ONSEMI MC10E197

MC10E197
5VECL Data Separator
The MC10E197 is an integrated data separator designed for use in
high speed hard disk drive applications. With data rate capabilities of
up to 50 Mb/s the device is ideally suited for today’s and future
state-of-the-art hard disk designs.
The E197 is typically driven by a pulse detector which reads the
magnetic information from the storage disk and changes it into ECL
pulses. The device is capable of operating on both 2:7 and 1:7 RLL
coding schemes. Note that the E197 does not do any decoding but
rather prepares the disk data for decoding by another device.
For applications with higher data rate needs, such as tape drive
systems, the device accepts an external VCO. The frequency
capability of the integrated VCO is the factor which limits the device
to 50 Mb/s.
A special anti-equivocation circuit has been employed to ensure
timely lock-up when the arriving data and VCO edges are coincident.
Unlike the majority of the devices in the ECLinPS family, the E197
is available in only 10H compatible ECL. The device is available in
the standard 28-lead PLCC.
Since the E197 contains both analog and digital circuitry, separate
supply and ground pins have been provided to minimize noise
coupling inside the device. The device can operate on either standard
negative ECL supplies or, as is more common, on positive voltage
supplies.
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MARKING
DIAGRAM
1 28
MC10E197FN
AWLYYWW
PLCC−28
CASE 776
FN SUFFIX
A
WL
YY
WW
= Assembly Location
= Wafer Lot
= Year
= Work Week
2:7 and 1:7 RLL Format Compatible
Fully Integrated VCO for 50 Mb/s Operation
ORDERING INFORMATION
External VCO Input for Higher Operating Frequency
Device
Anti-equivocation Circuitry to Ensure PLL Lock
PECL Mode Operating Range: VCC = 4.2 V to 5.7 V
with VEE = 0 V
NECL Mode Operating Range: VCC = 0 V
with VEE = −4.2 V to −5.7 V
Internal Input Pulldown Resistors
Package
Shipping
MC10E197FN
PLCC−28
37 Units/Rail
MC10E197FNR2
PLCC−28
500 Units/Reel
•
• ESD Protection: > 1 KV HBM, > 75 V MM
• Meets or Exceeds JEDEC Spec EIA/JESD78 IC Latchup Test
• Moisture Sensitivity Level 1
•
•
For Additional Information, see Application Note AND8003/D
Flammability Rating: UL−94 code V−0 @ 1/8″,
Oxygen Index 28 to 34
Transistor Count = 483 devices
© Semiconductor Components Industries, LLC, 2006
June, 2006 − Rev. 6
1
Publication Order Number:
MC10E197/D
VCOIN
NC
VCCVCO
CAP2
CAP1
V EEVCO
VCCO0
MC10E197
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
LOGIC DIAGRAM AND PINOUT ASSIGNMENT
TEST
26
RDCLK
EXTVCO
27
17
RDCLK
ENVCO
28
16
VCC
15
RSDATA
14
RSDATA
13
PUMPUP
12
RSETDN
4
5
RFFCLK
6
7
8
9
10
11
VCCO1
RDEN
RSETUP
3
PUMPDN
TYPE
RAWD
2
RAWD
ACQ
Pinout: 28-Lead PLCC
(Top View)
RFFCLK
1
VEE
* All VCC and VCCOX pins are tied together on the die.
Warning: All VCC, VCCO, and VEE pins must be externally
connected to Power Supply to guarantee proper operation.
PIN DESCRIPTIONS
PIN
FUNCTION
REFCLK
ECL Reference clock equivalent to one clock cycle per decoding window.
REFCLK
ECL Reference clock equivalent to one clock cycle per decoding window.
RDEN
ECL Enable data synchronizer when HIGH. When LOW enable the phase/frequency detector steered by REFCLK.
RAWD
ECL Data Input to Synchronizer logic.
VCOIN
ECL VCO control voltage input
CAP1/CAP2
ECL VCO frequency controlling capacitor inputs
ENVCO
ECL VCO select pin. LOW selects the internal VCO and HIGH selects the external VCO input. Pin floats LOW when left open.
EXTVCO
ECL External VCO pin selected when ENVCO is HIGH
ACQ
ECL Acquisition circuitry select pin. This pin must be driven HIGH at the end of the data sync field for some sync field types.
TYPE
ECL Selects between the two types of commonly used sync fields. When LOW it selects a sync field interspersed with 3
zeroes (2:7 RLL code). When HIGH it selects a sync field interspersed with 2 zeroes (1:7 RLL code).
TEST
ECL Input included to initialize the clock flip-flop for test purposes only. Pin should be left open (LOW) in actual application.
PUMPUP
ECL Open collector charge pump output for the signal pump
PUMPDN
ECL Open collector charge pump output for the reference pump
RSETUP
ECL Current setting resistor for the signal pump
RSETDN
ECL Current setting resistor for the reference pump
RDATA
ECL Synchronized data output
RDCLK
ECL Synchronized clock output
VCC, VCCOX,
VCCVCO
Most positive supply rails. Digital and analog supplies are independent on chip
VEE, VEEVCO
Most negative supply rails. Digital and analog supplies are independent on chip
RDEN
LOGIC DIAGRAM
PHASE FREQUENCY DETECTOR
REFCLK
CAP1
CAP2
VCOIN
EXTVCO
ENVCO
RAWD
ACQ
TYPE
INTERNAL
VCO
PHASE
DETECTOR
MUX
VCO
MUX
DATA
PHASE
DETECTOR
ACQUISITION
CIRCUITRY
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2
CHARGE
PUMP
CURRENTSOURCES
PUMPUP
PUMPDN
RSETUP
RSETDN
CLOCK &
DATA
BUFFER
RDATA
RDCLK
MC10E197
MAXIMUM RATINGS (Note 1)
Symbol
Parameter
Condition 1
Condition 2
Rating
Units
VCC
PECL Mode Power Supply
VEE = 0 V
8
V
VEE
NECL Mode Power Supply
VCC = 0 V
−8
V
VI
PECL Mode Input Voltage
VEE = 0 V
VI VCC
6
V
NECL Mode Input Voltage
VCC = 0 V
VI VEE
−6
V
Iout
Output Current
Continuous
Surge
50
100
mA
mA
TA
Operating Temperature Range
Tstg
Storage Temperature Range
θJA
Thermal Resistance (Junction to Ambient)
0 LFPM
500 LFPM
θJC
Thermal Resistance (Junction to Case)
