DATASHEET

ISL8104
®
Data Sheet
March 7, 2008
FN9257.2
8V to 14V, Single-Phase Synchronous
Buck Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM)
Controller With Integrated Gate Drivers
Features
The ISL8104 is a 8V to 14V synchronous PWM controller
with integrated MOSFET drivers. The controller features the
ability to safely start-up into prebiased output loads and
provides protection against overcurrent fault events.
Overcurrent protection is implemented using top-side
MOSFET rDS(ON) sensing, eliminating the need for a current
sensing resistor.
• 0.597V Internal Reference Voltage
- ±1.0% Over the Commercial Temperature Range
- ±1.5% Over the Industrial Temperature Range
The ISL8104 employs voltage-mode control with dual-edge
modulation to achieve fast transient response. The operating
frequency is adjustable from 50kHz to 1.5MHz with full (0%
to 100%) PWM duty cycle capability. The error amplifier
features a 15MHz (typ) gain-bandwidth product and 6V/µs
slew rate enabling high converter bandwidth.
• Fast Transient Response
- 15MHz (typ) Gain-Bandwidth Error Amplifier with 6V/µs
slew rate
- Full 0% to 100% Duty Cycle Support
The output voltage of the converter can be regulated to as
low as 0.597V with a tolerance of ±1.0% over the
commercial temperature range (0°C to +70°C), and ±1.5%
over industrial temperature range (-40°C to +85°C).
Provided in the QFN package, a SS pin and REFIN pin
enable supply sequencing and voltage tracking functionality.
• Lossless Programmable Overcurrent Protection
- Top-Side MOSFET’s rDS(ON) Sensing
- ~120ns Blanking Time
Pinouts
ISL8104 (16 LD QFN)
TOP VIEW
• +8V ±5% to +14V ±10% Bias Voltage Range
- 1.5V to 15.4V Input Voltage Range
• Voltage-Mode PWM Control with Dual-Edge Modulation
• 14V High Speed N-Channel MOSFET Gate Drivers
- 2.0A Source/3A Sink at 14V Bottom-Side Gate Drive
- 1.25A Source/2A Sink at 14V Top-Side Gate Drive
• Programmable Operating Frequency from 50kHz to
1.5MHz
• Sourcing and Sinking Current Capability
• Support for Start-Up into Prebiased Loads
• Soft-Start Done and an External Reference Pin for
Tracking Applications are Available in the QFN Package
• Pb-free available (RoHS compliant)
SSDONE
TSOC
FSET
VCC
Applications
• Test and Measurement Instruments
16
15
14
13
• Distributed DC/DC Power Architecture
SS
1
12 PVCC
COMP
2
11 BGATE
FB
3
10 PGND
EN
4
9
• Telecom/Datacom Applications
Ordering Information
5
6
7
8
ISL8104CBZ*
8104CBZ
0 to +70
14 Ld SOIC
M14.15
TGATE
PKG.
DWG. #
LX
PACKAGE
(Pb-free)
GND
PART NUMBER
PART
TEMP.
(Note)
MARKING RANGE (°C)
REFIN
BOOT
• Industrial Applications
ISL8104IBZ*
8104IBZ
-40 to +85
14 Ld SOIC
M14.15
ISL8104CRZ*
81 04CRZ
0 to +70
16 Ld 4x4 QFN L16.4x4
ISL8104IRZ*
81 04IRZ
-40 to +85
16 Ld 4x4 QFN L16.4x4
ISL8104 (14 LD SOIC)
TOP VIEW
ISL8104EVAL1Z Evaluation Board
ISL8104EVAL2Z Evaluation Board
FSET 1
14 VCC
TSOC 2
13 PVCC
SS 3
12 BGATE
COMP 4
11 PGND
FB 5
10 BOOT
EN 6
9 TGATE
8 LX
GND 7
1
*Add “-T” suffix for tape and reel. Please refer to TB347 for details on
reel specifications.
NOTE: These Intersil Pb-free plastic packaged products employ
special Pb-free material sets; molding compounds/die attach materials
and 100% matte tin plate PLUS ANNEAL - e3 termination finish, which
is RoHS compliant and compatible with both SnPb and Pb-free
soldering operations. Intersil Pb-free products are MSL classified at
Pb-free peak reflow temperatures that meet or exceed the Pb-free
requirements of IPC/JEDEC J STD-020.
CAUTION: These devices are sensitive to electrostatic discharge; follow proper IC Handling Procedures.
1-888-INTERSIL or 1-888-468-3774 | Intersil (and design) is a registered trademark of Intersil Americas Inc.
Copyright Intersil Americas Inc. 2006, 2007. All Rights Reserved
All other trademarks mentioned are the property of their respective owners.
Block Diagram
EN
SS
VCC
TSOC
INTERNAL
REGULATOR
200µA
POWER-ON
RESET (POR)
2
30μA
BOOT
SOURCE OCP
TGATE
SOFT-START
AND
FAULT LOGIC
SSDONE
(QFN ONLY)
OSCILLATOR
6µA
LX
PWM
REFERENCE
VREF = 0.597 V
PVCC
EA
REFIN
(QFN ONLY)
BGATE
GND
PGND
FB
COMP
ISL8104
FSET
GATE
CONTROL
LOGIC
FN9257.2
March 7, 2008
ISL8104
Typical Application with Single Power Supply
+8V TO +14V
VIN
LIN
RFILTER
CF2
VCC
CF1
DBOOT
CBIN
CHFIN
PVCC
BOOT
RTSOC
TSOC
SSDONE
(QFN ONLY)
CTSOC
REFIN
(QFN ONLY)
TGATE
EN
BGATE
LOUT
LX
ISL8104
RFSET
CBOOT
Q1
Q2
VOUT
CHFOUT
CBOUT
PGND
FSET
COMP
R2
C2
C3
R3
SS
C1
FB
CSS
GND
R1
R0
Typical Application with Separated Power Supplies
+8V TO +14V
VCC
+1.5V TO +15.4V
VIN
RFILTER
CF2
CF1
VCC
DBOOT
CBIN
CHFIN
PVCC
BOOT
RTSOC
TSOC
SSDONE
(QFN ONLY)
CTSOC
REFIN
(QFN ONLY)
LOUT
LX
Q2
BGATE
EN
ISL8104
RFSET
CBOOT
Q1
TGATE
CHFOUT
VOUT
CBOUT
PGND
FSET
COMP
C2
R2
C3
R3
SS
FB
CSS
GND
3
C1
R0
R1
FN9257.2
March 7, 2008
ISL8104
Absolute Maximum Ratings
Thermal Information
Supply Voltage, VPVCC, VVCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . GND - 0.3V to +16V
Enable Voltage, VEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GND - 0.3V to +16V
Soft-start Done Voltage, VSSDONE . . . . . . . . . . GND - 0.3V to +16V
TSOC Voltage, VTSOC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GND - 0.3V to +16V
BOOT Voltage, VBOOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GND - 0.3V to +36V
LX Voltage, VLX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VBOOT - 16V to VBOOT + 0.3V
All Other Pins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GND - 0.3V to 5.0V
ESD Rating
ESD Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Class 2
Thermal Resistance (Typical)
θJA (°C/W)
θJC (°C/W)
SOIC Package (Note 1) . . . . . . . . . . . .
