A3942 Datasheet

A3942
Quad High-Side Gate Driver
for Automotive Applications
Features and Benefits
Description
▪ Drives four N-channel high-side MOSFETS
▪ Charge pump for 100% duty cycle operation
▪ Serial and discrete inputs
▪ SPI port for control and fault diagnostics
▪ 4.5 to 60 V input voltage range
▪ Sleep function for minimum power drain
▪ Thin profile 38-lead TSSOP with internally fused leads for
enhanced thermal dissipation
▪ Lead (Pb) free
▪ Device protection features:
▫ Short-to-ground detection (latched)
▫ Short-to-battery protection (latched)
▫ Open load detection (latched)
▫ VDD undervoltage lockout
▫ VCP undervoltage lockout
▫ Thermal monitor
The A3942 is a highly-integrated gate driver IC that can drive
up to four N-Channel MOSFETs in a high-side configuration.
The device is designed to withstand the harsh environmental
conditions and high reliability standards of automotive
applications.
Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) compatibility makes the device
easily integrated into existing applications. The MOSFETs in
such applications are typically used to drive gasoline or diesel
engine management actuators, transmission actuators, body
control actuators and other general-purpose automotive or
industrial loads. In particular, the A3942 is suited for driving
glow plugs, valves, solenoids, and other inductive loads in
engine management and transmission systems.
The device is available in a 38-lead thin (1.20 mm maximum
overall height) TSSOP package with six pins that are fused
internally to provide enhanced thermal dissipation (package
LG). It is lead (Pb) free with 100% matte tin leadframe
plating.
Package: 38 pin TSSOP (suffix LG)
Approximate Scale 1:1
Typical Application
VDD
CP1 CP2
CP3 CP4
VDD
VCP
VBB
IREF
VREG
FAULTZ
SDO
SDI
System
Control
Logic
D1
A3942
G1
S1
D2
CSZ
SCLK
G2
S2
RESETZ
ENB
IN1
IN2
IN3
D3
G3
S3
D4
IN4
G4
GND GND GND GND GND GND S4
3942-DS, Rev. 5
VBAT
Quad High-Side Gate Driver
for Automotive Applications
A3942
Selection Guide
Part Number
A3942KLGTR-T
Packing
4000 pieces per reel
Absolute Maximum Ratings*
Characteristic
Symbol
Notes
VBB, CP1, CP3 Pins Voltage
Dx (Drain Detect) Pins Voltage
VDx
Sx (Output Source) Pins Voltage
VSx
Rating
Units
–0.3 to 60
V
VBB – 6 V
to VBB + 0.5 V
V
–10 to 60
V
VCP, CP2, CP4, Gx Pins Voltage
–0.3 to 74
V
All Other Pins
–0.3 to 7
V
–40 to 125
ºC
150
ºC
Operating Ambient Temperature
TA
Maximum Junction Temperature
TJ(max)
Range K
–55 to 150
ºC
ESD Rating, Human Body Model
AEC-Q100-002, all pins
2500
V
ESD Rating, Charged Device Model
AEC-Q100-011, all pins
1050
V
Storage Temperature
Tstg
*With respect to ground. Exceeding maximum ratings may cause permanent damage. Correct operation is not guaranteed when absolute
maximum conditions are applied.
Thermal Characteristics
Characteristic
Package Thermal Resistance, Junction
to Ambient
Symbol
RθJA
Test Conditions*
4-layer PCB based on JEDEC standard, with no
thermal vias
Rating
Units
47
ºC/W
*For additional information, refer to the Allegro website.
Allegro MicroSystems, LLC
115 Northeast Cutoff
Worcester, Massachusetts 01615-0036 U.S.A.
1.508.853.5000; www.allegromicro.com
2
Quad High-Side Gate Driver
for Automotive Applications
A3942
Functional Block Diagram
CP4
C34
CDD
VDD
CP3
Charge
Pump
Reference
Current
IREF
VDD
UVLO
CP2
C12
Thermal
Warning
CP1
60.4 kΩ CREF
VCP UVLO
VCP
CCP
Fault
Monitor
FAULTZ
U
V Internal
L Regulator
O
SDO
SDI
CBB2
VBB
CBB1
VREG
CREG
VDD
CSZ
SCLK
Control
Logic
RESETZ
Vds
Monitor
Voltage to VBB pin
and to Qx MOSFETs
must come from
the same supply
One of Four
High-Side Drivers
RDx
Dx
VCP
ENB
IN1
High
Side
Driver
IN2
RGx
Gx
Qx
IN3
Open
Load
Detect
IN4
Sx
L
GND
Name
GND
GND
GND
Suitable Characteristics
GND
L
GND
Representative Device
C12, C34 0.33 μF or 0.47 μF, 25 V, X7R ceramic
CBB1
47 μF, 63 V, electrolytic
CBB2
0.22 μF, 100 V, X7R ceramic
CCP
1 μF, 16V, X7R ceramic
CDD
0.47 μF, 16 V, X7R ceramic
CREF
47 pF, 16 V, X7R ceramic
CREG
0.22 μF, 16 V, X7R ceramic
EGXE630ELL470MJC5S
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115 Northeast Cutoff
Worcester, Massachusetts 01615-0036 U.S.A.
1.508.853.5000; www.allegromicro.com
3
Quad High-Side Gate Driver
for Automotive Applications
A3942
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS Valid at –40°C ≤ TJ ≤ 150°C, C12 = C34 = 0.47 μF, CCP = 1 μF, RREF = 60.4 kΩ, and
VBB within limits, unless otherwise noted
Characteristics
Symbol
Test Conditions
Min.
Typ.
Max.
