DATASHEET

HS-RTX2010RH
Data Sheet
March 2000
File Number
3961.3
Radiation Hardened Real Time Express™
Microcontroller
Features
The HS-RTX2010RH is a radiation-hardened 16-bit
microcontroller with on-chip timers, an interrupt controller, a
multiply-accumulator, and a barrel shifter. It is particularly
well suited for space craft environments where very high
speed control tasks which require arithmetically intensive
calculations, including floating point math to be performed in
hostile space radiation environments.
• QML Qualified per MIL-PRF-38535 Requirements
This processor incorporates two 256-word stacks with
multitasking capabilities, including configurable stack
partitioning and over/underflow control.
Instruction execution times of one or two machine cycles are
achieved by utilizing a stack oriented, multiple bus
architecture. The high performance ASIC Bus, which is
unique to the RTX product, provides for extension of the
microcontroller architecture using off-chip hardware and
application specific I/O devices.
RTX Microcontrollers support the C and Forth programming
languages. The advantages of this product are further
enhanced through third party hardware and software support.
Combined, these features make the HS-RTX2010RH an
extremely powerful processor serving numerous
applications in high performance space systems. The
HS-RTX2010RH has been designed for harsh space
radiation environments and features outstanding Single
Event Upset (SEU) resistance and excellent total dose
response.
Specifications for Rad Hard QML devices are controlled
by the Defense Supply Center in Columbus (DSCC). The
SMD numbers listed here must be used when ordering.
Detailed Electrical Specifications for these devices are
contained in SMD 5962-95635. A “hot-link” is provided
on our homepage for downloading.
www.intersil.com/spacedefense/space.asp
• Electrically Screened to SMD # 5962-95635
• Fast 125ns Machine Cycle
• 1.2µM TSOS4 CMOS/SOS Process
• Total Dose Capability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300KRad(Si)
• Single Event Upset Critical LET . . . . . . . >120MeV/mg/cm2
• Single Event Upset Error Rate . . . . <1 x 10-10 Errors/Bit-Day
(Note)
• -55oC - 125oC, 5V ±10% Operation
• Single Cycle Instruction Execution
• Fast Arithmetic Operations
- Single Cycle 16-Bit Multiply
- Single Cycle 16-Bit Multiply Accumulate
- Single Cycle 32-Bit Barrel Shift
- Hardware Floating Point Support
• C Software Development Environment
• Direct Execution of Fourth Language
• Single Cycle Subroutine Call/Return
• Four Cycle Interrupt Latency
• On-Chip Interrupt Controller
• Three On-Chip 16-Bit Timer/Counters
• Two On-Chip 256 Word Stacks
• ASIC Bus™ for Off-Chip Architecture Extension
• 1 Megabyte Total Address Space
• Word and Byte Memory Access
• Fully Static Design - DC to 8MHz Operation
• 84 Lead Quad Flat Package or 85 Pin Grid Array
• Third Party Software and Hardware Development Systems
NOTE: Single Event Upset error rates are Adams 10% worst case
environment under worst case conditions for upset.
Ordering Information
ORDERING NUMBER
INTERNAL
MKT. NUMBER
TEMP. RANGE
(oC)
Applications
• Space Systems Embedded Control
5962F9563501QXC
HS8-RTX2010RH-8
55 to 125
5962F9563501QYC
HS9-RTX2010RH-8
55 to 125
5962F9563501V9A
HS0-RTX2010RH-Q
25
5962F9563501VXC
HS8-RTX2010RH-Q
55 to 125
• Scientific Instrumentation
5962F9563501VYC
HS9-RTX2010RH-Q
55 to 125
• Optical Systems
HS8-RTX2010RH/Proto HS8-RTX2010RH/Proto
55 to 125
• Control Systems
HS9-RTX2010RH/Proto HS9-RTX2010RH/Proto
55 to 125
1
• Digital Filtering
• Image Processing
• Attitude/Orbital Control
CAUTION: These devices are sensitive to electrostatic discharge; follow proper IC Handling Procedures.
1-888-INTERSIL or 321-724-7143 | Copyright © Intersil Corporation 2000
Real Time Express™, RTX™, and ASIC Bus™ are trademarks of Intersil Corporation.
HS-RTX2010RH
Block Diagram
OFF CHIP
PERIPHERALS
HS-RTX2010RH
CLOCK AND
CONFIGURATION
CONTROL
CONTROL
INPUTS
INTERRUPT
ASIC BUS
MEMORY BUS
INTERFACE
INTERFACE
MEMORY
PAGE
CONTROL
INTERRUPT
INPUTS
MAIN
MEMORY
CONTROL
256-WORD
RETURN
STACK
TIMER
TIMER/
COUNTERS
INPUTS
RTX CORE
PROCESSOR
STACK
CONTROLLERS
256-WORD
PARAMETER
STACK
BARREL
SHIFTER
MAC
Pinouts
HS8-RTX2010RH
MIL-STD-1835 CMGA3-P85C
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
J
K
L
L
K
J
H
G
F
E
D
C
B
A
11
11 MD08 MD07 MD06 GND MD02 MD01 PCLK UDS GND MA19 MA16
MA16 MA19 GND UDS PCLK MD01 MD02 GND MD06 MD07 MD08
10
10 MD11 MD09 VDD MD05 MD03 NEW BOOT LDS MA18 MA17 MA14
MA14 MA17 MA18 LDS BOOT NEW MD03 MD05 VDD MD09 MD11
MD04 MD00 MR/W
9 MD12 MD10
9
MA15 VDD
VDD
8 MD14 MD13
MA13 MA12
7 GA00 MD15 GA01
6 TCLK GND GA02
4 VDD
NMI
MD10 MD12
MR/W MD00 MD04
8
MA12 MA13
MD13 MD14
7
GND MA10 MA09
BOTTOM VIEW
MA08 MA07 MA11
TOP VIEW
MA11 MA07 MA08
PINS DOWN
INTSUP
GA01 MD15 GA00
MA09 MA10 GND
HS-RTX2010RH
5 INTA
MA15
6
GA02 GND TCLK
PINS UP
5
MA04 MA05 MA06
MA06 MA05 MA04
E I1
INTSUP NMI INTA
4
MA02 MA03
ALIGN.
PIN E I1 VDD
MA03 MA02
3 E I2
E I4
GD01 MA01
GD14 GD11 GD10
3
GD10 GD11 GD14
MA01 GD01
E I4
E I2
2
2 E I3 RESET WAIT GIO GD13 GD12 GD08 GD06 GD03 GD02 GD00
GD00 GD02 GD03 GD06 GD08 GD12 GD13 GIO WAIT RESET E I3
1 E I5
A
ICLK GR/W GD15 GND GD07 GD09 VDD GD05 GD04 GND
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
J
K
L
1
GND GD04 GD05 VDD GD09 GD07 GND GD15 GR/W ICLK E I5
L
K
J
H
G
F
E
D
C
B
A
PIN
A1
PIN
A1
NOTE: An overbar on a signal name represents an active LOW signal.
2
HS-RTX2010RH
Pinouts
(Continued)
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
84
83
82
81
80
79
78
77
76
75
EI5
EI4
EI3
EI2
EI1
VDD
INTSUP
NMI
INTA
TCLK
GA02
GA01
GA00
MD15
GND
MD14
MD13
MD12
MD11
MD10
MD09
HS9-RTX2010RH
(LEAD LENGTH NOT TO SCALE) SEE INTERSIL OUTLINE R84.A
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
74
73
72
71
70
69
68
67
66
65
64
63
62
61
60
59
58
57
56
55
54
HS-RTX2010RH
TOP VIEW
MD08
VDD
MD07
MD06
MD05
GND
MD04
MD03
MD02
MD01
MD00
MR/W
PCLK
BOOT
NEW
UDS
LDS
GND
MA19
MA18
MA17
GD02
GD01
GD00
MA01
MA02
MA03
MA04
MA05
MA06
MA07
MA08
GND
MA09
MA10
MA11
MA12
MA13
VDD
MA14
MA15
MA16
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
RESET
WAIT
ICLK
GR/W
GIO
GD15
GD14
GD13
GND
GD12
GD11
GD10
GD09
GD08
GD07
VDD
GD06
GD05
GD04
GD03
GND
NOTE: An overbar on a signal name represents an active LOW signal.
PGA And CQFP
Pin/Signal Assignments
CQFP
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
PGA
PIN
C6
A6
A5
B5
C5
A4
B4
A3
A2
B3
A1
B2
C2
B1
C1
D2
D1
E3
E2
E1
F2
F3
G3
SIGNAL
NAME
GA02
TCLK
INTA
NMI
INTSUP
VDD
EI1
EI2
EI3
EI4
EI5
RESET
WAIT
ICLK
GR/W
GIO
GD15
GD14
GD13
GND
GD12
GD11
GD10
TYPE
Output; Address Bus
Output
Output
Input
Input
Power
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
Output
Output
I/O; Data Bus
I/O; Data Bus
I/O; Data Bus
Ground
I/O; Data Bus
I/O; Data Bus
I/O; Data Bus
3
PGA And CQFP
Pin/Signal Assignments
CQFP
PGA
PIN
SIGNAL
NAME
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
G1
G2
F1
H1
H2
J1
K1
J2
L1
K2
K3
L2
L3
K4
L4
J5
K5
L5
K6
J6
J7
L7
K7
GD09
GD08
GD07
VDD
GD06
GD05
GD04
GD03
GND
GD02
GD01
GD00
MA01
MA02
MA03
MA04
MA05
MA06
MA07
MA08
GND
MA09
MA10
(Continued)
TYPE
I/O; Data Bus
I/O; Data Bus
I/O; Data Bus
Power
I/O; Data Bus
I/O; Data Bus
I/O; Data Bus
I/O; Data Bus
Ground
I/O; Data Bus
I/O; Data Bus
I/O; Data Bus
Output; Address Bus
Output; Address Bus
Output; Address Bus
Output; Address Bus
Output; Address Bus
Output; Address Bus
Output; Address Bus
Output; Address Bus
Ground
Output; Address Bus
Output; Address Bus
HS-RTX2010RH
PGA And CQFP
Pin/Signal Assignments
CQFP
PGA
PIN
SIGNAL
NAME
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
L6
L8
K8
L9
L10
K9
L11
K10
J10
K11
J11
H10
H11
F10
G10
G11
G9
F9
F11
MA11
MA12
MA13
VDD
MA14
MA15
MA16
MA17
MA18
MA19
GND
LDS
UDS
NEW
BOOT
PCLK
MR/W
MD00
MD01
(Continued)
TYPE
Output; Address Bus
Output; Address Bus
Output; Address Bus
Power
Output; Address Bus
Output; Address Bus
Output; Address Bus
Output; Address Bus
Output; Address Bus
Output; Address Bus
Ground
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
I/O; Data Bus
I/O; Data Bus
PGA And CQFP
Pin/Signal Assignments
CQFP
PGA
PIN
SIGNAL
NAME
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
-
E11
E10
E9
D11
D10
C11
B11
C10
A11
B10
B9
A10
A9
B8
A8
B6
B7
A7
C7
C3
MD02
MD03
MD04
GND
MD05
MD06
MD07
VDD
MD08
MD09
MD10
MD11
MD12
MD13
MD14
GND
MD15
GA00
GA01
-
(Continued)
TYPE
I/O; Data Bus
I/O; Data Bus
I/O; Data Bus
Ground
I/O; Data Bus
I/O; Data Bus
I/O; Data Bus
Power
I/O; Data Bus
I/O; Data Bus
I/O; Data Bus
I/O; Data Bus
I/O; Data Bus
I/O; Data Bus
I/O; Data Bus
Ground
I/O; Data Bus
Output; Address Bus
Output; Address Bus
Isolated Alignment Pin
Output Signal Descriptions
CQFP
RESET
LEVEL
NEW
60
1
NEW: A HIGH on this pin indicates that an Instruction Fetch is in progress.
