LTC3203/LTC3203-1 LTC3203B/LTC3203B-1 500mA Output Current Low Noise Dual Mode Step-Up Charge Pumps DESCRIPTIO U FEATURES ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ The LTC®3203/LTC3203-1/LTC3203B/LTC3203B-1 are low noise, high efficiency charge pump DC/DC converters capable of driving loads up to 500mA from a 2.7V to 5.5V input. Low external parts count (two flying capacitors and bypass capacitors at VIN and VOUT) make the LTC3203 family ideally suited for small, battery-powered applications. Selectable Dual Mode Operation: 1:1.5 or 1:2 High Output Current: Up to 500mA Low Noise Constant Frequency (1MHz/0.9MHz) Operation* VIN Range: 2.7V to 5.5V Adjustable Output Voltage (LTC3203/LTC3203B) User Selectable Fixed Output Voltages: 4.5V or 5V (LTC3203-1 and LTC3203B-1) Burst Mode® Operation with IQ ~ 120µA (LTC3203/LTC3203-1) Constant Freqency Operation at All Loads (LTC3203B/LTC3203B-1) Soft-Start Limits Inrush Current at Turn-On Short-Circuit/Thermal Protection Shutdown Disconnects Load from Input Shutdown Current: < 1µA Available in a 10-pin (3mm × 3mm) DFN Package Built-in soft-start circuitry prevents excessive inrush current during start-up. High switching frequency enables the use of small external capacitors. The LTC3203/ LTC3203-1 feature Burst Mode operation at light load to achieve high efficiency whereas the LTC3203B/ LTC3203B-1 operate at constant frequency to achieve lowest noise operation. The LTC3203-1/LTC3203B-1 have a user selectable fixed output voltage of 4.5V or 5V to power LEDs or logic circuits. The FB pin of the LTC3203/LTC3203B can be used to program the desired output voltage. The parts are shortcircuit and overtemperature protected and are available in a low profile (3mm × 3mm) DFN package. U APPLICATIO S ■ ■ ■ ■ High Current LED Backlight Supply for Cellphones/PDAs Cellphone Camera Light Supply General Purpose 3.3V or Li-Ion to 5V Supply USB ON THE GO(OTG) Devices , LT, LTC and LTM are registered trademarks of Linear Technology Corporation. Burst Mode is a registered trademark of Linear Technology Corporation. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. *Protected by U.S. Patents including 6411531. U TYPICAL APPLICATIO Efficiency vs VIN at 300mA Load Current 100 OUTPUT PROGRAMMING 80 SHDN VSEL LTC3203-1 VIN 2.2µF 2.2µF R1* VIN VOUT C1+ C2+ C1– MODE 100k C2– VOUT 500mA 10µF 2.2µF 300mA 300mA 500mA 500mA LOW 4.5V HIGH 5V LOW 4.5V HIGH 5V VOUT = 5V 70 VOUT = 4.5V 60 50 40 30 GND 3203 F02 IOUT(MAX) VSEL VOUT 90 EFFICIENCY (%) ON/OFF 20 *R1 10 316k 357k 357k 402k 0 2.5 3 3.5 4 VIN (V) 4.5 5 5.5 3203 G05 32031fa 1 LTC3203/LTC3203-1 LTC3203B/LTC3203B-1 U W W W ABSOLUTE AXI U RATI GS U W U PACKAGE/ORDER I FOR ATIO (Note 1) TOP VIEW VIN, VOUT to GND ......................................... –0.3V to 6V MODE, VSEL/FB, SHDN ..................... –0.3V to VIN +0.3V VOUT Short Circuit Duration ............................. Indefinite IOUT (Note 2)....................................................... 500mA Operating Temperature Range (Note 3) ... –40°C to 85°C Storage Temperature Range .................. –65°C to 125°C C2+ 1 10 C1– VOUT 2 C1+ 3 SHDN 4 7 VIN VSEL/FB* 5 6 MODE 9 GND 8 C2– 11 DD PACKAGE 10-LEAD (3mm × 3mm) PLASTIC DFN TJMAX = 125°C,θJA = 44°C/W,θJC = 3°C/W EXPOSED PAD (PIN 11) IS GND, MUST BE SOLDERED TO PCB *VSEL ON LTC3203-1/LTC3203B-1. FB ON LTC3203/LTC3203B ORDER PART NUMBER DD PART MARKING LTC3203EDD LTC3203EDD-1 LTC3203BEDD-1 LTC3203BEDD LBQK LCFH LCGY LCGX Order Options Tape and Reel: Add #TR Lead Free: Add #PBF Lead Free Tape and Reel: Add #TRPBF Lead Free Part Marking: http://www.linear.com/leadfree/ Consult LTC Marketing for parts specified with wider operating temperature ranges. ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS The ● denotes specifications which apply over the full specified temperature range, otherwise specifications are at 25°C. VIN = 3.6V, C1 = C2 = 2.2µF unless otherwise specified. SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS LTC3203/LTC3203-1/LTC3203B/LTC3203B-1 ● VIN Input Voltage Range ISHDN Shutdown Current SHDN = 0V, VOUT = 0V 2.7 ROL Open Loop Output Impedance 2x Mode (Note 4), VIN = 2.7V, VOUT = 4.5V 1.5x Mode (Note 4), VIN = 3.6V, VOUT = 4.5V 2.0 1.5 fOSC CLK Frequency Oscillator Free Running, 2x Mode Oscillator Free Running, 1.5x Mode 1.0 0.9 VMODEH MODE Input High Voltage ● 0.874 0.91 0.946 V VMODEL MODE Input Low Voltage ● 0.788 0.82 0.852 V VSHDNH SHDN Input High Voltage ● 1.3 VSHDNL SHDN