CS tCSH VIH VIL CCLK CDATA D2 D1 VIH VIL D0 Control Data Interface Timing2 tPD PD VIL Power down and Reset Timing 0178-E-02 9 2004/12 ASAHI KASEI [AK4532] OPERATION OVERVIW 1. CONTROL REGISTER MAP Addr Register Name D7 D6 00 Master Volume Lch MUTE 01 Master Volume Rch MUTE 02 Voice Volume Lch MUTE 03 Voice Volume Rch MUTE 08 Line Volume Lch MUTE 09 Line Volume Rch MUTE 0A AUX Volume Lch MUTE 0B AUX Volume Rch MUTE 10 Output Mixer SW 1 11 Output Mixer SW 2 12 Lch Input Mixer SW 1 13 Rch Input Mixer SW 1 14 Lch Input Mixer SW 2 15 Rch Input Mixer SW 2 16 Reset and Power Down 19 MIC Amp Gain Note: ATT* is data bits for the attenuation level. GAI* is data bits for the gain level. D5 D4 ATT4 ATT4 GAI4 GAI4 GAI4 GAI4 GAI4 GAI4 LineL AUXR LineL LineL AUXL AUXL AUXL D3 ATT3 ATT3 GAI3 GAI3 GAI3 GAI3 GAI3 GAI3 LineR VoiceL LineR LineR AUXR AUXR D2 ATT2 ATT2 GAI2 GAI2 GAI2 GAI2 GAI2 GAI2 D1 ATT1 ATT1 GAI1 GAI1 GAI1 GAI1 GAI1 GAI1 VoiceR VoiceL VoiceR PD 2. WRITE Timing of Control Register CS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 CCLK CDATA A7 A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 A0 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 A7-A0: D7-D0: Address Control Data 3. Control Register Definitions Addr 00 01 Register Name Master Volume Lch Master Volume Rch MUTE ATT4:0 Initial 0178-E-02 D7 MUTE MUTE D6 RST MGAIN IMPORTANT: There is the compatibility between the AK4531 and AK4532. But the input mixer functions of those device has some different implication in the application, receptively. And the other address of control register except those described in the above table and “1A” are “do not care”. Address “1A” for testing shall be strictly prohibited to access. Be ware that the three MSB address bits(A7, A6, A5) are ignored by AK4532. Writing to address “20” register will update the address “00” register for instance. 0 D0 ATT0 ATT0 GAI0 GAI0 GAI0 GAI0 GAI0 GAI0 MIC D5 D4 ATT4 ATT4 D3 ATT3 ATT3 D2 ATT2 ATT2 D1 ATT1 ATT1 D0 ATT0 ATT0 1: 0: MUTE No MUTE 32 levels with 2 dB step 00000: 0dB 11111: -62 dB “0000 0000”(No MUTE & 0dB) 10 2004/12 ASAHI KASEI Addr 02 03 08 09 0A 0B Register Name Voice Volume Lch Voice Volume Rch Line Volume Lch Line Volume Rch AUX Volume Lch AUX Volume Rch MUTE D7 MUTE MUTE MUTE MUTE MUTE MUTE D6 D5 D4 GAI4 GAI4 GAI4 GAI4 GAI4 GAI4 D3 GAI3 GAI3 GAI3 GAI3 GAI3 GAI3 D2 GAI2 GAI2 GAI2 GAI2 GAI2 GAI2 D1 GAI1 GAI1 GAI1 GAI1 GAI1 GAI1 D0 GAI0 GAI0 GAI0 GAI0 GAI0 GAI0 1: 0: MUTE No MUTE 32 levels with 2 dB step 00000: 12dB 00110: 0 dB 11111: -50 dB “0000 0110”(No MUTE & 0dB) ATT4:0 Initial Addr 10 11 12 13 14 15 [AK4532] Register Name Output Mixer SW 1 Output Mixer SW 2 Lch Input Mixer SW 1 Rch Input Mixer SW 1 Lch Input Mixer SW 2 Rch Input Mixer SW 2 D7 D6 D5 AUXL D4 LineL AUXR LineL LineL AUXL AUXL D3 LineR VoiceL LineR LineR AUXR AUXR D2 D1 VoiceR VoiceL VoiceR ON/OFF of Mixer Switches 0: OFF 1: ON Initial “000X XX00” XXX=000: Addr=10,14,15 (All:OFF) XXX=011: Addr=11(Output Mixer Voice R&L:ON) XXX=100: Addr=12(Lch Input Mixer Line L :ON) XXX=010: Addr=13(Rch Input Mixer Line R :ON) Addr 16 19 Register Name Reset and Power Down MIC Amp Gain D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 PD D0 RST MGAIN RST initializes the contents of all registers except PD and RST registers. When PD pin goes low, RST register becomes “1”. 1: Normal Operation 0: Initialize PD register enables the power down. When PD pin goes low, PD register becomes “1”. 1: Normal Operation 0: Power Down MGAIN selects the gain of MIC amp. The initial state is “0”. 0: Bypass (0dB) 1: 26 dB Try to avoid pops and clicks when activating or inactivating this function. 0178-E-02 11 2004/12 D0 MIC ASAHI KASEI [AK4532] 4. Explanation of each sequence 4.1. Reset & Power down Power Supply PD pin PD(register) RST(register) Internal State INIT1 Write to register Inhibit(1) INITA Normal PD INITA Normal INIT2 Normal PD+INIT2 Inhibit(2) INITA Normal Inhibit(2 External clock MCLK,LRCK,SCLK The clocks may be stopped. • INIT1: • INIT2: • INITA: • PD: Initializing all registers. The AK4532 exists in the power down state. Initializing all registers except PD , RST registers. Initializing the analog section. Initializing period is 516/fs. Power down state. All analog outputs are floating. In case of RST register = “0”, initializing all registers except PD , RST registers. • Inhibit(1): Inhibits writing to all registers. • Inhibit(2): Inhibits writing to all registers except for PD , RST registers. • The AK4532 operates with the external clocks(MCLK, LRCK, SCLK) during initializing the analog section. Figure 1. Reset & Power Down Sequence 4.2. PD pin operation “H”: Normal operation “L”: Initializing mode 1(INIT1 in Figure 1) • Initializing all registers. • Inhibits writing to all registers. • The initialization of the analog section starts at rising edge of PD pin. • SDO pin stays “L” during the initializing periods of 516/fs. • Going into power down state. 