Units
4.5
–
60
V
VBB = 60 V
–
–
10
mA
VBB = 36 V
–
–
8
mA
VBB = 36 V
–
–
15
μA
VBB = 36 V, TJ = 25°C
–
–
1
μA
3
–
5.5
V
Supplies and Regulators
Operating Voltage
Quiescent Current
VBB
IBB(Q)
Charge pump on,
outputs disabled
Sleep mode
Logic Supply (voltage supplied to
logic circuits)
VDD
Logic Supply Current
IDD
VDD = 5.5 V, serial port switching
–
–
3
mA
VDD = 5.5 V, device quiescent or in sleep mode
–
–
0.5
mA
2.6
–
2.9
V
VDD falling, FAULTZ pin held active (low) for
1.5 V ≤ VDD ≤ VDDUV
Logic Supply UVLO Threshold
VDD(UV)
Logic Supply UVLO Hysteresis
VDD(hys)
100
150
200
mV
Charge Pump Switching Frequency
fCP
–
100
–
kHz
VBB = 12 V, ICP = 10 mA
10
–
13
V
Charge Pump Output Voltage
VCP
VBB = 6.0 V, ICP = 5 mA
10
–
13
V
VBB = 4.5 V, ICP = 5 mA
7
–
11
V
5.1
–
5.8
V
–
4
–
V
Charge Pump UVLO
Internal Regulator Voltage
VCP(UV)
VREG
Regulator Voltage UVLO
VREG(UV)
Regulator Voltage UVLO Hysteresis
VREG(hys)
Measured relative to
VBB pin
Relative to VBB pin, VCP falling
CREG = 0.22 μF
VREG falling
3
–
3.8
V
100
–
400
mV
Control Circuits
Current Reference Source Voltage
VREF
1.14
1.2
1.26
V
Master Reset Pulse
tRESET
RESETZ pin pulsed low
0.3
–
5
μs
Sleep Command
tSLEEP
RESETZ pin held low
20
–
–
μs
Wake-Up Delay
tWAKE
RESETZ pin held high; CCP = 1 μF
–
–
2
ms
Logic I/O
Logic Input Voltage, High
VIH
0.7 ×
VDD
–
VDD
V
Logic Input Voltage, Low
VIL
0
–
0.3 ×
VDD
V
Continued on the next page...
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115 Northeast Cutoff
Worcester, Massachusetts 01615-0036 U.S.A.
1.508.853.5000; www.allegromicro.com
4
Quad High-Side Gate Driver
for Automotive Applications
A3942
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued) Valid at –40°C ≤ TJ ≤ 150°C, C12 = C34 = 0.47 μF, CCP = 1 μF,
RREF = 60.4 kΩ, and VBB within limits, unless otherwise noted
Characteristics
Logic Input Hysteresis
Symbol
Test Conditions
Vhys
CSZ pin
II(HI)
FAULTZ Pin Inactive (High) Current
Typ.
Max.
Units
0.1 ×
VDD
–
–
V
–
–
10
μA
–
–
5
μA
–
–
100
μA
–
–
–100
μA
–
–
–5
μA
All other pins
–
–
–10
μA
VOUT(HI)
IOUT = –1 mA
VDD
– 0.5
–
VDD
V
VOUT(LO)
IOUT = 1 mA
–
–
0.4
V
CSZ pin
II(LO)
FAULTZ Pin Active (Low) Voltage
VI = VDD = 5.5 V
All other pins
Logic Input Current1
Logic Output Voltage, SDO Pin
(CMOS push-pull circuit)
SDI and SCLK Pins
Min.
VFAULTZ(LO)
IFAULTZ(HI)
SDI and SCLK Pins
VI = 0 V
IFAULTZ = 1 mA, VDD = 1.5 V, VBB = 4.5 V
–
–
0.4
V
VFAULTZ = 5 V
–
–
10
μA
Drivers
Gate Voltage, High
VG(HI)
Measured relative to Sx pin, capacitive load–fully
charged
VCP
–1
–
VCP
V
Gate Voltage, Low
VG(LO)
Measured relative to Sx pin, capacitive load–fully
discharged
–
–
0.1
V
VBB = 4.5 V, VCP = 9 V
–10
–
–
mA
VBB ≥ 9 V, VCP = 13 V
–15
–
–
mA
RG = 0 Ω, VGS = 1 V, VSx = 0 V
10
–
–
mA
RG = 0 Ω, 2 V ≤ VGS ≤ 4 V, VSx = 0 V
25
–
–
mA
IG(HI)
Peak Gate Current1,2
IG(LO)
Propagation Delay
Gate-to-Source Resistance
Gate-to-Source Zener Diode Voltage
Drain Leakage Current
RG = 0 Ω, 1 V ≤ VGS ≤
4 V, VSx = VBB
tp(on)
From 90% VINx to VGx – VSx = 200 mV
–
0.6
–
μs
tp(off)
From 10% VINx to VCP – VGx = 200 mV
–
0.6
–
μs
RGS
RESETZ pin held low; VGSZ = 10 V
300
500
800
kΩ
IG = 2 mA
15
–
18
V
RESETZ pin held low, VBB = VDx = 60 V
–
–
10
μA
TJ = 150°C
–
–
5
μA
TJ = 25°C
–
–
1
μA
VGS(Z)
IDlkg
RESETZ pin held low,
VBB = VDx = 36 V
Continued on the next page...
Allegro MicroSystems, LLC
115 Northeast Cutoff
Worcester, Massachusetts 01615-0036 U.S.A.
1.508.853.5000; www.allegromicro.com
5
Quad High-Side Gate Driver
for Automotive Applications
A3942
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued) Valid at –40°C ≤ TJ ≤ 150°C, C12 = C34 = 0.47 μF, CCP = 1 μF,
RREF = 60.4 kΩ, and VBB within limits, unless otherwise noted
Characteristics
Symbol
Test Conditions
Min.