Input Low Voltage ● 0.4 V IMODEH MODE Input High Current ● –1 1 µA IMODEL MODE Input Low Current ● –1 1 µA ISHDNH SHDN Input High Current ● –1 1 µA ISHDNL SHDN Input Low Current ● –1 1 µA ● 5.5 V 1 µA 3.0 2.6 Ω Ω MHz MHz V 32031fa 2 LTC3203/LTC3203-1 LTC3203B/LTC3203B-1 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS The ● denotes specifications which apply over the full specified temperature range, otherwise specifications are at 25°C. VIN = 3.6V, C1 = C2 = 2.2µF unless otherwise specified. SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS LTC3203-1/LTC3203B-1 VOUT 4.5V Output Voltage Range (VSEL = 0V) (Note 5) VIN > 3.1V, IOUT < 500mA VIN > 2.9V, IOUT < 350mA VIN > 2.7V, IOUT < 250mA ● ● 4.32 4.32 4.32 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.68 4.68 4.68 V V V 5V Output Voltage Range (VSEL = VIN) (Note 5) VIN > 3.1V, IOUT < 500mA VIN > 3.1V, IOUT < 400mA VIN > 2.7V, IOUT < 150mA ● ● 4.8 4.8 4.8 5 5 5 5.2 5.2 5.2 V V V ∆VOUT/∆IOUT VOUT Load Regulation VIN = 3.6V, IOUT = 100mA to 500mA, 2x Mode, VIN = 4V, IOUT = 100mA to 500mA, 1.5x Mode 0.37 0.27 ICC No Load Operating Current (LTC3203-1) IOUT = 0mA, 2x Mode IOUT = 0mA, 1.5x Mode 120 100 No Load Operating Current (LTC3203B-1) IOUT = 0mA, 2x Mode IOUT = 0mA, 1.5x Mode 9 7 VVSELH VSEL Input High Voltage ● VVSELL VSEL Input Low Voltage ● IVSELH VSEL Input High Current ● IVSELL VSEL Input Low Current ● mV/mA mV/mA µA µA 300 300 mA mA 1.3 V 0.4 V –1 1 µA –1 1 µA LTC3203/LTC3203B VFB Feedback Servo Voltage IOUT = 0mA, 2.7V ≤ VIN ≤ 5.5V ● 0.88 IFB FB Input Current VFB = 0.95V ● –50 ∆VFB/∆IOUT Load Regulation (Refer to FB Pin) IOUT = 100mA to 500mA, 2x Mode, VIN = 3.6V IOUT = 100mA to 500mA, 1.5x Mode, VIN = 4V 0.08 0.06 ICC No Load Operating Current (LTC3203) IOUT = 0mA, 2x Mode, 5V VOUT Setting IOUT = 0mA, 1.5x Mode, 5V VOUT Setting 120 100 No Load Operating Current (LTC3203B) IOUT = 0mA, 2x Mode, 5V VOUT Setting IOUT = 0mA, 1.5x Mode, 5V VOUT Setting 9 7 Note 1: Stresses beyond those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. Exposure to any Absolute Maximum Rating condition for extended periods may affect device reliability and lifetime. Note 2: Based on long-term current density limitations. Note 3: The LTC3203/LTC3203-1/LTC3203B/LTC3203B-1 are guaranteed to meet performance specifications from 0°C to 85°C. Specifications over the –40°C to 85°C operating temperature range are assured by design, characterization and correlation with statistical process controls. 0.91 0.94 V 50 nA mV/mA mV/mA µA µA 300 300 mA mA Note 4: Output not in regulation (based on wafer sort): ROL ≡ (2 • VIN – VOUT)/IOUT, 2x Mode ROL ≡ (1.5 • VIN – VOUT)/IOUT, 1.5x Mode Note 5: Proper conversion mode, 1.5x or 2x, has to be chosen based on ROL to ensure output regulation. 32031fa 3 LTC3203/LTC3203-1 LTC3203B/LTC3203B-1 U W TYPICAL PERFOR A CE CHARACTERISTICS TA = 25°C, VIN = 3.6V, C1 = C2 = 2.2µF unless otherwise specified VOUT vs Load Current (4.5V Output Setting) 4.65 5.5 4.8 4.60 5.3 4.6 5.1 4.55 VIN = 3V VIN = 2.7V 4.40 VIN = 3.3V 4.35 4.7 VIN = 3.3V 4.5 VIN = 3.6V VIN = 2.7V 4.3 4.25 0 3.5 1.5x MODE 2x MODE 0 3.2 1.5x MODE 2x MODE 3.0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 ILOAD (mA) 2.5 3.5 3 4 VIN (V) 3203 G02 3203 G01 VOUT vs Supply Voltage (5V Output Setting) 4.5 5 5.5 3203 G03 Open-Loop Output Resistance vs Temperature 2.5 5.4 2x MODE VIN = 2.7V VOUT = 4.5V ILOAD = 0mA 5.2 2.0 5.0 ILOAD = 500mA 4.8 ROL (Ω) VOUT (V) 3.8 3.4 3.7 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 ILOAD (mA) ILOAD = 250mA 4.0 3.6 4.1 1.5x MODE 2x MODE ILOAD = 500mA 4.2 3.9 4.30 ILOAD = 0mA 4.4 VOUT (V) VOUT (V) 4.50 4.45 VIN = 3V 4.9 VIN = 3.6V VOUT (V) VOUT vs Supply Voltage (4.5V Output Setting) VOUT vs Load Current (5V Output Setting) ILOAD = 250mA 4.6 1.5 1.5x MODE VIN = 3.6V VOUT = 4.5V 1.0 4.4 0.5 4.2 4.0 2.5 1.5x MODE 2x MODE 3 3.5 4 VIN (V) 4.5 5 0 –40 5.5 –15 35 10 TEMPERATURE (°C) 60 3203 G06 3203 G04 Oscillator Frequency vs Supply Voltage Short-Circuit Current vs Supply Voltage 1.4 1400 1.2 1200 2x MODE 1.0 1000 1.5x MODE 1.5x MODE 0.8 ISC (mA) FREQUENCY (MHz) 85 0.6 800 600 2x MODE 0.4 400 0.2 200 0 2.5 3 3.5 4 VIN (V) 4.5 5 5.5 3203 G07 0 2.5 3 3.5 4 VIN (V) 4.5 5 5.5 3203 G08 32031fa 4 LTC3203/LTC3203-1 LTC3203B/LTC3203B-1 U W TYPICAL PERFOR A CE CHARACTERISTICS Burst Mode Current Threshold vs Supply Voltage (LTC3203/LTC3203-1) No-Load Input Current vs Supply Voltage (LTC3203/LTC3203-1) 160 500 140 450 2x MODE 1.5x MODE 10 350 