ETC AT86RF401

Features
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RF Frequency Range of 264–456 MHz
6 dBm RF Output into Matched Antenna
RF Output Power Adjustable over 36 dB with 1 dB Resolution
Phase-locked Loop (PLL) Based Frequency Synthesizer
Supports OOK Modulation
Data Bandwidth of Up to 10 Kbps Manchester
2-volt Operation
8-bit AVR â RISC Microcontroller Core
Minimal External Components
Space-saving 20-lead TSSOP
2 KB (1K x 16) of Flash Program Memory
128 Bytes of EEPROM
128 Bytes of SRAM
In-system Programmable Data and Program Memory
Six I/Os (Serial I/F, LED Drive Outputs, Button Input Interrupts)
Low Battery Detect and Brown-out Protection
Software Fine-tuning of VCO Tank Circuit
Smart RF
Wireless Data
Microtransmitter
AT86RF401
Applications
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Remote Keyless Entry (RKE) Transmitters
Wireless Security Systems
Home Appliance Control (Lighting Control, Ceiling Fans)
Radio Remote Control (Hobby, Toys)
Garage Door Openers
Wireless PC Peripherals (Keyboard, Mouse)
Telemetry (Tire Pressure, Utility Meter, Asset Tracking)
Description
The Atmel AT86RF401 Smart RF Microtransmitter is a highly integrated, low-cost RF
transmitter, combined with an AVR RISC microcontroller. It requires only a crystal, a
single LiMnO2 coin cell (CR2032 or similar), three capacitors, an inductor and a tunedloop antenna to implement a complete on-off keyed (OOK) wireless RF data
transmitter.
L2
L1
LOOP FIL
Figure 1. Block Diagram
ANT
XTAL/CLK
OSCILLATOR
XTALB
PHASE
DETECTOR
LOOP
FILTER
ANTB
PRESCALER
÷ 24
CFIL
GAIN
TRIM
DATA
AVDD
CLOCK
POWER
RESET
SUPPLY
WATCHDOG
AVR RISC µC
2 KB Flash Program Memory
128 Bytes EEPROM Data Memory
LOW-VOLTAGE DETECT
SDI/IO0
RESETB
SDO/IO1
IO3
SCK/IO2
IO4
IO5
DGND
BROWN-OUT PROTECT
DVDD
SUPERVISOR
AGND
B+
RF
AMP
VCO
1424E–RKE–03/03
1
In-system programmable, nonvolatile Flash program memory and EEPROM data storage make possible rapid time-to-market and lower inventory costs.
Static current consumption is kept to a minimum with an ultra-low current shutdown
mode. Normal operation resumes when a button is pressed. This activates the crystal
oscillator circuit that serves as the clock for the AVR microcontroller.
The RF carrier is synthesized utilizing an on-board Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO).
Optimal tuning of the VCO is maintained over component tolerance through the use of a
software-controlled switched capacitor array. Its accuracy is maintained with a PLL
detector that compares the crystal oscillator to a frequency-scaled version (divided by
24) of the RF carrier. The resulting error signal adjusts the VCO to produce a very stable
RF carrier.
An interrupt-based bit-timer structure, integral to the AVR microcontroller, simplifies the
implementation of user-specific, data-bit encoding routines, such as PWM or Manchester, for modulating the RF carrier. Thirty-six dB of RF power output control is available to
the user in 1 dB steps and is addressable in software. The RF signal output is placed
differentially on a tuned-loop antenna, which may be realized as a counterspread copper trace on a PCB.
The AT86RF401 is fabricated in Atmel’s 0.6 µm Mixed Signal CMOS + EEPROM process, enabling true system-level integration (SLI).
Figure 2. 20-lead TSSOP
ANTB
LOOPFIL
L1
L2
RESETB
N/C
I/O0 (SDI)
I/O1 (SDO)
I/O2 (SCK)
XTAL/CLK
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
ANT
CFIL
AVDD
DVDD
AGND
DGND
I/O5
I/O4
I/O3
XTALB
AT86RF401
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AT86RF401
Figure 3. Sample Circuit
EXTERNAL LOOP FILTER (OPTIONAL)
V+
R1
C2
C5
C4
C3
L1
U1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
S1
ANT
CFIL
AVDD
DVDD
AGND
DGND
IO5
IO4
IO3
XTALB
ANTB
LOOPFIL
L1
L2
RESETB
NC
IO0/SDI
IO1/SDO
IO2/SCLK
XTAL/CLK
V+
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
C1
B1
S3
S2
Y1
RESET
SDI
SDO SCLK
SPI Programming Interface
Table 1. Recommended Parts List
Part Number
Value
(Common)
Value
(315 MHz)
Value
(433.92 MHz)
Value
(Ext. Loop Filter)
B1
3.6V
CR2032, Li Battery
C1
0.01 µF
0603, X7R, ± 10%
C2
100 pF
0603, COG, ± 5%
Specification
C3
Antenna Dependent
Antenna Dependent
Antenna Dependent
0603, COG, ± 0.1 pF
C4
Not req’d
Not req’d
Frequency Dependent
0603, COG, ± 5%
C5
Not req’d
Not req’d
Frequency Dependent
0603, COG, ± 0.25 pF
L1
82 nH
39 nH
Frequency Dependent
1608, ± 5%
R1
Not req’d
Not req’d
Frequency Dependent
0603, ± 5%
S1
Switch
SPST
S2
Switch
SPST
S3
Switch
SPST
U1
AT86RF401
20-lead TSSOP
Y1
13.125 MHz
18.08 MHz
Frequency Dependent
13.125 MHz:
Crystek™ P/N 016757
18.080 MHz:
Crystek P/N 016758
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Table 2. Pin Descriptions – 20-lead TSSOP
Symbol
Pin
Description
1
ANTB
20
1
Differential Antenna Output
10 mA
2
VVCO
VDD
LOOPFIL
VDD
External VCO Loop-filter Connection.
VVCO is the VCO control voltage.
2
3
4
2
VVCO
VDD
L1
VDD
External VCO Inductor Connection.
VVCO is the VCO control voltage.
3
3
4
2
VVDD
VDD
L2
External VCO Inductor Connection.
VVCO is the VCO control voltage.
4
3
4
VDD
4
AT86RF401
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AT86RF401
Table 2. Pin Descriptions – 20-lead TSSOP (Continued)
VDD
SPI Reset Input: A “low” on this pin resets the device and puts
the part into SPI mode. A logic-high on this pin causes the
device to execute its program if the VDD is above the brownout voltage level.
35 k Ω
RESETB
5
5
To AVR
NC
6
No Connect. Float Pin.
VDD
I/O0 (SDI)
7
VDD
Data
Enable−
35 k Ω
7
SPI Data In/Input/Output 0: General-purpose I/O and button
input. In SPI mode, this pin serves as SDI (Serial Data Input).
Data
Enable
To AVR
VDD
I/O1 (SDO)
8
VDD
Data
Enable−
35 k Ω
8
Data
SPI Data Out/Input/Output 1: General-purpose I/O and button
input. In SPI mode, this pin serves as SDO (Serial Data
Output).
Enable
To AVR
VDD
I/O2 (SCK)
9
VDD
Data
Enable−
35 k Ω
9
SPI Clock/Input/Output 2: General-purpose I/O and button
input. In SPI mode, this pin serves as SCK (SPI Clock Input).
Data
Enable
To AVR
10
40 pF
XTAL/CLK
10
Crystal/Clock Input: Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier
and input to the internal clock operating circuit. This pin may
be driven externally for test purposes.
11
40 pF
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Table 2. Pin Descriptions – 20-lead TSSOP (Continued)
10
40 pF
XTALB
11
Crystal Output: Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier
11
40 pF
VDD
IO3
12
VDD
Data
Enable
35 k Ω
12
Input/Output 3: General-purpose I/O and button input
Data
Enable
To AVR
VDD
IO4
13
VDD
Data
Enable
35 k Ω
13
Input/Output 4: General-purpose I/O and button input
Data
Enable
To AVR
VDD
IO5
14
Data
Enable
VDD
35 k Ω
14
Input/Output 5: General-purpose I/O and button input
Data
Enable
To AVR
DGND
15
Digital Ground
AGND
16
Analog Ground
DVDD
17
Digital Voltage Supply
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AT86RF401
1424E–RKE–03/03
AT86RF401
Table 2. Pin Descriptions – 20-lead TSSOP (Continued)
AVDD
18
Analog Voltage Supply
19
CFIL
19
External Data Rate Filter
1.06 pF
420 KΩ
1
ANT
20
20
Differential Antenna Output
10 mA
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Absolute Maximum Ratings*
Antenna Voltage (Pins 1, 20) ...................................... −1V to 10V
*NOTICE:
Operating Temperature........................................−40°C to +85°C
Storage Temperature (without bias) ................−55°C to +125°C
Voltage on VDD with respect to ground ............................. 6.0V
Voltage on Pins 2–19 (TSSOP 20) ................ −0.1 to VDD +0.3V
Stresses beyond those listed under “Absolute
Maximum Ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress rating only;
functional operation of the device at these or
other conditions beyond those indicated in the
operational sections of this specification is not
implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating
conditions for extended periods may affect device
reliability.
DC Characteristics
VDD = 3.3V; fXTAL = 13.125 MHz; fAVR = fXTAL ÷ 16; TA = 25°C unless otherwise specified.