BOOT
61
1
BOOT: A HIGH on this pin indicates that Boot Memory is being accessed. This pin can be set or reset by accessing
bit 3 of the Configuration Register.
MR/W
63
1
MEMORY READ/WRITE: A LOW on this pin indicates that a Memory Write operation is in progress.
UDS
59
1
UPPER DATA SELECT: A HIGH on this pin indicates that the high byte of memory (MD15-MD08) is being
accessed.
LDS
58
1
LOWER DATA SELECT: A HIGH on this pin indicates that the low byte of memory (MD07-MD00) is being
accessed.
GIO
16
1
ASIC I/O: A LOW on this pin indicates that an ASIC Bus operation is in progress.
GR/W
15
1
ASIC READ/WRITE: A LOW on this pin indicates that an ASIC Bus Write operation is in progress.
PCLK
62
0
PROCESSOR CLOCK: Runs at half the frequency of ICLK. All processor cycles begin on the rising edge of PCLK.
Held low extra cycles when WAIT is asserted.
TCLK
2
0
TIMING CLOCK: Same frequency and phase as PCLK but continues running during Wait cycles.
INTA
3
0
INTERRUPT ACKNOWLEDGE: A HIGH on this pin indicates that an Interrupt Acknowledge cycle is in progress.
SIGNAL
DESCRIPTION
OUTPUTS
Input Signal, Bus, and Power Connection Descriptions
SIGNAL
CQFP
LEAD
DESCRIPTION
INPUTS
WAIT
13
WAIT: A HIGH on this pin causes PCLK to be held LOW and the current cycle to be extended.
ICLK
14
INPUT CLOCK: Internally divided by 2 to generate all on-chip timing (CMOS input levels).
RESET
12
A HIGH level on this pin resets the RTX. Must be held high for at least 4 rising edges of ICLK plus 12 ICLK cycle
setup and hold times.
4
HS-RTX2010RH
Input Signal, Bus, and Power Connection Descriptions
CQFP
LEAD
SIGNAL
(Continued)
DESCRIPTION
EI2, EI1
8, 7
EXTERNAL INTERRUPTS 2, 1: Active HIGH level-sensitive inputs to the Interrupt Controller. Sampled on the rising
edge of PCLK. See Timing Diagrams for detail.
EI5-EI3
11-9
EXTERNAL INTERRUPTS 5, 4, 3: Dual purpose inputs; active HIGH level-sensitive Interrupt Controller inputs;
active HIGH edge-sensitive Timer/Counter inputs. As interrupt inputs, they are sampled on the rising edge of PCLK.
See Timing Diagrams for detail.
NMI
4
NON-MASKABLE INTERRUPT: Active HIGH edge-sensitive Interrupt Controller input capable of interrupting any
processor cycle when NMI is set to Mode 0. See the Interrupt Suppression and Interrupt Controller Sections.
INTSUP
5
INTERRUPT SUPPRESS: A HIGH on this pin inhibits all maskable interrupts, internal and external.
ADDRESS BUSES (OUTPUTS)
GA02
1
GA01
84
GA00
83
MA19-MA14
56-51
MA13-MA09
49-45
MA08-MA01
43-36
ASIC ADDRESS: 3-bit ASIC Address Bus, which carries address information for external ASIC devices.
MEMORY ADDRESS: 19-bit Memory Address Bus, which carries address information for Main Memory.
DATA BUSES (I/O)
GD15-GD13
17-19
GD12-GD07
21-26
GD06-GD03
28-31
GD02-GD00
33-35
MD15
82
MD14-MD08
80-74
MD07-MD05
72-70
MD04-MD00
68-64
ASIC DATA: 16-bit bidirectional external ASIC Data Bus, which carries data to and from off-chip I/O devices.
MEMORY DATA: 16-bit bidirectional Memory Data Bus, which carries data to and from Main Memory.
POWER CONNECTIONS
VDD
6, 27,
50, 73
Power supply +5V connections. A 0.1µF, low impedance decoupling capacitor should be placed between VDD and
GND. This should be located as close to the RTX package as possible.
GND
20, 32,
44, 57,
69, 81
Power supply ground return connections.
TYPICAL
CLOCK OR
STROBE
TYPICAL
INPUT
tPULSE WIDTH
4.0V
2.25V
2.25V
0.5V
tSETUP
tHOLD
2.25V
2.25V
2.25V
4.0V
0.5V
tDELAY
tDELAY
TYPICAL
OUTPUT
2.25V
tVALID
TYPICAL
DATA
OUTPUT
tPULSE WIDTH
2.25V
tHOLD
2.75V
1.75V
2.75V
1.75V
FIGURE 1. AC DRIVE AND MEASURE POINTS - CLK INPUT
5
HS-RTX2010RH
Timing Diagrams
t1
t2
t3
ICLK
t11
t19
TCLK
t13
t12
t4
t5
t4
WAIT
t15
t5
t20
PCLK
(NOTE 1)
t17
t16
PCLK
(NOTE 2)
t20
t51
GIO
(NOTE 3)
t50
NOTES:
1. NORMAL CYCLE: This waveform describes a normal PCLK cycle and a PCLK cycle with a Wait state.
2. EXTENDED CYCLE: This waveform describes a PCLK cycle for a USER memory access or an external ASIC Bus read cycle when the CYCEXT
bit or ARCE bit is set.
3. EXTENDED CYCLE: This waveform describes a GIO cycle for an external ASIC Bus read when the ARCE bit is set.
4. An active HIGH signal on the RESET input is guaranteed to reset the processor if its duration is greater than or equal to 4 rising edges of ICLK
plus 1/2 ICLK cycle setup and hold times. If the RESET input is active for less than four rising edges of ICLK, the processor will not reset.
FIGURE 2. CLOCK AND WAIT TIMING
t6
EI5 - EI3
t7
t8
FIGURE 3. TIMER/COUNTER TIMING
6
HS-RTX2010RH
Timing Diagrams
(Continued)
PCLK
t26
t28
MA
t29
LDS
UDS
NEW
BOOT
MR/W
t31
t21
t22
MD
IN
t35
t32
t33
t34
MD
OUT
NOTES:
5. If both LDS and UDS are low, no memory access is taking place in the current cycle. This only occurs during streamed instructions that do not
access memory.
6. During a streamed single cycle instruction, the Memory Data Bus is driven by the processor.
FIGURE 4. MEMORY BUS TIMING
ICLK
t50
t51
GIO
t48
t49
t69
PCLK
t52
t54
GA
t56
t58
GR/W
t40A, B
t41A, B
GD
IN
t43
t42
t62
t61
GD
OUT
t65
t63
NOTES:
7. GIO remains high for internal ASIC bus cycles.
8. GR/W goes low and GD is driven for all ASIC write cycles, including internal ones.
9. During non-ASIC write cycles, GD is not driven by the HS-RTX2010RH. Therefore, it is recommended that all GD pins be pulled to VCC or GND
to minimize power supply current and noise.
10. t40B and t41B specifications are for Streamed Mode of operation only.
FIGURE 5. ASIC BUS TIMING
7
HS-RTX2010RH
Timing Diagrams
(Continued)
e2
e1
e3
e4
e5
PCLK
t44
EI
t46
t47
t46
t47
INTSUP
t67
t68
t26
t28
INTA
INT VECTOR
MA
NOTES:
11. Events in an interrupt sequence are as follows:
e1. The Interrupt Controller samples the interrupt request inputs on the rising edge of PCLK. If NMI rises between e1 and the rising edge of
PCLK prior to e5, the interrupt vector will be for NMI.
e2. If any interrupt requests were sampled, the Interrupt Controller issues an interrupt request to the core on the falling edge of PCLK.
e3. The core samples the state of the interrupt requests from the Interrupt Controller on the falling edge of PCLK. If INTSUP is high, maskable
interrupts will not be detected at this time.
e4. When the core samples an interrupt request on the falling edge of PCLK, an Interrupt Acknowledge cycle will begin on the next rising edge
of PCLK.
e5. Following the detection of an interrupt request by the core, an Interrupt Acknowledge cycle begins. The interrupt vector will be based on the
highest priority interrupt request active at this time.
12. t44 is only required to determine when the Interrupt Acknowledge cycle will occur.