95
N/A
QFN Package (Notes 2, 3). . . . . . . . . .
47
8.5
Maximum Junction Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +150°C
Maximum Storage Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . .-65°C to +150°C
Pb-free reflow profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .see link below
http://www.intersil.com/pbfree/Pb-FreeReflow.asp
Operating Conditions
Supply Voltage, VVCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+8V ±5% to +14V ±10%
Supply Voltage, VPVCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+8V ±5% to +14V ±10%
Boot to Phase Voltage, VBOOT - VLX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <VPVCC
Ambient Temperature Range, ISL8104C . . . . . . . . . . . 0°C to +70°C
Ambient Temperature Range, ISL8104I. . . . . . . . . . .-40°C to +85°C
CAUTION: Do not operate at or near the maximum ratings listed for extended periods of time. Exposure to such conditions may adversely impact product reliability and
result in failures not covered by warranty.
NOTES:
1. θJA is measured with the component mounted on a high effective thermal conductivity test board in free air. See Tech Brief TB379 for details.
2. θJA is measured in free air with the component mounted on a high effective thermal conductivity test board with “direct attach” features. See
Tech Brief TB379.
3. For θJC, the “case temp” location is the center of the exposed metal pad on the package underside.
4. Limits should be considered typical and are not production tested.
Electrical Specifications
Recommended Operating Conditions, unless otherwise noted, specifications in bold are valid for process,
temperature, and line operating conditions.
PARAMETER
SYMBOL
TEST CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
VCC SUPPLY CURRENT
IVCC
SS/EN = 0V
3.5
6.1
8.5
mA
IPVCC
SS/EN = 0V
0.30
0.5
0.75
mA
VCC/VPVCC Rising Threshold
6.45
7.10
7.55
V
VCC/VPVCC Hysteresis
170
250
500
mV
TSOC Rising Threshold
0.70
0.73
0.75
V
TSOC Hysteresis
180
200
220
mV
Enable - Rising Threshold
1.4
1.5
1.60
V
Enable - Hysteresis
175
250
325
mV
TJ = 0°C to +70°C
0.591
0.597
0.603
V
TJ = -40°C to +85°C
0.588
0.597
0.606
V
TJ = 0°C to +70°C
-1.0
-
1.0
%
TJ = -40°C to +85°C
-1.5
-
1.5
%
-4
-6
-8
µA
2.10
-
3.50
V
-3
-
3
mV
Shutdown Supply VCC
Shutdown Supply VPVCC
POWER-ON RESET
REFERENCE
Reference Voltage
System Accuracy
REFIN Current Source (QFN Only)
REFIN Threshold (QFN Only)
REFIN Offset (QFN Only)
4
FN9257.2
March 7, 2008
ISL8104
Electrical Specifications
Recommended Operating Conditions, unless otherwise noted, specifications in bold are valid for process,
temperature, and line operating conditions. (Continued)
PARAMETER
SYMBOL
TEST CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
175
200
220
kHz
-
±15
-
%
1.7
1.9
2.15
VP-P
-
1
-
V
RL = 10kΩ, CL= 100pF
-
88
-
dB
GBWP
RL = 10kΩ, CL= 100pF
-
15
-
MHz
SR
RL = 10kΩ, CL= 100pF
-
6
-
V/μs
OSCILLATOR
Trim Test Frequency
RFSET = OPEN VVCC = 12
Total Variation (Note 4)
8kΩ < RFSET to GND < 200kΩ
ΔVOSC
Ramp Amplitude
RFSET = OPEN
Ramp Bottom (Note 4)
ERROR AMPLIFIER
DC Gain (Note 4)
Gain-Bandwidth Product (Note 4)
Slew Rate (Note 4)
COMP Source Current (Note 4)
ICOMPSRC
-
2
-
mA
COMP Sink Current (Note 4)
ICOMPSNK
-
2
-
mA
GATE DRIVERS
VBOOT - VLX = 14V, 3nF Load
Top-side Drive Source Current (Note 4)
IT_SOURCE
Top-side Drive Source Impedance
RT_SOURCE 90mA Source Current
-
1.25
-
A
-
2.0
-
Ω
Top-side Drive Sink Current (Note 4)
IT_SINK
VBOOT - VLX = 14V, 3nF Load
-
2
-
A
Top-side Drive Sink Impedance
RT_SINK
90mA Source Current
-
1.3
-
Ω
VPVCC = 14V, 3nF Load
-
2
-
A
-
1.3
-
Ω
Bottom-side Drive Source Current (Note 4)
IB_SOURCE
Bottom-side Drive Source Impedance
RB_SOURCE 90mA Source Current
Bottom-side Drive Sink Current (Note 4)
IB_SINK
VPVCC = 14V, 3nF Load
-
3
-
A
Bottom-side Drive Sink Impedance
RB_SINK
90mA Source Current
-
0.94
-
Ω
TJ = 0°C to +70°C
180
200
220
μA
TJ = -40°C to +85°C
176
200
224
μA
-
±10
-
mV
22
30
38
μA
-
-
0.30
V
PROTECTION
TSOC Current
ITSOC
TSOC Measurement Offset (Note 4)
OCPOFFSET TSOC = 1.5V to 15.4V
SOFT-START
Soft-start Current
ISS
SSDONE Low Output Voltage (QFN ONLY)
ISSDONE = 2mA
Functional Pin Description (QFN/SOIC)
SS (Pin 1/3)
Connect a capacitor from this pin to ground. This capacitor,
along with an internal 30µA current source, sets the soft-start
interval of the converter.
