® INA145 INA 145 For most current data sheet and other product information, visit www.burr-brown.com Programmable Gain DIFFERENCE AMPLIFIER FEATURES DESCRIPTION ● DIFFERENTIAL GAIN = 1V/V TO 1000V/V: Set with External Resistors ● LOW QUIESCENT CURRENT: 570µA The INA145 is a precision, unity-gain difference amplifier consisting of a precision op amp and onchip precision resistor network. Two external resistors set the gain from 1V/V to 1000V/V. The input common-mode voltage range extends beyond the positive and negative rails. ● WIDE SUPPLY RANGE: Single Supply: 4.5V to 36V Dual Supplies: ±2.25V to ±18V ● HIGH COMMON-MODE VOLTAGE: +8V at VS = +5V ±28V at VS = ±15V On-chip precision resistors are laser-trimmed to achieve accurate gain and high common-mode rejection. Excellent TCR tracking of these resistors assures continued high precision over temperature. ● LOW GAIN ERROR: 0.01% ● HIGH CMR: 86dB The INA145 is available in the SO-8 surface-mount package specified for the extended industrial temperature range, –40°C to +85°C. ● SO-8 PACKAGE APPLICATIONS ● CURRENT SHUNT MEASUREMENTS ● SENSOR AMPLIFIER ● DIFFERENTIAL LINE RECEIVER ● BATTERY POWERED SYSTEMS RG1 RG2 V+ RG 7 VIN– 2 5 R2 40kΩ R1 40kΩ R5 10kΩ (1%) G=1 A2 6 A1 VO + – VO = (VIN – VIN)(1 + RG2/RG1) + VIN 3 R3 40kΩ R4 40kΩ INA145 4 V– 1 8 Ref V01 International Airport Industrial Park • Mailing Address: PO Box 11400, Tucson, AZ 85734 • Street Address: 6730 S. Tucson Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85706 • Tel: (520) 746-1111 Twx: 910-952-1111 • Internet: http://www.burr-brown.com/ • Cable: BBRCORP • Telex: 066-6491 • FAX: (520) 889-1510 • Immediate Product Info: (800) 548-6132 ® ©1999 Burr-Brown Corporation SBOS120 PDS-1567B 1 INA145 Printed in U.S.A. March, 2000 SPECIFICATIONS: VS = ±2.25V to ±18V Boldface limits apply over the specified temperature range, TA = –40°C to +85°C At TA = +25°C, G = 1, RL = 10kΩ connected to ground and ref pin connected to ground unless otherwise noted. INA145UA PARAMETER CONDITION OFFSET VOLTAGE, VO Input Offset Voltage vs Temperature vs Power Supply vs Time Offset Voltage, V01 INPUT VOLTAGE RANGE Common-Mode Voltage Range Common-Mode Rejection Over Temperature VOS ∆VOS /∆T PSRR MIN RTI(1, 2) VCM = VO = 0V VS = ±1.35V to ±18V RTI(1, 2) VCM CMRR INPUT BIAS CURRENT(2) Bias Current Offset Current (VIN+) – (VIN–) = 0V, VO = 0V VCM = 2(V–) to 2(V+) – 2V, RS = 0Ω VS = ±15V TYP MAX UNITS ±0.2 See Typical Curve ±20 ±0.3 ±0.4 ±1 mV ±60 µV/V µV/mo mV 2(V+) –2 86 80 V dB dB ±50 ±5 nA nA 80 27 40 kΩ kΩ kΩ 2 90 µVp-p nV/√Hz G = 1 to 1000 G = 1 + RG2 /RG1 1 ±0.01 ±2 ±0.01 ±2 ±0.0002 V/V V/V % ppm /°C % ppm /°C % of FS 2(V–) 76 70 VCM = VS /2 IB IOS INPUT IMPEDANCE Differential (non-inverting input) Differential (inverting input) Common-Mode NOISE Voltage Noise, f = 0.1Hz to 10Hz Voltage Noise Density, f = 1kHz RTI(1, 3) en GAIN Gain Equation Initial(1) Gain Error vs Temperature RL = 100kΩ, VO = (V–)+0.15 to (V+)–1, G = 1 RL = 100kΩ, VO = (V–)+0.25 to (V+)–1, G = 1 RL = 10kΩ, VO = (V–)+0.3 to (V+)–1.25, G = 1 RL = 10kΩ, VO = (V–)+0.5 to (V+)–1.25, G = 1 RL = 10kΩ, VO = (V–)+0.3 to (V+)–1.25, G = 1 vs Temperature Nonlinearity FREQUENCY RESPONSE Small Signal Bandwidth G=1 G = 10 Slew Rate Settling Time, 0.1% 0.01% Overload Recovery RL = 100kΩ, G = 1 RL = 100kΩ, G = 1 RL = 10kΩ, G = 1 RL = 10kΩ, G = 1 Continuous to Common Stable Operation Over Temperature Short-Circuit Current Capacitive Load POWER SUPPLY Specified Voltage Range, Dual Supplies