13. Interrupt requests should be held active until the Interrupt Acknowledge cycle for that interrupt occurs.
FIGURE 6. INTERRUPT TIMING: WITH INTERRUPT SUPPRESSION
e1
e2
e4
e5
PCLK
t44
EI
t46
t47
INTSUP
t67
t68
t26
t28
INTA
MA
INT VECTOR
FIGURE 7. INTERRUPT TIMING: WITH NO INTERRUPT SUPPRESSION
8
HS-RTX2010RH
Timing Diagrams
(Continued)
e1
e2
e4
e5
PCLK
t44
NMI
t67
t68
t26
t28
INTA
MA
NMI
VECTOR
NOTES:
14. Events in an interrupt sequence are as follows:
e1. The Interrupt Controller samples the interrupt request inputs on the rising edge of PCLK. If NMI rises between e1 and the rising edge of
PCLK prior to e5, the interrupt vector will be for NMI.
e2. If any interrupt requests were sampled, the Interrupt Controller issues an interrupt request to the core on the falling edge of PCLK.
e4. When the core samples an interrupt request on the falling edge of PCLK, an Interrupt Acknowledge cycle will begin on the next rising edge
of PCLK.
e5. Following the detection of an interrupt request by the core, an Interrupt Acknowledge cycle begins. The interrupt vector will be based on the
highest priority interrupt request active at this time.
15. t44 is only required to determine when the Interrupt Acknowledge cycle will occur.
16. Interrupt requests should be held active until the Interrupt Acknowledge cycle for that interrupt occurs.
17. NMI has a glitch filter which requires the signal that initiates NMI last at least two rising and two falling edges of ICLK.
FIGURE 8. NON-MASKABLE INTERRUPT TIMING
HS-RTX2010RH Microcontroller
The HS-RTX2010RH is designed around the RTX Processor
core, which is part of the Intersil Standard Cell Library.
remaining elements are contained in on-chip memory (“stack
memory”).
This processor core has eight 16-bit internal registers, an
ALU, internal data buses, and control hardware to perform
instruction decoding and sequencing.
The top element of the Return Stack is 21 bits wide, and is
stored in registers I and IPR , while the remaining
elements are contained in stack memory.
On-chip peripherals which the HS-RTX2010RH includes are
Memory Page Controller, an Interrupt Controller, three
Timer/Counters, and two Stack Controllers. Also included
are a Multiplier-Accumulator (MAC), a Barrel Shifter, and a
Leading Zero Detector for floating point support.
The highly parallel architecture of the RTX is optimized for
minimal Subroutine Call/Return overhead. As a result, a
Subroutine Call takes one Cycle, while a Subroutine Return
is usually incorporated into the preceding instruction and
does not add any processor cycles. This parallelism
provides for peak execution rates during simultaneous bus
operations which can reach the equivalent of 32 million
Forth language operations per second at a clock rate of
8MHz. Typical execution rates exceed 8 million operations
per second.
Off-chip user interfaces provide address and data access to
Main Memory and ASIC I/O devices, user defined interrupt
signals, and Clock/Reset controls.
Figure 9 shows the data paths between the core, on-chip
peripherals, and off-chip interfaces.
The HS-RTX2010RH microcontroller is based on a two-stack
architecture. These two stacks, which are Last-In-First-Out
(LIFO) memories, are called the Parameter Stack and the
Return Stack.
Two internal registers, TOP and NEXT , provide the top
two elements of the 16-bit wide Parameter Stack, while the
9
Intersil factory applications support for this device is limited.
RTS-C C-Compiler support is provided by Highland Software
at [email protected]. Development system
tools are supported by Micro Processor Engineering Limited
(UK) at 441 703 631441. A HS-RTX2010RH programmers
reference manual can be obtained through your local Intersil
Sales Office.
MEMORY BUS
INTERFACE
CLOCK AND
RESET CONTROL
MEMORY
PAGE
CONTROL
IPR
DPR
UPR
CPR
UBR
INTERRUPT
CONTROL
IMR
IVR
IBC
STACK
CONTROL
SPR
SVR
SUR
BYTE
SWAP
-1
+1
I
NEXT
IR
PC
CR
MD
SR
ICLK
WAIT
PCLK
TCLK
RESET
INTSUP
NMI
INTA
EI2-EI1
EI5-EI3
GD15GD00
GIO
ASIC BUS
INTERFACE
(NOTE)
HS-RTX2010RH
GA2GA0
OFF-CHIP
USER
INTERFACES
GR/W
MA19MA01
UDS
LDS
NEW
BOOT
MR/W
MD15MD00
HS-RTX2010RH
TOP
TIMER/COUNTERS
TC0
TC1
TC2
TP0
TP1
TP2
BARREL
SHIFTER
LEADING ZERO
DETECTOR
16 x 16
MAC
MXR
256 x 21
RETURN
STACK
MEMORY
NOTE:
INSTRUCTION
DECODER
256 x 16
PARAMETER
STACK
MEMORY
MHR
Y T
ALU
MLR
IPR contains the 5 most significant bits (20-16) of the top element of the Return Stack.
FIGURE 9. HS-RTX2010RH FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM
HS-RTX2010RH Operation
Control of all data paths and the Program Counter Register,
( PC ), is provided by the Instruction Decoder. This hardware
determines what function is to be performed by looking at
the contents of the Instruction Register, ( IR ), and
subsequently determines the sequence of operations
through data path control.
Instructions which do not perform memory accesses execute
in a single clock cycle while the next instruction is being
fetched.
As shown in Figure 10, the instruction is latched into IR at
the beginning of a clock cycle. The instruction is then decoded
by the processor. All necessary internal operations are
performed simultaneously with fetching the next instruction.
10
Instructions which access memory require two clock cycles
to be executed. During the first cycle of a memory access
instruction, the instruction is decoded, the address of the
memory location to be accessed is placed on the Memory
Address Bus (MA19-MA01), and the memory data
(MD15-MD00), is read or written. During the second cycle,
ALU operations are performed, the address of the next
instruction to be executed is placed on the Memory Address
Bus, and the next instruction is fetched, as indicated in the
bottom half of Figure 10.
HS-RTX2010RH
PCLK
EXECUTION SEQUENCE WITH NO MEMORY DATA ACCESS:
BEGIN
FIRST
CLOCK
CYCLE
END OF
FIRST
CLOCK
CYCLE
CONCURRENT
OPERATIONS
BEGIN
SECOND
CLOCK
CYCLE
INSTRUCTION
LATCHES INTO
IR
DECODE
PERFORM INTERNAL OPERATIONS AND
ALU OPERATIONS, AS REQUIRED
ADDRESS OF
NEXT
INSTRUCTION
IS PLACED ONTO
MA19-MA01
BUS
FETCH
ASIC BUS OPERATIONS
EXECUTION SEQUENCE WITH MEMORY DATA ACCESS:
BEGIN
FIRST
CLOCK
CYCLE
INSTRUCTION
LATCHES
INTO
IR
DECODE
END OF
FIRST
CLOCK
CYCLE
ADDRESS OF
MEMORY
LOCATION
IS PLACED ONTO
MA19-MA01
BUS
BEGIN
SECOND
CLOCK
CYCLE
END OF
SECOND
CLOCK
CYCLE
CONCURRENT
OPERATIONS
PERFORM ALU OPERATIONS
READ OR WRITE
MEMORY DATA
PLACE ADDRESS OF
NEXT INSTRUCTION
ONTO MA19-MA01
FETCH NEXT
INSTRUCTION
FIGURE 10. INSTRUCTION EXECUTION SEQUENCE
RTX Data Buses and Address Buses
The RTX core bus architecture provides for unidirectional
data paths and simultaneous operation of some data buses.
This parallelism allows for maximum efficiency of data flow
internal to the core.
Addresses for accessing external (off-chip) memory or
ASIC devices are output via either the Memory Data Bus
(MA19-MA01) or the ASIC Address Bus (GA02-GA00). See
Table 3. External data is transferred by the ASIC Data Bus
(GD15-GD00) and the Memory Data Bus (MD15-MD00),
both of which are bidirectional.
RTX Internal Registers
The core of the HS-RTX2010RH is a macrocell available
through the Intersil Standard Cell Library. This core contains
eight 16-bit internal registers, which may be accessed
implicitly or explicitly, depending upon the register accessed
and the function being performed.
TOP : The Top Register contains the top element of the
Parameter Stack++. TOP is the implicit data source or
destination for certain instructions, and has no ASIC address
assignment. The contents of this register may be directed to
any I/O device or to any processor register except the
Instruction Register. TOP is also the T input to the ALU.
Input to TOP must come through the ALU. This register
11
also holds the most significant 16 bits of 32-bit products and
32-bit dividends.
NEXT: The Next Register holds the second element of the
Parameter Stack. EXT is the implicit data source or
destination for certain instructions, and has no ASIC address
assignment. During a stack “push”, the contents of NEXT
are transferred to stack memory, and the contents of TOP
are put into NEXT. This register is used to hold the least
significant 16 bits of 32-bit products. Memory data is
accessed through NEXT, as described in the Memory
Access section of this document.
IR : The Instruction Register is actually a latch which
contains the instruction currently being executed, and has no
ASIC address assignment. In certain instructions, an
operand can be embedded in the instruction code, making
IR the implicit source for that operand (as in the case of
short literals). Input to this register comes from Main
Memory (see Tables 6 thru 22 for code information).
CR : The Configuration Register is used to indicate and
control the current status/setup of the RTX microcontroller,
through the bit assignments shown in Figure 11. This
register is accessed explicitly through read and write
operations, which cause interrupts to be suppressed for one
cycle, guaranteeing that the next instruction will be
performed before an Interrupt Acknowledge cycle is allowed
to be performed.
HS-RTX2010RH
Timer/Counter Registers
CR
15 14 13 12 1110 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
R/W; CARRY
R/W; COMPLEX CARRY
R/W; BYTE ORDER BIT
RESETS TO 0. MODES:
1 = ADDRESSING MODE 1
0 = ADDRESSING MODE 0
R/W; BOOT
DRIVES OUTPUT SIGNAL
TO SELECT BOOT ROM;
WRITE - ONLY (READS AS 0);
SET INTERRUPT DISABLE;
0 = INT. ENABLED;
1 = INT. DISABLED
RESERVED (NOTE)
NMI MODE
1 = RETURN FROM NMI POSSIBLE
0 = NO RETURN FROM NMI
(RTX 2000 MODE)
RESERVED (NOTE)
ARCE; ASIC READ CYCLE EXTEND
WHEN SET EXTENDS CYCLE ON
EXTERNAL ASIC READS
READ ONLY; INTERRUPT
DISABLE STATUS
READ ONLY;
INTERRUPT LATCH
NOTE: Always read as ‘‘0’’. Should be set = 0 during Write operations.
