H AC/DC to Logic Interface Optocouplers Technical Data HCPL-3700 HCPL-3760 Features Description • Standard (HCPL-3700) and Low Input Current (HCPL-3760) Versions • AC or DC Input • Programmable Sense Voltage • Hysteresis • Logic Compatible Output • Thresholds Guaranteed over Temperature • Thresholds Independent of LED Optical Parameters • Recognized under UL 1577 and CSA Approved for Dielectric Withstand Proof Test Voltage of 2500 Vac, 1 Minute The HCPL-3700 and HCPL-3760 are voltage/current threshold detection optocouplers. The HCPL-3760 is a low-current version of the HCPL-3700. To obtain lower current operation, the HCPL-3760 uses a highefficiency AlGaAs LED which provides higher light output at lower drive currents. Both devices utilize threshold sensing input buffer ICs which permit control of threshold levels over a wide range of input voltages with a single external resistor. The input buffer incorporates several features: hysteresis for extra noise immunity and switching immunity, a diode bridge for easy use with ac input signals, and internal clamping Functional Diagram Applications • Limit Switch Sensing • Low Voltage Detector • 5 V-240 V AC/DC Voltage Sensing • Relay Contact Monitor • Relay Coil Voltage Monitor • Current Sensing • Microprocessor Interfacing AC 1 8 VCC DC+ 2 7 NC DC- 3 6 VO AC 4 5 GND TRUTH TABLE (POSITIVE LOGIC) INPUT OUTPUT H L L H CAUTION: It is advised that normal static precautions be taken in handling and assembly of this component to prevent damage and/or degradation which may be induced by ESD. 1-348 5965-3582E diodes to protect the buffer and LED from a wide range of overvoltage and over-current transients. Because threshold sensing is done prior to driving the LED, variations in optical coupling from the LED to the detector will have no effect on the threshold levels. The buffer IC for the HCPL-3760 was redesigned to permit a lower input current. The nominal turn on threshold for the HCPL-3760 is 1.2 mA (ITH +) and 3.7 volts (VTH +). The high gain output stage features an open collector output providing both TTL compatible The HCPL-3700's input buffer IC has a nominal turn on threshold of 2.5 mA (ITH +) and 3.7 volts (VTH +). saturation voltages and CMOS compatible breakdown voltages. By combining several unique functions in a single package, the user is provided with an ideal component for industrial control computer input boards and other applications where a predetermined input threshold level is desirable. Ordering Information Specify Part Number followed by Option Number (if desired) Example HCPL-3700#XXX 300 = Gull Wing Surface Mount Option 500 = Tape/Reel Package Option (1 K min.) Option data sheets available. Contact your Hewlett-Packard sales representative or authorized distributor for information. Schematic 1-349 Package Outline Drawings Standard DIP Package 9.40 (0.370) 9.90 (0.390) 8 7 6 5 TYPE NUMBER DATE CODE HP XXXX 7.36 (0.290) 7.88 (0.310) YYWW RU PIN ONE 1 2 3 0.20 (0.008) 0.33 (0.013) 6.10 (0.240) 6.60 (0.260) 5° TYP. UL RECOGNITION 4 1.78 (0.070) MAX. 1.19 (0.047) MAX. 4.70 (0.185) MAX. 0.51 (0.020) MIN. 2.92 (0.115) MIN. 1 AC VCC 8 2 DC+ NC 7 3 DC- VO 6 4 AC GND 5 0.65 (0.025) MAX. 0.76 (0.030) 1.40 (0.056) 2.28 (0.090) 2.80 (0.110) DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETERS AND (INCHES). Gull Wing Surface Mount Option 300 PAD LOCATION (FOR REFERENCE ONLY) 9.65 ± 0.25 (0.380 ± 0.010) 8 7 6 1.016 (0.040) 1.194 (0.047) 5 4.826 TYP. (0.190) TYPE NUMBER DATE CODE HP XXXX 6.350 ± 0.25 (0.250 ± 0.010) YYWW RU MOLDED 1 2 3 4 UL RECOGNITION 1.194 (0.047) 1.778 (0.070) 7.62 ± 0.25 (0.300 ± 0.010) 0.20 (0.008) 0.33 (0.013) 4.19 MAX. (0.165) 1.080 ± 0.320 (0.043 ± 0.013) 2.540 (0.100) BSC 0.635 ± 0.130 (0.025 ± 0.005) 0.635 ± 0.25 (0.025 ± 0.010) DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETERS (INCHES). TOLERANCES (UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED): xx.xx = 0.01 xx.xxx = 0.005 LEAD COPLANARITY MAXIMUM: 0.102 (0.004) 1-350 0.381 (0.015) 0.635 (0.025) 9.65 ± 0.25 (0.380 ± 0.010) 1.780 (0.070) MAX. 1.19 (0.047) MAX. 9.398 (0.370) 9.906 (0.390) 12° NOM. TEMPERATURE – °C Maximum Solder Reflow Thermal Profile 260 240 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 ∆T = 145°C, 1°C/SEC ∆T = 115°C, 0.3°C/SEC 80 60 40 20 0 ∆T = 100°C, 1.5°C/SEC 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 TIME – MINUTES (NOTE: USE OF NON-CHLORINE ACTIVATED FLUXES IS RECOMMENDED.) Regulatory Information The HCPL-3700/60 has been approved by the following organizations: UL Recognized under UL 1577, component recognition program, File E55361. CSA Approved under CSA Component Acceptance Notice #5, File CA 88324. 1-351 Insulation and Safety Related Specifications Parameter Symbol Value Units Min. External Air Gap L(IO1) 7.1 mm (External Clearance) Min. External Tracking L(IO2) 7.4 mm Path (External Creepage) Min. Internal Plastic 0.08 mm Gap (Internal Clearance) Tracking Resistance (Comparative Tracking Index) Isolation Group CTI 200 IIIa V Conditions Measured from input terminals to output terminals, shortest distance through air Measured from input terminals to output terminals, shortest distance path along body Through insulation distance, conductor to conductor, usually the direct distance between the photoemitter and photodetector inside the optocoupler cavity DIN IEC 112/VDE 0303 PART 1 Material Group (DIN VDE 0110, 1/89, Table 1) Option 300 – surface mount classification is Class A in accordance with CECC 00802. Absolute Maximum Ratings (No derating required up to 70°C) Parameter Storage Temperature Operating Temperature Lead Soldering Cycle Temperature Time Input Current Average Surge Transient Input Voltage (Pins 2-3) Input Power Dissipation Total Package Power Dissipation Output Power Dissipation Output Current Average Supply Voltage (Pins 8-5) Output Voltage (Pins 6-5) Solder Reflow Temperature Profile Symbol TS TA Min. -55 -40 IIN VIN PIN PT PO IO VCC VO Max. 125 85 260 10 50 140 500 Units °C °C °C s mA V 230 mW 305 mW 210 mW 30 mA -0.5 20 V -0.5 20 V See Package Outline Drawings section Note 1 2 2, 3 -0.5 4 5 6 7 Recommended Operating Conditions Parameter Symbol Min. Max. Units Supply Voltage VCC 2 18 V Operating Temperature TA 0 70 °C f 0 4 kHz Operating Frequency 1-352 Note 8 Electrical Specifications Over Recommended Temperature TA = 0°C to 70°C, Unless Otherwise Specified. Parameter Input Threshold Current Sym. Device Min. Typ.