Symbol
Parameter
Conditions
Min
Typ
Max
Unit
2.0
3.3
5.0
V
–
0.1
0.5
µA
AVR Active
–
3.4
–
mA
Frequency Synthesizer + AVR Active
–
14.3
–
mA
–
23.2
–
mA
Supply
VDD
Supply Voltage
Standby Current (off)
IDD
Transmit (FS, AVR and Power Amp active)
VDD = 3.3V
TA = 25°C
CW modulation
Digital Inputs (SDI, SCK, RESETB, IOx)
VIH
High-level Input Voltage
0.8* VDD
–
VDD
V
VIL
Low-level Input Voltage
0
–
0.2* VDD
V
IIH
High-level Input Current
VIH = VDD , VDD = 5.0V
–
–
1
µA
IIL
Low-level Input Current
VIL = 0V, VDD = 5.0V
−140
–
–
µA
VDD −0.4
–
–
V
–
–
0.4
V
Digital Outputs (SDO, IOx)
VOH
High-level Output Voltage
IOH = −500 µA
VOL
Low-level Output Voltage
IOL= 2 mA
Microcontroller/System
tTX
Time from Button Wake-up to RF Outputs Active
–
0.5
1.0
ms
fAVR
AVR Clock Frequency
–
–
1.25
MHz
–
–
10
years
–
–
100,000
cycles
EELIFE
EEPROM Retention
Initial programming
conditions:
VDD = 3.3V ± 10%
Temp = 25°C ± 10%
EECYCLES
EEPROM Write/Erase Endurance
2.0V ≤ VDD ≤ 5.0V
−40°C ≤ Temp ≤
85°C
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AT86RF401
1424E–RKE–03/03
AT86RF401
Analog/RF Specs
VDD = 3.3V; fXTAL = 13.125 MHz; fAVR = fXTAL ÷ 16; TA = 25°C unless otherwise specified.
Symbol
Parameter
Conditions
Min
Typ
Max
Unit
IPA
Power Amp Output Current
Transmitting (RF “ON”), 0 dB Attenuation
–
8.6
–
mA
PCTLRANGE
Power Control Range
–
36
–
dB
PCTLRES
Power Control Resolution
–
1
–
dB
11
–
19
MHz
264
–
456
MHz
RF Amplifier
Crystal Oscillator
fOSC
Oscillation Frequency Range
Frequency Synthesizer/PLL
FOUT
Output Frequency Range
PHARM1
Harmonics
I/O Pins Static during RF Transmission
Using PCB Trace Antenna
–
−60
–
dBc
fMOD
OOK Modulation Data Rate
Using Manchester Data Bit Encoding
–
–
10
Kbps
Note:
1. Characterized but not guaranteed by test due to dependency on PCB trace antenna
Functional
Description
The complete circuit consists of the following functional blocks.
Transmitter
Crystal Oscillator
The crystal oscillator circuit is designed to work with crystals with fundamental frequencies between 11 and 19 MHz. Forty pF of internal capacitance is connected between
each of the crystal input pins and (chip) ground. Alternatively, an external clock can be
used for these functions.
This circuit provides the master clock for the entire chip. A programmable divider is used
to provide the AVR system clock.
Radio Frequency Power
Amplifier
The RF power amplifier generates a differential output suitable for driving an off-chip
tuned-loop antenna from the PLL output. The PLL output signal is gated using on-off
keyed (OOK) modulation before transmission. It is used as the RF carrier frequency for
the transmitted data stream. The amplifier can be configured via software to reduce the
power output by 36 dB (with 1 dB resolution).
Frequency Synthesizer
The frequency synthesizer utilizes a PLL, which consists of a phase detector, a ÷24
prescaler, an on-chip loop filter and an integrated VCO. The VCO output is buffered
prior to the output amplifier. The output frequency is 24 times the crystal frequency. To
offset component tolerance, a switched capacitor array is connected between pins 3
and 4 of the VCO. Thirty-two discrete steps of capacitance are available to tune the
VCO control voltage. An internal window comparator monitors the magnitude of the tuning voltage and is used by the AVR core to determine the optimal tuning configuration.
Lock Detector
The lock detection block provides an indication of the state of the phase lock loop (PLL).
Lock condition is determined by counting the number of cycle slips in a given time
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1424E–RKE–03/03
period. A number of registers are available to adjust the performance of the lock detector. These include lock delay and unlock delay timers as well as a cycle slip counter.
Bandgap Reference
The device uses a 1.2V (nominal) bandgap reference generator to provide consistent
performance over a wide range of input supply voltages. This reference voltage is used
throughout the device.
Brown-out Protection/Low
Battery Detection
The brown-out protection and low battery detection functions consist of a voltage reference, a sampling block and an autozero comparator. The circuit’s primary operating
mode is brown-out protection.
Brown-out Protection
The brown-out protection circuit detects when the level of VDD drops below the minimum
voltage that guarantees proper operation. The brown-out voltage for this device is typically 1.8 volts.
If a brown-out occurs, the device enters a reset state. It stays in this state until either of
the following occurs:
Low Battery Detection
•
The level of VDD increases ~0.1–0.2 volts above the brown-out voltage. This causes
the device to enter a warm reboot state.
•
The level of VDD drops to ~0 volts, then increases above the POR level. This places
the device into the “cold start” mode of operation, identical to battery insertion.
The low battery detection feature allows the programmer to select a value for VDD at
which a warning is issued to the user. This warning may be utilized to activate an I/O
port, for example.
If low battery detection occurs, Bit 7 of register BL_CONFIG is set. Bit 6 of register
BL_CONFIG is used to indicate that Bit 7 is valid. It is left to the programmer to poll both
bits to ensure the potential warning is valid.
Bits 5–0 of register BL_CONFIG are used to program the low battery detect level. This
warning level is programmable between ~1.5–2.7 volts.
Note:
The warning level can be set below the brown-out voltage level.
The formula for calculating the low battery detection threshold is located in Table 3.
Table 3. Low Battery Detection Threshold Formulas (VREF is approximately 0.7 volts)
VDD Rising
VDD Falling
bo_hyst = 1 (large hysteresis)
bo_hyst = 0 (small hysteresis)
3.887 × V REF
VDD = ---------------------------------------------------------0.887
1 + --------------- × BL[5:0]
63
4.05 × V REF
VDD = ---------------------------------------------------------0.887
1 + --------------- × BL[5:0]
63
4.22 × V REF
VDD = ---------------------------------------------------------0.887
1 + --------------- × BL[5:0]
63
V REF
BL[5:0] = 71 × 4.05 × ------------- – 1
V DD
V REF
BL[5:0] = 71 × 4.22 × ------------- – 1
V DD
V REF
BL[5:0] = 71 × 3.887 × ------------- – 1
V DD
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AT86RF401
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AT86RF401
Bit Timer
A hardware assist has been included in the AT86RF401 to make transmission of data
easier. Keying of the transmitter is timed by this logic, and interrupts are generated
when data is needed by the timer or when transmission is complete. The timer also supports code that uses polling instead of interrupts. Using polling instead of interrupts may
facilitate higher bit rates. Additionally, this timer may be used to time pulses arriving at
the I/O3 pin. This enables the AT86RF401 to be used to decode the signal detected by
an external receiver chip.
Transmit Mode Bit Coding and
Timing
Bit coding is done by the AVR before data is sent to the bit timer. Bit timing is controlled
by the count value in the Bit Timer Count (BTCNT) register and the two most significant
bits in the Bit Timer Control Register (BTCR). Generally the time of each bit is:
P x x = P × ( countval + 1 )
where Pxx is the period of each time slot and countval is the counter value in the BTCNT
and BTCR registers. P is the AVR clock period that is set in the PWR_CTL register.
countval = {BTCR[7:6], BTCNT[7:0]}.
Interrupts
There are two interrupts associated with transmit mode:
1. Transmit Buffer Empty Interrupt: This vectors to address 0x04. Flag 0 is set, and,
if enabled, this interrupt is generated when the timer removes the value from the
DATA bit in the BTCR. This interrupt service routine should load the next bit into
the DATA bit in the BTCR.
2. TXDONE Interrupt: This vectors to address 0x02. Flag 2 is set, and, if enabled,
an interrupt is generated when the counter has counted down to zero and the
buffer is empty. This indicates that the transmission is complete. This interrupt
service routine should turn off the transmitter and turn off the bit timer using the
mode bits.
Bit Timer in Receive Mode
When put into receive mode, the bit timer times pulses arriving at the I/O3 pin. When
enabled, the counter counts up from zero and places that value in the BTCNT register
when an edge occurs. If the edge is rising, the DATA bit in the BTCR is set. If the edge
is falling, the DATA bit in the BTCR is reset. This mode may be used to decode signals
from a receiver chip easily.
Bit Timer Operation as a
Generic Timer/Counter
The Bit Timer may be used as a generic timer by not allowing it to key off the transmitter.
An interrupt is generated after the amount of time dictated by the count value.
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Watchdog Timer
When enabling the watchdog timer, the status of the watchdog time is unknown. The
user is advised to execute a WDR instruction before enabling the watchdog. Otherwise,
the device might get reset before the first WDR after enabling is reached. To prevent the
unintentional disabling of the watchdog, a special turn-off procedure must be followed
when the watchdog is disabled. Refer to the description of the Watchdog Timer Control
Register on page 38 for details (see Register $22 in I/O Memory). The watchdog timer
prescaler determines the number of system clocks that occur before the watchdog reset
is asserted. The system clock is determined by Bits[7:5] of the AVR_CONFIG register.
Reset and Interrupt
Handling
The AT86RF401 Reset and Interrupt vectors are defined in Table 4. The I-bit in the status register must be set to enable the interrupts.
Table 4. Reset and Interrupt Vectors
Vector
Number
Program
Address
1
Source
Interrupt Definition
$000
RESETB, Watchdog, Buttons
Hardware Pin or Watchdog or
Button Reset
2
$002
Transmission Done (TXDONE)
Bit Timer Flag 2 Interrupt
4
$004
Transmit Buffer Empty
Bit Timer Flag 0 Interrupt
The most typical and general program setup for the Reset and Interrupt Vector
Addresses are:
Address
Labels
Code
jmp
RESET
; Reset handler
$002
jmp
BT_F2_ISR
; Bit timer flag 2 interrupt service routine
$004
jmp
BT_F0_ISR
; Bit timer flag 0 interrupt service routine
$006 MAIN:
<instr>
xxx
; Main program start
…
…
…
Reset Sources
12
Comments
$000
…
The AT86RF401 has several sources of reset:
•
Power-on Reset: The device is reset when the supply voltage is applied between the
VDD and GND pins. There are 106 cycles of delay between Power-on Reset
occurring and the part becoming active. This is to ensure that the power is stable.
•
External Reset: The device is reset when a logic low level is present on the RESETB
pin. This resets all I/O Registers and puts the part into SPI mode. The I/O Registers
may be read and written by the SPI interface after two AVR System Clocks.