80 60 300 250 200 1.5x MODE 150 40 1 1.5x MODE IIN – 1.5 • ILOAD 0.1 100 20 2x MODE 50 0 3 3.5 4 VIN (V) 4.5 5 5.5 3 2.5 3.5 4 VIN (V) 4.5 3203 G13 IOUT VIN = 3.6V CIN = 2.2µF COUT = 10µF IOUT = 300mA 2x MODE 500mA 100mA 3203 G14 500ns/DIV VIN = 4V CIN = 2.2µF COUT = 10µF 1.5x MODE VFB Set Point vs Supply Voltage (LTC3203/LTC3203B) Load Transient (2x Mode) VOUT 100mV/DIV AC-COUPLED 0.94 0.96 0.93 0.94 TA = –40°C TA = 25°C 0.91 0.88 TA = 85°C VIN = 3.6V 2x MODE 0.86 0.89 0.88 VIN = 4V 1.5x MODE 0.90 0.90 3203 G16 3203 G15 0.92 VFB (V) VFB (V) 100mA 20µs/DIV VFB vs Load Current (LTC3203/LTC3202B) 0.92 500mA 1000 VOUT 100mV/DIV AC-COUPLED VOUT 20mV/DIV AC-COUPLED VOUT 20mV/DIV AC-COUPLED 20µs/DIV 100 Load Transient (1.5x Mode) VIN 20mV/DIV AC-COUPLED VIN = 3.6V CIN = 2.2µF COUT = 10µF 2x MODE 1 10 ILOAD (mA) 3209 G12 Input and Output Ripple (2x Mode) VIN 20mV/DIV AC-COUPLED 500ns/DIV 0.1 3203 G11 Input and Output Ripple (1.5x Mode) VIN = 4V CIN = 2.2µF COUT = 10µF IOUT = 300mA 1.5x MODE 0.01 0.01 5.5 5 3203 G10 IOUT 2x MODE IIN – 2 • ILOAD EXTRA IIN (mA) ILOAD (mA) 100 IIN (µA) 100 400 120 0 2.5 Extra Input Current vs Load Current (LTC3203/LTC3203-1) 0.84 0.82 2.5 3 3.5 4 VIN (V) 4.5 5 5.5 3203 G17 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 ILOAD (mA) 3203 G18 32031fa 5 LTC3203/LTC3203-1 LTC3203B/LTC3203B-1 U U U PI FU CTIO S C2+ (Pin 1): Flying Capacitor 2 Positive Terminal (C2). VOUT (Pin 2): Regulated Output Voltage. VOUT should be bypassed with a low ESR ceramic capacitor as close to the pin as possible for best performance. The capacitor should have greater than 4.7µF capacitance under all conditions. C1+ (Pin 3): Flying Capacitor 1 Positive Terminal (C1). SHDN (Pin 4): Active Low Shutdown Input. A low on SHDN puts the LTC3203/LTC3203-1/LTC3203B/LTC3203B-1 in low current shutdown mode. Do not float the SHDN pin. VSEL (Pin 5) (LTC3203-1/LTC3203B-1): Output Voltage Selection Input. A logic 0 at VSEL sets the regulated VOUT to 4.5V; and a logic 1 sets the regulated VOUT to 5V. Do not float the VSEL pin. FB (Pin 5) (LTC3203/LTC3203B): Feedback. The voltage on this pin is compared to the internal reference voltage (0.91V) by the error amplifier to keep the output in regulation. An external resistor divider is required between VOUT and FB to program the output voltage. MODE (Pin 6): Mode Selection Input. The LTC3203/ LTC3203-1/LTC3203B/LTC3203B-1 operates in 1.5x mode if the MODE pin is greater than VMODEH, which gives higher charge pump efficiency. If the MODE pin is less than VMODEL, the LTC3203/LTC3203-1/LTC3203B/ LTC3203B-1 operates in 2x mode, which gives a higher charge pump boost voltage. VIN (Pin 7): Input Supply Voltage. VIN should be bypassed with a more than 2.2µF low ESR ceramic capacitor to GND. C2– (Pin 8): Flying Capacitor 2 Negative Terminal (C2). GND (Pin 9): Ground. This pin should be connected directly to a low impedance ground plane. C1– (Pin 10): Flying Capacitor 1 Negative Terminal (C1). Exposed Pad (Pin 11): Ground. This pin must be soldered to the PCB for electrical contact and rated thermal performance. 32031fa 6 LTC3203/LTC3203-1 LTC3203B/LTC3203B-1 SW BLOCK DIAGRA LTC3203/LTC3203B LTC3203-1/LTC3203B-1 0.91V + 0.91V + 2x/1.5x 2x/1.5x MODE 6 VSEL – MODE 6 – 5 SHDN 4 SOFT-START AND SHUTDOWN CONTROL SHDN 4 0.91V SOFT-START AND SHUTDOWN CONTROL 5 FB 0.82V 2 VOUT 2 VOUT + + OSCILLATOR + SWITCH CONTROL – 0.91V OSCILLATOR + SWITCH CONTROL – 3 C1+ 3 C1+ S VIN 7 S VIN 7 10 C1– 10 C1– 1 C2+ 1 C2+ S S 8 C2– 8 C2– 9, 11 GND 3203 F01 9, 11 GND 3203 F02 32031fa 7 LTC3203/LTC3203-1 LTC3203B/LTC3203B-1 U OPERATIO The LTC3203/LTC3203-1/LTC3203B/LTC3203B-1 use a switched capacitor charge pump to boost VIN to a regulated output voltage. Regulation is achieved by sensing the output voltage through a resistor divider and modulating the charge pump output current based on the error signal. A two-phase non-overlapping clock activates the charge pump switches. The typical frequency of charging and discharging the flying capacitors is 1MHz (2x mode) or 0.9MHz (1.5x mode). A unique architecture maintains relatively constant input current for the lowest possible input noise. Mode of Operation The LTC3203/LTC3203-1/LTC3203B/LTC3203B-1 charge pump can operate in two modes of voltage conversion: 1.5x or 2x. In the 1.5x mode the flying capacitors are charged in series during the first clock phase, and stacked in parallel on top of VIN on the second clock phase. Alternatively, in the 2x mode the