4.3. RST register operation “1”: Normal operation “0”: Initializing mode 2(INIT2 in Figure 1) • Initializing all registers except PD , RST registers. • Inhibits writing to all registers except PD , RST registers. • RST register goes “1” when PD pin goes “L”. • The analog section is not initialized. 4.4. PD register operation “1”: Normal operation “0”: Power down • The contents of all registers are held. • PD resister goes “1” when PD pin goes “L”. • All analog outputs(LOUT, ROUT) go floating. • The initialization of the analog section starts at the rising edge of PD resister. • SDO pin stays “L” during the initializing period of 516/fs. 4.5. SDO output pin operation 0178-E-02 12 2004/12 ASAHI KASEI [AK4532] SDO output is the 16bit data of ADC and goes “L”(0000H) in the following cases. • PD pin = “L” • During initializing the analog section(516/fs). • RST register = “0” • PD register = “0” 4.6. Analog output pin(LOUT, ROUT) operation These outputs are floating in the following case. • PD pin = “L” • PD register = “0” 5. System Clock The external clocks which are required to operate the AK4532 are MCLK, LRCK and SCLK. MCLK should be synchronized with LRCK but the phase is free of care. As the AK4532 includes the phase detect circuit for LRCK, the AK4532 is reset automatically when the synchronization is out of phase by changing the clock frequencies. Therefore, the reset is not required except only upon power-up. All external clocks should always be present whenever the AK4532 is in normal operation mode. If these clocks are not provided, the AK4532 may draw excessive current and do not possibly operate properly because the device utilizes the dynamic logic internally. If the external clocks are not present, the AK4532 should be in the power down mode. 5. Digital High Pass Filter The ADC of the AK4532 has a digital high pass filter for DC offset cancel. The cut-off frequency of the HPF is 6.85Hz at fs=44.1kHz and the frequency response at 20Hz is -0.5dB. It also scales with sampling rate(fs). 0178-E-02 13 2004/12 ASAHI KASEI [AK4532] System Design Figure 2 shows the system connection diagram. An evaluation board is available which demonstrates the optimum layout, power supply arrangements and measurement results. 4.7u + 0.1u + 0.1u 10 VA VRAD 21 + 0.1u 8 9 Controller & Synth. 10 VCOM PD MCLK + 15 4.7u LRCK SDI 12 SDO 18 CMODE 16 4.7u 24 0.1u SCLK 11 17 +5V Analog 2 14 VD 7 4.7u AINFL 22 AINFR 23 AK4532 MIC/AUXR AUXL LineR LineL CDATA CCLK CS LOUT ROUT DGND 13 AGND 3 4 5 6 19 20 Lch Analog Out Rch Analog Out 1 Figure 2. Typical Connection Diagram 1. Grounding and power supply decoupling The AK4532 requires careful attention to power supply and grounding arrangements. VD should be supplied from analog power supply. Analog ground and digital ground should be connected together near to where the supplies are brought onto the printed circuit board. Decoupling capacitors should be as near to the AK4532 as possible, with the small value ceramic capacitor being the nearest. 2. On-chip voltage reference The on-chip voltage references are output on the VRAD and VCOM pins for decouping . The VRAD is used as the reference of A/D conversion. The VCOM is a signal ground of this chip. An electrolytic capacitor less than 10uF in parallel with a 0.1uF ceramic capacitor attached to these pins eliminates the effects of high frequency noise. Especially, the small value ceramic capacitors should be as near to the AK4532 as possible. No load current may be drawn from the VRAD and 0178-E-02 14 2004/12 ASAHI KASEI [AK4532] VCOM pins. All signals, especially clocks, should be kept away from the VRAD and VCOM pins in order to avoid unwanted coupling into the chip. 3. Analog Inputs The mixer input and the ADC inputs are single-ended and internally biased to the VCOM voltage with 60kΩ(typ) resistance. The input signal range is typically 2.83Vpp(1Vrms). Figure 3 is an example for 2Vrms line-level input circuit. The ADC output data format is 2’s complement. The AK4532 accepts input voltages from AGND to VA. The output code is 7FFFH for input above a positive full scale and 8000H for input below a negative full scale. The ideal code is 0000H with no input signal. The DC offset is canceled by the internal HPF. AK4532 Analog Input 2Vrms 5.1k 0.47u LINE/AUX 5.1k Figure 3. 