FIGURE 11.
CR BIT ASSIGNMENTS
PC : The Program Counter Register contains the address
of the next instruction to be fetched from Main Memory. At
RESET, the contents of PC are set to 0.
I : The Index Register contains 16 bits of the 21-bit top
element of the Return Stack, and is also used to hold the
count for streamed and loop instructions (see Figure 19). In
addition, I can be used to hold data and can be written
from TOP . The contents of I may be accessed in
either the push/pop mode in which values are moved to/from
stack memory as required, or in the read/write mode in
which the stack memory is not affected. The ASIC address
used for I determines what type of operation will be
performed (see Table 5). When the Streamed Instruction
Mode (see RTX Programmer’s Reference Manual) is used, a
count is written to I and the next instruction is executed
that number of times plus one (i.e., count + 1).
TC0 , TC1 , TC2 : The Timer/Counter Registers are
16-bit read-only registers which contain the current count
value for each of the three Timer/Counters. The counter is
decremented at each rising clock edge of TCLK. Reading
from these registers at any time does not disturb their
contents. The sequence of Timer/Counter operations is
shown in Figure 23 in the Timer/Counters section.
TP0 , TP1 , TP2 : The Timer Preload Registers are
write-only registers which contain the initial 16-bit count
values which are written to each timer. After a timer counts
down to zero, the preload register for that timer reloads its
initial count value to that timer register at the next rising clock
edge, synchronously with TCLK. Writing to these registers
causes the count to be loaded into the corresponding Timer/
Counter register on the following cycle.
Multiplier-Accumulator (MAC) Registers:
MHR : The Multiplier High Product Register holds the most
significant 16 bits of the 32-bit product generated by the RTX
Multiplier. If the IBC register’s ROUND bit is set, this
register contains the rounded 16-bit output of the multiplier.
In the Accumulator context, this register holds the middle 16
bits of the MAC.
MLR : The Multiplier Lower Product Register holds the least
significant 16 bits of the 32-bit product generated by the RTX
Multiplier. It is also the register which holds the least
significant 16 bits of the MAC Accumulator.
MXR : The MAC Extension Register holds the most significant
16 bits of the MAC Accumulator. When using the Barrel Shifter,
this register holds the shift count. When using the Leading Zero
Detector, the leading zero count is stored in this register.
Interrupt Controller Registers
IVR : The Interrupt Vector Register is a read-only register
which holds the current Interrupt Vector value. See Figure 12
and Table 4.
IBC BIT 15
IBC BIT 14
IBC BIT 13
IBC BIT 12
IBC BIT 11
MD : The Multi-Step Divide Register holds the divisor
during Step Divide operations, while the 32-bit dividend is in
TOP and EXT. MD may also be used as a general
purpose scratch pad register.
SR : The Square Root Register holds the intermediate
values used during Step Square Root calculations. SR
may also be used as a general purpose scratch pad register.
IBC BIT 10
VECTOR ADDRESS
(SEE TABLE 1)
ALL ZEROS
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 IBC
1 0
IVR
MA15-MA00
On-Chip Peripheral Registers
The HS-RTX2010RH has an on-chip Interrupt Controller, a
Memory Page Controller, two Stack Controllers, three
Timer/Counters, a Multiplier-Accumulator, a Barrel Shifter,
and a Leading Zero Detector. Each of these peripherals
utilizes on-chip registers to perform its functions.
12
FIGURE 12.
IVR BIT ASSIGNMENTS
IBC : The Interrupt Base/Control Register is used to store
the Interrupt Vector base address and to specify
configuration information for the processor, as indicated by
the bit assignments in Figure 13.
HS-RTX2010RH
IMR
15 14 13 12 1110 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
PARAMETER STACK
FATAL ERROR
RETURN STACK FATAL ERROR
RESERVED (NOTE)
SUR
EI1
(EXTERNAL INPUT PIN)
PSU, PARAMETER STACK
UNDERFLOW
RSU, RETURN STACK
UNDERFLOW
PSV, PARAMETER STACK
OVERFLOW
RSV, RETURN STACK
OVERFLOW
EI2
TCI 0
TCI 1
TCI 2
EI3
EI4
EI5
SWI
RESERVED (NOTE)
SVR
IBC
1514 13 12 1110 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
READ-ONLY; FATAL
STACK ERROR FLAG
READ-ONLY; PARAMETER
STACK UNDERFLOW FLAG
READ-ONLY; RETURN
STACK UNDERFLOW FLAG
READ-ONLY; PARAMETER
STACK OVERFLOW FLAG
READ-ONLY; RETURN
STACK OVERFLOW FLAG
MA15
MA14
MA13
MA12
MA11
MA10
DPRSEL: SELECTS
PAGE REGISTER FOR
DATA MEMORY ACCESS
= 1: SELECT DPR
= 0: SELECT CPR
INTERRUPT VECTOR
BASE (SEE THE
INTERRUPT SECTION)
ROUND: MULTIPLIER
CONTROL BIT; SELECTS
ROUNDING OF 16 x 16
BIT MULTIPLICATION
= 1: ROUNDED 16-BIT
PRODUCT
= 0: UNROUNDED
32-BIT PRODUCT
CYCEXT: ALLOWS
EXTENDED CYCLE LENGTH
FOR USER MEMORY
INSTRUCTION CYCLES; SEE
CLOCK AND WAIT
TIMING DIAGRAMS
SELECT TIMER/COUNTER
INPUT SIGNALS: TCLK
OR EI5 - EI3 (TABLE 6)
FIGURE 13.
IBC BIT ASSIGNMENTS
IMR : The Interrupt Mask Register has a bit assigned for
each maskable interrupt which can occur. When a bit is set,
the interrupt corresponding to that bit will be masked. Only
the Non-Maskable Interrupt (NMI) cannot be masked. See
Figure 14 for bit assignments for this register.
NOTE: Always read as ‘‘0’’. Should be set = 0 during Write operations.
FIGURE 14. IMR BIT ASSIGNMENTS
Stack Controller Registers
SPR : The Stack Pointer Register holds the stack pointer
value for each stack. Bits 0-7 represent the next available
stack memory location for the Parameter Stack, while bits 815 represent the next available stack memory location for the
Return Stack. These stack pointer values must be accessed
together, as SPR . See Figure 15.
SVR : The Stack Overflow Limit Register is a write-only
register which holds the overflow limit values (0 to 255) for
the Parameter Stack (bits 0-7) and the Return Stack (bits
8-15). These values must be written together. See Figure 16.
SUR : The Stack Underflow Limit Register holds the
underflow limit values for the Parameter Stack and the
Return Stack. In addition, this register is utilized to define the
use of substacks for both stacks. These values must be
accessed together. See Figure 17.
SPR
15 14 1312 1110 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
PSP, PARAMETER STACK
POINTER
RSP, RETURN STACK
POINTER
FIGURE 15. SPR BIT ASSIGNMENTS
SVR
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
PVL: PARAMETER
STACK OVERFLOW LIMIT.
NUMBER OF WORDS FROM
TOP OF CURRENT SUBSTACK
RVL: RETURN STACK
OVERFLOW LIMIT.
NUMBER OF WORDS FROM
TOP OF CURRENT SUBSTACK
FIGURE 16. SVR BIT ASSIGNMENTS
13
HS-RTX2010RH
BIT ASSIGNMENTS DURING SUBROUTINE OPERATIONS
SUR
I
IPR
15 14 13 12 1110 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
PSF: PARAMETER STACK
START FLAG
20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
PARAMETER SUBSTACK BITS:
= 00: EIGHT 32 WORD STACKS
= 01: FOUR 64 WORD STACKS
= 10: TWO 128 WORD STACKS
= 11: ONE 256 WORD STACK
TYPE OF RETURN
= 1: INTERRUPT RETURNS:
= 0: SUBROUTINE RETURNS:
PSU: PARAMETER
STACK UNDERFLOW LIMIT
0 - 31 WORDS FROM
BOTTOM OF SUBSTACK
WHERE DPRSEL BIT IS
STORED DURING INTERRUPT
OR SUBROUTINE CALL
DEFINES RETURN ADDRESS
BIT ASSIGNMENTS DURING NON-SUBROUTINE OPERATIONS
RSF: RETURN STACK
START FLAG
RETURN SUBSTACK BITS:
= 00: EIGHT 32 WORD STACKS
= 01: FOUR 64 WORD STACKS
= 10: TWO 128 WORD STACKS
= 11: ONE 256 WORD STACK
I
IPR
20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
USED FOR TEMPORARY
STORAGE OF VARIABLES,
LOOP COUNTS, AND
STREAM COUNTS
RSU: RETURN STACK
UNDERFLOW LIMIT
0 - 31 WORDS FROM
BOTTOM OF SUBSTACK
CURRENT CODE
PAGE VALUE
FIGURE 17. SUR BIT ASSIGNMENTS
FIGURE 19.
I AND IPR BIT ASSIGNMENTS
Memory Page Controller Registers
CPR : The Code Page Register contains the value for the
current 32K-word Code page. See Figure 18 for bit field
assignments.
CPR
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
1 0
DPR
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
1 0
RESERVED
(NOTE)
MA19
MA18
MA17
MA16
NOTE: Always read as ‘‘0’’. Should be set = 0 during Write operations.
RESERVED
(NOTE)
MA19
MA18
MA17
MA16
FIGURE 20. DPR BIT ASSIGNMENTS
USER PAGE
REGISTER
FIGURE 18. CPR BIT ASSIGNMENTS
IPR : The Index Page Register extends the Index Register
( I ) by 5 bits; i.e., when a Subroutine Return is performed,
the IPR contains the Code page from which the subroutine
was called, and comprises the 5 most significant bits of the
top element of the Return Stack. See Figure 19. During
nonsubroutine operation, writing to I causes the current
Code page value to be written to IPR . Reading or writing
directly to IPR does not push the Return Stack.
DPR : The Data Page Register contains the value for the
current 32K-word Data page. See Figure 20 for bit field
assignments.
UPR : The User Page Register contains the value for the
current User page. See Figure 21 for bit field assignments.