COMP (Pin 2/4) and FB (Pin 3/5)
COMP and FB are the available external pins of the error
amplifier. The FB pin is the inverting input of the error
amplifier and the COMP pin is the error amplifier output.
These pins are used to compensate the voltage-control
feedback loop of the converter.
5
EN (Pin 4/6)
This pin is a TTL compatible input. Pull this pin below 0.8V to
disable the converter. In shutdown the soft-start pin is
discharged and the TGATE and BGATE pins are held low.
REFIN (QFN ONLY Pin 5)
Upon enable if REFIN is less than 2.2V, the external
reference pin is used as the control reference instead of the
internal 0.597V reference. An internal 6µA pull-up to 5V is
provided for disabling this functionality.
GND (Pin 6/7)
Signal ground for the IC. All voltage levels are measured
with respect to this pin.
FN9257.2
March 7, 2008
ISL8104
LX (Pin 7/8)
TGATE (Pin 8/9)
Connect TGATE to the top-side MOSFET gate. This pin
provides the gate drive for the top-side MOSFET.
1000
RESISTANCE (kΩ)
This pin connects to the source of the top-side MOSFET and
the drain of the bottom-side MOSFET. This pin represents
the return path for the top-side gate driver. During normal
switching, this pin is used for top-side current sensing.
RFSET PULLUP
TO VCC
100
RFSET PULL-DOWN
TO GND
10
BOOT (Pin 9/10)
This pin provides bias to the top-side MOSFET driver. A
bootstrap circuit may be used to create a BOOT voltage
suitable to drive a standard N-Channel MOSFET.
10k
100k
1M
SWITCHING FREQUENCY (Hz)
PGND (Pin 10/11)
FIGURE 1. RFSET RESISTANCE vs FREQUENCY
80
BGATE (Pin 11/12)
70
Connect BGATE to the bottom-side MOSFET gate. This pin
provides the gate drive for the bottom-side MOSFET.
60
PVCC (Pin 12/13)
Provide an 8V to 14V bias supply for the bottom-side gate
drive to this pin. This pin should be bypassed with a
capacitor to PGND.
VCC (Pin 13/14)
IPVCC+VCC (mA)
This is the power ground connection. Tie the bottom-side
MOSFET source and board ground to this pin.
CGATE = 3300pF
50
CGATE = 1000pF
40
30
20
CGATE = 10pF
10
Provide an 8V to 14V bias supply for the chip to this pin. The
pin should be bypassed with a capacitor to GND.
0
100k 200k 300k 400k 500k 600k 700k 800k 900k 1M
SWITCHING FREQUENCY (Hz)
FSET (Pin 14/1)
FIGURE 2. BIAS SUPPLY CURRENT vs FREQUENCY
This pin provides oscillator switching frequency adjustment.
By placing a resistor (RFSET) from this pin to GND, the
switching frequency is set from between 200kHz and
1.5MHz according to Equation 1:
6500
R FSET [ kΩ ] ≈ ⎛ ------------------------------------------------------- – 1.3⎞ kΩ
⎝ F [ kHz ] – 200 [ kHz ]
⎠
s
(RFSET to GND)
(EQ. 1)
Alternately ISL8104’s switching frequency can be lowered
from 200kHz to 50kHz by connecting the FSET pin with a
resistor to VCC according Equation 2:
55000
R FSET [ kΩ ] ≈ ⎛ ------------------------------------------------------- + 70⎞ kΩ
⎝ 200 [ kHz ] – F [ kHz ]
⎠
s
(RFSET to VCC)
(EQ. 2)
TSOC (Pin 15/2)
The current limit is programmed by connecting this pin with a
resistor and capacitor to the drain of the top-side MOSEFT.
A 200µA current source develops a voltage across the
resistor which is then compared with the voltage developed
across the top-side MOSFET. A blanking period of 120ns is
provided for noise immunity.
6
SSDONE (QFN ONLY Pin 16)
Provides an open drain signal at the end of soft-start.
Functional Description
Initialization
The ISL8104 automatically initializes upon receipt of power.
Special sequencing of the input supplies is not necessary.
The Power-On Reset (POR) function continually monitors
the bias voltage at the VCC pin and the driver input on the
PVCC pin. When the voltages at VCC and PVCC exceed
their rising POR thresholds, a 30µA current source driving
the SS pin is enabled. Upon the SS pin exceeding 1V, the
ISL8104 begins ramping the non-inverting input of the error
amplifier from GND to the System Reference. During
initialization the MOSFET drivers pull TGATE to LX and
BGATE to PGND.
Soft-Start
During soft-start, an internal 30µA current source charges the
external capacitor (CSS) on the SS pin up to ~4V. If the
ISL8104 is utilizing the internal reference, then as the SS pin’s
voltage ramps from 1V to 3V, the soft-start function scales the
FN9257.2
March 7, 2008
ISL8104
reference input (positive terminal of error amp) from GND to
VREF (0.597V nominal). If the ISL8104 is utilizing an
externally supplied reference, when the voltage on the SS pin
reaches 1V, the internal reference input (into the error amp)
ramps from GND to the externally supplied reference at the
same rate as the voltage on the SS pin. Figure 3 shows a
typical soft-start interval. The rise time of the output voltage is,
therefore, dependent upon the value of the soft-start
capacitor, CSS. If the internal reference is used, then the
soft-start capacitance value can be calculated through
Equation 3:
30μA ⋅ t SS
C SS = ---------------------------2V
Oscillator
The oscillator is a triangular waveform, providing for leading
and falling edge modulation. The peak-to-peak of the ramp
amplitude is set at 1.9V and varies as a function of frequency.
