LM2751
Regulated 2X, 1.5X Switched Capacitor White LED Driver
General Description
Features
The LM2751 is a constant frequency switched capacitor
charge pump with regulated output voltage options of 4.5V,
and 5.0V. Over the input voltage range of 2.8V to 5.5V the
LM2751 provides up to 150mA of output current and requires
only four low-cost ceramic capacitors.
The LM2751 provides excellent efficiency without the use of
an inductor by operating the charge pump in a gain of 3/2 or
2. The proper gain for maintaining regulation is chosen so
that efficiency is maximized over the input voltage range.
Regulated Output Options: 4.5V, 5.0V
Output Voltage Regulated within 3%
Peak Efficiency Over 90%
150mA (4.5V) or 80mA (5.0V) Output Current Capability
Input Voltage Range: 2.8V to 5.5V
Low Input and Output Voltage Ripple
< 1µA Typical Shutdown Current
Small Solution Size - NO INDUCTOR
Programmable 725kHz, 300kHz, 37kHz, or 9.5kHz
Switching Frequencies
n 10-pin LLP No-Pullback Package: 3mm x 3mm x 0.8mm
LM2751 uses constant frequency pre-regulation to minimize
conducted noise on the input and provide a predictable
switching frequency. The switching frequency is programmable to 725kHz, 300kHz, 37kHz, or 9.5kHz.
LM2751 is available in a 10-pin Leadless Leadframe NoPullback Package: LLP-10.
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
Applications
n White LED Display Backlights
n White LED Keypad Backlights
n General Purpose 2x, 1.5x Regulated Charge Pump
Typical Application Circuit
20112101
LM2751 2x/1.5x Efficiency vs.
2x Charge Pump Effciency
20112128
© 2005 National Semiconductor Corporation
DS201121
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LM2751 Regulated 2X, 1.5X Switched Capacitor White LED Driver
April 2005
LM2751
Connection Diagram
10-pin Leadless Leadframe Package (LLP-10) No Pullback
3mm x 3mm x 0.8mm
NS Package Number SDA10A
20112102
Pin Descriptions
Pin #
Name
1
VOUT
2
C1+
Description
Pre-Regulated Output.
Flying Capacitor C1 Connection.
3
VIN
Input Supply Range: 2.8V to 5.5V.
4
CS0
Frequency Select Input 0.
5
CS1
Frequency Select Input 1.
6
EN
Enable Pin Logic Input.
7
C2−
Flying Capacitor C2 Connection.
8
GND
9
C1−
Flying Capacitor C1 Connection.
10
C2+
Flying Capacitor C2 Connection.
Ground.
Ordering Information
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Version
Voltage Option
Order Number
Package Marking
A
A
5.0V
LM2751SD-A
5.0V
LM2751SDX-A
XXXXX
YYYYY = L145B
B
4.5V
LM2751SD-B
B
4.5V
LM2751SDX-B
2
XXXXX
YYYYY = L146B
Supplied As Tape and
Reel
1000 Units
4500 Units
1000 Units
4500 Units
Operating Ratings
If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required,
please contact the National Semiconductor Sales Office/
Distributors for availability and specifications.
Input Voltage Range
VIN Pin
Continuous Power Dissipation
(Note 3)
2.8V to 5.5V
EN, CS0, CS1 Input Voltage Range
−0.3V to 6.0V
EN, CS0, CS1 Pins
(Notes 1, 2)
−0.3V to (VIN+0.3)
w/ 6.0V max
0V to VIN
Junction Temperature (TJ) Range
-40˚C to 115˚C
Ambient Temperature (TA) Range
-40˚C to 85˚C
(Note 5)
Recommended Maximum Load Current
Version
Freq. = 725kHz
150mA
B
Freq. = 300kHz
120mA
150˚C
Freq. = 37kHz
40mA
Storage Temperature Range
−65˚C to 150˚C
Freq. = 9.5kHz
10mA
Maximum Lead Temperature
265˚C
Internally Limited
Junction Temperature
(TJ-MAX-ABS)
(Soldering, 10sec.)