std bd
VEE
Tsol
0 to +85
°C
−65 to +150
°C
28 PLCC
28 PLCC
63.5
43.5
°C/W
°C/W
28 PLCC
22 to 26
°C/W
PECL Operating Range
4.2 to 5.7
V
NECL Operating Range
−5.7 to −4.2
V
265
°C
Wave Solder
<2 to 3 sec @ 248°C
1. Maximum Ratings are those values beyond which device damage may occur.
10E SERIES PECL DC CHARACTERISTICS VCCx= 5.0 V; VEE= 0.0 V (Note 1)
0°C
Symbol
Characteristic
25°C
85°C
Min
Typ
Max
Min
Typ
Max
Min
Typ
Max
Unit
90
150
180
90
150
180
90
150
180
mA
Output HIGH Voltage (Note 2)
3980
4070
4160
4020
4105
4190
4090
4185
4280
mV
VOL
Output LOW Voltage (Note 2)
3050
3210
3370
3050
3210
3370
3050
3227
3405
mV
VIH
Input HIGH Voltage
3830
3995
4160
3870
4030
4190
3940
4110
4280
mV
VIL
Input LOW Voltage
3050
3285
3520
3050
3285
3520
3050
3302
3555
mV
IIH
Input HIGH Current
150
μA
IIL
Input LOW Current
IEE
Power Supply Current
VOH
150
0.5
0.3
150
0.5
0.25
0.3
0.2
μA
NOTE: Devices are designed to meet the DC specifications shown in the above table, after thermal equilibrium has been established. The
circuit is in a test socket or mounted on a printed circuit board and transverse air flow greater than 500 lfpm is maintained.
1. Input and output parameters vary 1:1 with VCC. VEE can vary +0.46 V / −0.06 V.
2. Outputs are terminated through a 50 ohm resistor to VCC−2 volts.
10E SERIES NECL DC CHARACTERISTICS VCCx= 0.0 V; VEE= −5.0 V (Note 1)
0°C
Symbol
Characteristic
Min
Typ
25°C
Max
Min
Typ
85°C
Max
Min
Typ
Max
Unit
IEE
Power Supply Current
90
150
180
90
150
180
90
150
180
mA
VOH
Output HIGH Voltage (Note 2)
−1020
−930
−840
−980
−895
−810
−910
−815
−720
mV
VOL
Output LOW Voltage (Note 2)
−1950
−1790
−1630
−1950
−1790
−1630
−1950
−1773
−1595
mV
VIH
Input HIGH Voltage
−1170
−1005
−840
−1130
−970
−810
−1060
−890
−720
mV
VIL
Input LOW Voltage
−1950
−1715
−1480
−1950
−1715
−1480
−1950
−1698
−1445
mV
IIH
Input HIGH Current
150
μA
IIL
Input LOW Current
0.5
0.3
0.5
0.065
0.3
0.2
150
150
μA
NOTE: Devices are designed to meet the DC specifications shown in the above table, after thermal equilibrium has been established. The
circuit is in a test socket or mounted on a printed circuit board and transverse air flow greater than 500 lfpm is maintained.
1. Input and output parameters vary 1:1 with VCC. VEE can vary +0.46 V / −0.06 V.
2. Outputs are terminated through a 50 ohm resistor to VCC−2 volts.
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MC10E197
AC CHARACTERISTICS VCCx= 5.0 V; VEE= 0.0 V or VCCx= 0.0 V; VEE= −5.0 V (Note 1)
0°C
Symbol
fVCO
Characteristic
Min
Frequency of the VCO (Note 5)
150
Tuning Ratio (Note 6)
1.53
Typ
25°C
Max
Min
Typ
85°C
Max
150
1.87
1.53
Min
Typ
Max
150
1.87
Unit
MHz
1.53
1.87
ts
Time from RDATA Valid to
Rising Edge of RDCLK (Notes 4)
TVCO
− 550
TVCO
− 500
TVCO
− 500
ps
tH
Time from Rising Edge of RDCLK
to RDATA invalid (Notes 4)
TVCO
TVCO
TVCO
ps
tSKEW
Skew Between RDATA and
RDATA
300
300
300
ps
tJITTER
Cycle−to−Cycle Jitter
TBD
TBD
TBD
ps
1. VEE can vary +0.46 V / −0.06 V
1 Applies to the input current for each input except VCOIN
2 For a nominal set current of 3.72 mA, the resistor values for RSETUP and RSETDN should be 130Ω(0.1%). Assuming no variation between
these two resistors, the current match between the PUMPUP and PUMPDN output signals should be within ±3%. ISET is calculated as (VEE+
1.3v − VBE)/R; where R is RSETUP or RSETDN and a nominal value for VBE is 0.85 volts.
3 Output leakage current of the PUMPUP or PUMPDN output signals when at a LOW level.
4 TVCO is the period of the VCO.
5 The VCO frequency determined with VCOIN = VEE + 0.5 volts and using a 10pF tuning capacitor.
6 The tuning ratio is defined as the ratio of fVCOMAX to FVCOMIN where fVCOMAX is measured at VCOIN = 1.3 V + VEE and fVCOMAX is measured
at VCOIN = 2.6 V + VEE
RDATA
RDATA
RDCLK
tH
tS
SETUP AND HOLD TIMING DIAGRAMS
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4
RDCLK
MC10E197
APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
General Operation
Operation
The E197 is a phase-locked loop circuit consisting of an
internal VCO, a Data Phase detector with associated
acquisition circuitry, and a Phase/Frequency detector
(Figure 1). In addition, an enable pin(ENVCO) is provided to
disable the internal VCO and enable the external VCO input.