At 50kHz the peak to peak amplitude is approximately 1.8V
while at 1.5MHz it is approximately 2.2V. In the event the
regulator operates at 100% duty cycle for 64 clock cycles an
automatic boot cap refresh circuit will activate turning on
BGATE for approximately 1/2 of a clock cycle.
Overcurrent Protection
VSSDONE
(EQ. 3)
If an external reference is used then the soft-start
capacitance can be calculated through Equation 4:
VSS
30μA ⋅ t SS
C SS = ---------------------------V REFEXT
(EQ. 4)
IOCP
VEN
VOUT
ILOAD
VSS
tHICCUP
FIGURE 4. TYPICAL OVERCURRENT PROTECTION
tSS
FIGURE 3. TYPICAL SOFT-START INTERVAL
Prebiased Load Start-up
Drivers are held in tri-state (TGATE pulled to LX, BGATE
pulled to PGND) at the beginning of a soft-start cycle until
two PWM pulses are detected. The bottom-side MOSFET is
turned on first to provide for charging of the bootstrap
capacitor. This method of driver activation provides support
for start-up into prebiased loads by not activating the drivers
until the control loop has entered its linear region, thereby
substantially reducing output transients that would otherwise
occur had the drivers been activated at the beginning of the
soft-start cycle.
SSDONE
Soft-start done is only available in the 16 Ld QFN packaging
option of the ISL8104. When the soft-start pin reaches 4V, an
open drain signal is provided to support sequencing
requirements. SSDONE is deasserted by disabling of the part,
including pulling SS low, and by POR and OCP events.
7
The OCP function is enabled with the drivers at start-up.
OCP is implemented via a resistor (RTSOC) and a capacitor
(CTSOC) connecting the TSOC pin and the drain of the
top-side MOSEFT. An internal 200mA current source
develops a voltage across RTSOC, which is then compared
with the voltage developed across the top-side MOSFET at
turn on as measured at the LX pin. When the voltage drop
across the MOSFET exceeds the voltage drop across the
resistor, a sourcing OCP event occurs. CTSOC is placed in
parallel with RTSOC to smooth the voltage across RTSOC in
the presence of switching noise on the input bus.
A 120ns blanking period is used to reduce the current
sampling error due to leading-edge switching noise. An
additional simultaneous 120ns low pass filter is used to
further reduce measurement error due to noise.
OCP faults cause the regulator to disable (top- and
bottom-side drives disabled, SSDONE pulled low, soft-start
capacitor discharged) itself for a fixed period of time, after
which a normal soft-start sequence is initiated. If the voltage
on the SS pin is already at 4V and an OCP is detected, a
30μA current sink is immediately applied to the SS pin. If an
OCP is detected during soft-start, the 30µA current sink will
not be applied until the voltage on the SS pin has reached 4V.
This current sink discharges the CSS capacitor in a linear
fashion. Once the voltage on the SS pin has reached
approximately 0V, the normal soft-start sequence is initiated. If
the fault is still present on the subsequent restart, the ISL8104
FN9257.2
March 7, 2008
ISL8104
will repeat this process in a hiccup mode. Figure 4 shows a
typical reaction to a repeated overcurrent condition that
places the regulator in a hiccup mode. If the regulator is
repeatedly tripping overcurrent, the hiccup period can be
approximated by Equation 5:
temperature range. System Accuracy includes Error Amplifier
offset, and Reference Error. The use of REFIN may add up to
3mV of offset error into the system (as the Error Amplifier
offset is trimmed out via the internal System reference).
2 ⋅ 4V ⋅ C SS
t HICCUP = -------------------------------30μA
Application Guidelines
(EQ. 5)
The OCP trip point varies mainly due to MOSFET rDS(ON)
variations and layout noise concerns. To avoid overcurrent
tripping in the normal operating load range, find the ROCSET
resistor from the following equations with:
1. The maximum rDS(ON) at the highest junction
temperature
2. The minimum ITSOC from the specification table
Layout Considerations
As in any high frequency switching converter, layout is very
important. Switching current from one power device to another
can generate voltage transients across the impedances of the
interconnecting bond wires and circuit traces. These
interconnecting impedances should be minimized by using
wide, short printed circuit traces. The critical components
should be located as close together as possible using ground
plane construction or single point grounding.
Determine the overcurrent trip point greater than the
maximum output continuous current at maximum inductor
ripple current.
VCC
CBP_PVCC
SIMPLE OCP EQUATION
PVCC
I OC_SOURCE • r
DS ( ON )
R TSOC = ---------------------------------------------------------------200μA
CBP_VCC
ISL8104
DETAILED OCP EQUATION
ΔI
⎛I
+ -----⎞ • r
⎝ OC_SOURCE 2 ⎠ DS ( ON )
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------R TSOC =
I TSOC • N T
VIN
CIN
TGATE
Q1
BOOT
CIN
V IN - V OUT V OUT
ΔI = -------------------------------- • ---------------f SW • L OUT
V IN
LOUT
LX
COUT
(EQ. 6)
BGATE
VOUT
LOAD
N T = NUMBER OF TOP-SIDE MOSFETs
f SW = Regulator Switching Frequency
+14V
Q2
High Speed MOSFET Gate Driver
The integrated driver has the same drive capability and
feature as the Intersil’s 12V gate driver, ISL6612. The PWM
tri-state feature helps prevent a negative transient on the
output voltage when the output is being shut down. This
eliminates the Schottky diode that is used in some systems
for protecting the loads from reversed-output-voltage
damage. See the ISL6612 data sheet FN9153 for
specification parameters that are not defined in the current
ISL8104 “Electrical Specifications” table on page 4.