ESD Rating (Note 4)
Human-body model:
Machine model:
Version
Freq. = 725kHz
80mA
A
Freq. = 300kHz
60mA
Freq. = 37kHz
16mA
Freq. = 9.5kHz
4mA
2kV
200V
Thermal Properties
Junction-to-Ambient Thermal
Resistance, LLP-10
55˚C/W
Package (θJA) (Note 6)
Electrical Characteristics
(Notes 2, 7)
Limits in standard typeface are for TA = 25oC. Limits in boldface type apply over the full operating ambient temperature range
(-40˚C ≤ TA ≤ +85˚C) . Unless otherwise noted, specifications apply to the LM2751 Typical Application Circuit (pg. 1) with: VIN
= 3.6V, V(EN) = VIN, CS0 = CS1 = VIN, C1 = C2 = 1.0µF, CIN = COUT = 2.2µF (Note 8).
Symbol
VOUT
Parameter
Output Voltage
Conditions
Version A, 2.8V ≤ VIN ≤ 5.5V,
Freq. = 300kHz, 725kHz, TA = 25˚C
IOUT = 0 to 60mA
Min
Typ
Max
Units
4.850
(-3%)
5.0
5.150
(+3%)
V
Version A, 2.8V ≤ VIN ≤ 5.5V,
Freq. = 300kHz, IOUT = 0 to 60mA
Freq. = 725kHz, IOUT = 0 to 80mA
4.775
(-4.5%)
Version B, 2.8V ≤ VIN ≤ 5.5V,
Freq. = 300kHz, 725kHz, TA = 25˚C
IOUT = 0 to 120mA
4.343
(-3.5%)
Version B, 2.8V ≤ VIN ≤ 5.5V,
Freq. = 300kHz, IOUT = 0 to 120mA
Freq. = 725kHz, IOUT = 0 to 150mA
4.275
(-5%)
5.225
(+4.5%)
4.5
4.658
(+3.5%)
4.725
(+5%)
VR
Output Ripple
2.8V ≤ VIN ≤ 5.5V
IOUT = 60mA
IQ
Quiescent Current
Freq. = 9.5kHz, IOUT = 0mA, VIN = 3.7V
425
600
640
ISD
E
Shutdown Supply Current
Efficiency
8
mV
µA
Freq. = 37kHz, IOUT = 0mA, VIN = 3.7V
450
Freq. = 300kHz, IOUT = 0mA, VIN = 3.7V
700
900
Freq. = 725kHz, IOUT = 0mA, VIN = 3.7V
1000
1500
V(EN) = 0V
0.77
1.3
V(EN) = 0V, TA = 85˚C
1.0
IOUT = 80mA (Version A, 5.0V)
Freq. = 300kHz, 725kHz
92
IOUT = 150mA (Version B, 4.5V)
Freq. = 300kHz, 725kHz
83
3
µA
%
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LM2751
Absolute Maximum Ratings (Notes 1, 2)
LM2751
Electrical Characteristics
(Notes 2, 7) (Continued)
Limits in standard typeface are for TA = 25oC. Limits in boldface type apply over the full operating ambient temperature range
(-40˚C ≤ TA ≤ +85˚C) . Unless otherwise noted, specifications apply to the LM2751 Typical Application Circuit (pg. 1) with: VIN
= 3.6V, V(EN) = VIN, CS0 = CS1 = VIN, C1 = C2 = 1.0µF, CIN = COUT = 2.2µF (Note 8).