•
Watchdog Reset: This is similar to power-on reset but is caused by the watchdog
timer and does not have a 106 cycle delay prior to becoming active.
•
Brown-out Reset: This is caused by the battery voltage dropping below the Brownout Threshold voltage trip point.
•
Button Reset (software reset): The part is placed into a special reset state by
software. The part is released from reset when a properly configured button is
activated, and the part is not in external reset or brown-out reset. In the button reset
state, most I/O registers are not reset.
AT86RF401
1424E–RKE–03/03
AT86RF401
During power-on reset and watchdog reset, all I/O registers are set to their initial values,
and the program starts execution from address $000.
Note:
Interrupt Response Time
The instruction placed in address $000 must be an RJMP (relative jump) instruction or a
JMP (absolute jump) to the reset handling routine. If an RJMP or JMP instruction is not
present at address $000, the part is placed into a “no program” reset state. This is to protect the part from fetching instructions when no program is present.
The interrupt execution response for all the enabled AVR interrupts is a minimum of four
clock cycles. After the four clock cycles, the program vector address for the actual interrupt handling routine is executed. During this four clock cycle period, the Program
Counter is pushed onto the stack. The vector is a jump to the interrupt routine, and this
jump takes two clock cycles. If an interrupt occurs during execution of a multi-cycle
instruction, this instruction is completed before the interrupt is served.
A return from an interrupt handling routine takes four clock cycles. During these four
clock cycles, the Program Counter is popped back from the stack. When AVR exits from
an interrupt, it will always return to the main program and execute one more instruction
before any pending interrupt is served.
Note:
The Status Register (SREG) is not saved by the AVR hardware. This must be performed
by user software when required.
Memory Programming
Program Memory Lock
Bits
The AT86RF401 microtransmitter provides two lock bits that can be left unprogrammed
(“1”) or can be programmed (“0”) to obtain the additional features listed in Table 5.
Table 5. Lock Bit Protection Modes
Program Lock Bits
Mod
e
LB1
1
1
1
No program lock features
2
0
1
Further programming of the EEPROM is disabled (both program and
data memory).
3
0
0
Same as mode 2, but Verify is also disabled
Note:
LB2
Protection Type
The lock bits can only be erased with the Chip Erase operation.
In-system Flash and
EEPROM
The AT86RF401 offers 2 Kbytes (1K x 16) of in-system reprogrammable Flash program
memory and 128 bytes of EEPROM data memory. This memory can be programmed
serially via the SPI interface.
SPI Interface
Both the program and data memory arrays can be programmed using the serial SPI bus
while RESETB is pulled to GND. The serial interface consists of pins SCK, SDI (input)
and SDO (output).
When programming, an auto-erase cycle is built into the self-timed programming operation, and there is no need to first execute the Chip Erase instruction. The Chip Erase
operation sets every memory location in the EEPROM array to $FF.
Either an external system clock is supplied at pin XTAL/CLK or a crystal needs to be
connected across pins XTAL/CLK and XTALB. The minimum low and high periods for
the serial clock (SCK) input are defined as follows:
Low: 4 XTAL Clock Cycles
High: 16 XTAL Clock Cycles
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Serial Programming
Algorithm
Refer to Figure 4 (page 15), Figure 5 (page 16) and Figure 6 (page 17). To program and
verify the AT86RF401 in the serial programming mode, the following sequence is
recommended.
Power-up Sequence:
1. Apply power between VDD and GND while RESETB and SCK are set to “0”. If a
crystal is not connected across pins XTAL and XTALB, apply a clock signal to the
XTAL pin. If the programmer can not guarantee that SCK is held low during
power-up, RESETB must be given a positive pulse after SCK has been set to “0”.
2. Wait for at least 20 ms and enable serial programming by sending the Programming Enable instruction to pin SDI. This must occur prior to any program/erase
operations.
3. If a chip erase is performed, wait 4 ms, give RESETB a positive pulse and start
over again from Step 2.
4. The array is programmed one byte at a time by supplying the address and data
together with the appropriate Write instruction. The memory location is first automatically erased before new data is written. The next byte can be written after
4 ms.
5. Any memory location can be verified by using the Read instruction, which
returns the content at the selected address at serial output SDO.
6. At the end of the programming session, RESETB must be set high to commence
normal operation.
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AT86RF401
1424E–RKE–03/03
AT86RF401
Data EEPROM Access from the AVR
Table 6. AT86RF401 Serial Programming Instruction Set
Instruction Format
Instruction
Byte 1
Byte 2
Byte 3
Byte 4
Operation
Programming
Enable
1010 1100
0101 0011
xxxx xxxx
xxxx xxxx
Enable Serial Programming after
RESETB goes low.
Chip Erase
1010 1100
100x xxxx
xxxx xxxx
xxxx xxxx
Chip erase EEPROM
Read Program
Memory
0010 H000
0000 00aa
bbbb bbbb
oooo oooo
Read H (high or low) data o from Program
memory at word address a:b
Write Program
Memory
0100 H000
0000 00aa
bbbb bbbb
iiii iiii
Write H (high or low) data i to Program
memory at word address a:b
Read
EEPROM
Memory
1010 0000
0000 0000
xbbb bbbb
oooo oooo
Read data o from EEPROM memory at
address b
Write
EEPROM
Memory
1100 0000
0000 0000
xbbb bbbb
iiii iiii
Write Lock Bits
1010 1100
111x x21x
xxxx xxxx
xxxx xxxx
Write lock bits. Set bits 21 = “0” to
program lock bits.
I/O Read
10110000
0000 0000
00bbbbbb
oooo oooo
Read data 0 from I/O memory address b
I/O Write
11010000
0000 0000
00bbbbbb
iiii iiii
Note:
Write data i to EEPROM memory at
address b
Write data i to I/O memory address b
a = address high bits
b = address low bits
H = 0: Low byte, 1: High byte
o = data out
i = data in
x = don’t care
1= lock bit 1
2= lock bit 2
Figure 4. Serial Programming and Verify
2.0–3.5V
AT86RF401
RESETB
BAT
GND
SCK
CLOCK IN
SDO
DATA OUT
SDI
6 to 20 MHz
INSTR. IN, DATA IN
XTALB
XTAL
Notes:
1. When writing, data is clocked on the rising edge of CLK.
2. When reading, data is clocked on the falling edge of CLK. See Figure 5 for an
explanation.
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1424E–RKE–03/03
Figure 5. Serial Programming Waveforms
SERIAL DATA INPUT (SDI)
SERIAL DATA OUTPUT (SDO)
MSB
LSB
MSB
LSB
SERIAL CLOCK INPUT (SCK)
Note:
This device includes an integrated 128-byte EEPROM, which is accessed by three registers located in the I/O memory space.
These are the DEECR, DEEDR and DEEAR registers. For more information, refer to I/O Register Description.
AVR Core
Architectural Overview
The fast-access register file concept contains 32 x 8-bit general-purpose working registers with a single clock cycle access time. This means that during one single clock cycle,
one Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) operation is executed. Two operands are output from
the register file, the operation is executed, and the result is stored back in the register
file in one clock cycle.
Six of the 32 registers can be used as three 16-bit indirect address register pointers for
Data Space addressing, enabling efficient address calculations. One of the three
address pointers is also used as the address pointer for look-up tables in Flash program
memory. These added function registers are the 16-bit X-register, Y-register and Zregister.
The ALU supports arithmetic and logic operations between registers or between a constant and a register. Single register operations are also executed in the ALU. Figure 6
shows the AT86RF401 AVR architecture.
In addition to the register operation, the conventional memory addressing modes can be
used on the register file as well. This is enabled by the fact that the register file is
assigned the 32 lowest data space addresses ($00–$1F), allowing them to be accessed
as though they were ordinary memory locations.
The I/O memory space contains 64 addresses for CPU peripheral functions as Control
Registers, Timer/Counters, A/D converters and other I/O functions. The I/O Memory can
be accessed directly or as the Data Space locations following those of the register file,
$20–$5F.
16
AT86RF401
1424E–RKE–03/03
AT86RF401
Figure 6. AVR Core Architecture
Data Bus 8-bit
1K x 16
Program
Memory
Program
Counter
Status
and Control
32 x 8
General
Purpose
Registers
Instruction
Register
SPI Unit
Direct Addressing
Indirect Addressing
RF
Transmitter
Instruction
Decoder
Control Lines
Bit Timer
ALU
Brown-out/Low
Battery Detector
Programmable
Clock Divider
128 x 8
Data
SRAM
128 x 8
EEPROM
6
I/O Lines
Watchdog
Timer
The AVR uses a Harvard architecture concept, with separate memories and buses for
program and data. The program memory is executed with a two-stage pipeline. While
one instruction is being executed, the next instruction is prefetched from the program
memory. This concept enables instructions to be executed in every clock cycle. The program memory is in-system, reprogrammable Flash memory.
With the jump and call instructions, the whole 1K word address space is directly
accessed. Most AVR instructions have a single 16-bit word format. Every program
memory address contains a 16- or 32-bit instruction.
During interrupts and subroutine calls, the return address program counter (PC) is
stored on the stack. The stack is effectively allocated in the general data SRAM, and
consequently the stack size is only limited by the total SRAM size and the usage of the
SRAM. All user programs must initialize the SP in the reset routine (before subroutines
or interrupts are executed). The 7-bit stack pointer SP is read/write accessible in the I/O
space.
The 128-byte data SRAM can be easily accessed through the five different addressing
modes supported in the AVR architecture.
The memory spaces in the AVR architecture are all linear and regular memory maps.
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1424E–RKE–03/03
A flexible interrupt module has its control registers in the I/O space with an additional
global interrupt enable bit in the status register. All interrupts have a separate interrupt
vector in the interrupt vector table at the beginning of the program memory. The interrupts have priority in accordance with their interrupt vector position; the lower the
interrupt vector address, the higher the priority.
Figure 7. Memory Maps
Program Memory
$000
Application Flash Section
$3FF
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AT86RF401
1424E–RKE–03/03
AT86RF401
General-purpose
Register File
Figure 8 shows the structure of the 32 general-purpose working registers in the CPU.