[9] Max. Units 2.5 3.11 HCPL-3760 0.87 1.2 1.56 HCPL-3700 1.00 1.3 1.62 HCPL-3760 0.43 0.6 0.80 VTH+ 3.35 3.7 4.05 V VIN = V2 - V3; Pins 1 & 4 Open VCC = 4.5 V; VO = 0.4 V; IO ≥ 4.2 mA VTH- 2.01 2.6 2.86 V VIN = V2 - V3; Pins 1 & 4 Open VCC = 4.5 V; VO = 2.4 V; IO ≤ 100 µA AC VTH+ (Pins 1, 4) 4.23 4.9 5.50 V VIN = |V1 - V4|; Pins 2 & 3 Open VCC = 4.5 V; VO = 0.4 V; IO ≥ 4.2 mA VTH- 2.87 3.7 4.20 V VIN = |V1 - V4|; Pins 2 & 3 Open VCC = 4.5 V; VO = 2.4 V; IO ≤ 100 µA ITHInput DC Threshold (Pins 2, 3) Voltage Hysteresis IHYS HCPL-3700 1.2 HCPL-3760 0.6 VHYS Input Clamp Voltage Input Current Bridge Diode Forward Voltage mA Conditions ITH+ HCPL-3700 1.96 IHYS = ITH+ – ITH- V VHYS = VTH+ – VTH- VIHC1 5.4 6.0 6.6 V VIHC1 = V2 - V3; V3 = GND; IIN = 10 mA; Pins 1 & 4 Connected to Pin 3 VIHC2 6.1 6.7 7.3 V VIHC2 = |V1 - V4|; |IIN| = 10 mA; Pins 2 & 3 Open VIHC3 12.0 13.4 V VIHC3 = V2 - V3; V3 = GND; IIN = 15 mA; Pins 1 & 4 Open VILC -0.76 V VILC = V2 - V3; V3 = GND; IIN = -10 mA IIN HCPL-3700 3.0 3.7 4.4 HCPL-3760 1.5 1.8 2.2 VD1,2 HCPL-3700 0.59 mA V VIN = V2 – V3 = 5.0 V Pins 1 & 4 Open HCPL-3760 0.51 IIN = 1.5 mA 0.74 IIN = 3 mA HCPL-3760 0.71 VOL 0.1 Logic High Output Current IOH Logic Low Supply Current ICCL HCPL-3700 HCPL-3760 Logic High Supply Current Input Capacitance 2, 3 14 14, 15 2 1 5 IIN = 3 mA VD3,4 HCPL-3700 Logic Low Output Voltage Fig. Note VIN = VTH-; VCC = 4.5 V; VO = 2.4 V; IOH ≤ 100 µA mA 1.2 VIN = VTH+; VCC = 4.5 V; VO = 0.4 V; IO ≥ 4.2 mA IIN = 1.5 mA 0.4 V VCC = 4.5 V; IOL = 4.2 mA 100 µA VOH = VCC = 18 V 1.2 4 mA 0.7 3 ICCH 0.002 4 CIN 50 V2 – V3 = 5.0 V; VO = Open; 5 14 14 6 VCC = 5.0 V µA VCC = 18 V; VO = Open pF f = 1 MHz; VIN = 0 V, Pins 2 & 3, Pins 1 & 4 Open 4 14 1-353 Switching Specifications TA = 25°C, VCC = 5.0 V, Unless Otherwise Specified. Parameter Propagation Delay Time to Logic Low at Output Sym. Device Min. Typ. HCPL-3700 4.0 HCPL-3760 4.5 HCPL-3700 10.0 HCPL-3760 8.0 HCPL-3700 20 HCPL-3760 14 HCPL-3700 0.3 HCPL-3760 0.4 tPHL Max. Units 15.0 µs Test Conditions Fig. RL = 4.7 kΩ, CL = 30 pF Note 10 7, 10 Propagation Delay Time to Logic High at Output Output Rise Time (10-90%) tPLH 40.0 tr µs RL = 4.7 kΩ, CL = 30 pF µs RL = 4.7 kΩ, CL = 30 pF 11 8 Output Fall Time (90-10%) Common Mode Transient Immunity at Logic High Output µs tf |CMH| 4000 V/µs RL = 4.7 kΩ, CL = 30 pF IIN = 0 mA, RL = 4.7 kΩ, VO min = 2.0 V, VCM = 1400 V 9, 11 Common Mode Transient Immunity at Logic Low Output IIN = 3.11 mA HCPL-3700 |CML| 600 V/µs IIN = 1.56 mA HCPL-3760 12, 13 RL = 4.7 kΩ, VO max = 0.8 V, VCM = 140 V Package Characteristics Over Recommended Temperature TA = 0°C to 70°C, Unless Otherwise Specified. Min. Typ.[9] Max. Units Parameter Sym. Input-Output Momentary Withstand Voltage* VISO Input-Output Resistance RI-O 1012 Input-Output Capacitance CI-O 0.6 2500 Conditions Fig. Note RH ≤ 50%, t = 1 min; TA = 25°C 16, 17 Ω VI-O = 500 Vdc 16 pF f = 1 MHz; VI-O = 0 Vdc V rms *The Input-Output Momentary Withstand Voltage is a dielectric voltage rating that should not be interpreted as an input-output continuous voltage rating. For the continuous voltage rating refer to the VDE 0884 Insulation Characteristics Table (if applicable), your equipment level safety specification, or HP Application Note 1074, “Optocoupler Input-Output Endurance Voltage.” 1-354 Notes: 1. Measured at a point 1.6 mm below seating plane. 