Symbol
fsw
Parameter
Switching Frequency
Min
Typ
Max
Units
CS0 = High, CS1 = Low
2.8V ≤ VIN ≤ 5.5V
Conditions
6.7
(−30%)
9.5
12.3
(+30%)
kHz
CS0 = Low, CS1 = Low
2.8V ≤ VIN ≤ 5.5V
26
(−30%)
37
48
(+30%)
CS0 = Low, CS1 = High
2.8V ≤ VIN ≤ 5.5V
210
(−30%)
300
390
(+30%)
CS0 = High, CS1 = High
2.8V ≤ VIN ≤ 5.5V
508
(−30%)
725
942
(+30%)
VIH
Logic Input High
Input Pins: EN, CS0, CS1
2.8V ≤ VIN ≤ 5.5V
1.00
VIN
V
VIL
Logic Input Low
Input Pins: EN, CS0, CS1
2.8V ≤ VIN ≤ 5.5V
0
.30
V
IIH
Logic Input High Current
Input Pins: CS0, CS1
V(CSx) = 1.8V
10
nA
Input Pin: EN
V(EN) = 1.8V(Note 9)
2
µA
10
nA
V
IIL
Logic Input Low Current
Input Pins: EN, CS0, CS1
V(EN, CSx) = 0V
VG
Gain Transition Voltage
(Version A, B)
1.5X to 2X
3.50
2X to 1.5X
3.58
Hysteresis
ISC
Short Circuit Output
Current
tON
VOUT Turn-On Time
(Note 10)
40
VOUT = 0V
80
150
mV
250
mA
300
µs
Note 1: Absolute Maximum Ratings indicate limits beyond which damage to the component may occur. Operating Ratings are conditions under which operation of
the device is guaranteed. Operating Ratings do not imply guaranteed performance limits. For guaranteed performance limits and associated test conditions, see the
Electrical Characteristics tables.
Note 2: All voltages are with respect to the potential at the GND pin.
Note 3: Internal thermal shutdown circuitry protects the device from permanent damage. Thermal shutdown engages at TJ=150˚C (typ.) and disengages at
TJ=140˚C (typ.).
Note 4: The Human body model is a 100 pF capacitor discharged through a 1.5kΩ resistor into each pin. The machine model is a 200pF capacitor discharged
directly into each pin. MIL-STD-883 3015.7
Note 5: In applications where high power dissipation and/or poor package thermal resistance is present, the maximum ambient temperature may have to be
derated. Maximum ambient temperature (TA-MAX) is dependent on the maximum operation junction temperature (TJ-MAX-OP = 115oC), the maximum power
dissipation of the device in the application (PD-MAX), and the junction-to ambient thermal resistance of the part/package in the application (θJA), as given by the
following equation: TA-MAX = TJ-MAX-OP - (θJA x PD-MAX).
Note 6: Junction-to-ambient thermal resistance (θJA) is taken from a thermal modeling result, performed under the conditions and guidelines set forth in the JEDEC
standard JESD51-7. The test board is a 4 layer FR-4 board measuring 102mm x 76mm x 1.6mm with a 2 x 1 array of thermal vias. The ground plane on the board
is 50mm x 50mm. Thickness of copper layers are 36µm/18µm /18µm/36µm (1.5oz/1oz/1oz/1.5oz). Ambient temperature in simulation is 22oC, still air. Power
dissipation is 1W.
The value of θJA of the LM2751 in LLP-10 could fall in a range as wide as 50oC/W to 150oC/W (if not wider), depending on PWB material, layout, and environmental
conditions. In applications where high maximum power dissipation exists (high VIN, high IOUT), special care must be paid to thermal dissipation issues. For more
information on these topics, please refer to Application Note 1187: Leadless Leadframe Package (LLP) and the Power Efficiency and Power Dissipation
section of this datasheet.
Note 7: Min and Max limits are guaranteed by design, test, or statistical analysis. Typical numbers are not guaranteed, but represent the most likely norm.
Note 8: CIN, COUT, C1, and C2: Low-ESR Surface-Mount Ceramic Capacitors (MLCCs) used in setting electrical characteristics.
Note 9: EN Logic Input High Current (IIH) is due to a 1MΩ(typ.) pull-down resistor connected internally between the EN pin and GND.
Note 10: Turn-on time is measured from when the EN signal is pulled high until the output voltage on VOUT crosses 90% of its final value.
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4
LM2751
Block Diagram
20112103
5
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LM2751
Typical Performance Characteristics
Unless otherwise specified: TA = 25˚C, VIN = 3.6V, CS0 =
CS1 = VIN, V(EN) = VIN, CIN = COUT = 2.2µF, C1 = C2 = 1µF.
