NJG1142KA1 WIDE BAND LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER GaAs MMIC

NJG1142KA1
WIDE BAND LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER GaAs MMIC
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
PACKAGE OUTLINE
The NJG1142KA1 is a wide band low noise amplifier GaAs MMIC
designed for mobile TV application. And this amplifier can be tuned to
wide frequency (170MHz~900MHz).
The NJG1142KA1 has a LNA pass-through function to select high
gain mode or low gain mode by low control voltage operation. The
NJG1142KA1 features low current consumption, high linearity.
An ultra-small and ultra-thin package of FLP6-A1 is adopted.
NJG1142KA1
APPLICATIONS
Wide band applications from 170MHz to 900MHz
Mobile TV and Digital TV applications
Mobile phone and tablet PC applications
FEATURES
Wide operating frequency range 170MHz~900MHz
Low voltage operation
+2.8V/+1.8V typ.
[High gain mode]
Low current consumption
6mA typ.
@Vdd=2.8V
High gain
+14.0dB typ.
@Vdd=2.8V
Low noise figure
1.5dB typ.
@Vdd=2.8V
0dBm typ.
@Vdd=2.8V
High P-0.1dB Compression
+2.0dBm typ. @Vdd=2.8V
High input IP3
[Low gain mode]
Low current consumption
11µA typ.
@Vdd=2.8V
-1.0dB typ.
@Vdd=2.8V
Gain (Low loss)
+17dBm typ.
@Vdd=2.8V
High P-0.1dB Compression
+22.0dBm typ. @Vdd=2.8V
High input IP3
External components count
3 pcs. (capacitor: 2pcs, inductor: 1pc)
Small package size
FLP6-A1 (package size: 1.6mm x 1.6mm x 0.55mm typ.)
RoHS compliant and Halogen Free
PIN CONFIGURATION
(Top View)
4
3
GND
5
PIN CONNECTION
1. VCTL
2. GND
3. RFOUT
4. GND
5. GND
6. RFIN
RFOUT
GND
Bias
circuit
6
Logic
circuit
2
GND
TRUTH TABLE
RFIN
1
VCTL
“H” = VCTL(H) “L” = VCTL(L)
1Pin INDEX
VCTL
H
L
LNA Mode
High Gain Mode
Low Gain Mode
NOTE: The information on this datasheet is subject to change without notice
Ver.2013-04-18
-1-
NJG1142KA1
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
T a=+25°C, Zs =Zl =50 ohm
PARAMETER
SYMBOL
CONDITIONS
RATINGS
UNITS
Supply voltage
VDD
5.0
V
Control voltage
VCTL
5.0
V
Input power
P IN
VDD=2.8V
+15
dBm
Power dissipation
PD
4-layer FR4 PCB with through-hole
(74.2mmx74.2mm), Tj=150°C
580
mW
Operating temperature
T opr
-40~+85
°C
Storage temperature
T stg
-55~+150
°C
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS 1
DC CHARACTERISTICS
General conditions: V DD =2.8V, T a=+25°C, Zs=Zl =50 ohm, with application circuit
PARAMETERS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
VDD
2.3
2.8
3.6
V
Control voltage (High)
VCTL(H)
1.3
1.8
3.6
V
Control voltage (Low)
VCTL(L)
0.0
0.0
0.5
V
Operating voltage
SYMBOL
CONDITIONS
Operating current1
IDD1
RF OFF, VCTL=1.8V
-
6.0
9.5
mA
Operating current2
IDD2
RF OFF, VCTL=0V
-
11.0
25.0
µA
Control current
ICTL
RF OFF, VCTL=1.8V
-
6.0
10.0
µA
-2-
NJG1142KA1
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS 1
RF CHARACTERISTICS1 (High Gain Mode)
Conditions: VDD =2.8V, VCTL=1.8V, f RF=170~900MHz, T a=+25°C, Z s=Zl =50ohm, with application circuit
PARAMETERS
Small signal gain1
Noise figure1
SYMBOL
Gain1
NF1
Input power 1dB gain
compression1
P-1dB(IN)1
Input 3rd order
intercept point1
IIP3_1
Isolation1
ISL1
CONDITIONS
Exclude PCB, connector
losses*1
Exclude PCB & connector
losses*2