SS
GND
PGND
CSS
KEY
TRACE SIZED FOR 3A PEAK CURRENT
SHORT TRACE, MINIMUM IMPEDANCE
ISLAND ON POWER PLANE LAYER
ISLAND ON CIRCUIT AND/OR POWER PLANE LAYER
VIA CONNECTION TO GROUND PLANE
Reference Input
The REFIN pin allows the user to bypass the internal 0.597V
reference with an external reference. If REFIN is NOT above
~2.2V, the external reference pin is used as the control
reference instead of the internal 0.597V reference. When not
using the external reference option, the REFIN pin should be
left floating. An internal 6µA pull-up keeps this REFIN pin
above 2.2V in this situation.
Internal Reference and System Accuracy
The Internal Reference is set to 0.597V. The total DC system
accuracy of the system is to be within 1.5% over the industrial
8
FIGURE 5. PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD POWER PLANES
AND ISLANDS
A multi-layer printed circuit board is recommended. Figure 5
shows the critical components of the converter. Note that
capacitors CIN and COUT could each represent numerous
physical capacitors. Dedicate one solid layer (usually a middle
layer of the PC board) for a ground plane and make all critical
component ground connections with vias to this layer.
Dedicate another solid layer as a power plane and break this
plane into smaller islands of common voltage levels. Keep the
metal runs from the LX terminals to the output inductor short.
FN9257.2
March 7, 2008
ISL8104
The power plane should support the input power and output
power nodes. Use copper filled polygons on the top and
bottom circuit layers for the LX nodes. Use the remaining
printed circuit layers for small signal wiring.
Locate the ISL8104 within 2 to 3 inches of the MOSFETs, Q1
and Q2 (1 inch or less for 500kHz or higher operation). The
circuit traces for the MOSFETs’ gate and source connections
from the ISL8104 must be sized to handle up to 3A peak
current. Minimize any leakage current paths on the SS pin and
locate the capacitor, Css close to the SS pin as the internal
current source is only 30µA. Provide local VCC decoupling
between VCC and GND pins. Locate the capacitor, CBOOT as
close as practical to the BOOT pin and the phase node.
Compensating the Converter
This section highlights the design consideration for a voltage
mode controller requiring external compensation. To address a
broad range of applications, a type-3 feedback network is
recommended (see Figure 6).
C2
C1
R2
COMP
FB
C3
R1
R3
ISL8104
VOUT
FIGURE 6. COMPENSATION CONFIGURATION FOR THE
ISL8104 CIRCUIT
C2
COMP
R2
C1
E/A
FB
R1
VREF
VOUT
OSCILLATOR
VIN
VOSC
TGATE
HALF-BRIDGE
DRIVE
L
DCR
LX
BGATE
ISL8104
C
ESR
EXTERNAL CIRCUIT
FIGURE 7. VOLTAGE-MODE BUCK CONVERTER
COMPENSATION DESIGN
9
1
F CE = --------------------------------2π ⋅ C ⋅ ESR
(EQ. 7)
The compensation network consists of the error amplifier
(internal to the ISL8104) and the external R1 to R3, C1 to C3
components. The goal of the compensation network is to
provide a closed loop transfer function with high 0dB crossing
frequency (F0; typically 0.1 to 0.3 of fSW) and adequate phase
margin (better than 45°). Phase margin is the difference
between the closed loop phase at F0dB and 180°. The
equations that follow relate the compensation network’s poles,
zeros and gain to the components (R1 , R2 , R3 , C1 , C2 , and
C3) in Figures 6 and 7. Use the following guidelines for
locating the poles and zeros of the compensation network:
1. Select a value for R1 (1kΩ to 10kΩ, typically). Calculate
value for R2 for desired converter bandwidth (F0). If
setting the output voltage to be equal to the reference set
voltage as shown in Figure 7, the design procedure can
be followed as presented in Equation 8.
1.9 ⋅ R 1 ⋅ F 0
R 2 = ------------------------------V IN ⋅ F LC
GND
PWM
CIRCUIT
1
F LC = --------------------------2π ⋅ L ⋅ C
(EQ. 8)
As the ISL8104 supports 100% duty cycle, DMAX equals 1.
The ISL8104 uses a fixed ramp amplitude (VOSC) of 1.9V,
Equation 8 simplifies to Equation 9:
+
The modulator transfer function is the small-signal transfer
function of VOUT /VCOMP. This function is dominated by a
DC gain and shaped by the output filter, with a double pole
break frequency at FLC and a zero at FCE . For the purpose
of this analysis, L and DCR represent the output inductance
and its DCR, while C and ESR represents the total output
capacitance and its equivalent series resistance.
V OSC ⋅ R 1 ⋅ F 0
R 2 = ---------------------------------------------D MAX ⋅ V IN ⋅ F LC
C3
R3
Figure 7 highlights the voltage-mode control loop for a
synchronous-rectified buck converter. The output voltage is
regulated to the reference voltage level. The error amplifier
output is compared with the oscillator triangle wave to
provide a pulse-width modulated wave with an amplitude of
VIN at the LX node. The PWM wave is smoothed by the
output filter. The output filter capacitor bank’s equivalent
series resistance is represented by the series resistor ESR.
(EQ. 9)
2. Calculate C1 such that FZ1 is placed at a fraction of the FLC,
at 0.1 to 0.75 of FLC (to adjust, change the 0.5 factor in
Equation 10 to the desired number). The higher the quality
factor of the output filter and/or the higher the ratio
FCE/FLC, the lower the FZ1 frequency (to maximize
phase boost at FLC).