flying capacitors are charged on alternate clock phases from VIN. While one capacitor is being charged from VIN, the other is stacked on top of VIN and connected to the output. The two flying capacitors operate out of phase to minimize both input and output ripple. At light load the LTC3203/LTC3203-1 go into Burst Mode operation to reduce quiescent current. The conversion mode should be chosen based on considerations of efficiency, available output current and VOUT ripple. With a given VIN, the 1.5x mode gives a higher efficiency but lower available output current. The 2x mode gives a higher available output current but lower efficiency. Moreover, the output voltage ripple in the 2x mode is lower due to the out-of-phase operation of the two flying capacitors. Generally, at low VIN, the 2x mode should be selected, and at higher VIN, the 1.5x mode should be selected. By connecting a resistive divider from VIN to the MODE input pin the MODE input allows the user to accurately program the VIN threshold at which the charge pump will switch from 1.5x mode to 2x mode when VIN starts to fall and vice versa. Hysteresis on the MODE pin prevents the LTC3203/LTC3203-1/LTC3203B/LTC3203B-1 from switching continuously between the two modes. Output Voltage Programming The LTC3203-1/LTC3203B-1 has a VSEL input pin that allows the user to program the regulated output voltage to either 4.5V or 5V. 4.5V VOUT is useful for driving white LEDs while a regulated VOUT of 5V is useful for powering logic circuits. The LTC3203/LTC3203B has a FB pin in place of the VSEL pin that allows the output voltage to be programmed using an external resistive divider. Shutdown Mode When SHDN is asserted low, the LTC3203/LTC3203-1/ LTC3203B/LTC3203B-1 enter shutdown mode. The charge pump is first disabled, but the LTC3203/LTC3203-1/ LTC3203B/LTC3203B-1 continue to draw 5µA of supply current. This current will drop to less than 1µA when VOUT is fully discharged to 0V. Furthermore, VOUT is disconnected from VIN. Since the SHDN pin is a high impedance CMOS input, it should never be allowed to float. Burst Mode Operation The LTC3203/LTC3203-1 provide automatic Burst Mode operation to reduce quiescent current of the power converter at light loads. Burst Mode operation is initiated if the output load current falls below an internally programmed threshold. Once Burst Mode operation is initiated, the part shuts down the internal oscillator to reduce the switching losses and goes into a low current state. This state is referred to as the Sleep state in which the chip consumes only about 120µA from the input. 32031fa 8 LTC3203/LTC3203-1 LTC3203B/LTC3203B-1 U OPERATIO When the output voltage drops enough to overcome the burst comparator hysteresis, the part wakes up and commences normal fixed frequency operation. The output capacitor recharges and causes the part to re-enter the Sleep state if the output load still remains less than the Burst Mode threshold. This Burst Mode threshold varies with VIN, VOUT and the choice of output storage capacitor. Short-Circuit/Thermal Protection The LTC3203/LTC3203-1/LTC3203B/LTC3203B-1 have built-in short-circuit current limit as well as over-temperature protection. During a short-circuit condition, the chip will automatically limit the output current to approximately 1A. At higher temperatures, or if the input voltage is high enough to cause excessive self-heating of the part, the thermal shutdown circuitry will shut down the charge pump once the junction temperature exceeds approximately 150°C. It will enable the charge pump once the junction temperature drops back to approximately 135°C. The LTC3203/LTC3203-1/LTC3203B/LTC3203B-1 will cycle in and out of thermal shutdown indefinitely without latch-up or damage until the short circuit condition on VOUT is removed. Soft-Start To prevent excessive current flow at VIN during start-up, the LTC3203/LTC3203-1/LTC3203B/LTC3203B-1 have built-in soft-start circuitry. Soft-start is achieved by increasing the amount of current available to the output charge storage capacitor linearly over a period of approximately 250µs. 32031fa 9 LTC3203/LTC3203-1 LTC3203B/LTC3203B-1 U W U U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO Power Efficiency The power efficiency (η) of the LTC3203/LTC3203-1/ LTC3203B/LTC3203B-1 in 1.5x mode is similar to that of a linear regulator with an effective input voltage of 1.5 times the actual input voltage. This occurs because the input current