f1=f RF, f2=f RF+100kHz,
P IN=-26dBm
Exclude PCB & connector
losses*1
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
11.0
14.0
18.0
dB
-
1.5
1.9
dB
-5.0
0.0
-
dBm
-3.0
+2.0
-
dBm
-
-19
-
dB
RF IN VSWR1
VSWRi1
-
1.5
2.3
-
RF OUT VSWR1
VSWRo1
-
1.5
2.2
-
*1 Input & output PCB and connector losses:
0.035dB(at 170MHz), 0.088dB(620MHz), 0.120dB(at 900MHz)
*2 Input PCB and connector losses:
0.018dB(170MHz), 0.044dB(620MHz), 0.060dB(900MHz)
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS 1
RF CHARACTERISTICS2 (Low Gain Mode)
Conditions: VDD =2.8V, VCTL=0V, f RF=170~900MHz, T a=+25°C, Zs =Zl =50ohm, with application circuit
PARAMETERS
Small signal gain2
SYMBOL
CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
Gain2
Exclude PCB & connector
losses*1
-2.5
-1.0
-
dB
+14.0
+17.0
-
dBm
+17.0
+22.0
-
dBm
Input power at 1dB gain
compression2
P-1dB(IN)2
Input 3rd order
intercept point2
IIP3_2
RF IN VSWR2
VSWRi2
-
1.5
2.0
-
RF OUT VSWR2
VSWRo2
-
1.5
2.0
-
f1=f RF, f2=f RF+100kHz,
P IN=-8dBm
*1 Input & output PCB and connector losses:
0.035dB(at 170MHz), 0.088dB(620MHz), 0.120dB(at 900MHz)
-3-
NJG1142KA1
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS 2
DC CHARACTERISTICS
General conditions: V DD =1.8V, T a=+25°C, Zs=Zl =50 ohm, with application circuit
PARAMETERS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
VDD
-
1.8
-
V
Control voltage (High)
VCTL(H)
-
1.8
-
V
Control voltage (Low)
VCTL(L)
-
0.0
-
V
Operating voltage
SYMBOL
CONDITIONS
Operating current1
IDD1
RF OFF, VCTL=1.8V
-
4.2
-
mA
Operating current2
IDD2
RF OFF, VCTL=0V
-
6.4
-
µA
Control current
ICTL
RF OFF, VCTL=1.8V
-
5.6
-
µA
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS 2
RF CHARACTERISTICS1 (High Gain Mode)
Conditions: VDD =1.8V, VCTL=1.8V, f RF=170~900MHz, T a=+25°C, Z s=Zl =50ohm, with application circuit
PARAMETERS
Small signal gain1
Noise figure1
SYMBOL
Gain1
NF1
Input power 1dB gain
compression1
P-1dB(IN)1
Input 3rd order
intercept point1
IIP3_1
Isolation1
ISL1
CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
-
12.1
-
dB
-
1.75
-
dB
-
-1.6
-
dBm
f1=f RF, f2=f RF+100kHz,
P IN=-26dBm
-
+2.0
-
dBm
Exclude PCB & connector
losses*1
-
-18.4
-
dB
Exclude PCB, connector
losses*1
Exclude PCB & connector
losses*2
RF IN VSWR1
VSWRi1
-
1.67
-
-
RF OUT VSWR1
VSWRo1
-
1.96
-
-
*1 Input and output PCB, connector losses :
0.035dB(at 170MHz), 0.088dB(at 620MHz), 0.120dB(at 900MHz)
*2 Input PCB, connector losses :
0.018dB(at 170MHz), 0.044dB(at 620MHz), 0.060dB(at 900MHz)
-4-
NJG1142KA1
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS 2
RF CHARACTERISTICS2 (Low Gain Mode)
Conditions: VDD =1.8V, VCTL=0V, f RF=170~900MHz, T a=+25°C, Zs =Zl =50ohm, with application circuit
PARAMETERS
Small signal gain2
SYMBOL
CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
Gain2
Exclude PCB & connector
losses*1
-
-1.1
-
dB
-
+18.9
-
dBm
-
+24.0
-
dBm
Input power at 1dB gain
compression2
P-1dB(IN)2
Input 3rd order
intercept point2
IIP3_2
RF IN VSWR2
VSWRi2
-
1.33
-
-
RF OUT VSWR2
VSWRo2
-
1.15
-
-
f1=f RF, f2=f RF+100kHz,
P IN=-8dBm
*1 Input and output PCB, connector losses :
0.035dB(at 170MHz), 0.088dB(at 620MHz), 0.120dB(at 900MHz)
TERMINAL INFORMATION
No.