Typ.
Max.
Units
75
100
125
μA
VBB = 36 V
85
100
120
μA
VBB ≥ 9 V
VBB
–3
–
VBB
+ 0.2
V
VBB = 6 V
5
–
VBB
+ 0.2
V
VBB = 4.5 V
4
–
VBB
+ 0.2
V
–48
–
–82
μA
1.4
1.5
1.6
V
Driver Fault Detection
Drain Fault Detect Current
Drain Fault Detect Voltage3
IDx
VDx
Open Load Detect Source Current1
IOL
Open Load Detect Voltage
VOL
Open Load VSx Clamp
Turn-On Blank Time
VBB = 60 V
VSx = 1.35 V; 4.5 V ≤ VBB ≤ 36 V
VCLAMP
Active (when an open load fault is active),
VBB ≤ 36 V
–
–
5
V
ICLAMP
Current limit in short-to-battery; VSx =VBB = 36 V
–
–
200
μA
tON(00)
2.5
–
3.4
μs
tON(01)
3.7
–
5.9
μs
5.6
–
11.2
μs
tON(10)
tON(00) is the default, TJ = 150°C
tON(11)
8.9
–
22.3
μs
Turn-Off Blank Time
tOFF
–
tON
–
μs
Short-to-Ground Fault Detect Filter
Delay
tSTG
–
1
1.2
μs
From VSx < VDx to 90% VFAULTZ
STB Comparator Offset Voltage
VOS(STB)
–
–
60
mV
STG Comparator Offset Voltage
VOS(STG)
–
–
45
mV
155
165
175
°C
–
15
–
°C
Temperature Monitor
Thermal Warning Threshold4
TWARN
Thermal Warning Hysteresis
TWARN(hys)
Temperature rising
1For
input and output current specifications, negative current is defined as coming out of (sourcing) the specified device pin.
2For
IG(HI) , VCP relative to VBB.
3Minimum
values of VDx are specified only to avoid short-to-battery nuisance faults. For more information, refer to the Open Load Fault Level topic in
the Applications Information section.
4Minimum and maximum not tested; guaranteed by design.
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6
Quad High-Side Gate Driver
for Automotive Applications
A3942
SERIAL PERIPHERAL INTERFACE (SPI) TIMING CHARACTERISTICS Valid at –40°C ≤ TJ ≤ 150°C and VBB and VDD within
limits, unless otherwise noted
Characteristics
Transfer Frequency
Symbol
Test Conditions
Min.
Typ.
Max.
Units
f
–
–
8
MHz
Setup Lead Time
tlead
375
–
–
ns
Setup Lag Time
tlag
50
–
–
ns
Setup Time Before Read
tsu
15
–
–
ns
Access Time Before Write
ta
–
–
340
ns
2
–
–
μs
–
–
100
ns
TSCLK
125
–
–
ns
Serial Clock Pulse Width, High
tw(HI)
50
–
–
ns
Serial Clock Pulse Width, Low
tw(LO)
50
–
–
ns
th(SCLK)
300
–
–
ns
Chip Selection Inactive Time
Delay Before Output Disabled
Serial Clock Period
Serial Clock Hold Time
tCSZN
tdis
Serial Data In Hold Time
th(SDI)
Serial Data Out Hold Time
th(SDO)
Serial Data Out Time Before Valid
State
CSDO = 100 pF
tvs
CSDO = 0 pF
20
–
–
ns
CSDO = 0 pF
0
–
–
ns
CSDO = 100 pF, VDD = 3 V
–
–
120
ns
CSDO = 100 pF, VDD = 4.75 V
–
–
80
ns
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7
Quad High-Side Gate Driver
for Automotive Applications
A3942
Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) Timing Diagram
tCSZN
CSZ
TSCLK
tlead
SCLK
tw(HI)
tw(LO)
tvs
ta
SDO
th(SCLK)
tlag
HI-Z
D7
D6
DON’T
CARE
D0
th(SDI)
tsu
SDI
tdis
th(SDO)
D7
D6
D0
Fault System Block Diagram
VBB
Short to
Battery
Gx Off
8V
System and
Load Faults
FAULTZ
Mask
Gx On
Gx
On
VDS
Delay
Sport
OSC
Write
Gx
On
RGx
Gx
Gx
Off
RGS
IOL
Clear
Read
Dx
VCP
Short to
Ground
Logic
Serial
Port
RDx
IDx
Sx
VBB
Open
Load
Gx Off
VOL
Vclamp
L
O
A
D
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8
Quad High-Side Gate Driver
for Automotive Applications
A3942
Input SettingsTiming Chart
Timer is running for
turn-on blank time
Timer is running for
turn-off blank time
INx
tp(on)
IGx
tp(off)
Gate begins
to charge
VGS = VTH
VGSx
Set blank time to expire
after VSx nears VBB
Set blank time to expire
after VSx nears 0 V
VBB
VSx
Fault Logic Table
Circled data cells indicate default settings, X indicates “don’t care”, Z indicates high impedance state
Causes
Effects
RESETZ
ENB
VDD UVLO
VCP UVLO
Open Load
Short-to-Battery
Short-to-Ground
Off-State Faults Masked
Thermal Warning
FAULTZ
Gx
VCP
VREG
Channel-Specific
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
X
0
1
0
1
1
Gates actively pulled low
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
X
0
0
X
0
0
0
X
X
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
INx
INx
INx
1
1
1
1
1
1
Normal operation
FAULTZ issued but A3942 fully operational
Normal operation, OL and STB masked
1
1
1
X
X
X
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
X
0
0
X
X
X
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
STG cannot be masked
STB
OL
1
1
X
X
0
1
1
0
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
0
0
0
0
UV
1
1
1
VCP UVLO disables outputs only
VDD UVLO disables outputs only
0
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
0
Z
0
0
Sleep mode
Mode of Operation
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9
Quad High-Side Gate Driver
for Automotive Applications
A3942
Serial Port Registers Description
There are two 8-bit registers served by the serial port,
the Input register and the Output Fault register. The
structure of the registers is shown in the table at the
bottom of this page. The function of each bit in the
registers is described in this section.