1
C 1 = ----------------------------------------------2π ⋅ R 2 ⋅ 0.5 ⋅ F LC
(EQ. 10)
3. Calculate C2 such that FP1 is placed at FCE.
C1
C 2 = -------------------------------------------------------2π ⋅ R 2 ⋅ C 1 ⋅ F CE – 1
(EQ. 11)
4. Calculate R3 such that FZ2 is placed at FLC. Calculate C3
such that FP2 is placed below fSW (typically, 0.3 to 1.0
FN9257.2
March 7, 2008
ISL8104
times fSW). fSW represents the switching frequency of the
regulator. Change the numerical factor (0.7) below to
reflect desired placement of this pole. Placement of FP2
lower in frequency helps reduce the gain of the
compensation network at high frequency, in turn reducing
the HF ripple component at the COMP pin and minimizing
resultant duty cycle jitter.
R1
R 3 = -------------------f SW
----------–1
F LC
phase margin. The mathematical model presented makes a
number of approximations and is generally not accurate at
frequencies approaching or exceeding half the switching
frequency. When designing compensation networks, select
target crossover frequencies in the range of 10% to 30% of
the switching frequency, fSW.
(EQ. 12)
MODULATOR GAIN
COMPENSATION GAIN
CLOSED LOOP GAIN
OPEN LOOP E/A GAIN
FP1
GAIN
FZ1 FZ2
FP2
1
C 3 = ----------------------------------------------2π ⋅ R 3 ⋅ 0.7 ⋅ f SW
D MAX ⋅ V IN
1 + s ( f ) ⋅ ESR ⋅ C
G MOD ( f ) = ------------------------------- ⋅ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2
V OSC
1 + s ( f ) ⋅ ( ESR + DCR ) ⋅ C + s ( f ) ⋅ L ⋅ C
0
GFB
GCL
GMOD
LOG
FLC
FCE
F0
FREQUENCY
Component Selection Guidelines
1 + s ( f ) ⋅ ( R1 + R3 ) ⋅ C3
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------⎛
⎛ C1 ⋅ C2 ⎞ ⎞
( 1 + s ( f ) ⋅ R 3 ⋅ C 3 ) ⋅ ⎜ 1 + s ( f ) ⋅ R 2 ⋅ ⎜ ---------------------⎟ ⎟
⎝
⎝ C 1 + C 2⎠ ⎠
Output Capacitor Selection
where, s ( f ) = 2π ⋅ f ⋅ j
(EQ. 13)
COMPENSATION BREAK FREQUENCY EQUATIONS
1
F Z1 = ------------------------------2π ⋅ R 2 ⋅ C 1
1
F P1 = --------------------------------------------C1 ⋅ C2
2π ⋅ R 2 ⋅ --------------------C1 + C2
1
F Z2 = ------------------------------------------------2π ⋅ ( R 1 + R 3 ) ⋅ C 3
1
F P2 = ------------------------------2π ⋅ R 3 ⋅ C 3
(EQ. 14)
Figure 8 shows an asymptotic plot of the DC/DC converter’s
gain vs frequency. The actual Modulator Gain has a high gain
peak dependent on the quality factor (Q) of the output filter,
which is not shown. Using the previously mentioned guidelines
should yield a compensation gain similar to the curve plotted.
The open loop error amplifier gain bounds the compensation
gain. Check the compensation gain at FP2 against the
capabilities of the error amplifier. The closed loop gain, GCL, is
constructed on the log-log graph of Figure 8 by adding the
modulator gain, GMOD (in dB), to the feedback
compensation gain, GFB (in dB). This is equivalent to
multiplying the modulator transfer function and the
compensation transfer function and then plotting the
resulting gain.
A stable control loop has a gain crossing with close to a
-20dB/decade slope and a phase margin greater than 45°.
Include worst case component variations when determining
10
D
MAX ⋅ V IN
20 log ---------------------------------V
OSC
FIGURE 8. ASYMPTOTIC BODE PLOT OF CONVERTER GAIN
1 + s ( f ) ⋅ R2 ⋅ C1
G FB ( f ) = ---------------------------------------------------- ⋅
s ( f ) ⋅ R1 ⋅ ( C1 + C2 )
G CL ( f ) = G MOD ( f ) ⋅ G FB ( f )
R2
20 log ⎛ --------⎞
⎝ R1⎠
LOG
It is recommended that a mathematical model be used to
plot the loop response. Check the loop gain against the error
amplifier’s open-loop gain. Verify phase margin results and
adjust as necessary. Equation 13 describes the frequency
response of the modulator (GMOD), feedback compensation
(GFB) and closed-loop response (GCL):
An output capacitor is required to filter the output and supply
the load transient current. The filtering requirements are a
function of the switching frequency and the ripple current.
The load transient requirements are a function of the slew
rate (di/dt) and the magnitude of the transient load current.
These requirements are generally met with a mix of
capacitors and careful layout.
For applications that have transient load rates above 1A/ns,
high frequency capacitors initially supply the transient and
slow the current load rate seen by the bulk capacitors. The
bulk filter capacitor values are generally determined by the
ESR (effective series resistance) and voltage rating
requirements rather than actual capacitance requirements.
High frequency decoupling capacitors should be placed as
close to the power pins of the load as physically possible. Be
careful not to add inductance in the circuit board wiring that
could cancel the usefulness of these low inductance
components. Consult with the manufacturer of the load on
specific decoupling requirements.
Use only specialized low-ESR capacitors intended for
switching-regulator applications for the bulk capacitors.
The bulk capacitor’s ESR will determine the output ripple
voltage and the initial voltage drop after a high slew-rate
transient. An aluminum electrolytic capacitor's ESR value is
related to the case size with lower ESR available in larger
case sizes. However, the equivalent series inductance
(ESL) of these capacitors increases with case size and can
reduce the usefulness of the capacitor to high slew-rate
FN9257.2
March 7, 2008
ISL8104
transient loading. Unfortunately, ESL is not a specified
parameter. Work with your capacitor supplier and measure
the capacitor’s impedance with frequency to select a
suitable component. In most cases, multiple electrolytic
capacitors of small case size perform better than a single
large case capacitor.