Operating Voltage Range Quiescent Current Over Temperature TEMPERATURE RANGE Specified Range Operating Range Storage Range Thermal Resistance 500 50 0.45 40 90 40 G = 1, 10V Step G = 1, 10V Step 50% Input Overload OUTPUT, VO Voltage Output Over Temperature (V–) + 0.15 (V–) + 0.25 (V–) + 0.3 (V–) + 0.5 kHz kHz V/µs µs µs µs (V+) – 1 (V+) – 1 (V+) – 1.25 (V+) – 1.25 V V V V mA pF ±18 ±18 ±700 ±800 V V µA µA +85 +125 +125 °C °C °C °C/W ±15 1000 ±2.25 ±1.35 VIN = 0, IO = 0 ±570 –40 –55 –55 θJA ±0.1 ±10 ±0.1 ±10 ±0.005 150 NOTES: (1) Referred to input pins (VIN+ and VIN–), Gain = 1V/V. Specified with 10kΩ in feedback of A2. (2) Input offset voltage specification includes effects of amplifier’s input bias and offset currents. (3) Includes effects of input bias current noise and thermal noise contribution of resistor network. The information provided herein is believed to be reliable; however, BURR-BROWN assumes no responsibility for inaccuracies or omissions. BURR-BROWN assumes no responsibility for the use of this information, and all use of such information shall be entirely at the user’s own risk. Prices and specifications are subject to change without notice. No patent rights or licenses to any of the circuits described herein are implied or granted to any third party. BURR-BROWN does not authorize or warrant any BURR-BROWN product for use in life support devices and/or systems. ® INA145 2 SPECIFICATIONS: VS = +5V Single Supply Boldface limits apply over the specified temperature range, TA = –40°C to +85°C At TA = +25°C, G = 1, RL = 10kΩ connected to ground and ref pin connected to 2.5V unless otherwise noted. INA145UA PARAMETER CONDITION OFFSET VOLTAGE, VO Input Offset Voltage VOS vs Temperature ∆VOS /∆T vs Power Supply Rejection Ratio PSRR vs Time Offset Voltage, V01 INPUT VOLTAGE RANGE Common-Mode Voltage Range(3) Common-Mode Rejection Ratio Over Temperature VCM CMRR INPUT BIAS CURRENT(2) Bias Current Offset Current MIN RTI(1, 2) VCM = VO = 2.5V VS = ±1.35V to ±18V RTI(1, 2) VIN+ – VIN– = 0V, VO = 2.5V VCM = –2.5V to +5.5V, RS = 0Ω –2.5 76 IB IOS INPUT IMPEDANCE Differential (non-inverting input) Differential (inverting input) Common-Mode NOISE Voltage Noise, f = 0.1Hz to 10Hz Voltage Noise Density, f = 1kHz MAX UNITS ±0.35 See Typical Curve ±20 ±0.3 ±0.55 ±1 mV ±60 µV/°C µV/mo mV 5.5 86 80 V dB dB ±50 ±5 nA nA 80 27 40 kΩ kΩ kΩ 2 90 µVp-p nV/√Hz G = 1 to 1000 G = 1 + RG2 /RG1 1 ±0.01 ±2 ±0.01 ±2 ±0.001 V/V V/V V/V % ppm /°C % ppm /°C % of FS RTI(1, 4) en GAIN Gain Equation Initial(1) Gain Error vs Temperature RL = 100kΩ, VO = 0.15V to 4V, G = 1 RL = 100kΩ, V O = 0.25V to 4V, G = 1 RL = 10kΩ, VO = 0.3V to 3.75V, G = 1 RL = 10kΩ, VO = 0.5V to 3.75V, G = 1 R L = 10kΩ, VO = +0.3 to +3.75, G = 1 vs Temperature Nonlinearity FREQUENCY RESPONSE Small Signal Bandwidth G = 0.1 G=1 Slew Rate Settling Time, 0.1% 0.01% Overload Recovery RL = 100kΩ, G = 1 RL = 100kΩ, G = 1 RL = 10kΩ, G = 1 RL = 10kΩ, G = 1 Continuous to Common Stable Operation Over Temperature Short-Circuit Current Capacitive Load POWER SUPPLY Specified Voltage Range, Single Supply Operating Voltage Range Quiescent Current Over Temperature 0.15 0.25 0.3 0.5 kHz kHz V/µs µs µs µs 4 4 3.75 3.75 V V V V mA pF +36 +36 700 800 V V µA µA +85 +125 +125 °C °C °C °C/W ±15 1000 +4.5 +2.7 VIN = 0, IO = 0 550 –40 –55 –55 θJA ±0.1 ±10 ±0.1 ±10 ±0.005 500 50 0.45 40 90 40 G = 1, 10V Step G = 1, 10V Step 50% Input Overload OUTPUT, VO Voltage Output Over Temperature TEMPERATURE RANGE