Hence, the user has the option of supplying the VCO signal.
The E197 contains two phase detectors: a data phase
detector for synchronizing to the non-periodic pulses in the
read data stream during the data read mode of operation, and
a phase/ frequency detector for frequency (and phase) locking
to an external reference clock during the “idle” mode of
operation. The read enable (RDEN) pin muxes between these
two detectors.
data. For the case in which lock-up is attempted when the data
edges are coincident with the VCO edges, the pump down
signal may enter an indeterminate state for an unacceptably
long period due to the violation of internal set up and hold
times. After an initial pump down pulse, the circuit blocks
successive pump down pulses, and inserts extra pump up
pulses, during portions of the sync field that are known to
contain zeros. Thus, the data phase detector is forced to have
a nonzero output during the lock-up period, and the restoring
force ensures correction of the loop within an acceptable time.
Hence, this circuitry provides a quasi-deterministic pump
down output signal, under the condition of coincident data and
VCO edges, allowing lock-up to occur with excessive delays.
The ACQ line is provided to disable (disable = HIGH) the
acquisition circuit during the data portion of a sector block.
Typically, this circuit is enabled at the beginning of the sync
field by a one-shot timer to ensure a timely lock-up.
The TYPE line allows the choice between two sync field
preamble types; transitions interspersed with two zeros
between transitions. These types of sync fields are used with
the 1:7 and 2:7 coding schemes, respectively.
Data Read Mode
The data pins (RAWD) are enabled when the RDEN pin is
placed at a logic high level, thus enabling the Data Phase
detector (Figure1) and initiating the data read mode. In this
mode, the loop is servoed by the timing information taken from
the positive edges of the input data pulses. This phase detector
samples positive edges from the RAWD signal and generates
both a pump up and pump down pulse from any edge of the
input data pulse. The leading edge of the pump up pulse is time
modulated by the leading edge of the data signal, whereas the
rising edge of the pump up pulse is generated synchronous to
the VCO clock. The falling edge of the pump down pulse is
synchronous to the falling edge of the VCO clock and the rising
edge of the pump down signal is synchronous to the rising edge
of the VCO clock. Since both edges of the VCO are used the
internal clock a duty cycle of 50%. This pulse width
modulation technique is used to generate the servoing signal
which drives the VCO. The pump down signal is a reference
pulse which is included to provide an evenly balanced
differential system, thereby allowing the synthesis of a VCO
input control signal after appropriate signal processing by the
loop filter.
By using suitable external filter circuitry, a control signal for
input into the VCO can be generated by inverting the pump
down signal, summing the inverted signal with the pump up
signal and averaging the result. The polarity of this control
signal is defined as zero when the data edges lead the clock by
a half clock cycle. If the data edges are advanced with respect
to the zero polarity data/VCO edge relationship, the control
signal is defined to have a negative polarity; whereas if the
VCO is advanced with respect to the zero polarity data/VCO
edge relationship, the control signal is defined to have a
positive polarity. If there is no data edge present at the RAWD
input, the corresponding pump up and pump down outputs are
not generated and the resulting control output is zero.
Idle Mode
In the absence of data or when the drive is writing to the disk,
PLL servoing is accomplished by pulling the read enable line
(RDEN) low and providing a reference clock via the REFCLK
pins. The condition whereby RDEN is low selects the
Phase/Frequency detector (Figure 1) and the 10E197 is said to
be operating in the “idle mode”. In order to function as a
frequency detector the input waveform must be periodic. The
pump up and pump down pulses from the Phase/Frequency
detector will have the same frequency, phase and pulse width
only when the two clocks that are being compared have their
positive edges aligned and are of the same frequency.
As with the data phase detector, by using suitable external
filter circuitry, a VCO input control signal can be generated by
inverting the pump down signal, summing the inverted signal
with the pump up signal and averaging the result. The polarity
of this control signal is defined as zero when all positive edges
of both clocks are coincident. For the case in which the
frequencies of the two clocks are the same but the clock edges
of the reference clock are slightly advanced with respect to the
VCO clock, the control clock is defined to have a positive
polarity. A control signal with negative polarity occurs when
the edges of the reference clock are delayed with respect to
those of the VCO. If the frequencies of the two clocks are
different, the clock with the most edges per unit time will
initiate the most pulses and the polarity of the detector will
reflect the frequency error. Thus, when the reference clock is
high in frequency than the VCO clock the polarity of the
control signal is positive; whereas a control signal with
negative polarity occurs when the frequency of the reference
clock is lower than the VCO clock.
Acquisition Circuitry
The acquisition circuitry is provided to assist the data phase
detector in phase locking to the sync field that precedes the
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MC10E197
Phase-Lock Loop Theory
Gain Constants
As mentioned, each of the three sections in the phase lock
loop block diagram has an associated open loop gain
constant. Further, the gain constant of the filter circuitry is
composed of the product of three gain constants, one for
each filter subsection. The open loop gain constant of the
feed-forward path is given by
Introduction
Phase lock loop (PLL) circuits are fundamentally
feedback systems used to synchronize the frequency of an
oscillator to an incoming signal. In addition to frequency
synchronization, the PLL circuitry is designed to minimize
the phase difference between the system input and output
signals. A block diagram of a feedback control system is
shown in Figure 1.
where:
A(s) is the product of the feed-forward transfer functions.
+
Xi(s)
A(s)
and obtained by performing a root locus analysis.