time for the VDS monitor, according to the following
table:
D2
D1
tON Selected
0
0
tON(00)*
0
1
tON(01)
Input Register
1
0
tON(10)
D0 Gate On/Off Bit This bit is used to control the gate
1
1
tON(11)
drive output. It is logically ORed with the signal on
the discrete input pin, INx, corresponding to each of
the four channels, according to the following table:
*default state at device power-on
D3 Clear Faults Bit This bit is used to clear a latched
Bit D0
Pin INx
Result on
Gx Pin
0
0
Off
0
1
On
fault. After the fault is cleared, the gate output can
again follow the input logic to determine if the fault is
still present. Faults are cleared on a channel specific
basis.
1
0
On
D4 Mask Off-State Faults Bit [See asterisks (*) in
1
1
On
the table below.] When the application requires that
Short-to-Battery (STB) and Open Load (OL) faults be
checked primarily before output is enabled for the first
time, this bit can be used to allow STB and Open Load
faults to be ignored during normal operation (Short-toGround faults can not be masked). This bit is applied
ORed Settings
D1, D2 Short-to-Ground (STG) Turn-On Blank Time
MSB and LSB Bits The blank time, ton(xx), delay
allows switching transients to settle before the A3942
STG function checks for a short. For each individual
channel, the combination of these bits sets the wait
Serial Port Bit Definition All bits active high, except WriteZ
Bits
Register
D7
D6
Input
Address MSB
Address LSB
Output Fault
Address MSB
Address LSB
D5
Input Read
Enable
D4
Mask
Off-State Faults (*)
WriteZ
Charge Pump
UVLO
D3
Clear Faults
Thermal
Warning
D2
STG Blank
Time MSB
D1
STG Blank
Time LSB
D0
Gate
On/Off
Open Load
Fault (*)
STB Fault (*)
STG Fault
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10
Quad High-Side Gate Driver
for Automotive Applications
A3942
on a channel-specific basis, according to the following
table:
D4 Setting
Handling of
Off-State Faults
0
Registered
1
Ignored
D5 Read Enable Bit This bit enables or disables read-
ing on the serial inputs, according to the following
table:
Handling of
Serial Input
D5 Setting
0
Ignored
1
Registered
D6, D7 Address MSB and LSB Bits (Input and Output Fault registers) For channel-specific bits, these
bits are used to specify which channel is indicated.
The channel-specific bits are:
Register
Channel-Specific Bits
Input
D0, D1, D2, D3, D4
Output
D0, D1, D2
These bits determine the channel, according to the following table:
D7
D6
Channel Selected
0
0
1
0
1
2
1
0
3
1
1
4
Output FAULT Register
D0 Short-to-Ground (STG) Fault Bit The voltage
from drain to source for each MOSFET is monitored.
An internal current source sinks IDx from the Dx pins
to set the VDS threshold for each channel, the level at
which an STG fault condition is evaluated.
The A3942 enables monitoring for an STG fault after
the MOSFET is turned on and the turn-on blank time,
tON , expires. (The MOSFET is turned on via the Input
register D0 bit, ORed with the INx discrete input pin
for the channel of the MOSFET, and tON is set by
Input register D1 and D2 bits). If the MOSFET gateto-source voltage exceeds the VDS threshold, then
an STG fault will be registered for that channel, the
MOSFET gate will be discharged, and the FAULTZ
pin will be set low (active).
An STG fault is latched until cleared (using the Input
register D3 bit). In the meantime, the other channels
can continue to operate normally.
D1 Short to Battery (STB) Fault Bit When a chan-
nel turns off, STB fault detection is blanked for tOFF.
Subsequently, if the Sx pin voltage exceeds the VDS
threshold voltage for that channel, an STB fault is
latched. The output for that channel is disabled until
the fault is either cleared (via the Input register D3 bit)
or the off-state fault diagnostics are masked (via the
Input register D4 bit).
Because the output is disabled, there is no active
pull-down during an STB event. Note that, in general,
when the voltage on SX is high enough to trip the STB
comparator, it also trips the OL comparator, and both
the STB and the OL faults are latched.
D2 Open Load (OL) Fault Bit When a channel turns
off, the OL fault is blanked for tOFF. A small bias
current, IOL , is sourced to the Sx pin of the channel.
There it divides between RSx and the load. If the load
is open, the Sx voltage will rise above the OL fault
detection threshold. In that case, the output is disabled
until the fault is cleared (via the Input register D3 bit)
or the off-state fault diagnostics are masked (via the
Input register D4 bit).
D3 Thermal Warning Bit A die temperature monitor
is integrated on the A3942 chip. If the die temperature
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A3942
approaches the maximum allowable level, a thermal
warning signal will be triggered.
Note that this fault sets the FAULTZ pin low (active),
but does not disable the outputs or operation of the
chip.
D4 Charge Pump UVLO Bit The charge pump must
maintain a voltage guard band above VBB , in order
to charge the gates when commanded to turn on the
MOSFETs. If an undervoltage (UVLO) condition is
detected on the charge pump, the FAULTZ pin will be
set low (active), and all outputs will be disabled.
D5 WriteZ (Not Write) Bit In a written byte, D5 = 0.
D6, D7 Address Bits See description, above.