Specified Range Operating Range Storage Range Thermal Resistance TYP 150 NOTES: (1) Referred to input pins (VIN+ and VIN–), Gain = 1V/V. Specified with 10kΩ in feedback of A2. (2) Input offset voltage specification includes effects of amplifier’s input bias and offset currents. (3) Common-mode voltage range with single supply is 2(V+) – 2V – VREF to –VREF. (4) Includes effects of input current noise and thermal noise contribution of resistor network. ® 3 INA145 AMPLIFIER A1, A2 PERFORMANCE Boldface limits apply over the specified temperature range, TA = –40°C to +85°C At TA = +25°C, G = 1, RL = 10kΩ connected to ground and ref pin connected to ground unless otherwise noted. INA145UA PARAMETER CONDITION MIN TYP MAX UNITS RTI(1, 2) OFFSET VOLTAGE, VO Input Offset Voltage vs Temperature VOS ∆VOS /∆T VS = ±15V, VCM = VO = 0V ±0.5 ±1 mV µV/°C VCM CMRR VIN+ – VIN– = 0V, VO = 0V VCM = (V–) to (V+) –1 (V–) to (V+) –1 90 V dB AOL 110 dB IB IOS ±50 ±5 nA nA 10 ±0.2 ±50 kΩ % ppm/°C INPUT VOLTAGE RANGE Common-Mode Voltage Range Common-Mode Rejection Ratio OPEN-LOOP GAIN Open Loop Gain CURRENT(2) INPUT BIAS Bias Current Offset Current RESISTOR AT A1 OUTPUT, VO1 Initial Error Temperature Drift Coefficient ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE SENSITIVITY PIN CONFIGURATION Top View SO-8 Ref 1 8 VO1 – VIN 2 7 V+ + VIN 3 6 VO V– 4 5 RG This integrated circuit can be damaged by ESD. Burr-Brown recommends that all integrated circuits be handled with appropriate precautions. Failure to observe proper handling and installation procedures can cause damage. ESD damage can range from subtle performance degradation to complete device failure. Precision integrated circuits may be more susceptible to damage because very small parametric changes could cause the device not to meet its published specifications. ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS(1) Supply Voltage, V+ to V– .................................................................... 36V Signal Input Terminals, Voltage ........................................................ ±80V Current ....................................................... ±1mA Output Short Circuit (to ground) .............................................. Continuous Operating Temperature .................................................. –55°C to +125°C Storage Temperature ..................................................... –55°C to +150°C Junction Temperature .................................................................... +150°C Lead Temperature (soldering, 10s) ............................................... +240°C NOTE: (1) Stresses above these ratings may cause permanent damage. Exposure to absolute maximum conditions for extended periods may degrade device reliability. PACKAGE/ORDERING INFORMATION PRODUCT PACKAGE PACKAGE DRAWING NUMBER INA145UA SO-8 182 –40°C to +85°C INA145UA " " " " " SPECIFIED TEMPERATURE RANGE PACKAGE MARKING ORDERING NUMBER(1) TRANSPORT MEDIA INA145UA INA145UA/2K5 Rails Tape and Reel NOTE: (1) Models with a slash (/) are available only in Tape and Reel in the quantities indicated (e.g., /2K5 indicates 2500 devices per reel). Ordering 2500 pieces of “INA145UA/2K5” will get a single 2500-piece Tape and Reel. ® INA145 4 TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CURVES At TA = +25°C, VS = ±15V, G = 1, RL = 10kΩ connected to ground and Ref pin connected to ground, unless otherwise noted. GAIN vs FREQUENCY GAIN vs FREQUENCY 60 60 VS = ±15V CL = 1000pF