for a 1.5x fractional charge pump is approximately 1.5 times the load current. In an ideal regulating 1.5x charge pump the power efficiency would be given by: η1.5 XIdeal = POUT V •I V = OUT OUT = OUT PIN VIN • 1.5IOUT 1.5 VIN Similarly, in 2x mode, the efficiency is similar to that of a linear regulator with an effective input voltage of twice the actual input voltage. In an ideal regulating voltage doubler the power efficiency would be given by: η2 XIdeal = POUT VOUT • IOUT VOUT = = PIN VIN • 2IOUT 2 VIN At moderate to high output power the switching losses and quiescent current of the LTC3203/LTC3203-1/ LTC3203B/LTC3203B-1 are negligible and the expression above is valid. As evident from the above two equations, with the same VIN, the 1.5x mode will give higher efficiency than the 2x mode. Programming the LTC3203/LTC3203B Output Voltage (FB Pin) While the LTC3203-1/LTC3203B-1 have internal resistive dividers to program the output voltage, the programmable LTC3203/LTC3203B may be set to an arbitrary voltage via an external resistive divider. Since it operates as a voltage doubling charge pump when MODE is less than VMODEL, it is not possible to achieve output voltages greater than twice the available input voltage in this case. Similarly, when MODE is greater than VMODEH, the achievable output voltage is less than 1.5 times the available input voltage. Figure 1 shows the required voltage divider connection. 2 VOUT LTC3203/ LTC3203B 5 FB CFB R1 COUT R2 GND 9, 11 3203 F01 Figure 1. Programming the LTC3203/LTC3203B Output Voltage The voltage divider ratio is given by the expression: R1 VOUT ⎛ R1 ⎞ = − 1 or VOUT = ⎜ + 1⎟ • 0.91V ⎝ R2 ⎠ R2 0.91V Typical values for total voltage divider resistance can range from several kΩs up to 1MΩ. The compensation capacitor (CFB) is necessary to counteract the pole caused by the large valued resistors R1 and R2, and the input capacitance of the FB pin. For best results, CFB should be 5pF for all R1 or R2 greater than 10k and can be omitted if both R1 and R2 are less than 10k. The LTC3203/LTC3203B can also be configured to control a current. In white LED applications the LED current is programmed by the ratio of the feedback set point voltage and a sense resistor as shown in Figure 2. The current of the remaining LEDs is controlled by virtue of their similarity to the reference LED and the ballast voltage across the sense resistor. 2 ILED = VFB RX VOUT LTC3203/ LTC3203B FB GND 9, 11 5 ••• COUT RX RX 3203 F02 Figure 2. Programming the LTC3203/LTC3203B Output Current In this configuration the feedback factor (∆VOUT/∆IOUT) will be very near unity since the small signal LED impedance will be considerably less than the current setting 32031fa 10 LTC3203/LTC3203-1 LTC3203B/LTC3203B-1 U W U U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO resistor RX. Thus, this configuration will have the highest loop gain giving it the lowest closed-loop output resistance. Likewise it will also require the largest amount of output capacitance to preserve stability. Programming the MODE Pin Effective Open Loop Output Resistance (ROL) When VIN ramps up, the voltage at the MODE pin crosses VMODEH and the chip switches from 2x mode to 1.5x mode. When VIN starts to drop, the voltage at the MODE pin crosses VMODEL and the chip switches back to 2x mode. The MODE pin resistor ratio must be selected such that at the switch point the output is still able to maintain regulation at maximum IOUT: The effective open loop output resistance (ROL) of a charge pump is a very important parameter, which determines its strength. The value of this parameter depends on many factors such as the oscillator frequency (fOSC), the value of the flying capacitor (CFLY), the non-overlap time, the internal switch resistances (RS), and the ESR of the external capacitors. Figure 3 shows how the LTC3203/LTC3203-1/LTC3203B/ LTC3203B-1 can be modeled as a Thevenin-equivalent circuit. Thus the maximum available output current and voltage can be calculated from the effective open-loop output resistance, ROL, and the effective output voltage, 1.5VIN (in 1.5x mode) or 2VIN (in 2x mode). From Figure 3, the available current is given by: IOUT = 1.5 • VIN(1.5x) – VOUT > IOUT • ROL(1.5X) The minimum VIN operating in 1.5x mode occurs at the switch point where: Maximum Available Output Current IOUT = By connecting a resistor divider to the MODE pin, the VIN voltage at which the chip switches modes can be accurately programmed. 