The gain of the phase detector is a function of the
operating mode and the data pattern. The 10E197 provides
data separation for signals encoded in 2:7 or 1:7 RLL
encoding schemes; hence, Tables 1 and 2 are coding tables
for these schemes. Table 3 lists nominal phase detector gains
for both 2:7 and 1:7 sync fields.
Xo(s)
−
β(s)
NRZ Data Sequence
Figure 1. Feedback System
β(s) is the product of the feedback transfer functions.
The transfer function for this closed loop system is
Xo(s)
Xi(s)
=
A(s)
1 + A(s)β(s)
Typically, phase lock loops are modeled as feedback
systems connected in a unity feedback configuration
(β(s)=1) with a phase detector, a VCO (voltage controlled
oscillator), and a loop filter in the feed-forward path, A(s).
Figure 2 illustrates a phase lock loop as a feedback control
system in block diagram form.
PHASE
DETECTOR
Kf
Fi
LOOP FILTER
F(s)
Fo
1000
0100
100
101
111
001000
100100
000100
1100
1101
00001000
00100100
Code Sequence
00
01
10
X01
010
X00
1100
1101
1110
1111
010001
X00000
X00001
010000
An X in the leading bit of a code sequence is assigned the
complement of the bit
Table 2. 1:7 RLL Encoding Table
The closed loop transfer function is:
=
00
01
NRZ Data Sequence
VCO
Ko
s
Code Sequence
Table 1. 2:7 RLL Encoding Table
Figure 2. Phase Lock Loop Block Diagram
Xo(s)
Xi(s)
eqt. 1
Phase Detector Gain Constant
Xe(s)
R
Kol = Kφ * Ko * K1 * Kl * Kd
Kφ Ko F(s)
s
1 + Kφ Ko F(s)
s
where:
Kφ=
Ko=
Sync Pattern
Read Mode
Idle Mode
2:7
121 mV/radian
484 mV/radian
1:7
161 mV/radian
483 mV/radian
Table 3. Phase Detector Gain Constants
the phase detector gain.
the VCO gain. Since the VCO introduces a
pole at the origin of the s-plane, Ko is divided
by s.
F(s) = the transfer function of the loop filter.
VCO Gain Constant
The gain of the VCO is a function of the tuning capacitor.
For a value of 10 pF a nominal value of the gain, Ko, is
20 MHz per volt.
The 10E197 is designed to implement the phase detector
and VCO functions in a unity feedback loop, while allowing
the user to select the desired filter function.
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MC10E197
Filter Circuitry Gain Constant(s)
The transfer function and the element values for the loop
filter are derived by dividing the filter into three cascaded
subsections: filter input, augmenting integrator, and the
voltage divider network (Figure 4).
The open loop gain constant of the filter circuitry is given
by:
Kfc = K1 * Kl * Kd
eqt. 2
Loop Filter Transfer Function
The open loop transfer function of the phase lock loop is
the product of each individual filter subsection, as well as the
phase detector and VCO. Thus, the open loop filter transfer
function is:
The individual gain constants are defined in the
appropriate subsections of this document.
Loop Filter
The two major functions of the loop filter are to remove
any noise or high frequency components present in the phase
detector output signal and, more importantly, to control the
characteristics which determine the dynamic response of the
phase lock loop; i.e. capture range, loop bandwidth, capture
time, and transient response.
Although a variety of loop filter configurations exist, this
section will only describe a filter capable of performing the
signal processing as described in the Data Read Mode and
the Idle Mode sections. The loop filter consists of a
differential summing amplifier cascaded with an
augmenting integrator which drives the VCOIN input to the
10E197 through a resistor divider network (Figure 3).
R1
R1
Fo(s) = Kφ * Ko * F1(s) * Fl(s) * Fd(s)
s
where:
F1(s) = K1 *
Fl(s) = Kl *
1
s
Fd(s) = Kd *
1
(s + p2)
RIA
RA
1
1
*
(s + p1)
[s2 + (2ζω o1) s + ω2o1]
(s + z)
*
[s2
+ (2ζωo2 ) s + ω2o2]
CA
PUMPUP
CIN
RV
MC34182
MC34182
VEEVCO
RO
R3
R1
PUMPDN
CIN
VEEVCO
CO
VO
DB
VCCVCO
R1
VEEVCO
VEEVCO
VCCVCO
Figure 3. Loop Filter Circuitry
R1
Fi(s)
FILTER
INPUT
F1(s)
AUGMENTING
INTEGRATOR
FI(s)
VOLTAGE
DIVIDER
FO(s)
R1
IPUMPUP
F(s)=F1(s)Fi(s)Fd(s)
VEEVCO
VEEVCO
MC34182
Figure 4. Loop Filter Block Diagram
A root locus analysis is performed on the open loop
transfer function to determine the final pole-zero locations
and the open loop gain constant for the phase lock loop. Note
that the open loop gain constant impacts the crossover
frequency and that a lower frequency crossover point means
a much more efficient filter. Once these positions and
constants are determined the component values may be
calculated.
R1
CIN
IPUMPDN
VEEVCO
VEEVCO
V01
R1
VCCVCO
Figure 5. Filter Input Subsection
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MC10E197
Filter Input
The primary function of the filter input subsection is to
convert the output of the phase detector into a single ended
signal for subsequent processing by the integrator circuitry. This
subsection consists of the 10E197 charge pump current sinks,
two shunt capacitors, and a differential summing amplifier
(Figure 5).
Hence, this portion of the filter circuit contributes a real pole
and two complex poles to the overall loop transfer function F(s).
Before these pole locations are selected, appropriate values for
the current setting resistors (RSETUP and RSETDN) must be
ascertained. The goal in choosing these resistor values is to
maximize the gain of the filter input subsection while ensuring
the charge pump output transistors operate in the active mode.