G = 100 40 Voltage Gain (dB) Voltage Gain (dB) 40 20 G = 10 0 G = 10 20 0 G=1 G=1 –20 –20 100 1K 10K 100K 1M 10M 100 1K Frequency (Hz) 10K 100K 1M 10M Frequency (Hz) POWER SUPPLY REJECTION vs FREQUENCY COMMON-MODE REJECTION vs FREQUENCY 100 Power Supply Rejection (dB) 100 Common-Mode Rejection (dB) VS = ±15V CL = 200pF 10kΩ G = 100 80 60 40 20 PSR+ (VS = ±15V) 80 PSR+ (VS = +5V) 60 40 20 PSR– (VS = ±15V) 0 0 10 100 1k 10k 100k 1M 1 10M 10 100 1k 10k Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz) INPUT VOLTAGE NOISE DENSITY 0.1Hz to 10Hz VOLTAGE NOISE (RTI) 100k G=1 500nV/div Input Voltage Noise (nV/√Hz 1k 100 G = 100 G = 10 10 0.1 1 10 100 1k 10k 100k 500ms/div Frequency (Hz) ® 5 INA145 TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CURVES (Cont.) At TA = +25°C, VS = ±15V, G = 1, RL = 10kΩ connected to ground and Ref pin connected to ground, unless otherwise noted. QUIESCENT CURRENT AND SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT vs TEMPERATURE SLEW RATE vs TEMPERATURE 18 0.55 630 16 610 14 590 12 570 10 IQ 550 8 G=1 0.5 0.45 0.4 0.35 530 6 510 4 490 2 0.25 0 0.2 470 –60 –40 –20 20 0 40 60 0.3 100 120 140 80 –60 –40 –20 0 Temperature (°C) GAIN AND PHASE vs FREQUENCY Op Amp A1 and A2 60 80 100 120 140 SETTLING TIME vs LOAD CAPACITANCE G 140 RL = 10kΩ || 200pF G=1 0.01% 120 Φ –90 RL = 1nF 40 30 20 10 –135 Settling Time (µs) 90 80 70 60 50 G = 10 0.01% 100 80 G = 10 0.1% G=1 0.1% 60 40 20 0 –10 0 –180 1 10 100 1k 10k 100k 1M 1 10 100 Frequency (Hz) Load Capacitance (nF) MAXIMUM OUTPUT VOLTAGE SWING vs OUTPUT CURRENT OFFSET VOLTAGE PRODUCTION DISTRIBUTION 15 VS = ±2.25V 10 –25°C +25°C +85°C 5 –55°C 0 –55°C +125°C –5 –25°C +85°C –10 Typical Production Distribution of Packaged Units. Relative Frequency +125°C +25°C 16 Offset Voltage, RTI (mV) ® INA145 6 1 14 0.8 12 0.6 10 0.4 8 0.2 6 Output Current (mA) 0 4 –0.4 2 –0.6 0 –0.8 –15 –1 Output Voltage Swing (V) 40 160 Phase (°) Open-Loop Gain (dB) 110 100 20 Temperature (°C) –0.2 IQ (µA) ISC 0.6 Sew Rate (V/µs) G=1 650 20 ISC (mA) 670 TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CURVES (Cont.) At TA = +25°C, VS = ±15V, G = 1, RL = 10kΩ connected to ground and Ref pin connected to ground, unless otherwise noted. OFFSET VOLTAGE DRIFT PRODUCTION DISTRIBUTION OFFSET VOLTAGE PRODUCTION DISTRIBUTION 20 VS = ±15V VS = ±15V Relative Frequency Relative Frequency Typical Production Distribution of Packaged Devices 15 10 5 –10 –9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 –0.2 –0.4 –0.6 –0.8 –1 0 Offset Voltage Drift, RTI (µV/°C) Offset Voltage, RTI (mV) SMALL-SIGNAL STEP RESPONSE (G = 1, RL = 10kΩ, CL = 200pF) (G = 1, CL = 1000pF) 50mV/div 50mV/div SMALL-SIGNAL STEP RESPONSE 5µs/div SMALL-SIGNAL STEP RESPONSE LARGE-SIGNAL STEP RESPONSE (G = 10, CL = 1000pF) (G = 10, RL = 10kΩ, CL = 200pF) 5V/div 50mV/div 5µs/div 50µs/div 5µs/div ® 7 INA145 APPLICATION INFORMATION SETTING THE GAIN The gain of the INA145 is set by using two external resistors, RG1 and RG2, according to the equation: The INA145 is a programmable gain difference amplifier consisting of a gain of 1 difference amplifier and a programmable-gain output buffer stage. Basic circuit connections are shown in Figure 1. Power supply bypass capacitors should be connected close to pins 4 and 7, as shown. The amplifier is programmable in the range of G = 1 to G = 1000 with two external resistors. G = 1 + RG2 / RG1 For a total gain of 1, A2 is connected as a buffer amplifier with no RG1. A feedback