SYMBOL
1
VCTL
Control voltage supply terminal.
2
GND
Ground terminal. These terminals should be connected to the
ground plane as close as possible for excellent RF performance.
3
RFOUT
RF output terminal. This terminal is also the power supply terminal
of the LNA. please use inductor (L1) to connect power supply.
4
GND
Ground terminal. These terminals should be connected to the
ground plane as close as possible for excellent RF performance.。
5
GND
Ground terminal. These terminals should be connected to the
ground plane as close as possible for excellent RF performance.
6
RFIN
RF input terminal. This IC is integrated an input DC blocking
capacitor.
DESCRIPTION
-5-
NJG1142KA1
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (High Gain Mode)
(Condition :Ta=+25℃, VDD=2.8V, VCTL=1.8V, Zs=Zl=50ohm, with application circuit)
Gain, IDD vs. Pin
Pout vs. Pin
(freq=620MHz)
(freq=620MHz)
16
10
Gain
14
Gain (dB)
0
-10
Pout
40
12
30
10
20
IDD
-20
8
-30
10
P-1dB(IN)=0dBm
P-1dB(IN)=0dBm
-40
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
6
-40
10
0
-30
-10
0
Pout, IM3 vs. Pin
NF, Gain vs. frequency
(f1=620MHz, f2=f1+100kHz)
(freq=50~2000MHz)
20
4
16
3.5
0
Noise Figure (dB)
Pout
-20
-40
IM3
-60
-80
14
Gain
3
2.5
2
8
NF
1.5
6
1
4
0.5
2
(Exclude PCB, Connector Losses)
0
-30
-20
-10
12
10
IIP3=+2.4dBm
-100
-40
10
Pin (dBm)
Pin (dBm)
Pout, IM3 (dBm)
-20
0
10
20
0
500
Pin (dBm)
1000
1500
0
2000
frequency (MHz)
P-1dB(IN) vs. frequency
IIP3, OIP3 vs. frequency
(freq=50~2000MHz)
(f1=50~2000MHz, f2=f1+100kHz, Pin=-26dBm)
10
20
5
IIP3, OIP3 (dBm)
P-1dB(IN) (dBm)
OIP3
0
-5
15
10
5
IIP3
-10
0
0
500
1000
frequency (MHz)
-6-
1500
2000
0
500
1000
frequency (MHz)
1500
2000
Gain (dB)
Pout (dBm)
50
IDD (mA)
20
NJG1142KA1
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (High Gain Mode)
(Condition :Ta=+25℃, VCTL=1.8V, Zs=Zl=50ohm, with application circuit)
NF, Gain vs. VDD
P-1dB(IN) vs. VDD
(freq=620MHz)
(freq=620MHz)
4
3.5
14
Gain
3
12
2.5
10
2
8
NF
1.5
6
1
4
0.5
Gain (dB)
P-1dB(IN) (dBm)
Noise Figure (dB)
10
16
5
0
-5
2
(Exclude PCB, Connector Losses)
0
1.5
-10
1.5
0
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
2.0
2.5
VDD (V)
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
3.5
4.0
4.5
3.5
4.0
4.5
VDD (V)
IIP3, OIP3 vs. VDD
VSWR vs. VDD
(f1=620MHz, f2=f1+100kHz, Pin=-26dBm)
(freq=620MHz)
20
3
2.5
VSWR
IIP3, OIP3 (dBm)
OIP3
15
10
5
2
1.5
IIP3
0
1.5
VSWRo
2.0
VSWRi
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
1
1.5
4.5
2.0
2.5
VDD (V)
IDD vs. VDD
Isolation vs. VDD
(RF OFF)
(freq=620MHz)
0
10
-5
8
-10
IDD (mA)
Isolation (dB)
3.0
VDD (V)
-15
6
4
-20
2
-25
-30
1.5