Pin Descriptions
In this section, the functions of the individual terminals of the A3942 are described.
VBB Supply Voltage (Power) The A3942 is fully
operational over the specified range of VBB. The external MOSFETs must be supplied by the same voltage
source as the A3942. A bypass capacitor should be
placed as close as practicable to the A3942.
VDD Supply Voltage (Logic) Logic voltage must be
Quad High-Side Gate Driver
for Automotive Applications
IN1 through IN4 Discrete Inputs For each output
channel, the gate pin, Gx, sources voltage when the
corresponding INx pin is set high. Gx sinks voltage to
ground when the corresponding INx pin is set low. The
INx setting is logically ORed with the Gate On/Off bit
(Input register bit D0) for the respective output.
D1 through D4 Output Drains For each output channel, the voltage on the corresponding Dx pin is used
to evaluate STB and STG fault conditions. The A3942
compares the Dx voltage level to the VDS threshold of
the MOSFET to determine if a fault condition exists.
The trip voltage level is set by selecting an appropriate
value for the resistor, RDx, connected to the corresponding current sink. Because both the Dx pins and
RDx are high impedance, each RDx must be placed
as close to the corresponding A3942 Dx pin as practicable.
G1 through G4 Output Gates These pins drive the
gates of the high-side external MOSFETs. They source
voltage from VCP and sink to GND. The corresponding external gate resistors, RGx, should be ≥ 2 kΩ
for consistent switching times between A3942s when
applicable (see IG(HI) and IG(LO) in the Electrical Characteristics table).
supplied to the A3942. The wide allowable range of
input voltages allows both 3.3 V and 5 V supplies. A
bypass capacitor should be placed as close as practicable to the A3942.
If negative voltages are applied, Gx is clamped to
GND by internal diodes. Back-to-back Zener diodes
are internally connected between Gx and Sx.
VCP Charge Pump The integrated charge pump is
source terminal of the external MOSFET. The pins
may be tied directly to the MOSFET. Although the Sx
pins can survive large negative transients, it is recommended to connect a clamp diode between the Sx pin
and ground to limit any negative transients at the Sx
pin when a load is switched off. This helps to avoid
false fault detection caused by transient noise coupling
into adjacent channels which may not be switching
and therefore have no fault blanking during the transient. This is especially recommended when there is
significant wiring between the load and the Sx pin
even if the load incorporates a recirculation diode.
used to generate a supply above VBB to drive the gates
of the external power MOSFETs. This tripler keeps the
part functional over a wide range of VBB.
CP1 through CP4 Charge Pump Capacitor Connections These are the connections for the two exter-
nal capacitors that level-shift the charge up to VCP .
VREG Internal Linear Voltage Regulator This pro-
vides a connection for an external capacitor that sets
the regulation value for voltage supplied to internal
logic circuits.
Sx Output Sources These are used to measure the
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A3942
RESETZ Master Reset and Sleep Mode Pulsing this
pin low clears all latched faults in the channel-specific
fault registers. It also clears the serial port registers
(they return to their default values). When RESETZ is
held low long enough (t > tSLEEP) the A3942 goes to
sleep, as described in the Sleep topic in the Functional
Description section.
ENB Enable Set low to actively pull low all outputs.
FAULTZ Fault Active low open drain output. Signals a
Quad High-Side Gate Driver
for Automotive Applications
be charged at typically 240μA until it reaches VREF.
The time taken to charge the capacitor will be approximately:
tCHARGE = 5 × C
where tCHARGE is in μs and C is the capacitor value
in nF. At least twice this time should be allowed, after
power-on or after coming out of sleep mode, before
the A3942 is used to switch any loads.
Functional Description section.
GND Ground All GND pins are internally fused to
the metal die pad to which the chip is soldered. This
allows for high thermal conductance through the GND
pins. Connecting to these pins to a PCB ground plane
improves thermal performance.
CSZ SPI Chip Select input.
Functional Description
SDO SPI Data Output connection.
Power On When power is applied to either VDD or
fault. Allows parallel connection with FAULTZ signals from other devices when required.
SCLK SPI Clock See Serial Port Operation topic in
SDI SPI Data Input connection.
IREF Current Reference Defines the current used
as a reference to set gate drive currents, diagnostic
currents and internal timers. A resistor, RREF, connected between the IREF pin and the adjacent GND
pin is selected to set the reference current to 20μA.
The IREF pin is a voltage source at a voltage, VREF,
of typically 1.2V. The resistor required is therefore
60.4kOhm, which is the standard resistor value that
provides a typical current closest to the 20μA target.
Any variation in RREF will affect the internal settings
as described in the section below on RREF selection.
Being a high impedance node, the IREF pin is susceptible to external sources of noise and transients and
should be decoupled with a capacitor across RREF
between the IREF pin and the adjacent GND pin. The
capacitor value should be less than 100pF to avoid
any delay when power is first applied to the A3942
or when coming out of sleep mode. When controlling large load currents a larger capacitor may be
required to suppress any transient noise. At power-on
or when coming out of sleep mode this capacitor will
VBB, the Output Fault register is initially loaded with
default values, all zeros (0). However, as individual
internal circuits are initially powered on, they may
latch spurious faults in the fault registers for each
channel. Therefore, before operating the A3942 all
fault registers must be cleared by pulsing the RESETZ
pin.
Sleep Mode This mode disables various internal circuits including the charge pump, VREG, and the logic
circuits. The serial port also is disabled. All Input and
Output Fault register bits are cleared.
To leave sleep mode, pull RESETZ high and then
allow a delay for the charge pump to stabilize. Before
sending commands, clear any spurious faults as
described in the Power On topic.
Faults Faults are categorized either as system faults or
load faults. All faults are ORed to the FAULTZ pin.