resistor, RG2 = 10kΩ, should be used in the buffer connection. This provides bias current cancellation (in combination with internal R5) to assure specified offset voltage performance. Commonly used values are shown in the table of Figure 1. Resistor values for other gains should be chosen to provide a 10kΩ parallel resistance. The output of A1 is connected to the noninverting input of A2 through a 10kΩ resistor which is trimmed to ±1% absolute accuracy. The A2 input is available for applications such as a filter or a precision current source. See application figures for examples. COMMON-MODE RANGE OPERATING VOLTAGE The input resistors of the INA145 provides an input common-mode range that extends well beyond the power supply rails. Exact range depends on the power supply voltage and the voltage applied to the Ref terminal (pin 1). To assure proper operation, the voltage at the non-inverting input of A1 (an internal node) must be within its linear operating range. Its voltage is determined by the simple 1:1 voltage divider between pin 3 and pin 1. This voltage must be between V– and (V+) – 1V. The INA145 is fully specified for supply voltages from ±2.25V to ±18V, with key parameters guaranteed over the temperature range –40°C to +85°C. The INA145 can be operated with single or dual supplies, with excellent performance. Parameters that vary significantly with operating voltage, load conditions, or temperature are shown in the typical performance curves. +VS RG1 RG2 0.1µF RB 7 5 R1 40kΩ VIN– R2 40kΩ + – VO = (VIN – VIN)(1 + RG2/RG1) R5 10kΩ (1%) 2 A2 VO 6 A1 STANDARD 1% RESISTORS R3 40kΩ + VIN R4 40kΩ INA145 3 4 1 8 0.1µF V01 –VS FIGURE 1. Basic Circuit Connections. ® INA145 8 TOTAL GAIN (V/V) A2 GAIN (V/V) RG1 (W) RG2 (W) RB (W) 1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 1000 1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 1000 (None) 20k 12.4k 11.0k 10.5k 10.2k 10.2k 499 100 100 10k 20k 49.9k 100k 200k 499k 1M 100k 49.9k 100k — — — — — — — 9.53k 10k 10k OFFSET TRIM INPUT IMPEDANCE The INA145 is laser-trimmed for low offset voltage and drift. Most applications require no external offset adjustment. Figure 2 shows an optional circuit for trimming the offset voltage. A voltage applied to the Ref terminal will be summed with the output signal. This can be used to null offset voltage. To maintain good common-mode rejection, the source impedance of a signal applied to the Ref terminal should be less than 10Ω and a resistor added to the positive input terminal should be 10 times that, or 100Ω. Alternatively, the trim voltage can be buffered with an op amp such as the OPA277. The input impedance of the INA145 is determined by the input resistor network and is approximately 40kΩ. The source impedance at the two input terminals must be nearly equal to maintain good common-mode rejection. A 5Ω mismatch in impedance between the two inputs will cause the typical common-mode rejection to be degraded to approximately 72dB. Figure 7 shows a common application measuring power supply current through a shunt resistor. The source impedance of the shunt resistor, RS, is balanced by an equal compensation resistor, RC. Source impedances greater than 300Ω are not recommended, even if they are perfectly matched. Internal resistors are laser trimmed for accurate ratios, not to absolute values. Adding equal resistors greater than 300Ω can cause a mismatch in the total resistor ratios, degrading CMR. 10kΩ 5 40kΩ 40kΩ 40kΩ A1 – VIN 10kΩ 