Figure 8. AVR CPU General-purpose Working Registers
7
0
Addr.
R0
$00
R1
$01
R2
$02
…
R13
$0D
R14
$0E
R15
$0F
R16
$10
R17
$11
…
R26
$1A
X-register low byte
R27
$1B
X-register high byte
R28
$1C
Y-register low byte
R29
$1D
Y-register high byte
R30
$1E
Z-register low byte
R31
$1F
Z-register high byte
All the register operating instructions in the instruction set have direct and single cycle
access to all registers. The only exception is the five constant arithmetic and logic
instructions (SBCI, SUBI, CPI, ANDI and ORI) between a constant and a register, and
the LDI instruction for load immediate constant data. These instructions apply to the
second half of the registers in the register file, R16...R31. The general SBC, SUB, CP,
AND and OR and all other operations between two registers or on a single register apply
to the entire register file.
As shown in Figure 9, each register is also assigned a data memory address, mapping
the registers directly into the first 32 locations of the user data space. Although not being
physically implemented as SRAM locations, this memory organization provides great
flexibility in access of the registers, as the X, Y and Z registers can be set to index any
register in the file.
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1424E–RKE–03/03
The X, Y and Z Registers
The registers R26...R31 have some added functions to their general-purpose usage.
These registers are address pointers for indirect addressing of the data space. The
three indirect address registers X, Y and Z are defined as shown in Figure 9.
Figure 9. The X, Y and Z Registers
X Register
15
XH
XL
0
70
0
7
0
R27 ($1B)
Y Register
R26 ($1A)
15
YH
YL
0
70
0
7
0
R29 ($1D)
Z Register
R28 ($1C)
15
ZH
ZL
0
70
0
7
0
R30 ($1F)
R31 ($1E)
In the different addressing modes, these address registers have functions as fixed displacement, automatic increment and decrement (see the descriptions for the different
instructions).
Arithmetic Logic Unit
(ALU)
The high-performance AVR ALU operates in direct connection with all the 32 generalpurpose working registers. Within a single clock cycle, ALU operations between registers in the register file are executed. The ALU operations are divided into three main
categories: arithmetic, logical and bit-functions. The multiplier is not present in this version of the core. Therefore, the MUL instruction is not supported.
In-system Selfprogrammable Flash
Program Memory
The AT86RF401 contains 2 Kbytes of on-chip Flash memory for program storage. Since
all instructions are 16- or 32-bit words, the Flash is organized as 1K x 16.
The Flash memory has an endurance of at least 1000 write/erase cycles. The PC is 10
bits wide, thus addressing the 1024 program memory locations. See the Memory Programming section (page 13) for a detailed description on Flash data serial downloading.
Constant tables can be allocated within the entire program memory address space (see
Table 10, Instruction Set, page 44).
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AT86RF401
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AT86RF401
SRAM Data Memory
Figure 10 shows how the AT86RF401 SRAM memory is organized.
Figure 10. SRAM Organization
Register File
Data Address Space
R0
R1
R2
...
$0000
$0001
$0002
...
R29
R30
R31
I/O Registers
$00
$01
$02
...
$001D
$001E
$001F
$3D
$3E
$3F
$005D
$005E
$005F
Internal SRAM
$0060
$0061
...
$0020
$0021
$0022
...
$00DE
$00DF
The lower 224 Data Memory locations address the Register File, the I/O Memory and
the internal data SRAM. The first 96 locations address the Register File + I/O Memory,
and the next 128 locations address the internal data SRAM.
The five different addressing modes for the data memory cover: Direct, Indirect with Displacement, Indirect, Indirect with Pre-decrement, and Indirect with Post-increment. In
the register file, registers R26 to R31 feature the indirect addressing pointer registers.
The direct addressing reaches the entire data space.
The Indirect with Displacement mode features a 63 address locations reach from the
base address given by the Y or Z register.
When using register indirect addressing modes with automatic pre-decrement and postincrement, the address registers X, Y and Z are decremented and incremented.
The 32 general-purpose working registers, 64 I/O registers and the 128 bytes of internal
data SRAM in the AT86RF401 are all accessible through all these addressing modes.
Program and Data
Addressing Modes
The AT86RF401 AVR Enhanced RISC microcontroller supports powerful and efficient
addressing modes for access to the program memory (Flash) and data memory (SRAM,
Register File and I/O Memory). This section describes the different addressing modes
supported by the AVR architecture. In the figures, OP means the operation code part of
the instruction word. To simplify, not all figures show the exact location of the addressing bits.
21
1424E–RKE–03/03
Register Direct, Single
Register Rd
Figure 11. Direct Single Register Addressing
The operand is contained in register d (Rd).
Register Direct, Two
Registers Rd and Rr
Figure 12. Direct Register Addressing, Two Registers
Operands are contained in register r (Rr) and d (Rd). The result is stored in register d
(Rd).
I/O Direct
Figure 13. I/O Direct Addressing
Operand address is contained in 6 bits of the instruction word. “n” is the destination or
source register address.
22
AT86RF401
1424E–RKE–03/03
AT86RF401
Data Direct
Figure 14. Direct Data Addressing
Data Space
20 19
31
OP
$00
16
Rr/Rd
16 LSBs
15
0
$DF
A 16-bit Data Address is contained in the 16 LSBs of a two-word instruction. Rd/Rr
specify the destination or source register.
Data Indirect with
Displacement
Figure 15. Data Indirect with Displacement
Data Space
$00
15
0
Y OR Z - REGISTER
15
10
OP
6 5
n
0
a
$DF
Operand address is the result of the Y or Z register contents added to the address contained in 6 bits of the instruction word.
Data Indirect
Figure 16. Data Indirect Addressing
Data Space
$0000
15
0
X, Y OR Z - REGISTER
$DF
Operand address is the contents of the X, Y or Z register.
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1424E–RKE–03/03
Data Indirect with
Pre-decrement
Figure 17. Data Indirect Addressing with Pre-decrement
Data Space
$0000
15
0
X, Y OR Z - REGISTER
-1
$DF
The X, Y or Z register is decremented before the operation. Operand address is the
decremented contents of the X, Y or Z register.
Data Indirect with
Post-increment
Figure 18. Data Indirect Addressing with Post-increment
Data Space
$0000
15
0
X, Y OR Z - REGISTER
1
$DF
The X, Y or Z register is incremented after the operation. Operand address is the content of the X, Y or Z register prior to incrementing.
Constant Addressing Using the LPM Instruction
Figure 19. Code Memory Constant Addressing
$3FF
Constant byte address is specified by the Z register contents. The 10 MSBs select word
address (0–1K). For LPM, the LSB selects low byte if cleared (LSB = 0) or high byte if
set (LSB = 1).
24
AT86RF401
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AT86RF401
Indirect Program Addressing,
IJMP and ICALL
Figure 20. Indirect Program Memory Addressing
$3FF
Program execution continues at address contained by the Z register (i.e., the PC is
loaded with the contents of the Z register).
Relative Program Addressing,
RJMP and RCALL
Figure 21. Relative Program Memory Addressing
1
$3FF
Program execution continues at address PC + k + 1. The relative address k is from −
2048 to 2047.
25
1424E–RKE–03/03
EEPROM Data Memory
The AT86RF401 contains 128 bytes of data EEPROM memory. It is organized as a separate data space in which single bytes can be read and written. The access between the
EEPROM and the CPU is described in the Memory Programming section (page 13).
Memory Access Times
and Instruction
Execution Timing
This section describes the general access timing concepts for instruction execution and
internal memory access.
The AVR CPU is driven by the System Clock Ø generated from the main oscillator for
the chip. A programmable clock divider generates this clock from the crystal oscillator
input.
Figure 22 shows the parallel instruction fetches and instruction executions enabled by
the Harvard architecture and the fast-access register file concept. This is the basic pipelining concept to obtain up to 1 MIPS per MHz with the corresponding unique results for
functions per cost, functions per clocks and functions per power unit.
Figure 22. The Parallel Instruction Fetches and Instruction Executions
T1
T2
T3
T4
System Clock Ø
1st Instruction Fetch
1st Instruction Execute
2nd Instruction Fetch
2nd Instruction Execute
3rd Instruction Fetch
3rd Instruction Execute
4th Instruction Fetch
Figure 23 shows the internal timing concept for the register file. In a single clock cycle,
an ALU operation using two register operands is executed, and the result is stored back
to the destination register.
Figure 23. Single Cycle ALU Operation
T1
T2
T3
T4
System Clock Ø
Total Execution Time
Register Operands Fetch
ALU Operation Execute
Result Write Back
The internal data SRAM access is performed in two System Clock cycles as described
in Figure 24.
26
AT86RF401
1424E–RKE–03/03
AT86RF401
Figure 24. On-chip Data SRAM Access Cycles
T1
T2
T3
T4
System Clock Ø
Address
Data
Write
Data
Read
Write
Prev. Address
Read
Address
All I/Os and peripherals are placed in the I/O space. The I/O locations are accessed by
the IN and OUT instructions, transferring data between the 32 general-purpose working
registers and the I/O space. I/O registers within the address range $00–$1F are directly
bit-accessible using the SBI and CBI instructions. In these registers, the value of single
bits can be checked by using the SBIS and SBIC instructions. Refer to Table 10,
“Instruction Set Manual,” on page 44 for more details. When using the I/O specific commands IN and OUT, the I/O addresses $00–$3F must be used. When addressing I/O
registers as SRAM, $20 must be added to these addresses.
For compatibility with future devices, reserved bits should be written to “0” if accessed.
Reserved I/O memory addresses should never be written.
Some of the status flags are cleared by writing a logical “1” to them. Note that the CBI
and SBI instructions will operate on all bits in the I/O register, writing a “1” back into any
flag read as set, thus clearing the flag. The CBI and SBI instructions work with registers
$00 to $1F only.
The I/O and peripherals control registers are explained in the following sections.
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1424E–RKE–03/03
I/O Memory
The I/O space definition of the AT86RF401 is shown in Table 7 below.