UBR : The User Base Address Register contains the base
address for User Memory Instructions. See Figure 21 for bit
field assignments.
1 0
RESERVED
(NOTE)
MA19
MA18
MA17
MA16
USER BASE
ADDRESS
REGISTER
UBR
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
1 0
MA15 - MA06
RESERVED
(NOTE)
NOTE: Always read as ‘‘0’’. Should be set = 0 during Write operations.
UPR
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
MA05
MA04
MA03
MA02
MA01
NOT USED TO GENERATE
THIS ADDRESS
INSTRUCTION
REGISTER
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
1 0
IR
NOTE: Always read as ‘‘0’’. Should be set = 0 during Write operations.
FIGURE 21. UPR AND UBR BIT ASSIGNMENTS
14
HS-RTX2010RH
Initialization of Registers
Initialization of the on-chip registers occurs when a HIGH
level on the RTX RESET pin is held for a period of greater
than or equal to four rising edges of ICLK plus 1/2 ICLK
cycle setup and hold times. While the RESET input is HIGH,
the TCLK and PCLK clock outputs are held reset in the LOW
state.
Table 1 shows initialization values and ASIC addresses for
the on-chip registers. As indicated, both the PC and the
CPR are cleared and execution begins at page 0, word 0
when the processor is reset.
The RESET has a Schmitt trigger input, which allows the
use of a simple RC network for generation of a power-on
RESET signal. This helps to minimize the circuit board
space required for the RESET circuit.
To ensure reliable operation even in noisy embedded control
environments, the RESET input is filtered to prevent a reset
caused by a glitch of less than four ICLK cycles duration.
TABLE 1. REGISTER INITIALIZATION AND ASIC ADDRESS ASSIGNMENTS
REGISTER
HEX
ADDR
INITIALIZED
CONTENTS
DESCRIPTION/COMMENTS
TOP
0000 0000 0000 0000
Top Register
NEXT
1111 1111 1111 1111
Next Register
IR
0000 0000 0000 0000
Instruction Register
I
00H 01H
02H
1111 1111 1111 1111
Index Register
CR
03H
0100 0000 0000 1000
Configuration Register: Boot = 1; Interrupts Disabled; Byte Order = 0.
MD
04H
1111 1111 1111 1111
Multi-Step Divide Register
SR
06H
0000 0010 0000 0000
Square Root Register
PC
07H
0000 0000 0000 0000
Program Counter Register
IMR
08H
0000 0000 0000 0000
Interrupt Mask Register
SPR
09H
0000 0000 0000 0000
Stack Pointer Register: The beginning address for each stack is set to a value of ‘0’.
SUR
0AH
0000 0111 0000 0111
Stack Underflow Limit Register
IVR
0BH
0000 0010 0000 0000
Interrupt Vector Register: Read only; this register holds the current Interrupt Vector
value, and is initialized to the “No Interrupt” value.
SVR
0BH
1111 1111 1111 1111
Stack Overflow Limit Register: Write-only; Each stack limit is set to its maximum value.
IPR
0CH
0000 0000 0000 0000
Index Page Register
DPR
0DH
0000 0000 0000 0000
Data Page Register: The Data Address Page is set for page ‘0’.
UPR
0EH
0000 0000 0000 0000
User Page Register: The User Address Page is set for page ‘0’.
CPR
0FH
0000 0000 0000 0000
Code Page Register: The Code Address Page is set for page ‘0’.
IBC
10H
0000 0000 0000 0000
Interrupt Base/Control Register
UBR
11H
0000 0000 0000 0000
User Base Address Register: The User base address is set to ‘0’ within the User page.
MXR
12H
0000 0000 0000 0000
MAC Extension Register
TC0 / TP0
13H
0000 0000 0000 0000
Timer/Counter Register 0: Set to time out after 65536 clock periods or events.
TC1 / TP1
14H
0000 0000 0000 0000
Timer/Counter Register 1: Set to time out after 65536 clock periods or events.
TC2 / TP2
15H
0000 0000 0000 0000
Timer/Counter Register 2: Set to time out after 65536 clock periods or events.
MLR
16H
0000 0000 0000 0000
Multiplier Lower Product Register
MHR
17H
0000 0000 0000 0000
Multiplier High Product Register
15
HS-RTX2010RH
Dual Stack Architecture
HS-RTX2010RH Stack Controllers
The HS-RTX2010RH features a dual stack architecture. The
two 256-word stacks are the Parameter Stack and the
Return Stack, both of which may be accessed in parallel by a
single instruction, and which minimize overhead in passing
parameters between subroutines. The functional structure of
each of these stacks is shown in Figure 22.
The two stacks of the HS-RTX2010RH are controlled by
identical Programmable Stack Controllers.
The Parameter Stack is used for temporary storage of data
and for passing parameters between subroutines. The top two
elements of this stack are contained in the TOP and NEXT
registers of the processor, and the remainder of this stack is
located in stack memory. The stack memory assigned to the
Parameter Stack is 256 words deep by 16 bits wide.
The Return Stack is used for storing return addresses when
performing Subroutine Calls, or for storing values temporarily.
Because the HS-RTX2010RH uses a separate Return Stack, it
can call and return from subroutines and interrupts with a
minimum of overhead. The Return Stack is 21 bits wide. The
16-bit Index Register, I , and the 5-bit Index Page Register,
IPR , hold the top element of this stack, while the remaining
elements are located in stack memory. The stack memory
portion of the Return Stack is 21 bits wide, by 256 words deep.
The data on the Return Stack takes on different meaning,
depending upon whether the Return Stack is being used for
temporary storage of data or to hold a return address during
a subroutine operation (Figure 19).
The operation of the Programmable Stack Controllers
depends on the contents of three registers. These registers
are SPR , the Stack Pointer Register, SVR , the Stack
Overflow Limit Register, and SUR , the Stack Underflow
Limit Register (see Figures 15, 16, and 17).
SPR contains the address of the next stack memory
location to be accessed in a stack push (write) operation.
After a push, the SPR is incremented (post-increment
operation). In a stack pop (read) operation, the stack
memory location with an address one less than the SPR
will be accessed, and then the SPR will be decremented
(pre-decrement operation). At start-up, the first stack
location to have data pushed into it is location zero.
Upper and lower limit values for the stacks are set into the
Stack Overflow Limit Register and in the Stack Underflow
Limit Register. These values allow interrupts to be generated
prior to the occurrence of stack overflow or underflow error
conditions (see section on Stack Error Conditions for more
detail). Since the HS-RTX2010RH can take up to four clock
cycles to respond to an interrupt, the values set in these
registers should include a safety margin which allows valid
stack operation until the processor executes the interrupt
service routine.
SPR
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
SUR
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
PARAMETER STACK
RETURN STACK
TOP
15 14 13 12 1110 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
IPR
I
20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
NEXT
15 14 13 12 1110 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
RSU
PSU
PSP
RSP
STACK MEMORY
(ON-CHIP)
STACK MEMORY
(ON-CHIP)
RVL
PVL
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
SVR
FIGURE 22. DUAL STACK ARCHITECTURE
16
HS-RTX2010RH
Substacks
Each 256-word stack may be subdivided into up to eight 32
word substacks, four 64 word substacks, or two 128 word
substacks. This is accomplished under hardware control for
simplified management of multiple tasks. Stack size is
selected by writing to bits 1 and 2 of the SUR for the
Parameter Stack, and bits 9 and 10 for the Return Stack.
Substacks are implemented by making bits 5-7 of the SPR
(for the Parameter Stack) and bits 13-15 of the SPR (for the
Return Stack) control bits. For example, if there were eight
32 word substacks implemented in the Parameter Stack, bits
5-7 of the SPR are not incremented, but instead are used
as an offset pointer into the Parameter Stack to indicate the
beginning point (i.e., sub stack number) of each 32 word
substack implemented. Because of this, a particular
substack is selected by writing a value which contains both
the stack pointer value and the substack number to the
SPR .
Each stack has a Stack Start Flag (PSF and RSF) which
may be used for implementing virtual stacks. For the
Parameter Stack, the Start Flag is bit zero of the SUR , and
for the Return Stack it is bit eight. If the Stack Start Flag is
one, the stack starts at the bottom of the stack or substack
(location 0). If the Stack Start Flag is zero, the substack
starts in the middle of the stack. An exception to this occurs
if the overflow limit in SVR is set for a location below the
middle of the stack. In this case, the stacks always start at
the bottom locations. See Table 2 for the possible stack
configurations. Manipulating the Stack Start Flag provides a
mechanism for creating a virtual stack in memory which is
maintained by interrupt driven handlers.
Possible applications for substacks include use as a
recirculating buffer (to allow quick access for a series of
repeated values such as coefficients for polynomial
evaluation or a digital filter), or to log a continuous stream of
data until a triggering event (for analysis of data before and
after the trigger without having to store all of the incoming
data). The latter application could be used in a digital
oscilloscope or logic analyzer.
Stack Error Conditions
Stack errors include overflow, underflow, and fatal errors.
Overflows occur when an attempt is made to push data onto
a full stack. Since the stacks wrap around, the result is that
existing data on the stack will be overwritten by the new data
when an overflow occurs. Underflows occur when an attempt
is made to pop data off an empty stack, causing invalid data
to be read from the stack. In both cases, a buffer zone may
be set up by initializing SVR and SUR so that stack error
interrupts are generated prior to an actual overflow or
underflow. The limits may be determined from the contents
of SVR and SUR using Table 2. The state of all stack
errors may be determined by examining the five least
significant bits of IBC , where the stack error flags may be
17
read but not written to. All stack error flags are cleared
whenever a new value is written to SPR .
Fatal Stack Error: Each stack can also experience a fatal
stack error. This error condition occurs when an attempt is
made to push data onto or to pop data off of the highest
location of the substack. It does not generate an interrupt
(since the normal stack limits can be used to generate the
interrupt). The fatal errors for the stacks are logically OR’ed
together to produce bit 0 of the Interrupt Base Control
Register, and they are cleared whenever SPR is written to.
The implication of a fatal error is that data on the stack may
have been corrupted or that invalid data may have been read
from the stack.
HS-RTX2010RH Timer/Counters
The HS-RTX2010RH has three 16-bit timers, each of which
can be configured to perform timing or event counting. All
decrement synchronously with the rising edge of TCLK.