System faults are VREG UVLO, CP UVLO, VDD
UVLO, and Thermal Warning. They are not latched in
the channel-specific self-protection circuit fault registers, however, the flags in the Output Fault register
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A3942
bits D3, D4, and D5, are latched. If the fault condition
is resolved, these flags are latched until they are read,
at which time they are cleared.
Load faults are OL, STB, and STG. They are latched
into the channel-specific self-protection circuit fault
registers, and shifted into Output Fault register bits
D0, D1, and D2 when called. Thus, load faults may be
masked or cleared on a channel-specific basis.
Serial Port Operation
The serial port is compatible with the full duplex
Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) conventions. The
inputs to the SPI port are logically ORed with the
discrete input pins, INx, settings. This allows independent operation using only the discrete inputs, only the
serial inputs, or both. Timing is clocked by an onboard 4 MHz oscillator.
When a Chip Select event occurs, the Output Fault
register loads one eight-bit byte into the shift register,
and the byte is then shifted out through the SDO pin.
Simultaneously, bits at the SDI pin are shifted into the
shift register (full duplex). At the end of a Chip Select
event, the shift register contents are latched into the
Input register.
Quad High-Side Gate Driver
for Automotive Applications
• Daisy Chain Connection The master shifts n bytes
(eight bits each) during n × 8 clock cycles. Regardless of the position of an individual A3942 slave
in the daisy chain, the slaves shift the output byte
during the first eight clock cycles after CSZ goes
low. When CSZ goes high, the eight bits in the Shift
register are latched into the Input register.
Serial Port Disabling Disable the serial port by setting the CSZ pin high while in sleep mode. This loads
the Input register with default values, all zeroes (0).
Serial Port Error Handling Input data is discarded if
the number of bits in an input stream are not a multiple of eight. Furthermore, unless the number of clock
cycles is a multiple of eight while CSZ is active, any
bits shifted in from the SDI pin are discarded.
Input Register Operation After a valid byte is
latched into the Input register from the shift register,
bit D5 is evaluated to determine if the byte is to be
read. An inactive (0) bit value causes all other bits to
be ignored.
Alternative Configurations Multiple A3942s can be
If bit D5 is active (1) the other bits are read and
decoded. Bits D6 and D7 are used to determine which
output channel is updated. Bits D0 through D4 set
the channel-specific operation, including clearing and
masking of faults.
configured together.
Output Fault Register Operation This register is
• Standalone Connection In this configuration, the
master simultaneously shifts eight bits in through
the SDI pin and shifts eight bits out of the SDO pin.
First, the CSZ pin is set low. Then, the Output Fault
register is loaded with the relevant fault byte (see
the Output Fault Register topic below). Eight clock
cycles are used to perform the shifts.
• Parallel Connection Because each slave has a CSZ
pin, operation is identical to the Standalone configuration. When CSZ is inactive, SDI is “don’t care” and
SDO is high impedance.
loaded with fault data to be shifted out through the
SDO pin. No handshaking is required.
The Output Fault register contains data on active
faults. Four internal channel-specific fault registers
contain any latched fault data for each respective
channel. The following describes how the A3942
determines which channel-specific fault register to
transfer into the Output Fault register.
• No Faults If there are no current faults, the Output
Fault register is loaded with all zeros:
00 000 000
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A3942
• Single Fault If there is only one fault detected, the
Output Fault register is filled to indicate that fault.
For a load fault, the Address bits are set to indicate
the affected channel; for example, a short-to-battery
on channel 3 would be written:
10 000 010
On the other hand, for system faults, the Address bits
are irrelevant, and a CP UVLO fault would be loaded
as:
00 010 000
with the Address bits defaulting to 0 0.
• Multiple System Faults If there are multiple system
faults, the Output Fault register is loaded with the
setting for each system fault (the Address bits remain irrelevant, as in the case of a single fault). For
example, when CP UVLO and Thermal Warning
faults both have occurred, the Output Fault register is
loaded with:
00 011 000
• Multiple System Faults and Single Channel Load
Fault If one or more system faults and one or more
load faults from a single channel have occurred, all
faults are loaded into the Output Fault register, with
the channel of the load faults indicated in the Address
bits. For example, a CP UVLO system fault and an
STG load fault on Channel 2 would be written as:
01 010 001
• Multiple Channel Load Faults When load faults
occur on more than one channel, the data cannot be
signalled in a single SDO byte. However, the data
can still be retrieved. The A3942 polls each channelspecific fault register, in ascending order by channel
number.
Each output is delimited by the appropriate CSZ
event. For example, assume an OL on channel 2 and
an STG on Channel 4. The first CSZ event writes:
01 000 100
Quad High-Side Gate Driver
for Automotive Applications
and the second CSZ writes:
11 000 001
In summary, all faults are retrieved by issuing consecutive CSZ events until the channel number stops
increasing.
• If there are no faults, this byte will be shifted out
each time:
00 000 000
• If there are only system faults, this byte will be
shifted out each time:
0 0 [1|0] [1|0] [1|0] 0 0 0
• If there are system faults and only one load fault, one
byte contains all of the fault data.
• If there are load faults on more than one channel,
these bytes would be shifted out in succession, and
any existing system faults will be indicated. For example, if there were no system faults and load faults
on channels 2, 3, and 4, the following series of bytes
would be shifted out:
0 1 0 0 0 [1|0] [1|0] [1|0]
1 0 0 0 0 [1|0] [1|0] [1|0]
1 1 0 0 0 [1|0] [1|0] [1|0]
0 1 0 0 0 [1|0] [1|0] [1|0]
. . .