Output Voltage vs. Output Current,
Version A (5V), 300kHz
Output Voltage vs. Output Current,
Version B (4.5V), 300kHz
20112116
20112110
Output Voltage vs. Output Current,
Version A (5V), 725kHz
Output Voltage vs. Output Current,
Version B (4.5V), 725kHz
20112111
20112117
Input Current vs. Input Voltage,
Version A (5V)
Input Current vs. Input Voltage,
Version B (4.5V)
20112115
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20112121
6
Output Voltage vs. Input Voltage,
Version A (5V), 300kHz
Output Voltage vs. Input Voltage,
Version B (4.5V), 300kHz
20112112
20112118
Output Voltage vs. Input Voltage,
Version A (5V), 725kHz
Output Voltage vs. Input Voltage,
Version B (4.5V), 725kHz
20112113
20112119
Efficiency vs. Input Voltage,
Version A (5V)
Efficiency vs. Input Voltage,
Version B (4.5V)
20112114
20112120
7
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LM2751
Typical Performance Characteristics Unless otherwise specified: TA = 25˚C, VIN = 3.6V, CS0 = CS1
= VIN, V(EN) = VIN, CIN = COUT = 2.2µF, C1 = C2 = 1µF. (Continued)
LM2751
Typical Performance Characteristics Unless otherwise specified: TA = 25˚C, VIN = 3.6V, CS0 = CS1
= VIN, V(EN) = VIN, CIN = COUT = 2.2µF, C1 = C2 = 1µF. (Continued)
Output Voltage Ripple vs. Input Voltage
Version B (4.5V), Load = 120mA
Output Voltage Ripple,
Version B (4.5V)
20112126
VIN = 3.6V, Load = 150mA
CH1: VOUT; Scale: 10mV/Div, AC Coupled
Time scale: 400ns/Div
20112129
Line Step Response,
Version B (4.5V)
Load Step Response,
Version B (4.5V)
20112124
20112127
VIN = 3.2V - 4.2V Step, Load = 150mA
VIN = 3.6V, Load = 20mA - 150mA Step
CH1 (top): VIN; Scale: 1V/Div, DC Coupled
CH2: VOUT; Scale: 50mV/Div, AC Coupled
CH1 (top): VOUT; Scale: 50mV/Div, AC Coupled
CH2: Output Current; Scale: 50mA/Div
Time scale: 200µs/Div
Time scale: 200µs/Div
Start-up Behavior,
Version A (5V), Load = 80mA
Start-up Behavior,
Version B (4.5V), Load = 150mA
20112122
20112123
CH1: EN pin; Scale: 2V/Div
CH1: EN pin; Scale: 2V/Div
CH2: VOUT; Scale: 2V/Div
CH2: VOUT; Scale: 2V/Div
Time scale: 100µs/Div
Time scale: 100µs/Div
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8
LM2751
Application Information
drive of the switched capacitor charge pump. This regulation
is done before the voltage is gained up by the charge pump,
giving rise to the term "pre-regulation". Pre-regulation helps
to reduce input current noise and large input current spikes
normally associated with switched capacitor charge pumps.
The LM2751 switched capacitor charge pump has gains of
2x and 1.5x. When the input voltage to the device is greater
than 3.58V (typ.), the LM2751 operates in a gain of 1.5x.
When the input voltage falls below 3.5V (typ.), the device
switches to a gain of 2x.
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
The LM2751 is a Switched Capacitor Convertor with gains of
2x and 1.5x. It is capable of continuously supplying up to
150mA at 4.5V or up to 80mA at 5V depending on the output
voltage option. The LM2751’s fixed frequency pre-regulation
maintains the output voltage to within 3% (typ.), making it
well suited for driving White LEDs. There are also four user
programmable switching frequencies to reduce the quiescent current consumption at light loads.
Aside from powering LEDs, the LM2751 is suitable for driving other devices with power requirements up to 150mA. The
LM2751 operates over the extended Li-Ion battery range
from 2.8V to 5.5V. The LM2751 limits output current to
250mA (typ.) during an output short circuit condition. LED
brightness is controlled by applying a PWM (Pulse Width
Modulation) signal to the Enable pin (EN). (see PWM
BRIGHTNESS CONTROL section).