0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
VDD (V)
3.5
4.0
4.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
VDD (V)
-7-
NJG1142KA1
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (High Gain Mode)
(Condition : VDD =2.8V, VCTL=1.8V, Zs=Zl=50ohm, with application circuit)
NF, Gain vs. Temperature
P-1dB(IN) vs. Tempareture
(freq=620MHz)
(freq=620MHz)
16
3.5
14
Gain
Noise Figure (dB)
3
12
2.5
10
2
8
NF
1.5
6
1
4
0.5
10
Gain (dB)
P-1dB(IN) (dBm)
4
5
0
-5
2
(Exclude PCB, Connector Losses)
0
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
-10
-40
0
100
-20
0
Temperature (oC)
20
40
60
80
100
80
100
Tempareture (oC)
IIP3, OIP3 vs. Temperature
VSWR vs. Temperature
(f1=620MHz, f2=f1+100kHz, Pin=-26dBm)
(freq=620MHz)
20
3
15
2.5
VSWR
10
5
2
VSWRo
1.5
IIP3
0
-40
-20
VSWRi
0
20
40
60
80
1
-40
100
-20
0
Temperature (oC)
40
60
IDD, ICTL vs. Temperature
Isolation vs. Temperature
(RF OFF)
(freq=620MHz)
0
10
-5
8
25
IDD
20
-10
IDD (mA)
Isolation (dB)
20
Temperature (oC)
-15
6
15
4
10
ICTL
-20
2
5
-25
-30
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
Temperature (oC)
-8-
80
100
0
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
Temperature (oC)
80
0
100
µ A)
ICTL (µ
IIP3, OIP3 (dBm)
OIP3
NJG1142KA1
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS(High Gain Mode)
(Condition :Ta=+25℃, VDD =2.8V, VCTL=1.8V, Zs=Zl=50ohm, with application circuit)
S11, S22
VSWRi, VSWRo
S21, S12
Zin, Zout
-9-
NJG1142KA1
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (High Gain Mode)
(Condition :Ta=+25℃, VDD =2.8V, VCTL=1.8V, Zs=Zl=50ohm, with application circuit)
S21, S12 (50MHz~20GHz)
S11, S22 (50MHz~20GHz)
K factor vs. frequency
(freq=50MHz~20GHz)
20
o
+25 C
o
o
+60 C
o
+85 C
-40 C
o
-20 C
K factor
15
o
0C
10
5
0
0.0
5.0
10
frequency (GHz)
- 10 -
15
20
NJG1142KA1
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (Low Gain Mode)
(Condition :Ta=+25℃, VDD =2.8V, VCTL=0V, Zs=Zl=50ohm, with application circuit)
Pout vs. Pin
Gain, IDD vs. Pin
(freq=620MHz)
(freq=620MHz)
0
10
Gain
-2
Gain (dB)
0
Pout (dBm)
50
-10
Pout
-20
40
-4
30
-6
20
IDD
-8
-30
10
P-1dB(IN)=22.2dBm
P-1dB(IN)=+22.2dBm
-40
-40
-30
IDD (µ A)
20
-20
-10
0
10
20
-10
-40
30
0
-30
-20
Pin (dBm)
-10
0
10
20
30
Pin (dBm)
Pout, IM3 vs. Pin
Gain vs. frequency
(f1=620MHz, f2=f1+100kHz)
(freq=50~2000MHz)
0
40
20
Gain (dB)
Pout, IM3 (dBm)
-2
Pout
0
-20
IM3
-40
-4
-6
-60
-8
-80
IIP3=+23.8dBm
-100
-30
-10
-20
-10
0
10
20
0
30
500
1000
1500
2000
frequency (MHz)
P-1dB(IN) vs. frequency
IIP3, OIP3 vs. frequency
(freq=50~2000MHz)
(f1=50~2000MHz, f2=f1+100kHz, Pin=-8dBm)
25
30
20
25
IIP3, OIP3 (dBm)
P-1dB(IN) (dBm)
Pin (dBm)
15
10
5
IIP3