1.5VIN − VOUT In 1.5x mod e ROL ⎛R ⎞ VIN = VMODEL • ⎜ MODE1 + 1⎟ ⎝ RMODE2 ⎠ therefore: ⎛R ⎞ 1.5 • VMODEL • ⎜ MODE1 + 1⎟ ⎝ RMODE2 ⎠ > ROL(1.5X )(MAX ) • IOUT(MAX ) + VOUT(MIN) RMODE1 VOUT(MIN) + ROL(1.5x )(MAX ) • IOUT(MAX ) –1 > 1.5 • VMODEL RMODE2 2VIN − VOUT In 2x mod e ROL As evident from the above two equations, with the same VIN and ROL, the 2x mode will give more output current than the 1.5x mode. 7 VIN LTC3203/ LTC3203B 6 MODE RMODE1 CIN RMODE2 ROL 1.5VIN OR 2VIN + – + VOUT GND 9, 11 3203 F04 Figure 4 – 3203 F03 Figure 3. Charge Pump Open-Loop Thevenin-Equivalent Circuit 32031fa 11 LTC3203/LTC3203-1 LTC3203B/LTC3203B-1 U W U U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO For the example given, a 5V output setting with ±4% output tolerance and maximum load current of 500mA, a resistor ratio of: RMODE1 >4 RMODE2 at the MODE pin allows the chip to switch modes while maintaining regulation. VIN, VOUT Capacitor Selection The style and value of capacitors used with the LTC3203/LTC3203-1/LTC3203B/LTC3203B-1 determine several important parameters such as regulator control loop stability, output ripple, charge pump strength and minimum start-up time. To reduce noise and ripple, it is recommended that low equivalent series resistance (ESR) multilayer ceramic chip capacitors (MLCCs) be used for both CIN and COUT. Tantalum and aluminum capacitors are not recommended because of their high ESR. In 1.5x mode, the value of COUT directly controls the amount of output ripple for a given load current. Increasing the size of COUT will reduce the output ripple at the expense of higher minimum turn-on time and higher start-up current. The peak-to-peak output ripple for 1.5x mode is given by the expression: VRIPPLE(P − P) = IOUT 3 fOSC • COUT where f OSC is the LTC3203/LTC3203-1/LTC3203B/ LTC3203B-1’s oscillator frequency (typically 0.9MHz) and COUT is the output charge storage capacitor. In 2x mode, the output ripple is very low due to the out-ofphase operation of the two flying capacitors. VOUT remains almost flat when either of the flying capacitors is connected to VOUT. Both the type and value of the output capacitor can significantly affect the stability of the LTC3203/LTC3203-1/ LTC3203B/LTC3203B-1. As shown in the Block Diagram, the LTC3203/LTC3203-1/LTC3203B/LTC3203B-1 use a control loop to adjust the strength of the charge pump to match the current required at the output. The error signal of this loop is stored directly on the output charge storage capacitor. The charge storage capacitor also serves to form the dominant pole for the control loop. To prevent ringing or instability, it is important for the output capacitor to maintain at least 4.7µF of capacitance over all conditions. Note that the actual capacitance of ceramic capacitors usually drops when biased with DC voltage. Different capacitor types drop to different extents. Make sure that the selected ceramic capacitors have enough capacitance when biased with the required DC voltage. Likewise, excessive ESR on the output capacitor will tend to degrade the loop stability of the LTC3203/LTC3203-1/ LTC3203B/LTC3203B-1. The closed-loop output resistance of the LTC3203/LTC3203-1/LTC3203B/LTC3203B1 are designed to be 0.27Ω (at 1.5x mode). For a 100mA load current change, the output voltage will change by about 27mV. If the output capacitor has 0.27Ω or more of ESR, the closed-loop frequency response will cease to roll-off in a simple one-pole fashion and poor load transient response or instability could result. Multilayer ceramic chip capacitors typically have exceptional ESR performance and, combined with a good board layout, should yield very good stability and load transient performance. As the value of COUT controls the amount of output ripple, the value of CIN controls the amount of ripple present at the input pin (VIN). The input current to the LTC3203/ LTC3203-1/LTC3203B/LTC3203B-1 will be relatively constant while the charge pump is on either the input charging phase or the output charging phase but will drop to zero during the clock non-overlap times. Since the non-overlap time is small (~40ns) these missing “notches” will result in only a small perturbation on the input power supply line. Note that a higher ESR capacitor such as tantalum will have higher input noise by the amount of the input current change times the ESR. Therefore ceramic capacitors are again recommended for their exceptional ESR performance. Further input noise reduction can be achieved by powering the LTC3203/LTC3203-1/LTC3203B/ LTC3203B-1 through a very small series inductor as shown in Figure 5. 