OUTPUT VOLTAGE RIPPLE
The primary contributor in keeping the output voltage ripple
of the LM2751 low is its switching topology. The output
capacitance, input voltage, switching frequency and output
current also play a significant part in determining the output
voltage ripple. Due to the complexity of the LM2751 operation, providing equations or models to approximate the magnitude of the ripple cannot be easily accomplished. However,
the following general statements can be made.
The LM2751 has very low output ripple when compared to
typical boost regulators due to its double-pump topology,
where charge is continually supplied to the output during
both 2x and 1.5x modes. Combined with fixed frequency
operation modes, double-pumping allows for the use of a
very small, low value ceramic capacitor on the output node
while still achieving minimal output ripple. Increasing the
capacitance by adding a higher value capacitor or placing
multiple capacitors in parallel can further reduce the ripple
magnitude.
SOFT START
Soft Start is engaged when the device is taken out of Shutdown mode (EN = logic HIGH) or when voltage is supplied
simultaneously to the VIN and EN pins. During Soft Start, the
voltage on VOUT will ramp up in proportion to the rate that the
reference voltage is being ramped up. The output voltage is
programmed to rise from 0V to the regulated output voltage
level (4.5V or 5V) in 300µs (typ.).
ENABLE MODE
The Enable logic pin (EN) disables the part and reduces the
quiescent current to 0.77µA (typ.). The LM2751 has an
active-high enable pin (LOW = shut down, HIGH = operating) which can be driven with a low-voltage CMOS logic
signal (1.5V logic, 1.8V logic, etc). There is an internal 1MΩ
pull-down resistor between the EN and GND pins of the
LM2751.
CAPACITOR SELECTION
The LM2751 requires 4 external capacitors for proper operation. Surface-mount multi-layer ceramic capacitors are recommended. These capacitors are small, inexpensive and
have very low equivalent series resistance (ESR, ≤15mΩ
typ.). Tantalum capacitors, OS-CON capacitors, and aluminum electrolytic capacitors are generally not recommended
for use with the LM2751 due to their high ESR, as compared
to ceramic capacitors.
For most applications, ceramic capacitors with X7R or X5R
temperature characteristic are preferred for use with the
LM2751. These capacitors have tight capacitance tolerance
(as good as ± 10%), hold their value over temperature (X7R:
± 15% over −55˚C to 125˚C; X5R: ± 15% over −55˚C to
85˚C), and typically have little voltage coefficient when compared to other types of capacitors. However selecting a
capacitor with a voltage rating much higher than the voltage
it will be subjected to, will ensure that the capacitance will
stay closer to the capacitor’s nominal value. Capacitors with
Y5V or Z5U temperature characteristic are generally not
recommended for use with the LM2751. Capacitors with
these temperature characteristics typically have wide capacitance tolerance (+80%, −20%), vary significantly over
temperature (Y5V: +22%, −82% over −30˚C to +85˚C range;
Z5U: +22%, −56% over +10˚C to +85˚C range), and have
poor voltage coefficients. Under some conditions, a nominal
1µF Y5V or Z5U capacitor could have a capacitance of only
0.1µF. Such detrimental deviation is likely to cause Y5V and
Z5U capacitors to fail to meet the minimum capacitance
requirements of the LM2751.
FREQUENCY MODE SELECT
The LM2751 switching frequency is user programmable via
two logic input pins, CS0 and CS1. Both logic input pins have
active-high logic (LOW = un-selected, HIGH = selected) and
can be driven with a low-voltage CMOS logic signal (1.5V
logic, 1.8V logic, etc). There are no internal pull-down or
pull-up resistors between the CSx and GND pins of the
LM2751. The CSO and CS1 can be controlled independently
or with the same logic signal.
The selectable switching frequencies are 9.5kHz, 37kHz,
300kHz, 725kHz. The switching frequency is programmed
according to Table 1
TABLE 1. Frequency Modes
CS0
CS1
0
0
Frequency
37kHz
0
1
300kHz
1
0
9.5kHz
1
1
725kHz
VOUT REGULATION
The LM2751 uses pre-regulation to regulate the output voltage to 4.5V or 5.0V depending on the voltage option. Preregulation uses the voltage present at VOUT to limit the gate
9
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LM2751
Application Information
THERMAL PROTECTION
(Continued)
When the junction temperature exceeds 150˚C (typ.), internal thermal protection circuitry disables the device. This
feature protects the LM2751 from damage due to excessive
power dissipation. The device will recover and operate normally when the junction temperature falls below 140˚C (typ.).