Timer registers are readable in a single machine cycle.
The timer selection bits of the IBC determine whether a
timer is to be configured for external event counting or
internal time-base timing. This configures the respective
counter clock inputs to the on-chip TCLK signal for internal
timing, or to the EI5 - EI3 input pins for external signal event
counting. EI5, EI4, and EI3 are synchronized internally with
TCLK. See Table 3 for Timer/Clock selection by IBC bit
values.
The timers ( TC0 , TC1 and TC2 ) are all free-running,
and when they time out, they reload automatically with the
programmed initial value from their respective Timer Pre
load Registers ( TPO → TC0 , TP1 → TC1 , and TP2
→ TC2 ), then continue timing or counting.
Each timer provides an output to the Interrupt Controller to
indicate when a time-out for the timer has occurred.
The HS-RTX2010RH can determine the state of a timer at
any time either by reading the timer’s value, or upon a timeout by using the timer’s interrupt (see the Interrupt Controller
section for more information about how timer interrupts are
handled). Figure 23 shows the sequence of Timer/Counter
operations.
TABLE 2. STACK/SUBSTACK CONFIGURATIONS FOR GIVEN CONTROL BIT SETTINGS
CONTROL BIT SETTINGS
PARAMETER STACK CONFIGURATION
STACK RANGE
SVR
SUR
STACK SIZE
WORDS
LOWEST ADDRESS
7
6
5
4
18
V6
V5
V4
U2
U1
U0
2
1
0
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
X
X
X
0
0
0
X
32
P7
P6
P5
0
0
0
0
0
P7
P6
P5
1
1
1
1
1
X
X
X
1
0
0
0
32
P7
P6
P5
0
0
0
0
0
P7
P6
P5
1
1
1
1
1
X
X
X
1
0
0
1
32
P7
P6
P5
0
0
0
0
0
P7
P6
P5
1
1
1
1
1
X
X
0
X
0
1
X
64
P7
P6
0
0
0
0
0
0
P7
P6
1
1
1
1
1
1
X
X
1
X
0
1
0
64
P7
P6
0
0
0
0
0
0
P7
P6
1
1
1
1
1
1
X
X
1
X
0
1
1
64
P7
P6
0
0
0
0
0
0
P7
P6
1
1
1
1
1
1
X
0
X
X
1
0
X
128
P7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P7
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
X
1
X
X
1
0
0
128
P7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P7
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
X
1
X
X
1
0
1
128
P7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P7
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
X
X
X
1
1
X
256
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
X
X
X
1
1
0
256
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
X
X
X
1
1
1
256
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
RETURN STACK CONFIGURATION
STACK RANGE
SVR
SUR
STACK SIZE
WORDS
LOWEST ADDRESS
7
6
5
4
3
2
HIGHEST ADDRESS
V15
V14
V13
V12
U10
U9
U8
1
0
7
6
5
4
3
2
X
X
X
0
0
0
X
32
P15
P14
P13
0
0
0
0
0
P15
P14
P13
1
1
1
1
1
X
X
X
1
0
0
0
32
P15
P14
P13
0
0
0
0
0
P15
P14
P13
1
1
1
1
1
X
X
X
1
0
0
1
32
P15
P14
P13
0
0
0
0
0
P15
P14
P13
1
1
1
1
1
X
X
0
X
0
1
X
64
P15
P14
0
0
0
0
0
0
P15
P14
1
1
1
1
1
1
X
X
1
X
0
1
0
64
P15
P14
0
0
0
0
0
0
P15
P14
1
1
1
1
1
1
X
X
1
X
0
1
1
64
P15
P14
0
0
0
0
0
0
P15
P14
1
1
1
1
1
1
X
0
X
X
1
0
X
128
P15
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P15
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
X
1
X
X
1
0
0
128
P15
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P15
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
X
1
X
X
1
0
1
128
P15
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P15
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
X
X
X
1
1
X
256
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
X
X
X
1
1
0
256
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
X
X
X
1
1
1
256
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
HS-RTX2010RH
V7
CONTROL BIT SETTINGS
3
HIGHEST ADDRESS
TABLE 2. STACK/SUBSTACK CONFIGURATIONS FOR GIVEN CONTROL BIT SETTINGS (Continued)
CONTROL BIT SETTINGS
SVR
PARAMETER STACK CONFIGURATION
SUR
FATAL LIMIT
UNDERFLOW LIMIT
OVERFLOW LIMIT
19
V6
V5
V4
U2
U1
U0
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
X
X
X
0
0
0
X
P7
P6
P5
1
1
1
1
1
P7
P6
P5
0
U6
U5
U4
U3
P7
P6
P5
0
V3
V2
V1
V0
X
X
X
1
0
0
0
P7
P6
P5
0
1
1
1
1
P7
P6
P5
1
U6
U5
U4
U3
P7
P6
P5
0
V3
V2
V1
V0
X
X
X
1
0
0
1
P7
P6
P5
1
1
1
1
1
P7
P6
P5
0
U6
U5
U4
U3
P7
P6
P5
1
V3
V2
V1
V0
X
X
0
X
0
1
X
P7
P6
1
1
1
1
1
1
P7
P6
0
U7
U6
U5
U4
U3
P7
P6
0
V4
V3
V2
V1
V0
X
X
1
X
0
1
0
P7
P6
0
1
1
1
1
1
P7
P6
1
U7
U6
U5
U4
U3
P7
P6
0
V4
V3
V2
V1
V0
X
X
1
X
0
1
1
P7
P6
1
1
1
1
1
1
P7
P6
0
U7
U6
U5
U4
U3
P7
P6
1
V4
V3
V2
V1
V0
X
0
X
X
1
0
X
P7
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
P7
0
0
U7
U6
U5
U4
U3
P7
0
V5
V4
V3
V2
V1
V0
X
1
X
X
1
0
0
P7
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
P7
1
0
U7
U6
U5
U4
U3
P7
0
V5
V4
V3
V2
V1
V0
X
1
X
X
1
0
1
P7
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
P7
0
0
U7
U6
U5
U4
U3
P7
1
V5
V4
V3
V2
V1
V0
0
X
X
X
1
1
X
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
U7
U6
U5
U4
U3
0
V6
V5
V4
V3
V2
V1
V0
1
X
X
X
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
U7
U6
U5
U4
U3
0
V6
V5
V4
V3
V2
V1
V0
1
X
X
X
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
U7
U6
U5
U4
U3
1
V6
V5
V4
V3
V2
V1
V0
1
0
CONTROL BIT SETTING
SVR
PARAMETER STACK CONFIGURATION
SUR
V15 V14 V13 V12 U10
FATAL LIMIT
U9
U8
7
6
5
UNDERFLOW LIMIT
4
3
2
1
0
7
6
5
4
3
2
OVERFLOW LIMIT
1
0
7
6
5
4
3
2
X
X
X
0
0
0
X
P15 P14 P13
1
1
1
1
1
P15 P14 P13
0
U14 U13 U12 U11 P15 P14 P13
0
V11 V10
V9
V8
X
X
X
1
0
0
0
P15 P14 P13
0
1
1
1
1
P15 P14 P13
1
U14 U13 U12 U11 P15 P14 P13
0
V11 V10
V9
V8
X
X
X
1
0
0
1
P15 P14 P13
1
1
1
1
1
P15 P14 P13
0
U14 U13 U12 U11 P15 P14 P13
1
V11 V10
V9
V8
X
X
0
X
0
1
X
P15 P14
1
1
1
1
1
1
P15 P14
0
U15 U14 U13 U12 U11 P15 P14
0
V12 V11 V10
V9
V8
X
X
1
X
0
1
0
P15 P14
0
1
1
1
1
1
P15 P14
1
U15 U14 U13 U12 U11 P15 P14
0
V12 V11 V10
V9
V8
X
X
1
X
0
1
1
P15 P14
1
1
1
1
1
1
P15 P14
0
U15 U14 U13 U12 U11 P15 P14
1
V12 V11 V10
V9
V8
HS-RTX2010RH
V7
TABLE 2. STACK/SUBSTACK CONFIGURATIONS FOR GIVEN CONTROL BIT SETTINGS (Continued)
CONTROL BIT SETTING
SVR
PARAMETER STACK CONFIGURATION
SUR
V15 V14 V13 V12 U10
FATAL LIMIT
UNDERFLOW LIMIT
U9
U8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
7
6
5
4
3
2
OVERFLOW LIMIT
1
0
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20
X
0
X
X
1
0
X
P15
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
P15
0
0
U15 U14 U13 U12 U11 P15
0
V13 V12 V11 V10
V9
V8
X
1
X
X
1
0
0
P15
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
P15
1
0
U15 U14 U13 U12 U11 P15
0
V13 V12 V11 V10
V9
V8
X
1
X
X
1
0
1
P15
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
P15
0
0
U15 U14 U13 U12 U11 P15
1
V13 V12 V11 V10
V9
V8
0
X
X
X
1
1
X
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
U15 U14 U13 U12 U11
0
V14 V13 V12 V11 V10
V9
V8
1
X
X
X
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
U15 U14 U13 U12 U11
0
V14 V13 V12 V11 V10
V9
V8
1
X
X
X
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
U15 U14 U13 U12 U11
1
V14 V13 V12 V11 V10
V9
V8
NOTES:
20. The Overflow Limit is the stack memory address at which an overflow condition will occur during a stack write operation.
21. The Underflow Limit is the stack memory address below which an underflow condition will occur during a stack read operation.
22. The Fatal Limit is the stack memory address at which a fatal error condition will occur during a stack read or write operation.
23. Stack error conditions remain in effect until a new value is written to the SPR .
24. Stacks and sub-stacks are circular: after writing to the highest location in the stack, the next location to be written to will be the lowest location; after reading the lowest location, the highest
location will be read next.