The filter input gain is maximized for a charge pump current of
1.1 mA; a value of 464 Ω for both RSETUP and RSETDN
yields a nominal charge pump current of 1.1 mA.
It should be noted that a dual bandwidth implementation of
the phase lock loop may be achieved by modifying the current
setting resistors such that an electronic switch enables one of two
resistor configurations. Figure 6 shows a circuit configuration
capable of providing this dual bandwidth function. Analysis of
the filter input circuitry yields the transfer function:
F1(s) = K1 *
1
*
(s + p1)
The second order pole set arises from the two pole model for
an op-amp. The open loop gain and the first open loop pole for
the op-amp are obtained from the data sheets. Typically,
op-amp manufacturers do not provide information on the
location of the second open loop pole; however, it can be
approximated by measuring the roll off of the op-amp in the
open loop configuration. The second pole is located where the
gain begins to decrease at a rate of 40 dB per decade. The
inclusion of both poles in the differential summing amplifier
transfer function becomes important when closing the
feedback path around the op-amp because the poles migrate;
and this migration must be accounted for to accurately
determine the phase lock loop transient performance.
Typically the op-amp poles can be approximated by a pole
pair occurring as a complex conjugate pair making an angle of
45° to the real axis of the complex frequency plane. Two
constraints on the selection of the op-amp pole pair are that the
poles lie beyond the crossover frequency and they are
positioned for near unity gain operation. Performing a root
locus analysis on the op-amp open loop configuration and
adhering to the two constraints yields the pole positions
contributed by the op-amp.
Determination of Element Values
1
Since the difference amplifier is configured to operate as a
differential summer the resistor values associated with the
amplifier are of equal value. Further, the typical input
resistance to the summing amplifier is 1 kΩ; thus, the op-amp
resistors are set at 1 kΩ. Having set the input resistance to the
op-amp and selected the position of the real pole, the value of
the shunt capacitors is determined using the following
relationship:
[s2 + (2ζω o1) s + ω2o1]
The gain constant is defined as:
K1 = A1 *
1
CIN
eqt. 3
where:
A1= op-amp gain constant for the
selected pole positions.
⎥ p1⎥ =
CIN = phase detector shunt capacitor.
The real pole is a function of the input resistance to the
op-amp and the shunt capacitors connected to the phase detector
output. For stability the real pole must be placed beyond the
unity gain frequency; hence, this pole is typically placed
midway between the unity crossover and phase detector
sampling frequency, which should be about ten times greater.
1
2πR1CIN
eqt. 4
Augmenting Integrator
The augmenting integrator consists of an active filter with a
lag-lead network in the feedback path (Figure 7).
RIA
CA
RA
VIN
RSETDN
RSETUP
464Ω
464Ω
464Ω
464Ω
MC34182
VO2
VEEVCO
RIA
VCCVCO
ELECTRONIC SWITCH
Figure 7. Integrator Subsection
VEEVCO
Figure 6. Dual Bandwidth Current
Source Implementation
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MC10E197
Voltage Divider
The input range to the VCOIN input is from 1.3 V + VEE to
2.6 V + VEE; hence, the output from the augmenting amplifier
section must be attenuated to meet the VCOIN constraints. A
simple voltage divider network provides the necessary
attenuation (Figure 8).
Analysis of this portion of the filter circuit yields the transfer
function:
F1(s) = Kl *
1
s
*
(s + z)
[s2 + (2ζω o2) s + ω2 o2
]
The gain constant is defined as:
RA
Kl = Al *
RlA
RV
eqt. 5
VIN
where:
Al =
RO
op-amp gain constant for selected pole positions.
Cd
RA = integrator feedback resistor.
VO
DB
RlA = integrator input resistor.
The integrator circuit introduces a zero, a pole at the origin,
and a second order pole set as described by the two pole model
for an op-amp. As in the case of the differential summing
amplifier, we assume the op-amp pole pair occur as a complex
conjugate pair making an angle of 45° to the real axis of the
complex frequency plane; are positioned for near unity gain
operation; and are located beyond the crossover frequency.
Since both the summing and integrating op-amps are realized
by the same type of op-amp (MC34182D), the open loop pole
positions for both amplifiers will be the same.
Further, the loop transfer function contains two poles located
at the origin, one introduced by the integrator and the other by
the VCO; hence a zero is necessary to compensate for the phase
shift produced by these poles and ensure loop stability. The
op-amp will be stable if the crossover point occurs before the
transfer function phase angle becomes 180°. The zero should
be positioned much less than one decade before the unity gain
frequency.
As in the case of the filter input circuitry, the poles and zero
from this analysis will be used as open loop poles and a zero
when performing the root locus analysis for the complete
system.
Figure 8. Voltage Divider Subsection
In addition, a shunt filter capacitor connected between the
VCOIN input pin and VEE provides the voltage divider
subsection with a single time constant transfer function that adds
a pole to the overall loop filter. The transfer function for the
voltage divider network is:
Fd(s) = Kd *
The gain constant, Kd, is defined as:
Kd =
Kd =
Kol
Kφ * Ko * K1 * Kl
eqt. 10
Determination of Element Values
Once the pole location and the gain constant Kd are established
the resistor values for the voltage divider network are
determined using the design guidelines mentioned above and
from the following relationship:
eqt. 6
Kd
2π⎥ p2⎥
For unity gain operation of the integrating op-amp the value of
RlA is selected such that:
RlA = RA
eqt. 9
The gain constant Kd is set such that the output from the
integrator circuit is within the range 1.3 V +VEE to 2.6 V +VEE.
The pole for the voltage divider network should be positioned
an octave beyond that for the filter input.