2. Current into/out of any single lead. 3. Surge input current duration is 3 ms at 120 Hz pulse repetition rate. Transient input current duration is 10 µs at 120 Hz pulse repetition rate. Note that maximum input power, PIN, must be observed. 4. Derate linearly above 70°C free-air temperature at a rate of 4.1 mW/°C. Maximum input power dissipation of 230 mW allows an input IC junction temperature of 125°C at an ambient temperature of TA = 70°C with a typical thermal resistance from junction to ambient of θJA1 = 240°C/W. Excessive PIN and TJ may result in IC chip degradation. 5. Derate linearly above 70°C free-air temperature at a rate of 5.4 mW/°C. 6. Derate linearly above 70°C free-air temperature at a rate of 3.9 mW/°C. Maximum output power dissipation of 210 mW allows an output IC junction temperature of 125°C at an ambient temperature of TA = 70°C with a typical thermal resistance from junction to ambient of θJA0 = 265°C/W. 7. Derate linearly above 70°C free-air temperature at a rate of 0.6 mA/°C. 8. Maximum operating frequency is defined when output waveform Pin 6 obtains only 90% of VCC with RL = 4.7 kΩ, CL = 30 pF using a 5 V square wave input signal. 9. All typical values are at TA = 25°C, VCC = 5.0 V unless otherwise stated. 10. The tPHL propagation delay is measured from the 2.5 V level of the leading edge of a 5.0 V input pulse (1 µs rise time) to the 1.5 V level on the leading edge of the output pulse (see Figure 10). 11. The tPLH propagation delay is measured from the 2.5 V level of the trailing edge of a 5.0 V input pulse (1 µs fall time) to the 1.5 V level on the trailing edge of the output pulse (see Figure 10). 12. Common mode transient immunity in Logic High level is the maximum tolerable (positive) dVCM/dt on the leading edge of the common mode pulse, VCM, to insure that the output will remain in a Logic High state (i.e., VO > 2.0 V). Common mode transient immunity in Logic Low level is the maximum tolerable (negative) dVCM/dt on the trailing edge of the common mode pulse signal, VCM, to insure that the output will remain in a Logic Low state (i.e., VO < 0.8 V). See Figure 11. 13. In applications where dVCM/dt may exceed 50,000 V/µs (such as static discharge), a series resistor, RCC, should be included to protect the detector IC from destructively high surge currents. The recommended value for RCC is 240 Ω per volt of allowable drop in VCC (between Pin 8 and VCC) with a minimum value of 240 Ω. 14. Logic low output level at Pin 6 occurs under the conditions of VIN ≥ VTH+ as well as the range of VIN > VTH– once VIN has exceeded VTH+. Logic high output level at Pin 6 occurs under the conditions of VIN ≤ VTH- as well as the range of VIN < VTH+ once VIN has decreased below VTH-. 15. AC voltage is instantaneous voltage. 16. Device considered a two terminal device: Pins 1, 2, 3, 4 connected together, and Pins 5, 6, 7, 8 connected together. 17. In accordance with UL 1577, each optocoupler is proof tested by applying an insulation test voltage ≥ 3000 V rms for 1 second (leakage detection current limit, Ii-o ≤ 5 µA). Figure 1. Typical Input Characteristics, IIN vs. VIN (AC Voltage is Instantaneous Value). 