HS-RTX2010RH
18. SPR : Stack Pointer Register, SVR : Stack Overflow Register, SUR : Stack Underflow Register.
19. P0 . . P15: SPR Bits, V0 . . V15: SVR Bits, U0 . . U15: SUR Bits.
HS-RTX2010RH
TCLK
RISING
EDGE
TCLK
RISING
EDGE
INTA CYCLE OR
ASIC READ COMMAND
TOP
REGISTER
PRELOAD
REGISTER
TC0
TIMER/COUNTER
TP0
ASIC BUS
LOAD
PRELOAD
REGISTER
LOAD
TC1
TIMER/COUNTER
TP1
PRELOAD
REGISTER
LOAD
TC2
TIMER/COUNTER
TP2
EXECUTE
COUNT
ACTIVATE
TIMEOUT
INTERRUPT
EXECUTE
COUNT
ACTIVATE
TIMEOUT
INTERRUPT
EXECUTE
COUNT
ACTIVATE
TIMEOUT
INTERRUPT
INTERRUPT
RESET
INTERRUPT
CONTROLLER
INTERRUPT
RESET
INTERRUPT
RESET
FIGURE 23. HS-RTX2010RH TIMER/COUNTER OPERATION
TABLE 3. TIMER/COUNTER
IBC BIT VALUES
TIMER CLOCK SOURCE
BIT 09
BIT 08
TC2
TC1
TC0
0
0
TCLK
TCLK
TCLK
0
1
TCLK
TCLK
EI3
1
0
TCLK
EI4
EI3
1
1
EI5
EI4
EI3
HS-RTX2010RH Interrupt Controller
The HS-RTX2010RH Interrupt Controller manages interrupts
for the HS-RTX2010RH Microcontroller core. Its sources
include two on-chip peripherals and six external interrupt
inputs. The two classes of on-chip peripherals that produce
interrupts are the Stack Controllers and the Timer/Counters.
Interrupt Controller Operation
When one of the interrupt sources requests an interrupt, the
Interrupt Controller checks whether the interrupt is masked
in the Interrupt Mask Register. If it is not, the controller
attempts to interrupt the processor. If processor interrupts
are enabled (bit 4 of the Configuration Register), the
processor will execute an Interrupt Acknowledge cycle,
during which it disables interrupts to ensure proper
completion of the INTA cycle.
In response to the Interrupt Acknowledge cycle, the Interrupt
Controller places an Interrupt Vector on the internal ASIC
Bus, based on the highest priority pending interrupt. The
21
processor performs a special Subroutine Call to the address
in Memory Page 0 contained in the vector. This special
subroutine call is different in that it saves a status bit on the
Return Stack indicating the call was caused by an interrupt.
Thus, when the Interrupt Handler executes a Subroutine
Return, the processor knows to automatically re-enable
interrupts. Before the Interrupt Handler returns, it must
ensure that the condition that caused the interrupt is cleared.
Otherwise the processor will again be interrupted
immediately upon its return.
Processor interrupts are enabled and disabled by clearing
and setting the Interrupt Disable Flag. When the RTX is
reset, this flag is set (bit 04 of the CR = 1), disabling the
interrupts. This bit is a write-only bit that always reads as 0,
allowing interrupts to be enabled in only 2 cycles with a
simple read/write operation in which the processor reads the
bit value, then writes it back to the same location. The actual
status of the Interrupt Disable Flag can be read from bit 14
of CR .
HS-RTX2010RH
TABLE 4. INTERRUPT SOURCES, PRIORITIES AND VECTORS
VECTOR ADDRESS BITS
PRIORITY
INTERRUPT SOURCE
SENSITIVITY
IMR BIT
09
08
07
06
05
NMI
Non-Maskable Interrupt
Pos Edge
N/A
0
1
1
1
1
1
EI1
External Interrupt 1
High Level
01
0
1
1
1
0
2
PSU
Parameter Stack Underflow
High Level
02
0
1
1
0
1
3
RSU
Return Stack Underflow
High Level
03
0
1
1
0
0
4
PSV
Parameter Stack Overflow
High Level
04
0
1
0
1
1
5
RSV
Return Stack Overflow
High Level
05
0
1
0
1
0
6
EI2
External Interrupt 2
High Level
06
0
1
0
0
1
7
TCI0
Timer/Counter 0
Edge
07
0
1
0
0
0
8
TCI1
Timer/Counter 1
Edge
08
0
0
1
1
1
Timer/Counter 2
0 (High)
9
TCI2
Edge
09
0
0
1
1
0
10
EI3
External Interrupt 3
High Level
10
0
0
1
0
1
11
EI4
External Interrupt 4
High Level
11
0
0
1
0
0
12
EI5
External Interrupt 5
High Level
12
0
0
0
1
1
High Level
13
0
0
0
1
0
N/A
N/A
1
0
0
0
0
13 (Low)
SWI
Software Interrupt
N/A
None
No Interrupt
During read and write operations to the Configuration
Register, ( CR ), interrupts are inhibited to allow the program
to save and restore the state of the Interrupt Enable bit.
In addition to disabling interrupts at the processor level, all
interrupts except the Non-Maskable Interrupt (NMI) can be
individually masked by the Interrupt Controller by setting the
appropriate bit in the Interrupt Mask Register ( IMR ).
Resetting the HS-RTX2010RH causes all bits in the IMR to
be cleared, thereby unmasking all interrupts.
The NMI on the HS-RTX2010RH has two modes of operation
which are controlled by the NMI_MODE Flag (bit 11 of the
CR ). When this bit is cleared (0), the NMI can not be
masked, and can interrupt any cycle. This allows a fast
response to the NMI, but may not allow a return from interrupt
to operate correctly. NMI_MODE is cleared when the
processor is Reset. When NMI_MODE is set (1), a return
from the NMI service routine will result in the processor
continuing execution in the state it was in when it was
interrupted. When in this second mode NMI may be inhibited
by the processor during certain critical operations (see
Interrupt Suppression), and may, therefore, not be serviced as
quickly as in the first mode of operation. When servicing an
NMI_MODE set to 1, further NMIs and maskable interrupts
are disabled until the NMI Interrupt Service Routine has
completed, and a return from interrupt has been executed.
The Interrupt Controller prioritizes interrupt requests and
generates an Interrupt Vector for the highest priority interrupt
request. The address that the vector points to is determined
by the source of the interrupt and the contents of the
Interrupt Base/Control Register ( IBC ). See Figure 12 for
the Interrupt Vector Register bit assignments. Because
address bits MA19-MA16 are always zero in an Interrupt
22
Acknowledge cycle, the entry point to the Interrupt Handlers
must reside on Memory Page zero.
Because address bits MA04-MA01 are always zero in an
Interrupt Acknowledge cycle, Interrupt Vectors are 32 bytes
apart. This means that Interrupt Handler routines that are 32
bytes or less can be compiled directly into the Interrupt
Table. Interrupt Handlers greater than 32 bytes must be
compiled separately and called from the Interrupt Table.
The rest of the vector is generated as indicated in Table 1. To
guarantee that the Interrupt Vector will be stable during an
INTA cycle, the Interrupt Controller inhibits the generation of a
new Interrupt Vector while INTA is high, and will not begin
generating a new Interrupt Vector on either edge of INTA.
The Interrupt Vector can also be read from the Interrupt
Vector Register ( IVR ) directly. This allows interrupt
requests to be monitored by software, even if they are
disabled by the processor. If no interrupts are being
requested, bit 09 of the IVR will be 1.
External interrupts EI5-EI1 are active HIGH level-sensitive
inputs. (Note: When used as Timer/Counter inputs, EI5-EI3
are edge sensitive). Therefore, the Interrupt Handlers for
these interrupts must clear the source of interrupt prior to
returning to the interrupted code. The external NMI,
however, is an edge-sensitive input which requires a rising
edge to request an interrupt. The NMI input also has a glitch
filter circuit which requires that the signal that initiates the NMI
must last at least two rising and two falling edges of ICLK.
Finally, a mechanism is provided by which an interrupt can
be requested by using a software command. The Software
Interrupt (SWI) is requested by executing an instruction that
will set an internal flip-flop attached to one input of the
HS-RTX2010RH
Interrupt Controller. The SWI is reset by executing an
instruction that clears the flip-flop. The flip-flop is accessed
by I/O Reads and Writes.
Because the SWI interrupt may not be serviced immediately,
the instructions which immediately follow the SWI instruction
should not depend on whether or not the interrupt has been
serviced, and should cause a one or two-cycle idle condition
(Typically, this is done with one or two NOP instructions).
If an interrupt condition occurs, but “goes away” before the
processor has a chance to service it, a “No Interrupt” vector is
generated. A “No Interrupt” vector is also generated if an
Interrupt Acknowledge cycle takes less than two cycles to
execute and no other interrupt conditions need to be serviced.
To prevent unforeseen errors, it is recommended that valid
code be supplied at every Interrupt Vector location, including
the “No Interrupt” vector, which should always be initialized
with valid code.
It is recommended that Interrupt Handlers save and restore
the contents of CR .
Interrupt Suppression
The HS-RTX2010RH allows maskable interrupts and Mode
1 NMIs (the NMI_MODE Flag in bit 11 of the CR is set) to
be suppressed, delaying them temporarily while critical
operations are in progress. Critical operations are instruction
sequences and hardware operations that, if interrupted,
would result in the loss of data or misoperation of the
hardware. (Note: Only the processor may suppress NMIs.)
Standard critical operations during which interrupts are
automatically suppressed by the processor include Streamed
instructions (see the description of the I register), Long Call
sequences (see “Subroutine Calls and Returns”), and loading
CR . In addition to this, external devices can also suppress
maskable interrupts during critical operations by applying a
HIGH level on the INTSUP pin for as long as required.
Since the Mode 0 NMI (the NMI_MODE Flag in bit 11 of the
CR is cleared) can cause the processor to perform an
Interrupt Acknowledge Cycle in the middle of these critical
operations, thereby preventing a normal return to the
interrupted instruction, a Subroutine Return should be used
with care from a Mode 0 NMI service routine. The Mode 0
NMI should be used only to indicate critical system errors,
and the Mode 0 NMI handler should re-initialize the system.
Interrupts which have occurred while interrupt suppression is
in effect will be recognized on a priority basis as soon as the
suppression terminates, provided the condition which
generated the interrupt still exists.
Stack Error Interrupts
The Stack Controllers request an interrupt whenever a stack
overflow or underflow condition exists. These interrupts can
be cleared by rewriting SPR . See the section on “Dual
23
Stack Architecture” for more information regarding how the
limits set into IBC and SUR are used.