Table 7. AT86RF401 I/O Space Definitions
Note:
28
Address Hex
Name
Function
$3F
SREG
Status Register
$3E
SPH
Stack Pointer High Register (program to 0 x 00)
$3D
SPL
Stack Pointer Low Register
$35
BL_CONFIG
$34
B_DET
$33
AVR_CONFIG
$32
IO_DATIN
$31
IO_DATOUT
$30
IO_ENAB
I/O Enable Register
$22
WDTCR
Watchdog Timer Control Register
$21
BTCR
Bit Timer Control Register
$20
BTCNT
Bit Timer Count Register
$1E
DEEAR
Data EEPROM Address Register
$1D
DEEDR
Data EEPROM Data Register
$1C
DEECR
Data EEPROM Control Register
$17
LOCKDET2
Lock Detector Configuration Register 2
$16
VCOTUNE
VCO Tuning Register
$14
PWR_ATTEN
$12
TX_CNTL
$10
LOCKDET1
Battery Low Configuration Register
Button Detect Register
AVR Configuration Register
I/O DATA IN Register
I/O DATA OUT Register
Power Attenuation Control Register
Transmitter Control Register
Lock Detector Configuration Register 1
Reserved and unused locations are not shown in the table.
AT86RF401
1424E–RKE–03/03
AT86RF401
I/O and Control
Registers
The AT86RF401 I/Os and peripherals are placed in the I/O space. The various I/O locations are accessed by the IN and OUT instructions transferring data between the 32
general-purpose working registers and the I/O space. I/O registers within the address
range $00–$1F are directly bit-accessible using the SBI and CBI instructions. In these
registers, the value of single bits can be checked by using the SBIS and SBIC instructions. Refer to Table 10 on page 44 for more details. The different I/O and peripherals
control registers are explained in the following sections.
Transmitter Control Register Descriptions
Lock Detector Configuration Register 1 – LOCKDET1
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
$10
–
–
–
UPOK
ENKO
BOD
CS1
CS0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
• Bits[7:5]
Reserved.
• Bit[4]: UPOK
If set high, this bit resets the unlock counter. The bit is level sensitive, and the unlock
counter will not count unless this bit is set to “0”. Leaving this bit high essentially disables the unlock detector.
• Bit[3]: ENKO (Enable Key on Bit)
If set to “1”, the rising edge of TXK starts the blackout period, during which any cycle
slips are ignored and do not affect the unlock circuit.
• Bit[2]: BOD (Black Out Disable)
When set high, cycle slips are counted immediately but only if LOCK is asserted high
(TX_CNTL b[2]).
• Bits[1:0] CS[1:0]: Cycle Slip Counter
These two bits determine how many cycle slips are allowed before the LOCKDETECT
signal is set low. The cycle slips are not counted unless the blackout logic is either disabled or the blackout window has passed.
CS[1:0]
Functionality
00
1 cycle slip causes unlock condition
01
2 cycle slips cause unlock condition
10
3 cycle slips cause unlock condition
11
4 cycle slips cause unlock condition
29
1424E–RKE–03/03
Transmit Control Register – TX_CNTL
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
$12
–
–
TXE
TXK
–
LOC
–
–
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
• Bit[7:6]
Reserved.
• Bit[5]: TXE, Transmitter Enable
This bit turns on the transmitter.
• Bit[4]: TXK, Transmitter Key
This bit is ORed with the output from the bit timer. If the bit timer is used to key the transmitter, the TXK bit should be programmed to “0”. If the bit timer is not used, this bit may
be used to manually key the transmitter.
Figure 25. Modulation Control Logic
Bit Timer
PLL
TXK
RF
IN
POWER
AMP
RF
OUT
ON/OFF
• Bit[3]
Reserved.
• Bit[2]: LOC, PLL Lock
This bit is set when the frequency synthesizer in the transmitter is locked. Usually this bit
should be set before transmitting.
Power Attenuation Control Register – PWR_ATTEN
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
$14
–
–
PCC2
PCC1
PCC0
PCF2
PCF1
PCF0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
This register is used to select the power attenuation level. The total power attenuation is
the sum of the coarse attenuation and fine attenuation. As an example, to obtain 15 dB
of attenuation, the coarse setting of 12 dB and fine setting of 3 dB would be selected. To
obtain 12 dB coarse attenuation, Bits[5:3] would be set to [010]. To obtain 3 dB of fine
attentuation would require Bits[2:0] to be set to [011].
• Bits[7:6]
Reserved
30
AT86RF401
1424E–RKE–03/03
AT86RF401
• Bits[5:3]: PCC, Power Control (coarse)
Attenuates the output power in 6 dB steps.
PCC[5:3]
Output Attenuation
000
0 dB
001
6 dB
010
12 dB
011
18 dB
100
24 dB
101
30 dB
110
Invalid
111
Invalid
• Bits[2:0]: PCF, Power Control (fine)
Attenuates the output power in 1 dB steps.
PCF[2:0]
Output Attenuation
000
0 dB
001
1 dB
010
2 dB
011
3 dB
100
4 dB
101
5 dB
110
Invalid
111
Invalid
VCO Tuning Register 6 – VCOTUNE
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
$16
VCOVDET[1]
VCOVDET[0]
–
VCOTUNE[4]
VCOTUNE[3]
VCOTUNE[2]
VCOTUNE[1]
VCOTUNE[0]
Read/Write
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
*
*
0
0
0
0
0
0
Note:
* These values are unknown at initial startup.
• Bits[4:0]: VCO Tuning Capacitor Array
This device requires the use of an external inductor to tune the VCO. Tolerance of the
inductor, coupled with process variation of the device, can lead to variations in the tuning point of the VCO. A switched array of tuning capacitors has been added internally to
the device in order to “fine tune” the VCO. This capacitance is switched across pins 3
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1424E–RKE–03/03
and 4 (L1 and L2) of the device. The capacitor array is set by VCOTUNE[4:0] and is
comprised of the following switched capacitance levels:
32
VCOTUNE[4:0]
Capacitance (pF)
00000
0
00001
0.03
00010
0.06
00011
0.09
00100
0.12
00101
0.15
00110
0.18
00111
0.21
01000
0.24
01001
0.27
01010
0.30
01011
0.33
01100
0.36
01101
0.39
01110
0.42
01111
0.45
10000
0.48
10001
0.51
10010
0.54
10011
0.57
10100
0.60
10101
0.63
10110
0.66
10111
0.69
11000
0.72
11001
0.75
11010
0.78
11011
0.81
11100
0.84
11101
0.87
11110
0.90
11111
0.93
AT86RF401
1424E–RKE–03/03
AT86RF401
• Bits[7:6]: VCO Voltage Detector
The VCO Voltage Detector circuit monitors the level of the VCO control voltage. This circuit, along with the VCO Switch Caps and the Lock Detect circuit, is intended for use
with a software algorithm to tune the VCO such that the VCO control voltage is centered
approximately at 1.1V.
The Voltage Detector circuit consists of two comparators with fixed reference voltages
of V1 (lower reference voltage) and V2 (upper reference voltage). The VCO Control
Voltage is compared to these two reference voltages and generates the state table
listed in Table 8. The state of these comparators is output to Bits 7 and 6 (Vcodet[1:0])
of the VCOTUNE register.
Table 8. VCO Window Comparator States
VCOvdet[1:0]
VCO Control Voltage
00
Above lower comparator threshold and below upper comparator
threshold. Control Voltage is within the valid window of operation.
01
Below both thresholds. Control Voltage is outside the recommended
window of operation.
10
Above both thresholds. Control Voltage is outside the recommended
window of operation.
11
Not a valid state.
Lock Detector Configuration Register 2 – LOCKDET2
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
$17
EUD
LAT
ULC[2]
ULC[1]
ULC[0]
LC[2]
LC[1]
LC[0]
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
• Bit[7]: EUD
A “1” enables the unlock detect logic.
• Bit[6]: LAT (Lock Always True)
Forces the lockdetect signal to “1” at the output of the lock detect circuitry. This may be
useful if the lock detect signal is not going high for some reason, and a power amp interlock has been implemented, and the user wishes to enable the power amp output stage.
33
1424E–RKE–03/03
• Bit[5:3]: ULC[2:0]
The unlock count (ULC) bits count a certain number of reference clocks, after which the
unlock detect circuit looks for a number of cycle slips determined by CS[1:0] before
making the loc detect signal go low. The ULC bits essentially control the blackout period
of the unlock detect circuit. The unlock counter is reset by the KEY signal rising (if
ENKO is asserted), or by the LOC rising edge, or by the UPOK signal being set high.
ULC[2:0]
Number of REF
Clocks of Delay
000
8
001
16
010
32
011
64
100
128
101
256
110
512
111
1024
• Bits[2:0]: LC[2:0]
The Lock Count (LC) bits control a counter that, after a number of reference clocks,
cause lock detect to go high. This counter will reset if a cycle slip or a reset signal occurs
(which happens if TXE goes low), if an out-of-lock condition occurs, if the crystal oscillator frequency is too low, or if the VCO feedback frequency is too low.
34
LC[2:0]
Number of REF Clocks of Delay
000
8
001
16
010
32
011
64
100
128
101
256
110
512
111
1024
AT86RF401
1424E–RKE–03/03
AT86RF401
EEPROM Control Register Descriptions
Data EEPROM Control Register – DEECR
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
$1C
–
–
–
–
BSY
EEU
EEL
EER
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Read/Write
Initial Value 0
• Bits[7:4]
R eserved . These b its should be “0 ” when written; otherw ise, results will b e
unpredictable.
• Bit[3]: EEPROM Busy Bit
Initially set to “0”. This bit will be set high during writes to the EEPROM.
• Bit[2]: EEPROM Unlock Bit
Set this bit to “1” before writing the EEPROM. Reset this bit to “0” after the write is complete. This bit should be left in the zero state when the EEPROM is not being used,
which will protect the EEPROM data during power transients.
• Bit[1]: EEPROM Load Bit
To write the EEPROM, use the following procedure:
Note:
Because of noise and power considerations, the EEPROM should not be written while
the transmitter is enabled.
1. Set the unlock bit.
2. Write the address of the first byte to the DEEAR.
3. Set the load bit. This locks the page address in the DEEAR. Keep the unlock bit
set.