32031fa 12 LTC3203/LTC3203-1 LTC3203B/LTC3203B-1 U W U U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO 10nH VIN 0.1µF 7 VIN 2.2µF LTC3203* 9, 11 GND 3203 F05 Figure 5. 10nH Inductor Used for Input Noise Reduction A 10nH inductor will reject the fast current notches, thereby presenting a nearly constant current load to the input power supply. For economy the 10nH inductor can be fabricated on the PC board with about 1cm (0.4") of PC board trace. Flying Capacitor Selection Warning: Polarized capacitors such as tantalum or aluminum should never be used for the flying capacitors since their voltage can reverse upon start-up of the LTC3203/LTC3203-1/LTC3203B/LTC3203B-1. Low ESR ceramic capacitors should always be used for the flying capacitors. The flying capacitors control the strength of the charge pump. In order to achieve the rated output current, it is necessary to have at least 2.2µF of capacitance for each of the flying capacitors. Ceramic capacitors of different materials lose their capacitance with higher temperature and voltage at different rates. For example, a capacitor made of X7R material will retain most of its capacitance from –40°C to 85°C whereas Z5U or Y5V style capacitors will lose considerable capacitance over that range. Z5U and Y5V capacitors may also have a poor voltage coefficient causing them to lose 60% or more of their capacitance when the rated voltage is applied. Therefore, when comparing different capacitors, it is often more appropriate to compare the amount of achievable capacitance for a given case size rather than comparing the specified capacitance value. For example, over rated voltage and temperature conditions, a 4.7µF, 10V, Y5V ceramic capacitor in a 0805 case may not provide any more capacitance than a 1µF, 10V, X5R or X7R capacitor available in the same 0805 case. In fact, over bias and temperature range the 1µF, 10V, X5R or X7R will provide more capacitance than the 4.7µF, 10V, Y5V capacitor. The capacitor manufacturer’s data sheet should be consulted to determine what value of capacitor is needed to ensure minimum capacitance values are met over operating temperature and bias voltage. Below is a list of ceramic capacitor manufacturers and how to contact them: AVX www.avxcorp.com Kemet www.kemet.com Murata www.murata.com Taiyo Yuden www.t-yuden.com Vishay www.vishay.com TDK www.component.tdk.com 32031fa 13 LTC3203/LTC3203-1 LTC3203B/LTC3203B-1 U W U U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO Thermal Management For higher input voltages and maximum output current, there can be substantial power dissipation in the LTC3203/ LTC3203-1/LTC3203B/LTC3203B-1. If the junction temperature increases above approximately 150°C, the thermal shutdown circuitry will automatically deactivate the output. To reduce the maximum junction temperature, a good thermal connection to the PC board is recommended. Connecting GND (Pin 9) and the exposed pad (Pin 11) of the DFN package to a ground plane under the device on two layers of the PC board can reduce the thermal resistance of the package and PC board considerably. if the flying capacitors are not close to the part (i.e. the loop area is large). To decouple capacitive energy transfer, a Faraday shield may be used. This is a grounded PC trace between the sensitive node and the LTC3203/LTC3203-1/ LTC3203B/LTC3203B-1 pins. For a high quality AC ground it should be returned to a solid ground plane that extends all the way to the LTC3203/LTC3203-1/LTC3203B/ LTC3203B-1. To prevent degraded performance, the FB trace should be kept away or be shielded from the flying capacitor traces. GROUND PLANE C1 Layout Considerations Due to the high switching frequency and high transient currents produced by the LTC3203/LTC3203-1/ LTC3203B/LTC3203B-1, careful board layout is necessary for optimum performance. A true ground plane and short connections to all the external capacitors will improve performance and ensure proper regulation under all conditions. The flying capacitor pins C1+, C2+, C1– and C2– will have very high edge rate waveforms. The large dV/dt on these pins can couple energy capacitively to adjacent printed circuit board runs. Magnetic fields can also be generated COUT C2 1 10 2 3 9 11 8 4 7 5 6 CIN 3206 F07 LTC3203/LTC3203B COMPONENTS NOT USED IN LTC3203-1 OR LTC3203B-1 Figure 