The location of the zero is used to determine the element
values for the augmenting integrator. The value of the
capacitor, CA, is selected to provide adequate charge storage
when the loop is not sampling data. A value of 0.1 μF is
sufficient for most applications; this value may be increased
when the RDCLK frequency is much lower than 4 MHz. The
value of RA is governed by:
1
2πRACA
1
Rv Cd
he value of Kd is easily extracted by rearranging Equation 1:
Determination of Element Values
⎥ z⎥ =
1
(s + p2)
=
Ro
Ro + Rv
Having determined the resistor values, the filter capacitor is
calculated by rearranging Equation 9:
eqt. 7
It should be noted that although the zero can be tuned by
varying either RA or CA, caution must be exercised when
adjusting the zero by varying CA because the integrator gain is
also a function of CA. Further, the gain of the loop filter can be
adjusted by changing the integrator input resistor RlA.
Cd =
1
Rv Kd
eqt. 9a
Finally, a bias diode is included in the voltage divider network
to provide temperature compensation. The finite resistance of
this diode is neglected for these calculations.
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MC10E197
Calculations For a 2:7 Coding Scheme
Introduction
The circuit component values are calculated for a 2:7
coding scheme employing a data rate of 23 Mbit/sec. Since
the number of bits is doubled when the data is encoded, the
data clock is at half the frequency of the RDCLK signal.
Thus, the operating frequency for these calculations is
46 MHz. Further, the pole and zero positions are a function
of the data rate; hence, the component values derived by
these calculations must be scaled if a different operating
frequency is used. Finally, it should be noted that the values
are optimized for settling time.
The analysis is divided into three parts: static pole
positioning, dynamic pole positioning, and dynamic zero
positioning. Dynamic poles and zeros are those which the
designer may position, to yield the desired dynamic
response, through the judicious choice of element values.
Static poles are not directly controlled by the choice of
component values.
The voltage divider pole is set approximately one octave
higher than the filter input pole. Thus the open loop voltage
divider pole position is picked to be:
P*2 = − 2.57MHz
Dynamic Zero
Finally, the zero is positioned much less than one decade
before the crossover frequency; for this design the zero is
placed at:
z = − 311Hz
Once the dynamic pole and zero positions have been
determined, the phase margin is determined using a Bode
plot; if the phase margin is not sufficient, the dynamic poles
may be moved to improve the phase margin. Finally, a root
locus analysis is performed to obtain the optimum closed
loop pole positions for the dynamic characteristics of
interest.
Static Poles
Each op-amp introduces a pair of “static” complex
conjugate poles which must lie beyond the crossover
frequency. As obtained from the data sheets and laboratory
measurements, the two open loop poles for the MC34182D
are:
Component Values
Having determined the closed loop pole and zero
positions the component values are calculated. From the root
locus analysis the dynamic pole and zero positions are:
P*1a = − 0.1Hz
P2 = − 3.06MHz
P*1b = −11.2Hz
z = − 311Hz
P1 = − 573kHz
Performing a root locus analysis and following the two
guidelines previously stated, an acceptable pole set is:
Filter Input Subsection
Rearranging Equation 4:
P1a = − 5.65 + j5.65MHz
P1b = − 5.65 − j5.65MHz
CIN =
Both op-amps introduce a set of static complex conjugate
poles at these positions for a total of four poles. Further, the
loop gain for each op-amp associated with these pole
positions is determined from the root locus analysis to be:
A1 = A2 = 2.48 e15
1
2π R1⎥ p1⎥
and substituting 573 kHz for the pole position and 1 kΩ for
the resistor value yields:
CIN = 278 pF
V
V
Augmenting Integrator Subsection
Rearranging Equation 6:
In addition to the op-amps, the integrator and the VCO each
contribute a static pole at the origin. Thus, there are a total
of six static poles.
RA =
1
2π ⎥ z⎥ CA
Dynamic Poles
The filter input and the voltage divider sections each
contribute a dynamic pole. As stated previously, the filter
input pole should be positioned midway between the unity
crossover point and the phase detector sampling frequency.
Hence, the open loop filter input pole position is selected as:
and substituting 311 Hz for the zero position and 0.1 μF for
the capacitor value yields:
P*1 = −1.24MHz
RlA = RA = 5.11kΩ
RA = 5.11kΩ
From Equation 7 the value for the other resistors associated
with the integrator op-amp are set equal to RA:
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MC10E197
Voltage Divider Subsection
The element values for the voltage divider network are
calculated using the relationships presented in Equations 8,
9, and 10 with the constraint that this divider network must
produce a voltage that lies within the range 1.3 V + VEE to
2.6 V + VEE.
Restating Equation 9,
the capacitor value, Cd is:
Cd = 98pF
Note that the voltage divider section can be used to set the
gain, but the designer is cautioned to be sure the input value
to VCOIN is within the correct range.
Component Scaling
As mentioned, these design equations were developed for
a data rate of 23 Mbit/sec. If the data rate is different from
the nominal design value the reactive elements must be
scaled accordingly. The following equations are provided to
facilitate scaling and were derived with the assumptions that
a 2:7 coding scheme is used and that the RDCLK signal is
twice the frequency of the data clock.