4. Write the desired data to the DEEDR register. This byte is loaded into the
EEPROM and will be written when the load bit is later deasserted.
5. If it is desired to write another byte in the same page, write the new address to
the DEEAR register, and a new byte to the DEEDR register. Continue until all
bytes that are to be written are loaded into the EEPROM. Bytes may only be
loaded to an address once. There are eight bytes per page.
6. Deassert the load bit. This starts the write operation. Some time after load is
deasserted, the busy bit will go high. Another read or write operation may not be
started until the busy bit has returned to “0”. Writes take approximately 4 ms to
complete. Again, the unlock bit must still be set when deasserting the load bit.
7. After all writes are complete, write “0” to the unlock bit.
• Bit[0]: EEPROM Read Bit
To read the EEPROM use the following procedure:
1. Write the address to the DEEAR.
2. Set the read bit.
3. Read the data register. The read bit will reset itself.
4. If another read needs to be done, repeat steps 1–3 again.
35
1424E–RKE–03/03
Data EEPROM Data Register – DEEDR
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
$1D
ED7
ED6
ED5
ED4
ED3
ED2
ED1
ED0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Initial Value 0
• Bits[7:0]
This register contains the byte to be written to EEPROM. If a read operation has been
done, this register contains that last byte read from the data EEPROM.
Data EEPROM Address Register – DEEAR
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
$1E
–
PA6
PA5
PA4
PA3
BA2
BA1
BA0
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Read/Write
Initial Value 0
• Bit[7]
Reserved.
• Bits[6:3]: Data EEPROM Page Address
These bits select the page in the EEPROM that is to be accessed. These bits are write
locked and cannot be altered when the load bit is set.
• Bits[2:0]: Data EEPROM Byte Address
These bits select the byte in the page that is to be accessed. During a page write operation, these bits are used in combination with the DEEDR register to write bytes into a
page.
36
AT86RF401
1424E–RKE–03/03
AT86RF401
Bit Timer Register Descriptions
Bit Timer Count Register – BTCNT
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
$20
C7
C6
C5
C4
C3
C2
C1
C0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
• Bit [7:0]
Lowest 8 bits of countval. When combined with bits [7:6] of the BTCR register, countval
determines a counter value that sets the width of a mark or a space that is sent to the
transmitter. The width of the mark or space is:
PXX = PAVR * (countval +1)
where PXX is the period of the mark or space, and PAVR is the period of the AVR clock
that is determined by the ACS bits of the AVR configuration register, AVR_CONFIG.
Bit Timer Control Register – BTCR
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
$21
C9
C8
M1
M0
IE
F2
DATA
F0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R
R/W
R
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
• Bit[7:6]
Count_val[9:8]. MSB of BTCNT counter value bits.
• Bits[5:4]
Bit Timer Mode.
Mode[1:0]
Bit Timer Function
00
Bit Timer Disabled
01
Transmit Mode, Transmitter Not Keyed
10
Receive Mode
11
Transmit Mode, Transmitter Keyed
• Bit[3]: Interrupts Enabled
If this bit is set, the Flag2 and Flag0 will generate their respective interrupts when they
are set. Flag0 interrupt vector is located at 0 x 04. Flag2 interrupt vector is located at
0 x 02. Typically, a JMP instruction resides at these vector locations to pass control to
an interrupt handler. For Flag0 only, slightly faster execution can be achieved if the JMP
instruction is eliminated, and the interrupt service routine is located beginning at 0 x 04.
37
1424E–RKE–03/03
• Bit[2]: Flag2
In transmit mode, this flag indicates the Transmit Done condition that occurs when the
buffer is empty and the counter has counted down to “0”. In receive mode, this flag indicates that an edge has occurred, and the AVR should process the count value in the
BTCR and BTCNT registers. This bit is cleared upon read, e.g., IN R16, BTCR.
Mode[1:0]
Flag2 Function
00
Disabled
01
Indicates Transmit Done condition; buffer is empty and the
counter has expired.
10
An edge has been detected at the IO3 pin.
11
Indicates Transmit Done condition; buffer is empty and the
counter has expired.
• Bit[1]: Data Bit
In transmit mode, this is a one-bit buffer that the AVR writes data to and the bit timer
extracts data from. When the bit timer removes the value from this register, the Flag0 bit
is set, and if enabled, an interrupt (INT2) is generated. If the interrupt is used, the ISR
should load a new bit into the buffer. If the interrupt is not enabled, then a polling method
should be used to detect Flag0 being set. Because of overhead associated with interrupt
handling, it may be slightly faster to use polling.
In receive mode, the value in this register indicates whether the edge at the IO3 pin was
rising or falling. A “1” indicates a rising edge occurred, and a “0” indicates that a falling
edge was detected. The number of AVR clock cycles since the last edge is held in the
C[9:0] (countval) bits (that is, unless an overflow condition has occurred).
• Bit[0]: Flag0
In transmit mode, this flag indicates the buffer is empty and the AVR should load new
data into it. In receive mode, this indicates a counter overflow condition has occurred.
The AVR should increment its software counter if this condition has occurred. This bit is
cleared upon read, e.g., IN R16, BTCR.
Watchdog Timer Control Register – WDTCR
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
$22
–
–
–
WDTOE
WDE
WDP2
WDP1
WDP0
Read/Write
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
WDTCR
• Bits[7:5]
Reserved. These bits will always read as “0”.
• Bit[4]: WDTOE, Watchdog Turn-off Enable
This bit must be set (“1”) when the WDE bit is cleared. Otherwise, the watchdog will not
be disabled. Once set, hardware will clear this bit to “0” after four clock cycles. Refer to
the description of the WDE bit for a watchdog disable procedure.
• Bit[3]: WDE, Watchdog Enable
When the WDE is set (“1”), the Watchdog Timer is enabled, and if the WDE is cleared
(“0”), the Watchdog Timer function is disabled. WDE can only be cleared if the WDTOE
38
AT86RF401
1424E–RKE–03/03
AT86RF401
bit is set (“1”). To disable an enabled Watchdog Timer, the following procedure must be
followed: In the same operation, write a logical “1” to WDTOE and WDE. A logical “1”
must be written to WDE even though it is set to “1” before the disable operation starts.
Within the next four clock cycles, write a logical “0” to WDE. This disables the watchdog.
• Bits[2:0]: WDP2, WDP1, WDP0, Watchdog Timer Prescaler 2, 1 and 0
The WDP2, WDP1 and WDP0 bits determine the Watchdog Timer prescaling when the
Watchdog Timer is enabled. The different prescaling values and their corresponding
time-out periods are shown in Table 9.
Table 9. Watchdog Timer Prescale Select
WDP2
WDP1
WDP0
Number of System Clock Cycles
0
0
0
2,048 cycles
0
0
1
4,096 cycles
0
1
0
8,192 cycles
0
1
1
16,384 cycles
1
0
0
32,768 cycles
1
0
1
65,536 cycles
1
1
0
131,072 cycles
1
1
1
262,144 cycles
Note:
T
wdt
= XTALB
period
× ACS
div
× WDT
div
Example:
If the crystal period is 50 ns and the system clock divider is set to 32 (Bits[7:5] in the
PWR_CTL register are set to 010) and the WDT prescaler is set to 32K, then:
Watchdog Timeout = 50 ns × 32 × 32768 = 52 ms
I/O Enable Register – IO_ENAB
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
$30
–
BOHYST
IOE5
IOE4
IOE3
IOE2
IOE1
IOE0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
• Bit[7]
Reserved.
• Bit[6]
If set to “1”, additional hysteresis is added to the battery low and brown-out logic. See
BL_CONFIG register description and Table 3 (page 10) for more details.
39
1424E–RKE–03/03
• Bits[5:0]
If set to “1”, the corresponding bit (pin) IO[5:0] is configured as an output. Data may then
be written to that output by writing to the IO_DATA register. If set to “0”, the corresponding bit (pin) may be either a button input (refer to the Button Detect Register, $34) used
to wake the part up or a normal digital input.
IO_ENAB[n]
IO_DATOUT[n]
IO[n]
0
0
Normal Input
0
1
Button Input
1
0
Output Driven Low
1
1
Output Driven High
I/O Data Out Register – IO_DATOUT
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
$31
–
–
IOO5
IOO4
IOO3
IOO2
IOO1
IOO0
Read/Write
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
• Bits[7:6]: Reserved
These bits read “0”.
• Bits[5.0]
If enabled in the IO_ENAB register and not in test mode, the data in Bits[5:0] goes to the
corresponding general-purpose output IO [5:0].
I/O Data In Register – IO_DATIN
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
$32
–
–
IOI5
IOI4
IOI3
IOI2
IOI1
IOI0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R
R
R
R
R
R
Initial Value
0
0
• Bits[7:6]: Reserved
This bit reads “0”.
• Bits[5:0]
These bits directly read the data from the I/O pins IO[5:0]. Writes to these bits have no
effect.
AVR Configuration Register – AVR_CONFIG
40
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
$33
–
ACS1
ACS0
TM
BD
BLI
SLEEP
BBM
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R
R
W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
AT86RF401
1424E–RKE–03/03
AT86RF401
• Bits[6:5]: AVR System Clock Select
These bits select the divide value of the XTALB input that is used to produce the AVR
System Clock.
ACS[1:0]
AVR System Clock
11
XTALB/16
10
XTALB/32
01
XTALB/64
00
XTALB/128
This clock select value may be programmed on the fly by either the AVR processor in
normal operation or by an I/O write SPI command during SPI mode. Note that during
SPI mode, the I/O and serial programming logic runs at XTALB/16 frequency.
• Bit[4]: Test Mode
When this bit is set to “1”, the part enters test mode. The I/O pins, if enabled, assume
the following functionality:
I/O5
I/O4
I/O3
I/O2
I/O1
I/O0
Normal Mode
(RESETB = 1)
txkey
(Output)
lockdetect
(Output)
txenable
(Output)
RFU
RFU
RFU
SPI Mode
(RESETB = 0)
txkey
(Output)
lockdetect
(Output)
txenable
(Output)
SPI_CLK
SDO
SDI
Notes:
1. IO_ENAB register is NOT used for SPI pins.
2. In SPI mode, the I/O registers may be directly accessed via the SPI interface. Txkey, lockdetect may be output using this
mode.