Applications
Unused Outputs When any of the four output chan-
nels are not used, the related pins should be connected
as follows:
Unused Channel Pin
Connection
INx
GND
Sx
GND
Dx
VBB
Gx
Floating
RREF Selection The tolerance on RREF can be
as high as ±4%. Depending on how a specific part
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Quad High-Side Gate Driver
for Automotive Applications
A3942
changes over temperature changes and lifetime, the
±4% range generally covers nominal 1% resistors.
The parameters which are affected by changes in
RREF are listed in the following table:
Change as RREF Tolerance
Parameter
Increases
Decreases
IREF
–
+
tRESET
+
–
tSLEEP
+
–
tWAKE
+
–
IG(HI) and IG(LO)
–
+
IOL
–
+
tON and tOFF
+
–
Setting Fault Circuit Trip Levels The load faults,
Short-to-Battery (STB), Short-to-Ground (STG), and
Open Load (OL), are all latched. The thresholds for
STG and OL faults can be set by the value for the RDx
resistor.
Open Load Fault Level When the gate is commanded
off, a commanded current, IOL , is sourced to Sx to
detect if the load is still in the circuit. VOL is compared
to
IOL × [RL // RGS]
to evaluate an OL fault.
If the load has been removed, VSx exceeds VOL and
a fault is registered. VSx would drift to VBB when an
open load exists and thereby inadvertantly trip a nuisance STB fault. To prevent this, the Sx pin is clamped
to VCLAMP .
The operating limits specified in the Electrical Characteristics table allow the fault circuitry to distinguish
all faults within the operating range of VBB. If, however, the specified limits on VDx are too restrictive at
low VBB levels, the only repercussion is a nuisance
STB fault, and this only occurs when an OL condition exists. The limit on VDx can be ignored either if
the off-state faults are masked or if it is acceptable to
latch the nuisance fault and clear it when the OL fault
is cleared.
Because VOS << VOL , a fault is registered if
IOL × RL // RGS > VOL .
Hence, the trip level, RL(trip) is:
1 ⎛ –1
⎛ IOL
⎜
⎜
–
RL(trip) = ⎜
⎜
⎝ VOL RGS ⎝
The OL circuit and its tolerances are designed to
ensure that external loads above 50 kΩ are identified
as open load and that loads below 10 kΩ are identified
as valid. Note that these numbers are valid in steady
state. As a result, blanking times must be set appropriately for a given load.
Under normal conditions, when the external MOSFET
is off, and the load is in circuit,
IOL × RL < VOL.
Short-to-Battery Fault Level The STB comparator
compares the load voltage
IOL × RL // RGS]
to the voltage set by RDx,
VBB –ID × RD .
The comparator is active only when the gate is commanded off.
During an STB condition, IOL = 0 because the current
source has run out of headroom. A fault is registered
when
VL > VBB –ID × RD ± VOS.
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Quad High-Side Gate Driver
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A3942
That is, the load voltage is within ∆V = ID × RD volts
of VBB.
Using VDS = VBB – VL and rearranging, we find that
VDS < ID × RD ± VOS .
Therefore,
RD = (VDS(trip) ±VOS) / ID ,
Power Limits
Power dissipation, PD, is limited by thermal constraints. The maximum junction temperature, TJ(max),
and the thermal resistance, RθJA , are given in this
datasheet. The maximum allowed power is then found
for a given ambient, TA , from this equation:
TJ = PD × RθJA + TA , or
PD = (TJ – TA ) / RθJA .
which is also the case for STG faults, described below.
Note that an STB condition generally latches the OL
flag as well.
The three main contributions to power dissipation are:
Under normal conditions RL << RGS and IOL flows
through the load, given
• driver outputs, PDRV , and
IOL × (RD + RL ) < VBB –ID × RD ± VOS .
Because IOL × (RD + RL ) ≈ 0 when the external
MOSFET is off, no fault is registered.
Short-to-Ground Fault Level The effect of the STG
comparator is to compare the external MOSFET VDS
(VL) to the set trip voltage VBB –ID × RD .
The comparator is active only when the gate is commanded on. Also, the sourced current IOL is deactivated.
If VDS is too large, an STG fault is registered when
VL < VBB –ID × RD ± VOS ,
or, because the external MOSFET VDS = VBB – VL ,
VDS > ID × RD ± VOS .
Therefore, the STG trip level in the on state is the
same as the STB level in the off state:
RD = (VDS(trip) ±VOS) / ID .
Converse to the preceding, in normal operation
• quiescent supply, PBB(Q)
• logic level supply, PDD .
These three terms appear in the following equation:
PD = PBB(Q) + PDRV + PDD .
The quiescent supply current leads to a baseline power
loss:
PBB(Q) = VBB × IBB(Q) .
In general, the losses in a driver can be quantified as
follows. Given that the driver current leaves Gx to
charge a gate, and assuming that the external circuit
is approximately lossless, then the same charge is
sunk back into Gx. Therefore, all driver current can be
treated as going to heat the chip.
Total current into VBB includes the quiescent current,
IBB(Q) , plus additional current, ∆IBB, to energize the
gates. The latter is three times the average gate current:
∆IBB = 3 × IGx(av) .
VL > VBB –ID × RD ± VOS ,
The average load current is calculated using the gate
charge, QG , from the external MOSFET datasheet and
the switching frequency:
VDS < ID × RD ± VOS .
IGx(av) = fsw × QG .
or
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Quad High-Side Gate Driver
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A3942
If all four outputs are supplying this current,
∆IBB = 4 (3 × IGx) = 12 × fSW × QG,
and
PDRV = VBB × ∆IBB = 12 × fSW × QG × VBB .
Finally, loss in the logic circuits is
PDD = VDD × IDD.
Example:
Find the junction temperature with one IRFZ44ES
MOSFET at each output, being switched at 5 kHz, and
given VBB = 14 V and VDD = 5.5 V.