It is important to have good thermal conduction with a proper
layout to reduce thermal resistance.
The voltage rating of the output capacitor should be 10V or
more. All other capacitors should have a voltage rating at or
above the maximum input voltage of the application.
DRIVING WHITE LEDS
The desired LED current is set by placing a resistor (R) in
series with each LED, and is determined by the equation:
ILED = (VOUT - VLED) ÷R
In the equation above, ILED is the current that flows through
a particular LED, and VLED is the forward voltage of the LED
at the given current. The output voltage (VOUT) of the
LM2751 is tightly regulated to 4.5V or 5V depending on the
output voltage option. However, LED forward voltage varies
from LED to LED, and LED current will vary accordingly.
Mismatch of LED currents will result in brightness mismatch
from one LED to the next. Therefore it is suggested that LED
groups with tightly controlled I-V characteristics ("Binned"
LEDs) be used. LEDs with looser tolerance can be used in
applications where brightness matching is not critical, such
as in keypad or general backlighting. The typical and maximum diode forward voltage depends highly on the manufacturer and their technology.
POWER EFFICIENCY
Charge-Pump efficiency is derived in the following two ideal
equations (supply current and other losses are neglected for
simplicity):
IIN = G x IOUT
E = (VOUT x IOUT) ÷ (VIN x IIN) = VOUT ÷ (G x VIN)
In the equations, G represents the charge pump gain. Efficiency is at its highest as G x VIN approaches VOUT. Refer to
the efficiency graph in the Typical Performance Characteristics section for the detailed efficiency data.
POWER DISSIPATION
The power dissipation (PDISSIPATION) and junction temperature (TJ) can be approximated with the equations below. PIN
is the product of the input current and input voltage, POUT is
the power consumed by the load connected to the output,
TAis the ambient temperature, and θJA is the junction-toambient thermal resistance for the LLP-10 package. VIN is
the input voltage to the LM2751, VVOUT is the voltage at the
output of the device, and IOUT is the total current supplied to
the load connected to VOUT.
PDISSIPATION = PIN - POUT
PWM BRIGHTNESS CONTROL
Perceived LED brightness can be adjusted using a PWM
control signal on the Enable pin of the LM2751, to turn the
voltage output ON and OFF at a rate faster than perceptible
by the eye. When this is done, the total brightness perceived
is proportional to the duty cycle (D) of the PWM signal (D =
the percentage of time that the LED is on in every PWM
cycle). A simple example: if the LEDs are driven at 15mA
each with a PWM signal that has a 50% duty cycle, perceived LED brightness will be about half as bright as compared to when the LEDs are driven continuously with 15mA.
For linear brightness control over the full duty cycle adjustment range, the PWM frequency (f) should be limited to
accommodate the turn-on time (typ. TON = 300µs) of the
device.
D x (1/f) > TON
= (VIN x IIN) − (VVOUT x IOUT)
TJ = TA + (PDISSIPATION x θJA)
The junction temperature rating takes precedence over the
ambient temperature rating. The LM2751 may be operated
outside the ambient temperature rating, so long as the junction temperature of the device does not exceed the maximum operating rating of 115˚C. The maximum ambient temperature rating must be derated in applications where high
power dissipation and/or poor thermal resistance causes the
junction temperature to exceed 115˚C.
fMAX = DMIN ÷ TON
The minimum recommended PWM frequency is 100Hz. Frequencies below this may be visibly noticeable as flicker or
blinking. The maximum recommended PWM frequency is
1kHz. Frequencies above this may cause noise in the audible range.
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10
inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted
10-Pin LLP
NS Package Number SDA10A
National does not assume any responsibility for use of any circuitry described, no circuit patent licenses are implied and National reserves
the right at any time without notice to change said circuitry and specifications.
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LM2751 Regulated 2X, 1.5X Switched Capacitor White LED Driver
Physical Dimensions