• Bit[3]: Battery Dead
Indicates battery is dead. Only readable by SPI interface.
• Bit[2]: Battery Low Indicator
This bit is identical to Bit[7] of Battery Low Configuration Register ($35). When Bit[6] of
Battery Low Configuration Register ($35) is set (Battery Low Valid), a set bit in this location indicates that the battery voltage is lower than the voltage level that is determined
by Bits[5:0] of Battery Low Configuration Register ($35).
• Bit [1]: Sleep Bit
When set, this bit stops the crystal oscillator. This stops the AVR processor with the program counter frozen at the current instruction. Sleep will also stop the Watchdog Timer.
The Watchdog Timer is only restarted if the part wakes up. If an I/O pin is configured as
a button, a button press will start the oscillator and check the battery level. If the battery
level is greater than the Battery Dead level, the AVR system clock is started and normal
program execution continues. If the battery level is below the Battery Dead level, the
crystal oscillator is turned off, putting the part back to sleep until a button is pressed
again (care should be taken not to put the part to sleep unless a button is configured and
enabled).
• Bit[0]: Button Boot Mode (BBM)
If the BBM bit is set and the part is brought out of sleep mode by a button input activation, the part will enter the button reset state. In this state, the part will reboot and begin
code execution at the reset location. This bit is reset at POR and when exiting the button
reset state. All other registers remain unchanged.
41
1424E–RKE–03/03
Button Detect Register – B_DET
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
$34
–
–
BD5
BD4
BD3
BD2
BD1
BD0
Read/Write
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
• Bits[7:6]
Reserved. These bits read “0”.
• Bits[5:0]
When an I/O pin is configured as a button using the IO_ENAB and IO_DATOUT registers and a logic low is detected on that pin, the button detect logic is activated. If the part
is in sleep mode, the part responds as described in the Power Control Register description. If a good battery is present, the appropriate bit is set in this register. A bit in this
register is cleared by writing a “0” to it.
Battery Low Configuration Register – BL_CONFIG
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
$35
BL
BLV
BL5
BL4
BL3
BL2
BL1
BL0
Read/Write
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
• Bit[7]: Battery Low
When Bit 6 in this register is set (Battery Low Valid), the BL (Battery Low) bit indicates
that the battery voltage is lower than the voltage level that is determined by Bits [5:0] of
this register.
• Bit[6]: Battery Low Valid
When the Battery Low Configuration Register is written, this bit is set to “0”. When the
battery voltage has been sampled and compared to the voltage determined by the BLx
bits, this bit is set to “1” indicating that the data in Bit 7 (Battery Low) is valid. This can
take up to 3100 XTAL cycles to complete.
• Bit[5:0]: Battery Low Detection Level
This value is sent to the battery monitor. The threshold is calculated using the formulas
shown in Table 3 (page 10).
42
AT86RF401
1424E–RKE–03/03
AT86RF401
The Stack Pointer – SP
The Stack Pointer is implemented as two 8-bit registers in the I/O space locations $3E
($5E) and $3D ($5D). Caution: As the data memory has 224 locations, only 8 bits are
used and the SPH register must be programmed to 0 x 00.
Bit
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
$3E
–
–
–
–
–
SP10
SP9
SP8
SPH
$3D
SP7
SP6
SP5
SP4
SP3
SP2
SP1
SP0
SPL
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
R
R
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Read/Write
Initial Value
The Stack Pointer points to the data SRAM stack area where the Subroutine and Interrupt Stacks are located. This stack space in the data SRAM must be defined by the
program before any subroutine calls are executed or interrupts are enabled. The Stack
Pointer must be set to point above $60. The Stack Pointer is decremented by one when
data is pushed onto the stack with the PUSH instruction, and it is decremented by two
when the return address is pushed onto the stack with subroutine call and interrupt. The
Stack Pointer is incremented by one when data is popped from the stack with the POP
instruction, and it is incremented by two when data is popped from the stack with Return
from Subroutine (RET) or Return from Interrupt (RETI).
The Status Register – SREG
The AVR status register – SREG – at I/O space location $3F is defined as:
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
$3F
I
T
H
S
V
N
Z
C
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
• Bit[7] – I: Global Interrupt Enable
The global interrupt enable bit must be set (“1”) for the interrupts to be enabled. The
individual interrupt enable control is then performed in the interrupt mask registers
(GIMSK/TIMSK). If the global interrupt enable register is cleared (“0”), none of the interrupts are enabled, independent of the GIMSK/TIMSK values. The I-bit is cleared by
hardware after an interrupt has occurred and is set by the RETI instruction to enable
subsequent interrupts.
• Bit[6] – T: Bit Copy Storage
The bit copy instructions BLD (Bit LoaD) and BST (Bit STore) use the T-bit as source
and destination for the operated bit. A bit from a register in the register file can be copied
into T by the BST instruction, and a bit in T can be copied into a bit in a register in the
register file by the BLD instruction.
• Bit[5] – H: Half Carry Flag
The half carry flag H indicates a half carry in some arithmetic operations. See Table 10,
“SRAM Organization,” on page 21 for detailed information.
43
1424E–RKE–03/03
• Bit[4] – S: Sign Bit, S = N⊕V
The S-bit is always an exclusive or between the negative flag N and the two’s complement overflow flag V. See Table 10 for detailed information.
• Bit[3] – V: Two’s Complement Overflow Flag
The two’s complement overflow flag V supports two’s complement arithmetics. See
Table 10 below for detailed information.
• Bit[2] – N: Negative Flag
The negative flag N indicates a negative result after the different arithmetic and logic
operations. See Table 10 below for detailed information.
• Bit[1] – Z: Zero Flag
The zero flag Z indicates a zero result after the different arithmetic and logic operations.
See Table 10 below for detailed information.
• Bit[0] – C: Carry Flag
The carry flag C indicates a carry in an arithmetic or logic operation. See Table 10 for
detailed information.
Table 10. Instruction Set
Mnemonics
Operands
Description
Operation
Flags
#Clocks
Arithmetic and Logic Instructions
ADD
Rd, Rr
Add Two Registers
Rd ← Rd + Rr
Z,C,N,V,H
ADC
Rd, Rr
Add with Carry Two Registers
Rd ← Rd + Rr + C
Z,C,N,V,H
1
ADIW
Rdl,K
Add Immediate to Word
Rdh:Rdl ← Rdh:Rdl + K
Z,C,N,V,S
1
SUB
Rd, Rr
Subtract Two Registers
Rd ← Rd - Rr
Z,C,N,V,H
2
SUBI
Rd, K
Subtract Constant from Register
Rd ← Rd - K
Z,C,N,V,H
1
SBC
Rd, Rr
Subtract with Carry Two Registers
Rd ← Rd - Rr - C
Z,C,N,V,H
1
SBCI
Rd, K
Subtract with Carry Constant from
Register
Rd ← Rd - K - C
Z,C,N,V,H
1
SBIW
Rdl,K
Subtract Immediate from Word
Rdh:Rdl ← Rdh:Rdl - K
Z,C,N,V,S
1
AND
Rd, Rr
Logical AND Registers
Rd ← Rd • Rr
Z,N,V
2
ANDI
Rd, K
Logical AND Register and
Constant
Rd ← Rd • K
Z,N,V
1
OR
Rd, Rr
Logical OR Registers
Rd ← Rd v Rr
Z,N,V
1
ORI
Rd, K
Logical OR Register and Constant
Rd ← Rd v K
Z,N,V
1
EOR
Rd, Rr
Exclusive OR Registers
Rd ← Rd ⊕ Rr
Z,N,V
1
COM
Rd
One’s Complement
Rd ← $FF − Rd
Z,C,N,V
1
NEG
Rd
Two’s Complement
Rd ← $00 − Rd
Z,C,N,V,H
1
SBR
Rd,K
Set Bit(s) in Register
Rd ← Rd v K
Z,N,V
1
CBR
Rd,K
Clear Bit(s) in Register
Rd ← Rd • ($FF - K)
Z,N,V
1
INC
Rd
Increment
Rd ← Rd + 1
Z,N,V
1
DEC
Rd
Decrement
Rd ← Rd − 1
Z,N,V
1
TST
Rd
Test for Zero or Minus
Rd ← Rd • Rd
Z,N,V
1
44
AT86RF401
1424E–RKE–03/03
AT86RF401
Table 10. Instruction Set (Continued)
Mnemonics
Operands
Description
Operation
Flags
#Clocks
CLR
Rd
Clear Register
Rd ← Rd ⊕ Rd
Z,N,V
1
SER
Rd
Set Register
Rd ← $FF
None
1
Relative Jump
PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1
Indirect Jump to (Z)
PC ← Z
None
2
Branch Instructions
RJMP
k
IJMP
JMP
k
Direct Jump
PC ← k
None
2
RCALL
k
Relative Subroutine Call
PC ← PC + k + 1
None
3
Indirect Call to (Z)
PC ← Z
None
3
Direct Subroutine Call
PC ← k
None
3
RET
Subroutine Return
PC ← STACK
None
4
RETI
Interrupt Return
PC ← STACK
I
4
ICALL
CALL
k
CPSE
Rd,Rr
Compare, Skip if Equal
if (Rd = Rr) PC ← PC + 2 or 3
None
1/2/3
CP
Rd,Rr
Compare
Rd − Rr
Z, N,V,C,H
1
CPC
Rd,Rr
Compare with Carry
Rd − Rr − C
Z, N,V,C,H
1
CPI
Rd,K
Compare Register with Immediate
Rd − K
Z, N,V,C,H
1
SBRC
Rr, b
Skip if Bit in Register Cleared
If (Rr(b)=0) PC ← PC + 2 or 3
None
1/2/3
SBRS
Rr, b
Skip if Bit in Register Set
If (Rr(b)=1) PC ← PC + 2 or 3
None
1/2/3
SBIC
P, b
Skip if Bit in I/O Register Cleared
If (P(b)=0) PC ← PC + 2 or 3
None
1/2/3
SBIS
P, b
Skip if Bit in I/O Register Set
If (P(b)=1) PC ← PC + 2 or 3
None
1/2/3
BRBS
s, k
Branch if Status Flag Set
If (SREG(s) = 1) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRBC
s, k
Branch if Status Flag Cleared
If (SREG(s) = 0) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BREQ
k
Branch if Equal
If (Z = 1) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRNE
k
Branch if Not Equal
If (Z = 0) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRCS
k
Branch if Carry Set
If (C = 1) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRCC
k
Branch if Carry Cleared
If (C = 0) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRSH
k
Branch if Same or Higher
If (C = 0) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRLO
k
Branch if Lower
If (C = 1) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRMI
k
Branch if Minus
If (N = 1) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRPL
k
Branch if Plus
If (N = 0) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRGE
k
Branch if Greater or Equal, Signed
If (N ⊕ V= 0) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRLT
k
Branch if Less Than Zero, Signed
If (N ⊕ V= 1) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRHS
k
Branch if Half Carry Flag Set
If (H = 1) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRHC
k
Branch if Half Carry Flag Cleared
If (H = 0) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRTS
k
Branch if T Flag Set
If (T = 1) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRTC
k
Branch if T Flag Cleared
If (T = 0) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRVS
k
Branch if Overflow Flag Set
If (V = 1) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
45
1424E–RKE–03/03
Table 10. Instruction Set (Continued)
Mnemonics
Operands
Description
Operation
Flags
#Clocks
BRVC
k
Branch if Overflow Flag Cleared
If (V = 0) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRIE
k
Branch if Interrupt Enabled
If (I = 1) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRID
k
Branch if Interrupt Disabled
If (I = 0) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
None
1
Data Transfer Instructions
MOV
Rd, Rr
Move Between Registers
Rd ← Rr
MOVW
Rd, Rr
Copy Register Word
Rd+1:Rd ← Rr + 1:Rr
LDI
Rd, K
Load Immediate
Rd ← K
None
1
LD
Rd, X
Load Indirect
Rd ← (X)
None
2
LD
Rd, X+
Load Indirect and Post-Inc.