1-355 DEVICE TH+ TH– INPUT CONNNECTION ITH HCPL-3700 HCPL-3760 2.5 mA 1.2 mA 1.3 mA 0.6 mA PINS 2, 3 OR 1, 4 VTH(dc) BOTH 3.7 V 2.6 V PINS 2, 3 VTH(ac) BOTH 4.9 V 3.7 V PINS 1, 4 Figure 2. Typical Transfer Characteristics. HCPL-3760 4.0 3.0 4.0 3.8 2.8 VTH+ 3.6 2.6 3.4 2.4 ITH+ 3.2 2.2 3.0 2.0 2.8 1.8 VTH- 2.6 1.6 2.4 1.4 ITH- 2.2 1.2 2.0 1.0 1.8 0.8 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 TA – TEMPERATURE – °C Figure 3. Typical DC Threshold Levels vs. Temperature. 1-356 3.8 1.6 1.5 1.4 VTH+ 3.6 1.3 ITH+ 3.4 1.2 3.2 1.1 3.0 1.0 VTH- 2.8 0.9 2.6 0.8 2.4 0.7 ITH- 2.2 0.6 2.0 0.5 1.8 0.4 -40 -25 0 25 50 TA – TEMPERATURE – °C 75 85 ITH – CURRENT THRESHOLD – mA 4.2 VTH – VOLTAGE THRESHOLD – V 3.2 ITH – CURRENT THRESHOLD – mA VTH – VOLTAGE THRESHOLD – V HCPL-3700 4.2 ICCH – HIGH LEVEL SUPPLY CURRENT – µA 100 ICCH VCC = 18 V VO = OPEN IIN = 0 mA 10-1 10-2 ICCH 10-3 10-4 10-5 -40 -25 0 25 50 75 85 TA – TEMPERATURE – °C Figure 4. Typical High Level Supply Current, ICCH vs. Temperature. 220 3.8 200 3.6 180 IIN 3.4 160 VIN = 5.0 V (PINS 2, 3) VCC = 5.0 V 3.2 3.0 140 120 2.8 100 VOL 2.6 80 VCC = 5.0 V IOL = 4.2 mA 2.4 60 2.2 40 2.0 20 1.8 0 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 2.1 240 2.0 220 1.9 200 1.8 180 IIN 1.7 160 VIN = 5.0 V (PINS 2, 3) VCC = 5.0 V 1.6 1.5 1.4 140 120 100 VOL 1.3 80 VCC = 5.0 V IOL = 4.2 mA 1.2 60 1.1 40 1.0 20 0.9 0 80 -40 -25 TA – TEMPERATURE – °C 0 25 50 VOL – LOW LEVEL OUTPUT VOLTAGE – mV 4.0 IIN – INPUT CURRENT – mA HCPL-3760 240 VOL – LOW LEVEL OUTPUT VOLTAGE – mV IIN – INPUT CURRENT – mA HCPL-3700 4.2 75 85 TA – TEMPERATURE – °C Figure 5. Typical Input Current, IIN, and Low Level Output Voltage, VOL, vs. Temperature. HCPL-3760 ICCL – LOGIC LOW SUPPLY CURRENT – mA ICCL – LOGIC LOW SUPPLY CURRENT – mA HCPL-3700 4.00 3.50 3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 VCC – SUPPLY VOLTAGE – V 3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 VCC – SUPPLY VOLTAGE – V Figure 6. Typical Logic Low Supply Current vs. Supply Voltage. 1-357 HCPL-3760 HCPL-3700 22 tp – PROPAGATION DELAY – µs 24 RL = 4.7 kΩ CL = 30 pF VCC = 5.0 V 5.0 V VIN = 1 ms PULSE WIDTH f = 100 Hz tr, tf = 1 µs (10-90%) 20 18 16 22 tp – PROPAGATION DELAY – µs 24 tPLH 14 12 10 8 6 tPHL 4 2 20 18 16 RL = 4.7 kΩ CL = 30 pF VCC = 5.0 V 5.0 V VIN = 1 ms PULSE WIDTH f = 100 Hz tr, tf = 1 µs (10-90%) tPLH 14 12 10 8 6 4 tPHL 2 0 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 0 80 -40 -25 TA – TEMPERATURE – °C 0 25 50 75 85 TA – TEMPERATURE – °C Figure 7. Typical Propagation Delay vs. Temperature. HCPL-3700 30 700 500 25 600 20 500 400 300 30 tr 200 20 15 400 tf 10 tr tf 10 0 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 100 5 0 0 80 CM – COMMON MODE TRANSIENT IMMUNITY – V/ µs 5000 VCC = 5.0 V IIN = 3.11 mA (3700) IIN = 1.53 mA (3760) VOL = 0.8 V RL = 4.7 kΩ TA = 25 °C 4000 3000 CML 2000 1000 VCC = 5.0 V IIN = 0 mA VOH = 2.0 V RL = 4.7 kΩ TA = 25 °C CMH 500 0 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 VCM – COMMON MODE TRANSIENT AMPLITUDE – V Figure 9. Common Mode Transient Immunity vs. Common Mode Transient Amplitude. 1-358 0 25 50 TA – TEMPERATURE – °C Figure 8. Typical Rise, Fall Times vs. Temperature. 