Kol
Kd =
Kφ * Ko * K1 * Kl
From the root locus analysis Kol is determined to be:
Kol = 1.585 e51
V
mA sec3
From Equation 3
CIN = 278 *
K1 = A1 *
1
CIN
Cd = 98 *
and the gain constant K1 is:
46
f
Kl = Al *
RA
RlA
eqt. 12
CIN = 581pF
and the gain constant Kl is:
and from Equation 12 the value of Cd is:
V
V
Kl = 2.48 e15
Cd = 205pF
Thus the element values for the filter are:
Filter Input Subsection:
Having determined the gain constant Kd , the value of Rv, is
selected such that the constraints Rv > Ro and:
=
CIN = 581pF
Ro
R1 = 1kΩ
Ro + Rv
Integrator Subsection:
are fulfilled. The pole position P2 is determined from the
root locus analysis to be:
CA = 0.1μF
RA = 5.11kΩ
P2 = − 3.06MHz
RlA = 5.11kΩ
Hence, Rv is selected to be:
Voltage Divider Subsection:
Rv = 2.15kΩ
Cd = 205pF
and Ro is calculated to be:
Rv = 2.15kΩ
Ro = 700Ω
Ro = 700kΩ
Finally, using Equation 8a:
1
Rv Kd
(pF)
46
f
Example for an 11 Mbit/sec Data Rate
As an example of scaling, assume the given filter and a 2:7
code are used but the data rate is 11 Mbit/sec. The dynamic
pole positions, and therefore the bandwidth of the loop filter,
are a function of the data rate. Thus a slower data rate will
force the dynamic poles and the bandwidth to move to a
lower frequency. From Equation 11 the value of CIN is:
From Equation 5
Cd =
eqt. 11
where f is the RDCLK frequency in MHz.
V
K1 = 8.90 e21
mA sec
Kd
2π⎥ p2⎥
(pF)
Note, the poles P1 and P2 are now located at:
P1 = − 274kHz
eqt. 8a
P2 = −1.47MHz
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MC10E197
And, the open loop filter unity crossover point is at
300 kHz. The gain can be adjusted by changing the value of
RlA and the value of Cd. Varying the gain by changing Cd is
not recommended because this will also move the poles,
hence affect the dynamic 2 performance of the filter.
Calculations For a 1:7 Coding Scheme
Introduction
The circuit component values are calculated for a 1:7
coding scheme employing a data rate of 20 Mbit/sec. Since
the number of bits increases from two to three when the data
is encoded, the data clock is at two-thirds the frequency of
the RDCLK signal. Thus, the operating frequency for these
calculations is 30 MHz. As in the case of the 2:7 coding
scheme the pole and zero positions are a function of the data
rate, hence the component values derived by these
calculations must be scaled if a different operating
frequency is used.
Again, the analysis is divided into three parts: static pole
positioning, dynamic pole positioning, and dynamic zero
positioning.
Once the dynamic pole and zero positions have been
determined, the phase margin is determined using a Bode
plot; if the phase margin is not sufficient, the dynamic poles
may be moved to improve the phase margin. Finally, a root
locus analysis is performed to obtain the optimum closed
loop pole positions for the dynamic characteristics of
interest.
Component Values
Having determined the closed loop pole and zero
positions the component values are calculated. From the root
locus analysis the dynamic pole and zero positions are:
P1 = − 541kHz
P2 = − 2.73MHz
z = − 311Hz
Static Poles
As in the 2:7 coding example, an MC34182D op-amp is
employed, hence the pole set is:
Filter Input Subsection
Rearranging Equation 4
P1a = − 5.65 + j5.65MHz
P1b = − 5.65 − j5.65MHz
CIN =
and the open loop gain is:
and substituting 541 kHz for the pole position and 1.0 kΩ for
the resistor value yields:
V
Al = A2 = 2.48 e15
V
CIN = 294 pF
Since the op-amps introduce a set of complex conjugate
poles, a total of four poles are introduced by the op-amp. In
addition, the integrator and the VCO each contribute a pole
at the origin for a total of six static poles.
Augmenting Integrator Subsection
Rearranging Equation 6
RA =
Dynamic Poles
The filter input and the voltage divider sections each
contribute a dynamic pole. As stated previously, the filter
input pole should be positioned midway between the unity
crossover point and the phase detector sampling frequency.
Hence, the open loop filter input pole position is selected as:
P*
1
1
2π R1⎥ p1⎥
1
2π ⎥ z⎥ CA
and substituting 311 Hz for the zero position and 0.1 μF for
the capacitor value yields:
RA = 5.11kΩ
From Equation 7 the value for the other resistors associated
with the integrator op-amp are set equal to RA:
= −1.1MHz
RlA = RA = 5.11kΩ
The voltage divider pole is set approximately one octave
higher than the filter input pole. Thus, the open loop voltage
divider pole position is selected as:
Voltage Divider Subsection
The element values for the voltage divider network are
calculated using the relationships presented in Equations 8,
9, and 10 with the constraint that this divider network must
produce a voltage that lies within the range 1.3 V + VEE to
2.6 V + VEE.
Restating Equation 9,
P*2 = − 2.28MHz
Dynamic Zero
Finally, the zero is positioned much less than one decade
before the crossover frequency; for this design the zero is
placed at:
z = − 311Hz
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MC10E197
Component Scaling
As mentioned, these design equations were developed for
a data rate of 20 Mbit/sec. If the data rate is different from
the nominal design value the reactive elements must be
scaled accordingly. The following equations provided are to
facilitate scaling and were derived with the assumptions that
a 1:7 coding scheme is used and that the RDCLK signal is
twice the frequency of the data clock:
Kol
Kφ * Ko * K1 * Kl
Kd =
From the root locus analysis Kol is determined to be:
Kol = 1.258 e51
V
MA SEC3
From Equation 3:
K1 = A1 *
1
CIN
and the gain constant K1:
K1 = 8.42 e21
V
mA sec
(pF)
eqt. 13
Cd = 156 *
30
f
(pF)
eqt. 14
Example for an 10 Mbit/sec Data Rate
As an example of scaling, assume the given filter and a 1:7
code are used but the data rate is 10 Mbit/sec. The dynamic
pole positions and, therefore, the bandwidth of the loop
filter, are a function of the data rate. Thus, a slower data rate
will force the dynamic poles and the bandwidth to move to
a lower frequency. From Equation 13 the value of CIN is:
RA
RlA
and the gain constant Kl is:
Kl = 2.48 e15
30
f
where f is the RDCLK frequency in MHz.