Rd ← (X), X ← X + 1
None
2
LD
Rd, −X
Load Indirect and Pre-Dec.
X ← X − 1, Rd ← (X)
None
2
LD
Rd, Y
Load Indirect
Rd ← (Y)
None
2
LD
Rd, Y+
Load Indirect and Post-Inc.
Rd ← (Y), Y ← Y + 1
None
2
LD
Rd, −Y
Load Indirect and Pre-Dec.
Y ← Y − 1, Rd ← (Y)
None
2
LDD
Rd,Y+q
Load Indirect with Displacement
Rd ← (Y + q)
None
2
LD
Rd, Z
Load Indirect
Rd ← (Z)
None
2
LD
Rd, Z+
Load Indirect and Post-Inc.
Rd ← (Z), Z ← Z + 1
None
2
LD
Rd, −Z
Load Indirect and Pre-Dec.
Z ← Z − 1, Rd ← (Z)
None
2
LDD
Rd, Z+q
Load Indirect with Displacement
Rd ← (Z + q)
None
2
LDS
Rd, k
Load Direct from SRAM
Rd ← (k)
None
2
ST
X, Rr
Store Indirect
(X) ← Rr
None
2
ST
X+, Rr
Store Indirect and Post-Inc.
(X) ← Rr, X ← X + 1
None
2
ST
− X, Rr
Store Indirect and Pre-Dec.
X ← X − 1, (X) ← Rr
None
2
ST
Y, Rr
Store Indirect
(Y) ← Rr
None
2
ST
Y+, Rr
Store Indirect and Post-Inc.
(Y) ← Rr, Y ← Y + 1
None
2
ST
−Y, Rr
Store Indirect and Pre-Dec.
Y ← Y − 1, (Y) ← Rr
None
2
STD
Y+q,Rr
Store Indirect with Displacement
(Y + q) ← Rr
None
2
ST
Z, Rr
Store Indirect
(Z) ← Rr
None
2
ST
Z+, Rr
Store Indirect and Post-Inc.
(Z) ← Rr, Z ← Z + 1
None
2
ST
−Z, Rr
Store Indirect and Pre-Dec.
Z ← Z − 1, (Z) ← Rr
None
2
STD
Z+q,Rr
Store Indirect with Displacement
(Z + q) ← Rr
None
2
STS
k, Rr
Store Direct to SRAM
(k) ← Rr
None
2
Load Program Memory
R0 ← (Z)
None
3
LPM
None
LPM
Rd, Z
Load Program Memory
Rd ← (Z)
None
3
LPM
Rd, Z+
Load Program Memory and PostInc.
Rd ← (Z), Z ← Z+1
None
3
IN
Rd, P
In Port
Rd ← P
None
1
46
AT86RF401
1424E–RKE–03/03
AT86RF401
Table 10. Instruction Set (Continued)
Mnemonics
Operands
Description
Operation
Flags
#Clocks
OUT
P, Rr
Out Port
P ← Rr
None
1
PUSH
Rr
Push Register on Stack
STACK ← Rr
None
2
POP
Rd
Pop Register from Stack
Rd ← STACK
None
2
Bit and Bit-test Instructions
SBI
P, b
Set Bit in I/O Register
I/O(P,b) ← 1
None
2
CBI
P, b
Clear Bit in I/O Register
I/O(P,b) ← 0
None
2
LSL
Rd
Logical Shift Left
Rd(n+1) ← Rd(n), Rd(0) ← 0
Z,C,N,V
1
LSR
Rd
Logical Shift Right
Rd(n) ← Rd(n+1), Rd(7) ← 0
Z,C,N,V
1
ROL
Rd
Rotate Left Through Carry
Rd(0) ← C, Rd(n+1) ← Rd(n), C ← Rd(7)
Z,C,N,V
1
ROR
Rd
Rotate Right Through Carry
Rd(7) ← C, Rd(n) ← Rd(n+1), C ← Rd(0)
Z,C,N,V
1
ASR
Rd
Arithmetic Shift Right
Rd(n) ← Rd(n+1), n = 0...6
Z,C,N,V
1
SWAP
Rd
Swap Nibbles
Rd(3...0) ← Rd(7...4), Rd(7...4) ← Rd(3...0)
None
1
BSET
s
Flag Set
SREG(s) ← 1
SREG(s)
1
BCLR
s
Flag Clear
SREG(s) ← 0
SREG(s)
1
BST
Rr, b
Bit Store from Register to T
T ← Rr(b)
T
1
BLD
Rd, b
Bit Load from T to Register
Rd(b) ← T
None
1
SEC
Set Carry
C←1
C
1
CLC
Clear Carry
C←0
C
1
SEN
Set Negative Flag
N←1
N
1
CLN
Clear Negative Flag
N←0
N
1
SEZ
Set Zero Flag
Z←1
Z
1
CLZ
Clear Zero Flag
Z←0
Z
1
SEI
Global Interrupt Enable
I←1
I
1
CLI
Global Interrupt Disable
I← 0
I
1
SES
Set Signed Test Flag
S←1
S
1
CLS
Clear Signed Test Flag
S←0
S
1
SEV
Set Two’s Complement Overflow
V←1
V
1
CLV
Clear Two’s Complement Overflow
V←0
V
1
SET
Set T in SREG
T←1
T
1
CLT
Clear T in SREG
T←0
T
1
SEH
Set Half Carry Flag in SREG
H←1
H
1
CLH
Clear Half Carry Flag in SREG
H←0
H
1
NOP
No Operation
None
1
SLEEP
Sleep
Not Implemented
None
3
WDR
Watchdog Reset
(See specific description for WDR/timer)
None
1
47
1424E–RKE–03/03
Ordering Information
RF Output
Ordering Code
Package
Application
Temperature
Operating Range
315 MHz
AT86RF401U
20T
North American
−40°C to 85°C
434 MHz
AT86RF401E
20T
European
−40°C to 85°C
264 to 456 MHz
AT86RF401X
20T
All Applications
−40°C to 85°C
48
AT86RF401
1424E–RKE–03/03
AT86RF401
Package Drawing
All devices are packaged on tape in reel; standard reel quantity is 2,500 pieces.
20A2 – TSSO
b
L
L1
E
E1
End View
e
COMMON DIMENSIONS
(Unit of Measure = mm)
Top View
SYMBOL
D
D
A
A2
MIN
NOM
MAX
NOTE
6.40
6.50
6.60
2, 5
4.40
4.50
3, 5
E
E1
6.40 BSC
4.30
A
–
–
1.20
A2
0.80
1.00
1.05
b
0.19
–
0.30
e
Side View
L
L1
Notes:
4
0.65 BSC
0.45
0.60
0.75
1.00 REF
1. This drawing is for general information only. Please refer to JEDEC Drawing MO-153, Variation AC, for additional
information.
2. Dimension D does not include mold Flash, protrusions or gate burrs. Mold Flash, protrusions and gate burrs shall
not exceed 0.15 mm (0.006 in) per side.
3. Dimension E1 does not include inter-lead Flash or protrusions. Inter-lead Flash and protrusions shall not exceed
0.25 mm (0.010 in) per side.
4. Dimension b does not include Dambar protrusion. Allowable Dambar protrusion shall be 0.08 mm total in excess
of the b dimension at maximum material condition. Dambar cannot be located on the lower radius of the foot.
Minimum space between protrusion and adjacent lead is 0.07 mm.
5. Dimension D and E1 to be determined at Datum Plane H.
6/3/02
R
2325 Orchard Parkway
San Jose, CA 95131
TITLE
20A2, 20-lead (4.4 x 6.5 mm Body), 0.65 pitch,
Thin Shrink Small Outline Package (TSSOP)
DRAWING NO.
20A2
REV.
C
49
1424E–RKE–03/03
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© Atmel Corporation 2003.
Atmel Corporation makes no warranty for the use of its products, other than those expressly contained in the Company’s standard warranty
which is detailed in Atmel’s Terms and Conditions located on the Company’s web site. The Company assumes no responsibility for any errors
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1424E–RKE–03/03