Output Inductor Selection
The output inductor is selected to meet the output voltage
ripple requirements and minimize the converter’s response
time to the load transient. The inductor value determines the
converter’s ripple current and the ripple voltage is a function
of the ripple current. The ripple voltage and current are
approximated by Equation 15:
V IN - V OUT V OUT
ΔI = -------------------------------- • ---------------Fs x L
V IN
ΔVOUT= ΔI x ESR
(EQ. 15)
Increasing the value of inductance reduces the ripple current
and voltage. However, the large inductance values reduce
the converter’s response time to a load transient.
One of the parameters limiting the converter’s response to a
load transient is the time required to change the inductor
current. Given a sufficiently fast control loop design, the
ISL8104 will provide either 0% or 100% duty cycle in
response to a load transient. The response time is the time
required to slew the inductor current from an initial current
value to the transient current level. During this interval the
difference between the inductor current and the transient
current level must be supplied by the output capacitor.
Minimizing the response time can minimize the output
capacitance required.
The response time to a transient load is different for the
application of load and the removal of load. Equation 16
gives the approximate response time interval for application
and removal of a transient load:
L O × I TRAN
t RISE = -------------------------------V IN – V OUT
L O × I TRAN
t FALL = ------------------------------V OUT
(EQ. 16)
where: ITRAN is the transient load current step, tRISE is the
response time to the application of load, and tFALL is the
response time to the removal of load. With a +5V input
source, the worst case response time can be either at the
application or removal of load and dependent upon the
output voltage setting. Be sure to check both of these
equations at the minimum and maximum output levels for
the worst case response time.
Input Capacitor Selection
Use a mix of input bypass capacitors to control the voltage
overshoot across the MOSFETs. Use small ceramic
capacitors for high frequency decoupling and bulk capacitors
to supply the current needed each time Q1 turns on. Place the
small ceramic capacitors physically close to the MOSFETs
and between the drain of Q1 and the source of Q2.
11
The important parameters for the bulk input capacitor are the
voltage rating and the RMS current rating. For reliable
operation, select a bulk capacitor with voltage and current
ratings above the maximum input voltage and largest RMS
current required by the circuit. The capacitor voltage rating
should be at least 1.25 times greater than the maximum
input voltage, a voltage rating of 1.5 times greater is a
conservative guideline. The RMS current rating requirement
for the input capacitor of a buck regulator is approximately
1/2 the DC load current.
For a through hole design, several electrolytic capacitors
(Panasonic HFQ series or Nichicon PL series or Sanyo MV-GX
or equivalent) may be needed. For surface mount designs,
solid tantalum capacitors can be used, but caution must be
exercised with regard to the capacitor surge current rating.
These capacitors must be capable of handling the surgecurrent at power-up. The TPS series available from AVX, and
the 593D series from Sprague are both surge current tested.
MOSFET Selection/Considerations
The ISL8104 requires at least 2 N-Channel power MOSFETs.
These should be selected based upon rDS(ON), gate supply
requirements, and thermal management requirements.
In high-current applications, the MOSFET power dissipation,
package selection and heatsink are the dominant design
factors. The power dissipation includes two loss
components; conduction loss and switching loss. At a
300kHz switching frequency, the conduction losses are the
largest component of power dissipation for both the top-side
and the bottom-side MOSFETs. These losses are distributed
between the two MOSFETs according to duty factor (see the
following equations). Only the top-side MOSFET exhibits
switching losses, since the schottky rectifier clamps the
switching node before the synchronous rectifier turns on.
Ptop-side = IO2 x rDS(ON) x D + 1 Io x VIN x tSW x fSW
2
Pbottom-side = IO2 x rDS(ON) x (1 - D)
where: D is the duty cycle = VO / VIN,
tSW is the switching interval, and
fSW is the switching frequency.
(EQ. 17)
Equation 17 assumes linear voltage-current transitions and
does not adequately model power loss due to the
reverse-recovery of the bottom-side MOSFETs body diode.
The gate-charge losses are dissipated by the ISL8104 and
don't heat the MOSFETs. However, large gate-charge
increases the switching interval, tSW which increases the
top-side MOSFET switching losses. Ensure that both
MOSFETs are within their maximum junction temperature at
high ambient temperature by calculating the temperature
rise according to package thermal-resistance specifications.
A separate heatsink may be necessary depending upon
MOSFET power, package type, ambient temperature and air
flow.
FN9257.2
March 7, 2008
ISL8104
Standard-gate MOSFETs are normally recommended for
use with the ISL8104. However, logic-level gate MOSFETs
can be used under special circumstances. The input voltage,
top-side gate drive level, and the MOSFETs absolute gateto-source voltage rating determine whether logic-level
MOSFETs are appropriate.
Figure 9 shows the top-side gate drive (BOOT pin) supplied
by a bootstrap circuit from +14V. The boot capacitor, CBOOT
develops a floating supply voltage referenced to the LX pin.
This supply is refreshed each cycle to a voltage of +14V less
the boot diode drop (VD) when the bottom-side MOSFET, Q2
turns on. A MOSFET can only be used for Q1 if the
MOSFETs absolute gate-to-source voltage rating exceeds
the maximum voltage applied to +14V. For Q2, a logic-level
MOSFET can be used if its absolute gate-to-source voltage
rating also exceeds the maximum voltage applied to +14V.
Figure 10 shows the top-side gate drive supplied by a direct
connection to +14V. This option should only be used in
converter systems where the main input voltage is +5VDC or
less. The peak top-side gate-to-source voltage is
approximately +14V less the input supply. For +5V main
power and +14VDC for the bias, the gate-to-source voltage
of Q1 is 9V. A logic-level MOSFET is a good choice for Q1
and a logic-level MOSFET can be used for Q2 if its absolute
gate-to-source voltage rating exceeds the maximum voltage
applied to PVCC. This method reduces the number of
required external components, but does not provide for
immunity to phase node ringing during turn on and may
result in lower system efficiency.