From Equation 5:
Kl = Al *
CIN = 294 *
CIN = 588pF
V
V
and from Equation 14 the value of Cd is:
Kd = 2.98 e6 sec −1
Cd = 312pF
Thus, the element values for the filter are:
Filter Input Subsection:
Having determined the gain constant Kd , the value of Rv, is
selected such that the constraints Rv > Ro and:
Kd
2π⎥p2⎥
=
CIN = 588pF
Ro
Ro + Rv
R1 = 1.0kΩ
Integrator Subsection:
are fulfilled. The pole position P2 is determined from the
root locus analysis to be:
CA = 0.1μF
P2 = − 2.73MHz
RA = 5.11kΩ
Hence, Rv is selected to be:
RlA = 5.11kΩ
Rv = 2.15kΩ
Voltage Divider Subsection:
and Ro is calculated to be:
Cd = 312pF
Ro = 453Ω
Rv = 2.15kΩ
Ro = 453kΩ
Finally, using Equation 8a:
Cd =
1
Rv Kd
Note, the poles P1 and P2 are now located at:
eqt. 8a
P1 = − 271kHz
P2 = −1.36MHz
the capacitor value, Cd is calculated to be:
And, the open loop filter unity crossover point is at
300 kHz. As in the case of the 2:7 coding scheme, the gain
can be adjusted by changing the value of RlA and the value
of Cd. Varying the gain by changing Cd is not recommended
because this will also move the poles, hence affect the
dynamic performance of the filter.
Cd = 156pF
Again, note the voltage divider section can be used to set the
gain, but the designer is cautioned to be sure the input value
to VCOIN is within the correct range.
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MC10E197
Q
D
Receiver
Device
Driver
Device
Q
D
50 W
50 W
V TT
VTT = VCC − 2.0 V
Figure 9. Typical Termination for Output Driver and Device Evaluation
(See Application Note AND8020 − Termination of ECL Logic Devices.)
Resource Reference of Application Notes
AN1404
− ECLinPS Circuit Performance at Non−Standard VIH Levels
AN1405
−
ECL Clock Distribution Techniques
AN1406
−
Designing with PECL (ECL at +5.0 V)
AN1503
−
ECLinPS I/O SPICE Modeling Kit
AN1504
−
Metastability and the ECLinPS Family
AN1568
−
Interfacing Between LVDS and ECL
AN1596
−
ECLinPS Lite Translator ELT Family SPICE I/O Model Kit
AN1650
−
Using Wire−OR Ties in ECLinPS Designs
AN1672
−
The ECL Translator Guide
AND8001
−
Odd Number Counters Design
AND8002
−
Marking and Date Codes
AND8020
−
Termination of ECL Logic Devices
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MC10E197
PACKAGE DIMENSIONS
PLCC−28
FN SUFFIX
PLASTIC PLCC PACKAGE
CASE 776−02
ISSUE E
-N-
0.007 (0.180)
B
Y BRK
U
T L −M
M
0.007 (0.180)
M
S
N
T L −M
S
S
N
S
D
-L-
Z
-M-
D
W
X
V
28
1
G1
0.010 (0.250)
S
T L −M
S
N
S
VIEW D-D
Z
C
A
0.007 (0.180)
R
0.007 (0.180)
M
M
T L −M
S
T L −M
S
N
S
N
S
H
0.007 (0.180)
M
T L −M
N
S
K1
E
0.004 (0.100)
G
J
S
K
SEATING
PLANE
F
VIEW S
G1
0.010 (0.250)
-T-
T L −M
S
N
0.007 (0.180)
VIEW S
S
NOTES:
1. DATUMS -L-, -M-, AND -N- DETERMINED
WHERE TOP OF LEAD SHOULDER EXITS
PLASTIC BODY AT MOLD PARTING LINE.
2. DIM G1, TRUE POSITION TO BE MEASURED
AT DATUM -T-, SEATING PLANE.
3. DIM R AND U DO NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH.
ALLOWABLE MOLD FLASH IS 0.010 (0.250)
PER SIDE.
4. DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING PER ANSI
Y14.5M, 1982.
5. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: INCH.
6. THE PACKAGE TOP MAY BE SMALLER THAN
THE PACKAGE BOTTOM BY UP TO 0.012
(0.300). DIMENSIONS R AND U ARE
DETERMINED AT THE OUTERMOST
EXTREMES OF THE PLASTIC BODY
EXCLUSIVE OF MOLD FLASH, TIE BAR
BURRS, GATE BURRS AND INTERLEAD
FLASH, BUT INCLUDING ANY MISMATCH
BETWEEN THE TOP AND BOTTOM OF THE
PLASTIC BODY.
7. DIMENSION H DOES NOT INCLUDE DAMBAR
PROTRUSION OR INTRUSION. THE DAMBAR
PROTRUSION(S) SHALL NOT CAUSE THE H
DIMENSION TO BE GREATER THAN 0.037
(0.940). THE DAMBAR INTRUSION(S) SHALL
NOT CAUSE THE H DIMENSION TO BE
SMALLER THAN 0.025 (0.635).
DIM
A
B
C
E
F
G
H
J
K
R
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
G1
K1
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15
INCHES
MIN
MAX
0.485 0.495
0.485 0.495
0.165 0.180
0.090 0.110
0.013 0.019
0.050 BSC
0.026 0.032
0.020
0.025
0.450 0.456
0.450 0.456
0.042 0.048
0.042 0.048
0.042 0.056
0.020
2°
10°
0.410 0.430
0.040
MILLIMETERS
MIN
MAX
12.32 12.57
12.32 12.57
4.20
4.57
2.79
2.29
0.33
0.48
1.27 BSC
0.81
0.66
0.51
0.64
11.58
11.43
11.58
11.43
1.07
1.21
1.07
1.21
1.42
1.07
0.50
2°
10°
10.42 10.92
1.02
M
T L −M
S
N
S
S
MC10E197
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MC10E197/D