Answer: The IRFZ44ES datasheet gives QG(max)
= 60 nC (note that this parameter depends on circuit
design constraints, such as VDS). The Electrical Characteristics table gives the following maximum values
for the A3942: IBB(Q) = 10 mA, VDD = 5.5 V, and IDD
= 3 mA.
First, calculate total power loss:
PD = VBB IBB(Q) + 12 fswQGVBB+VDDIDD
= 14 V × 11 mA
+ 4 × 3 × 5 kHz ×60 nC × 14 V
+ 5.5 V × 3 mA
= 221 mW .
Then, the junction temperature can be found for a
given ambient temperature; TA = 125°C is assumed
here. Thermal resistance depends significantly on the
board design; RθJA = 100 °C/W is assumed here. Substituting these values:
TJ = PD × RθJA + TA
= 221 mW × 100 °C/W + 125°C
= 147°C .
LAYOUT AND COMPONENTS
General good practices should be followed. In addition, the following are recommended:
• Locate bypass capacitors (VBB, VDD, VREG, and
IREF) as close to the A3942 as practicable.
• Traces to bypass capacitors should be as wide as
practicable; minimize the number of vias.
• Use both bulk storage capacitors (for example, electrolytic) and low impedance bypass capacitors (for
example, ceramic) on all supply pins. See the Functional Block Diagram for recommended values.
• Input and output lines should not be in close proximity. If they do overlap, it should be at right angles.
• Use ample copper in the ground and power paths.
Use planes or fills where possible.
• The A3942 ground and VBB supply should be starconnected to the power ground and supply.
• The trace connecting the RDx resistors to the A3942
Dx pins should be as short as possible.
• The trace leaving the other side of the RDx resistors
can be long because it has a low impedance path to
ground; however, it must run independently to the respective external MOSFET in order to make a Kelvin
connection.
• All support capacitors are to be referenced to the
A3942 ground plane or ground fill. Minimize loop
area of traces.
• These traces should be as wide as practicable: VBB,
VDD, VREG, VCP, and Gx. Secondarily, it is also
preferred that the traces to the charge pump caps be
as wide as practicable. In both cases, the number of
vias should be minimized.
• Minimize the distance connecting to ground pins in
order to minimize ground loops.
Finally, a note about thermals. Because the A3942
ground pins are internally fused to the die mounting
pad, they are the main path for heat dissipation. In
applications producing high junction temperatures,
care must be given to designing the thermal path. For
example, multiple thermal vias should be run from
ground pins down to the ground plane. If space allows,
wide traces from ground pins to exposed copper fills
on the top layer efficiently release heat through convection cooling.
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Quad High-Side Gate Driver
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A3942
Terminal List
No.
Name
1
SDO
Serial Data Out
Pin Description
2
SDI
Serial Data In
3
SCLK
4
CSZ
Serial Clock
Chip Select – NOT
5
FAULTZ
Fault – NOT (Open Drain)
6
RESETZ
Reset – NOT (Discrete)
7
ENB
Enable (Discrete)
8
VDD
Logic Supply
Current Reference Pin
9
IREF
10
GND
11
IN2
Discrete Input Channel 2
12
IN1
Discrete Input Channel 1
13
D2
Channel 2: Drain
14
D1
Channel 1: Drain
15
GND
16
S1
Channel 1: Source
17
G1
Channel 1: Gate
18
G2
Channel 2: Gate
19
S2
Channel 2: Source
20
S3
Channel 3: Source
21
G3
Channel 3: Gate
22
G4
Channel 4: Gate
23
S4
Channel 4: Source
24
GND
25
D3
Channel 3: Drain
26
D4
Channel 4: Drain
27
IN3
Discrete Input Channel 3
28
IN4
Discrete Input Channel 4
29
VREG
30
VBB
31
GND
32
VCP
Reservoir Capacitor Terminal
33
CP1
Charge Pump Capacitor Terminal
34
CP3
Charge Pump Capacitor Terminal
35
CP2
Charge Pump Capacitor Terminal
36
CP4
Charge Pump Capacitor Terminal
37
GND
38
GND
Internal Regulator
Power Supply
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Quad High-Side Gate Driver
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A3942
LG Package, 38-Pin TSSOP
1.60
9.70 ±0.10
4º
0.50
38
0.30
38
+0.06
0.15 –0.05
4.40 ±0.10
6.40 ±0.20
6.00
A
1 2
1 2
0.25
38X
SEATING
PLANE
0.10 C
0.22 ±0.05
0.50
C
B
SEATING PLANE
GAUGE PLANE
All dimensions nominal, not for tooling use
(reference JEDEC MO-153 BD-1)
Dimensions in millimeters
Pins 10, 15, 24, 31, 37, and 38 fused internally
1.20 MAX
0.10 ±0.05
PCB Layout Reference View
A Terminal #1 mark area
B
Reference pad layout (reference IPC SOP50P640X110-38M)
All pads a minimum of 0.20 mm from all adjacent pads; adjust as necessary
to meet application process requirements and PCB layout tolerances
Copyright ©2008-2013, Allegro MicroSystems, LLC
Allegro MicroSystems, LLC reserves the right to make, from time to time, such departures from the detail specifications as may be required to
permit improvements in the performance, reliability, or manufacturability of its products. Before placing an order, the user is cautioned to verify that
the information being relied upon is current.
Allegro’s products are not to be used in life support devices or systems, if a failure of an Allegro product can reasonably be expected to cause the
failure of that life support device or system, or to affect the safety or effectiveness of that device or system.
The information included herein is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, Allegro MicroSystems, LLC assumes no responsibility for its
use; nor for any infringement of patents or other rights of third parties which may result from its use.
For the latest version of this document, visit our website:
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