OIP3
20
15
10
0
500
1000
frequency (MHz)
1500
2000
0
500
1000
1500
2000
frequency (MHz)
- 11 -
NJG1142KA1
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (Low Gain Mode)
(Condition :Ta=+25℃, VCTL=0V, Zs=Zl=50ohm, with application circuit)
Gain vs. VDD
P-1dB(IN) vs. VDD
(freq=620MHz)
(freq=620MHz)
0
25
P-1dB(IN) (dBm)
Gain (dB)
-1
-2
-3
20
15
10
-4
-5
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
5
1.5
4.5
2.0
2.5
IIP3, OIP3 vs. VDD
VSWR vs. VDD
4.0
4.5
4.0
4.5
(freq=620MHz)
2
30
1.8
IIP3
VSWR
IIP3, OIP3 (dBm)
3.5
VDD (V)
(f1=620MHz, f2=f1+100kHz, Pin=-8dBm)
25
3.0
VDD (V)
OIP3
20
1.6
1.4
VSWRi
15
1.2
VSWRo
10
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
VDD (V)
(RF OFF)
30
25
IDD (µ A)
20
15
10
5
2.0
2.5
3.0
VDD (V)
- 12 -
2.0
2.5
3.0
VDD (V)
IDD vs. VDD
0
1.5
1
1.5
3.5
4.0
4.5
3.5
NJG1142KA1
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (Low Gain Mode)
(Condition : VDD =2.8V, VCTL=0V, Zs=Zl=50ohm, with application circuit)
Gain vs. Temperature
P-1dB(IN) vs. Tempareture
(freq=620MHz)
(freq=620MHz)
0
25
P-1dB(IN) (dBm)
Gain (dB)
-1
-2
-3
20
15
10
-4
-5
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
5
-40
100
-20
0
20
60
Tempareture (oC)
IIP3, OIP3 vs. Temperature
VSWR vs. Temperature
(f1=620MHz, f2=f1+100kHz, Pin=-8dBm)
80
100
80
100
(freq=620MHz)
2
30
IIP3
1.8
OIP3
1.6
25
VSWR
IIP3, OIP3 (dBm)
40
Temperature (oC)
20
1.4
VSWRi
15
1.2
VSWRo
10
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
1
-40
100
-20
0
20
40
60
Temperature (oC)
Temperature (oC)
IDD vs. Temperature
IDD vs. VCTL
(RF OFF)
(RF OFF)
30
8
7
25
6
IDD (mA)
IDD (µ A)
20
15
10
5
4
3
2
0
-40
o
+25 C
o
+60 C
o
+85 C
-40 C
-20 C
5
1
-20
0
20
40
60
Temperature (oC)
80
100
0
0.0
0C
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
o
o
o
2.5
3.0
VCTL (V)
- 13 -
NJG1142KA1
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (Low Gain Mode)
(Condition :Ta=+25℃, VDD =2.8V, VCTL=0V, Zs=Zl=50ohm,with application circuit)
S11, S22
VSWRi, VSWRo
- 14 -
S21, S12
Zin, Zout
NJG1142KA1
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (Low Gain Mode)
(Condition :Ta=+25℃, VDD =2.8V, VCTL=0V, Zs=Zl=50ohm,With application circuit)
S11, S22 (50MHz~20GHz)
S21, S12 (50MHz~20GHz)
K factor vs. frequency
(freq=50MHz~20GHz)
20
o
+25 C
o
+60 C
o
o
+85 C
-40 C
o
-20 C
K factor
15
o
0C
10
5
0
0.0
5.0
10
15
20
frequency (GHz)
- 15 -
NJG1142KA1
APPLICATION CIRCUIT
(Top View)
C1
330pF RF OUT
4
3
GND
RFOUT
L1
VDD
270nH
5
GND
Bias
circuit
6
Logic
circuit
RF IN
2
C2
1000pF
GND
VCTL
1
RFIN
VCTL
1Pin INDEX
NOTES:
・ L1 is an RF choke. (DC feed inductor)
・ C1 is a coupling and DC blocking capacitor at the output.