6. Recommended Layouts 32031fa 14 LTC3203/LTC3203-1 LTC3203B/LTC3203B-1 U PACKAGE DESCRIPTIO DD Package 10-Lead Plastic DFN (3mm × 3mm) (Reference LTC DWG # 05-08-1699) R = 0.115 TYP 6 0.38 ± 0.10 10 0.675 ±0.05 3.50 ±0.05 1.65 ±0.05 2.15 ±0.05 (2 SIDES) 3.00 ±0.10 (4 SIDES) PACKAGE OUTLINE 1.65 ± 0.10 (2 SIDES) PIN 1 TOP MARK (SEE NOTE 6) (DD) DFN 1103 5 0.25 ± 0.05 0.200 REF 0.50 BSC 2.38 ±0.05 (2 SIDES) 1 0.75 ±0.05 0.00 – 0.05 0.25 ± 0.05 0.50 BSC 2.38 ±0.10 (2 SIDES) BOTTOM VIEW—EXPOSED PAD RECOMMENDED SOLDER PAD PITCH AND DIMENSIONS NOTE: 1. DRAWING TO BE MADE A JEDEC PACKAGE OUTLINE M0-229 VARIATION OF (WEED-2). CHECK THE LTC WEBSITE DATA SHEET FOR CURRENT STATUS OF VARIATION ASSIGNMENT 2. DRAWING NOT TO SCALE 3. ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS 4. DIMENSIONS OF EXPOSED PAD ON BOTTOM OF PACKAGE DO NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH. MOLD FLASH, IF PRESENT, SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.15mm ON ANY SIDE 5. EXPOSED PAD SHALL BE SOLDER PLATED 6. SHADED AREA IS ONLY A REFERENCE FOR PIN 1 LOCATION ON THE TOP AND BOTTOM OF PACKAGE 32031fa Information furnished by Linear Technology Corporation is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed for its use. Linear Technology Corporation makes no representation that the interconnection of its circuits as described herein will not infringe on existing patent rights. 15 LTC3203/LTC3203-1 LTC3203B/LTC3203B-1 U TYPICAL APPLICATIO 7 3 2.2µF 10 332k 100k 1 C2+ C2– 4 2 C1+ LTC3203/ LTC3203B C1– 8 6 VOUT VIN FB 10µF 5 MODE SHDN GND ON OFF 47Ω 47Ω 47Ω 47Ω 47Ω 47Ω 9, 11 RELATED PARTS PART NUMBER DESCRIPTION COMMENTS LT®1618 Constant Current, Constant Voltage, 1.4MHz High Efficiency Boost Regulator Up to 16 White LEDs, VIN: 1.6V to 18V, VOUT(MAX) = 34V, IQ = 1.8mA, ISD ≤ 1µA, 10-Lead MS Package LTC1911-1.5 250mA (IOUT), 1.5MHz High Efficiency Step-Down Charge Pump 75% Efficiency, VIN: 2.7V to 5.5V, VOUT(MIN) = 1.5V/1.8V, IQ = 180µA, ISD ≤ 10µA, MS8 Package LT1932 Constant Current, 1.2MHz High Efficiency White LED Boost Regulator Up to 8 White LEDs, VIN: 1V to 10V, VOUT(MAX) = 34V, IQ = 1.2mA, ISD ≤ 1µA, ThinSOT™ Package LT1937 Constant Current, 1.2MHz High Efficiency White LED Boost Regulator Up to 4 White LEDs, VIN: 2.5V to 10V, VOUT(MAX) = 34V, IQ = 1.9mA, ISD ≤ 1µA, ThinSOT, SC70 Packages LTC3200-5 Low Noise, 2MHz Regulated Charge Pump White LED Driver Up to 6 White LEDs, VIN: 2.7V to 4.5V, VOUT(MAX) = 5V, IQ = 8mA, ISD ≤ 1µA, ThinSOT Package LTC3201 Low Noise, 1.7MHz Regulated Charge Pump White LED Driver Up to 6 White LEDs, VIN: 2.7V to 4.5V, VOUT(MAX) = 5V, IQ = 6.5mA, ISD ≤ 1µA, 10-Lead MS Package LTC3202 Low Noise, 1.7MHz Regulated Charge Pump White LED Driver Up to 8 White LEDs, VIN: 2.7V to 4.5V, VOUT(MAX) = 5V, IQ = 5mA, ISD ≤ 1µA, 10-Lead MS Package LTC3204-3.3/LTC3204B-3.3 Low Noise Regulated Charge Pumps in 2 × 2 DFN LTC3204-5/LTC3204B-5 (“B” Version Defeats Burst Mode Operation) VIN: 1.8V to 4.5V (LTC3204/LTC3204B-3.3), 2.7V to 5.5V (LTC3204/LTC3204B-5), IOUT = 50mA (LTC3204/LTC3204B-3.3), 150mA (LTC3204/LTC3204B-5) 6-Lead 2 × 2 DFN Package LTC3205 Multi-Display LED Controller 92% Efficiency, VIN: 2.8V to 4.5V, IQ = 50µA, ISD ≤ 1µA, 4mm x 4mm QFN Package LTC3206 Highly Integrated Multi-Display LED Controller 92% Efficiency, VIN: 2.7V to 4.5V, IQ = 180µA, ISD ≤ 1µA, 4mm x 4mm QFN Package LTC3251 500mA (IOUT), 1MHz to 1.6MHz Spread Spectrum Step-Down Charge Pump 85% Efficiency, VIN: 3.1V to 5.5V, VOUT: 0.9V to 1.6V, IQ = 9µA, ISD ≤ 1µA, 10-Lead MS Package LTC3405/LTC3405A 300mA (IOUT), 1.5MHz Synchronous Step-Down DC/DC Converter 95% Efficiency, VIN: 2.7V to 6V, VOUT(MIN) = 0.8V, IQ = 20µA, ISD ≤ 1µA, ThinSOT Package LTC3406/LTC3406B 600mA (IOUT), 1.5MHz Synchronous Step-Down DC/DC Converter 95% Efficiency, VIN: 2.5V to 5.5V, VOUT(MIN) = 0.6V, IQ = 20µA, ISD ≤ 1µA, ThinSOT Package LTC3440 600mA (IOUT), 2MHz Synchronous Buck-Boost DC/DC Converter 95% Efficiency, VIN: 2.5V to 5.5V, VOUT(MIN) = 2.5V, IQ = 25µA, ISD ≤ 1µA, 10-Lead MS Package LT3465/LT3465A 1.2MHz/2.7MHz with Internal Schottky Up to 6 White LEDs, VIN: 12.7V to 16V, VOUT(MAX) = 34V, IQ = 1.9mA, ISD < 1µA, ThinSOT Package ThinSOT is a trademark of Linear Technology Corporation. 32031fa 16 Linear Technology Corporation LT/LWI 1006 REV A • PRINTED IN USA 1630 McCarthy Blvd., Milpitas, CA 95035-7417 (408) 432-1900 ● FAX: (408) 434-0507 ● www.linear.com © LINEAR TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 2006