10Ω A2 VO 6 + VIN 40kΩ INA145 1 Offset Adjustment Range = ±15mV, RTI (±1.5mV at pin 1) +15V VO1 RT 100kΩ 100kΩ 10Ω NOTE: Increasing the trim resistor RT will decrease the trim range –15V FIGURE 2. Optional Offset Trim Circuit. RG1 10.2kΩ V+ +5V RG2 1MΩ 5 7 RS 1Ω 2 G = 100 IL VB 10kΩ VO = 100 ILRS 6 Load 3 INA145 4 1 8 V+ Max VB +5V +7V +10V +15V 8V 12V 18V 28V FIGURE 3. Measuring Current with Shunt Resistor. ® 9 INA145 10kΩ Pole at 106Hz G=1 1500pF 5 RG2 1MΩ RG1 10kΩ 2 – VIN 6 5 – VIN VO 2 10kΩ 6 3 + VIN VO INA145 1 + VIN 8 R4 3 INA145 1 G= R3 R3 R3 + R4 8 G≤1 22nF Pole at 720Hz FIGURE 5. Creating Gains Less Than Unity. FIGURE 4. Noise Filtering. RG2 10kΩ 5 2 – VIN R1 R2 0V ≤ VO ≤ 5V 10kΩ 6 VO Alternate Soft Clamp To Pin 8 3 + VIN R3 R4 INA145 1 8 1N914 1N4684 (3.3V) 1N914 Voltage Reference (1) 5.0V or Analog-to-Digital VS 1N914 (1) NOTE: (1) 1/2 OPA2342 with VS connected to +5V and GND. FIGURE 6. Clamp Circuits. ® INA145 10 RG2 100kΩ RG1 11kΩ Power Supply 5 2 For sense resistors (RS) greater than 5Ω, use series compensation resistor (RC) for good common-mode rejection. Sense resistors greater than 200Ω are not recommended. G = 10 RC 10Ω VO 6 RS 10Ω 3 INA145 1 Load 8 VO1 FIGURE 7. Current Monitor, G = 1. +5V 24V 8.4kΩ Feedback 7 5 2 8kΩ 1V 6 SHUNT R-I Lamp/10 e.g., 0.1Ω for 1A VO 10kΩ 1V – 50mV 3 2kΩ INA145 4 1 8 10MΩ Lamp FIGURE 8. Comparator Output with Optional Hysteresis Application to Sense Lamp Burn-Out. RG2 100kΩ RG1 11kΩ RG2 10kΩ 5 – VIN 2 5 6 – VIN 2 VO 6 10kΩ + VIN 3 INA145 1 R1 1MΩ 8 + C1 0.1µF VIN 3 INA145 1 f= Pole at 1 = 1.6Hz 2πR1RC VO 8 + – IOUT = (VIN – VIN )/10kΩ OPA277 FIGURE 9. AC Coupling (DC Restoration). FIGURE 10. Precision Current Source. ® 11 INA145 IMPORTANT NOTICE Texas Instruments and its subsidiaries (TI) reserve the right to make changes to their products or to discontinue any product or service without notice, and advise customers to obtain the latest version of relevant information to verify, before placing orders, that information being relied on is current and complete. All products are sold subject to the terms and conditions of sale supplied at the time of order acknowledgment, including those pertaining to warranty, patent infringement, and limitation of liability. TI warrants performance of its semiconductor products to the specifications applicable at the time of sale in accordance with TI’s standard warranty. Testing and other quality control techniques are utilized to the extent TI deems necessary to support this warranty. Specific testing of all parameters of each device is not necessarily performed, except those mandated by government requirements. Customers are responsible for their applications using TI components. In order to minimize risks associated with the customer’s applications, adequate design and operating safeguards must be provided by the customer to minimize inherent or procedural hazards. TI assumes no liability for applications assistance or customer product design. TI does not warrant or represent that any license, either express or implied, is granted under any patent right, copyright, mask work right, or other intellectual property right of TI covering or relating to any combination, machine, or process in which such semiconductor products or services might be or are used. TI’s publication of information regarding any third party’s products or services does not constitute TI’s approval, warranty or endorsement thereof. Copyright 2000, Texas Instruments Incorporated