・ C2 is a bypass capacitor.
TEST PCB LAYOUT
(Top View)
VDD
PARTS LIST
Parts ID.
C2
L1
L1
RF IN
C1
RF OUT
VCTL
1Pin INDEX
C1, C2
Notes
TAIYO-YUDEN
HK1005 Series
MURATA
GRM15 Series
PCB (FR-4):
t=0.2mm
MICROSTRIP LINE WIDTH
=0.40mm (Z0=50Ω)
PCB SIZE=16.8mm x 16.8mm
PRECAUTION:
・ In order not to couple with terminal RFIN and RFOUT, please layout ground pattern under the IC.
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NJG1142KA1
MEASUREMENT BLOCK DIAGRAM
●S parameter Measurements
VDD
RF IN
RF OUT
DUT
Port 1
Port 2
Network
Analyzer
S parameter Measurement Block Diagram
●IIP3 Measurements
freq.1
VDD
2dB
Attenuator
RF IN
Signal
Generator
RF OUT
Spectrum
Analyzer
DUT
Signal
Generator
freq.2
Power
Comb.
3dB
3dB
Attenuator Attenuator
2dB
Attenuator
IF and IM3 Measurement Block Diagram for IIP3(High Gain Mode)
VDD
freq.1
Signal
Generator
2dB
Attenuator
2dB
Attenuator
RF IN
RF
Amp.
RF OUT
Spectrum
Analyzer
DUT
6dB
Attenuator
10dB
Attenuator
IF and IM3 Measurement Block Diagram for IIP3(Low Gain Mode)
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NJG1142KA1
●
Noise Figure Measurements
Measuring instruments
NF Analyzer
: Agilent 8973A
Noise Source
: Agilent 346A
Setting the NF analyzer
Measurement mode form
Device under test
: Amplifier
System downconverter : off
Mode setup form
Sideband
: LSB
Averages
:8
Average mode
: Point
Bandwidth
: 4MHz
Loss comp
: off
Tcold
: setting the temperature of noise source (300.0K)
NF Analyzer
(Agilent 8973A)
Noise Source
(Agilent 346A)
* Noise source and NF analyzer
Input (50 Ω )
Noise Source
Drive Output
are connected directly.
Calibration Setup
NF Analyzer
(Agilent 8973A)
Noise Source
(Agilent 346A)
* Noise source and DUT, DUT and
In
DUT
out
Measurement Setup
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Input (50 Ω )
Noise Source
Drive Output
NF analyzer are connected directly.
NJG1142KA1
PACKAGE OUTLINE (FLP6-A1)
1.6 0.05
0.05
0.13 0.05
0.1
0.5
0.2 0.1
0.5
1.6 0.05
1.2 0.05
0.2 0.1
0.55
0.1
0.22 0.05
Unit: mm
Cautions on using this product
This product contains Gallium-Arsenide (GaAs) which is a harmful material.
• Do NOT eat or put into mouth.
• Do NOT dispose in fire or break up this product.
• Do NOT chemically make gas or powder with this product.
• To waste this product, please obey the relating law of your country.
[CAUTION]
The specifications on this databook are only
given for information , without any guarantee
as regards either mistakes or omissions.
The application circuits in this databook are
described only to show representative
usages of the product and not intended for
the guarantee or permission of any right
including the industrial rights.
This product may be damaged with electric static discharge (ESD) or spike voltage. Please
handle with care to avoid these damages.
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