+14V
DBOOT
+
ISL8104
BOOT
CBOOT
TGATE
PVCC
NOTE:
VG-S ≈ VCC - VD
+14V
BGATE
+
Q2
D2
NOTE:
VG-S ≈ PVCC
PGND
GND
FIGURE 9. TOP-SIDE GATE DRIVE - BOOTSTRAP OPTION
+14V
+5V OR LESS
ISL8104
BOOT
Q1
TGATE
PVCC
12
Q1
LX
Schottky Selection
Rectifier D2 is a clamp that catches the negative inductor
swing during the dead time between turning off the bottomside
MOSFET and turning on the top-side MOSFET. The diode
must be a Schottky type to prevent the lossy parasitic
MOSFET body diode from conducting. It is acceptable to omit
the diode and let the body diode of the bottom-side MOSFET
clamp the negative inductor swing, but efficiency could slightly
decrease as a result. The diode's rated reverse breakdown
voltage must be greater than the maximum input voltage.
+1.2V TO +14V
VD
+
NOTE:
VG-S ≈ VCC - 5V
+14V
BGATE
PGND
Q2
D2
NOTE:
VG-S ≈ PVCC
GND
FIGURE 10. TOP-SIDE GATE DRIVE - DIRECT VCC DRIVE
OPTION
FN9257.2
March 7, 2008
ISL8104
Small Outline Plastic Packages (SOIC)
M14.15 (JEDEC MS-012-AB ISSUE C)
N
INDEX
AREA
H
0.25(0.010) M
14 LEAD NARROW BODY SMALL OUTLINE PLASTIC
PACKAGE
B M
E
INCHES
-B-
1
2
3
L
SEATING PLANE
-A-
h x 45o
A
D
-C-
α
e
A1
B
0.25(0.010) M
C A M
SYMBOL
MIN
MAX
MIN
MAX
NOTES
A
0.0532
0.0688
1.35
1.75
-
A1
0.0040
0.0098
0.10
0.25
-
B
0.013
0.020
0.33
0.51
9
C
0.0075
0.0098
0.19
0.25
-
D
0.3367
0.3444
8.55
8.75
3
E
0.1497
0.1574
3.80
4.00
4
e
C
0.10(0.004)
B S
0.050 BSC
1. Symbols are defined in the “MO Series Symbol List” in Section 2.2 of
Publication Number 95.
1.27 BSC
-
H
0.2284
0.2440
5.80
6.20
-
h
0.0099
0.0196
0.25
0.50
5
L
0.016
0.050
0.40
1.27
6
N
NOTES:
MILLIMETERS
α
14
0o
14
8o
0o
7
8o
Rev. 0 12/93
2. Dimensioning and tolerancing per ANSI Y14.5M-1982.
3. Dimension “D” does not include mold flash, protrusions or gate burrs.
Mold flash, protrusion and gate burrs shall not exceed 0.15mm (0.006
inch) per side.
4. Dimension “E” does not include interlead flash or protrusions. Interlead
flash and protrusions shall not exceed 0.25mm (0.010 inch) per side.
5. The chamfer on the body is optional. If it is not present, a visual index
feature must be located within the crosshatched area.
6. “L” is the length of terminal for soldering to a substrate.
7. “N” is the number of terminal positions.
8. Terminal numbers are shown for reference only.
9. The lead width “B”, as measured 0.36mm (0.014 inch) or greater
above the seating plane, shall not exceed a maximum value of
0.61mm (0.024 inch).
10. Controlling dimension: MILLIMETER. Converted inch dimensions
are not necessarily exact.
13
FN9257.2
March 7, 2008
ISL8104
Quad Flat No-Lead Plastic Package (QFN)
Micro Lead Frame Plastic Package (MLFP)
L16.4x4
16 LEAD QUAD FLAT NO-LEAD PLASTIC PACKAGE
(COMPLIANT TO JEDEC MO-220-VGGC ISSUE C)
MILLIMETERS
SYMBOL
MIN
NOMINAL
MAX
NOTES
A
0.80
0.90
1.00
-
A1
-
-
0.05
-
A2
-
-
1.00
A3
b
0.23
D
0.28
9
0.35
5, 8
4.00 BSC
D1
D2
9
0.20 REF
-
3.75 BSC
1.95
2.10
9
2.25
7, 8
E
4.00 BSC
-
E1
3.75 BSC
9
E2
1.95
e
2.10
2.25
7, 8
0.65 BSC
-
k
0.25
-
-
-
L
0.50
0.60
0.75
8
L1
-
-
0.15
10
N
16
2
Nd
4
3
Ne
4
3
P
-
-
0.60
9
θ
-
-
12
9
Rev. 5 5/04
NOTES:
1. Dimensioning and tolerancing conform to ASME Y14.5-1994.
2. N is the number of terminals.
3. Nd and Ne refer to the number of terminals on each D and E.
4. All dimensions are in millimeters. Angles are in degrees.
5. Dimension b applies to the metallized terminal and is measured
between 0.15mm and 0.30mm from the terminal tip.
6. The configuration of the pin #1 identifier is optional, but must be
located within the zone indicated. The pin #1 identifier may be
either a mold or mark feature.
7. Dimensions D2 and E2 are for the exposed pads which provide
improved electrical and thermal performance.
8. Nominal dimensions are provided to assist with PCB Land Pattern
Design efforts, see Intersil Technical Brief TB389.
9. Features and dimensions A2, A3, D1, E1, P & θ are present when
Anvil singulation method is used and not present for saw
singulation.
10. Depending on the method of lead termination at the edge of the
package, a maximum 0.15mm pull back (L1) maybe present. L
minus L1 to be equal to or greater than 0.3mm.
All Intersil U.S. products are manufactured, assembled and tested utilizing ISO9000 quality systems.
Intersil Corporation’s quality certifications can be viewed at www.intersil.com/design/quality
Intersil products are sold by description only. Intersil Corporation reserves the right to make changes in circuit design, software and/or specifications at any time without
notice. Accordingly, the reader is cautioned to verify that data sheets are current before placing orders. Information furnished by Intersil is believed to be accurate and
reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Intersil or its subsidiaries for its use; nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties which may result
from its use. No license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Intersil or its subsidiaries.
For information regarding Intersil Corporation and its products, see www.intersil.com
14
FN9257.2
March 7, 2008