300 200 100 -40 -25 TA – TEMPERATURE – °C VIN = RL = 4.7 kΩ CL = 30 pF VCC = 5.0 V 5.0 V 1 ms PULSE WIDTH f = 100 Hz tr, tf = 1 µs (10-90%) 75 85 tf – FALL TIME – ns 40 600 tr – RISE TIME – µs 50 tr – RISE TIME – µs HCPL-3760 RL = 4.7 kΩ CL = 30 pF VCC = 5.0 V 5.0 V VIN = 1 ms PULSE WIDTH f = 100 Hz tr, tf = 1 µs (10-90%) tf – FALL TIME – ns 60 Figure 10. Switching Test Circuit. Figure 11. Test Circuit for Common Mode Transient Immunity and Typical Waveforms. VTH+ = 3.7 V VTH– = 2.6 V VTH+ = 4.9 V VTH– = 3.7 V ITH+ = 2.5 mA ITH– = 1.3 mA TA = 25 °C Figure 12. Typical External Threshold Characteristics, V ± vs. RX. 1-359 Figure 13. External Threshold Voltage Level Selection. Electrical Considerations The HCPL-3700/3760 optocouplers have internal temperature compensated, predictable voltage and current threshold points which allow selection of an external resistor, RX, to determine larger external threshold voltage levels. For a desired external threshold voltage, V± , a corresponding typical value of RX can be obtained from Figure 12. Specific calculation of RX can be obtained from Equation (1). Specification of both V+ and Vvoltage threshold levels simultaneously can be obtained by the use of RX and RP as shown in Figure 13 and determined by Equations (2) and (3). RX can provide over-current transient protection by limiting input current during a transient condition. For monitoring contacts of a relay or switch, the HCPL-3700/3760 in combination with RX and RP can be used to allow a specific current to be conducted through the contacts for cleaning purposes (wetting current). The choice of which input voltage clamp level to choose depends upon the application of this device (see Figure 1). It is recommended that the low clamp condition be used when possible. 1-360 The low clamp condition in conjunction with the low input current feature will ensure extremely low input power dissipation. In applications where dVCM/dt may be extremely large (such as static discharge), a series resistor, RCC, should be connected in series with VCC and Pin 8 to protect the detector IC from destructively high surge currents. See Note 13 for determination of RCC. In addition, it is recommended that a ceramic disc bypass capacitor of 0.01 µF be placed between Pins 8 and 5 to reduce the effect of power supply noise. For one specifically selected external threshold voltage level V+ or V-, RX can be determined without use of RP via V+ - VTH+ (-) (-) RX = For two specifically selected external threshold voltage levels, V+ and V-, the use of RX and RP will permit this selection via equations (2), (3) provided the following conditions are met. If the denominator of equation (2) is positive, then V+ For interfacing ac signals to TTL systems, output low pass filtering can be performed with a pullup resistor of 1.5 kΩ and 20 µF capacitor. This application requires a Schmitt trigger gate to avoid slow rise time chatter problems. For ac input applications, a filter capacitor can be placed across the dc input terminals for either signal or transient filtering. Either ac (Pins 1, 4) or dc (Pins 2, 3) input can be used to determine external threshold levels. (1) ITH+ (-) ≥ V- VTH+ and VTH- V+ - VTH+ < V- - VTH- ITH+ ITH- Conversely, if the denominator of equation (2) is negative, then V+ ≤ V- RX = VTH+ VTH- and V+ - VTH+ > V- - VTH- VTH- (V+) - VTH+ (V-) ITH+ ITH- (2) ITH+ (VTH-) - ITH- (VTH+) VTH- (V+) - VTH+ (V-) RP = (3) ITH+(V--VTH-)+ITH-(VTH+-V+)