2Vrms Line-level Input The AK4532 samples the analog inputs at 64fs. The digital filter rejects all noise higher than the stop band. However, the filter will not reject frequencies right around 64fs(and multiples of 64fs). Most audio signals do not have significant energy at 64fs. As a result, two 1nF capacitors are necessary for AINFR and AINFL. 4. Analog Outputs The analog outputs are also single-ended and centered around the VCOM voltage. The output signal range is typically 2.83Vpp(1Vrms). The DAC input data format is 2’s complement. The output voltage is a positive full scale for 7FFFH and a negative full scale for 8000H. The ideal output is VCOM voltage for 0000H. The internal switched-capacitor filter and continuous-time filter almost remove the noise generated by the delta-sigma modulator of DAC beyond the audio passband, especially low sampling rate. The noise floor level is almost constant and the audible noise level is -83dB(typ) at 8kHz sampling. 5. Other information 5.1 Clock change The clock change or LRCK phase shift should be done while muting the DAC output by the master volume or voice volume to avoid the click noise by out-of-synchronization. ADC may output digital code at the clock change, or LRCK phase shift may produce incomplete or destroyed 16bit data. Then some attention is required carefully. 5.2 Offset on mixer inputs When the mixer gain is set to +12dB, the output has pretty large offset even if the inputs are no signal. Therefore, large click noise may occur when the gain level is changed quickly. 5.3 Click noise on the analog outputs The click noise of about -50dB occurs from the analog outputs(LOUT, ROUT) at the power on/off or the transition of PD register. The analog outputs should be muted externally if the click noise influences systems application. 0178-E-02 15 2004/12 ASAHI KASEI [AK4532] Package ● 24pin VSOP (Unit: mm) *7.8 ±0.15 1.25 ±0.2 * 5.6±0.2 7.6±0.2 13 24 Ａ 12 1 0.22 ±0.1 0.15 ±0.05 0.65 0.1 0.5 ±0 .2 Detail Ａ Seating Plane 0.10 NOTE: Dimension "*" does not include mold flash. 0 ～10ﾟ ■Package & Lead frame materiel Package molding compound : Epoxy Lead frame material :Cu Lead frame surface treatment : Solder plate 0178-E-02 16 2004/12 ASAHI KASEI [AK4532] Marking AK4532VF AAXXXX 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Pin #1 indication AA: LOT# Date Code: XXXX(4 digits) Marketing Code: AK4532-VF Country of Origin Asahi Kasei Logo IMPORTANT NOTICE • These products and their specifications are subject to change without notice. Before considering any use or application, consult the Asahi Kasei Microsystems Co., Ltd. (AKM) sales office or authorized distributor concerning their current status. • AKM assumes no liability for infringement of any patent, intellectual property, or other right in the application or use of any information contained herein. • Any export of these products, or devices or systems containing them, may require an export license or other official approval under the law and regulations of the country of export pertaining to customs and tariffs, currency exchange, or strategic materials. • AKM products are neither intended nor authorized for use as critical components in any safety, life support, or other hazard related device or system, and AKM assumes no responsibility relating to any such use, except with the express written consent of the Representative Director of AKM. As used here: a. A hazard related device or system is one designed or intended for life support or maintenance of safety or for applications in medicine, aerospace, nuclear energy, or other fields, in which its failure to function or perform may reasonably be expected to result in loss of life or in significant injury or damage to person or property. b. A critical component is one whose failure to function or perform may reasonably be expected to result, whether directly or indirectly, in the loss of the safety or effectiveness of the device or system containing it, and which must therefore meet very high standards of performance and reliability. • It is the responsibility of the buyer or distributor of an AKM product who distributes, disposes of, or otherwise places the product with a third party to notify that party in advance of the above content and conditions, and the buyer or distributor agrees to assume any and all responsibility and liability for and hold AKM harmless from any and all claims arising from the use of said product in the absence of such notification. 0178-E-02 17 2004/12