Stack Overflow: A stack overflow occurs when data is
pushed onto the stack location pointed to by the SVR , as
determined in Table 5. After the processor is reset, this is
location 255 in either the Parameter Stack or Return Stack.
A stack overflow interrupt request stays in effect until cleared
by writing a new value to the SPR . In addition to generating
an interrupt, the state of the stack overflow flags may be
read out of the IBC , bit 3 for the Parameter Stack, and bit
4 for the Return stack. See Figures 13, 15 and 16.
Stack Underflow: The stack underflow limit occurs when
data is popped off the stack location immediately below that
pointed to by the SUR , as determined in Table 2. The state
of the stack underflow error flags may be read out of bits 1
and 2 of the IBC for the Parameter and Return stacks
respectively. In the reset state of the SUR , an underflow will
be generated at the same time that a fatal error is detected.
An underflow buffer region can be set up by selecting an
underflow limit greater than zero by writing the
corresponding value into the SUR . The stack underflow
interrupt request stays in effect until a new value is written
into the SPR , at which time it is cleared.
Timer/Counter Interrupts
The timers generate edge-sensitive interrupts whenever they
are decremented to 0. Because they are edge-sensitive and
are cleared during an Interrupt Acknowledge cycle or during
the direct reading of IVR by software, no action is required
by the handlers to clear the interrupt request.
The HS-RTX2010RH ALU
The HS-RTX2010RH has a 16-bit ALU capable of
performing standard arithmetic and logic operations:
• ADD and SUBTRACT (A-B and B-A; with and without
carry)
• AND, OR, XOR, NOR, NAND, XNOR, NOT
The TOP and NEXT registers can also undergo single bit
shifts in the same cycle as a logic or arithmetic operation.
In Figure 24, the control and data paths to the ALU are
shown. Except for TOP and NEXT , each of the internal
core registers can be addressed explicitly, as can other
internal registers in special operations such as in Step
instructions. In each of these cases, the input would be
addressed as a device on the ASIC Bus.
When executing these instructions, the arithmetic/logic
operand (a) starts out in TOP and is placed on the T-bus.
Operand (b) arrives at the ALU on the Y-bus, but can come
from one of the following four sources: NEXT ; an internal
register; an ASIC Bus device; or from the 5 least significant
bits of IR . The source of operand (b) is determined by
the instruction code in IR . The result of the ALU
operation is placed into TOP .
HS-RTX2010RH
PROGRAM
MEMORY
5 LEAST
SIGNIFICANT
BITS
ASIC BUS
DEVICE
Y-BUS
IR
TOP
T-BUS
INTERNAL
REGISTERS
NEXT
IR
DECODE
SELECT
OPERAND (B)
OPERAND
(A)
Y
T
ALU
CONTROL
ALU
SHIFTER
NOTE: Data Paths are represented by solid lines; Control Paths are represented by dashed lines.
FIGURE 24. ALU OPERATIONS-CONTROL PATHS AND DATA FLOW
Step Arithmetic instructions which are performed through the
ALU are divide and square root. Execution of each step of the
arithmetic operation takes one cycle, a 32/16-bit Step Divide
takes 21 cycles, and a 32/16-bit Step Square Root takes 25
cycles. Sign and scaling functions are controlled by the ALU
function and shift options, which are part of the coded
instruction contained in IR . See Table 20 and Table 21
and the Programmer’s Reference Manual for details.
place to the left (2* MD ). When the subtraction is
performed, SR is OR’ed into MD , and SR is shifted
one place to the right. At the end of the operation, the square
root of the original value is in MD and NEXT , and the
remainder is in TOP .
Unsigned Step Divide operation assumes a double precision
(32-bit) dividend, with the most significant word placed in
TOP , the less significant word in NEXT , and the divisor in
MD . In each step, if the contents in TOP are equal to or
greater than the contents in MD (and therefore no borrow
is generated), then the contents of MD are subtracted
from the contents of TOP . The result of the subtraction is
placed into TOP . The contents of TOP and NEXT are
then jointly shifted left one bit (32-bit left shift), where the
value shifted into the least significant bit of NEXT is the value
of the Borrow bit on the first pass, or the value of the
Complex Carry bit on each of the subsequent passes. On
the 15th and final pass, only NEXT is shifted left, receiving
the value of the Complex Carry bit into the LSB. TOP is not
shifted. The final result leaves the quotient in EXT , and the
remainder in TOP .
The HS-RTX2010RH Multiplier-Accumulator
During a Step Square Root operation, the 32-bit argument is
assumed to be in TOP and NEXT , as in the Step Divide
operation. The first step begins with MD containing zeros.
The Step Square Root is performed much like the Step
Divide, except that the input from the Y-bus is the logical OR
of the contents of SR and the value in MD shifted one
24
HS-RTX2010RH Floating Point/DSP On
Chip Peripherals
The Hardware Multiplier-Accumulator (MAC) on the
HS-RTX2010RH functions as both a Multiplier, and a
Multiplier- Accumulator. When used as a Multiplier alone, it
multiplies two 16-bit numbers, yielding a 32-bit product in
one clock cycle. When used as a Multiplier-Accumulator, it
multiplies two 16-bit numbers, yielding an intermediate 32-bit
product, which is then added to the 48-bit Accumulator. This
entire process takes place in a single clock cycle.
The Multiplier-Accumulator functions are activated by I\O
Read and Write instructions to ASIC Bus addresses
assigned to the MAC.
The MAC’s input operands come from three possible
sources (see Figure 25):
1. The TOP and EXT registers.
2. The Parameter (Data) Stack and memory via NEXT
(Streamed mode only - see the Programmer’s Reference
Manual).
3. Memory via EXT and an input from the ASIC Bus
(Streamed mode only - see the Programmer’s Reference
Manual).
HS-RTX2010RH
DATA STACK
ASIC BUS
REGISTER
TOP
NEXT
32-BIT LZD
5
48
32-BIT BRL SHIFTER
TOP
MHR
16
MHR
MXR
TOP
MXR
32
TOP
SIGN EXT.
MAC
16 x 16
16
MLR
FIGURE 25. HS-RTX2010RH FLOATING POINT/DSP LOGIC
These inputs can be treated as either signed (two’s
complement) or unsigned integers, depending on the form of
the instruction used. In addition, if the ROUND option is
selected, the Multiplier can round the result to 16 bits. Note
that the MAC instructions do not pop the Parameter Stack;
the contents of TOP and NEXT remain intact.
For the Multiplier, the product is read from the Multiplier High
Product Register, MHR , which contains the upper 16 bits of
the product, and the Multiplier Low Product Register, MLR ,
which contains the lower 16 bits. For the MultiplierAccumulator, the accumulated product is read from the
Multiplier Extension Register, MXR , which contains the
upper 16 bits, the MHR , which contains the middle 16 bits,
and the MLR , which contains the low 16 bits. The registers
may be read in any order, and there is no requirement that
all registers be read. Reading from any of the three registers
moves its value into TOP , and pushes the original value in
TOP into NEXT . If the read is from MHR or MLR , the
original value of NEXT is lost, i.e. it is not pushed onto stack
memory. This permits overwriting the original operands left
in TOP and NEXT , which are not popped by the MAC
operations. If the read is from MXR , the original value of
NEXT is pushed onto the stack. In addition to this, any of the
three MAC registers can be directly loaded from TOP . This
pops NEXT into TOP and the Parameter Stack into NEXT .
If 32-bit precision is not required, the multiplier output may be
rounded to 16 bits. This is accomplished by setting the ROUND
bit in the Interrupt Base/Control Register, IBC , to 1. If the
ROUND bit is set to 1, all operations that use the Multiplier
automatically round the least significant 16 bits of the result into
the most significant 16 bits. The rounding is achieved by adding
8000H to the least significant 16 bits (during the same cycle as
the multiply). Thus, if the ROUND bit is set:
25
1. If the most significant bit of the MLR is set (1), the MHR
is incremented.
2. If the most significant bit of the MLR is not set (0), the
MHR is left unchanged.
The ROUND bit functions independently of whether the
signed or unsigned bit is used.
The multiply instructions suppress interrupts during the
multiplication cycle. Reading MHR , or MLR also
suppresses interrupts during the read. This allows a
multiplication operation to be performed, and both the upper
and lower registers to be read sequentially, with no danger of
a non-NMI interrupt service routine corrupting the contents
of the registers between reads. The multiply-accumulate
instructions do not suppress interrupts during instruction
execution.
For additional information on the HS-RTX2010RH MAC see
the Programmer’s Reference Manual.
The HS-RTX2010RH On-Chip Barrel Shifter And
Leading Zero Detector
The HS-RTX2010RH has both a 32-bit Barrel Shifter and a
32-bit Leading Zero Detector for added floating-point and
DSP performance. The inputs to the Barrel Shifter and
Leading Zero Detector are the top two elements of the
Parameter Stack, the TOP and NEXT registers.
The Barrel Shifter uses a 5-bit count stored in the MXR
Register to determine the number of places to right or left
shift the double word operand contained in the TOP and
NEXT registers. The output of the Barrel Shifter is stored in
the MHR and MLR registers, with the top 16 bits in MHR
and the bottom 16 bits in MLR .
HS-RTX2010RH
The Leading Zero Detector is used to normalize the double
word operand contained in the TOP and EXT registers.
The number of leading zeroes in the double word operand
are counted, and the count stored in the MXR register. The
double word operand is then logically shifted left by this
count, and the result stored in the MHR and MLR
registers. Again the upper 16 bits are in MHR , and the
lower 16 bits are in MLR . This entire operation is done in
one clock cycle with the normalize instruction.
HS-RTX2010RH ASIC Bus Interface
The HS-RTX2010RH ASIC Bus services both internal
processor core registers and the on-chip peripheral
registers, and eight external off-chip ASIC Bus locations. All
ASIC Bus operations require a single cycle to execute and
transfer a full 16-bit word of data. The external ASIC Bus
maps into the last eight locations of the 32 location ASIC
Address Space. The three least significant bits of the
address are available as the ASIC Address Bus. The
addresses therefore map as shown in Table 5.
TABLE 5. ASIC BUS MAP
ASIC BUS SIGNAL
GA02
GA01
GA00
ASIC ADDRESS
0
0
0
18H
0
0
1
19H
0
1
0
1AH
0
1
1
1BH
1
0
0
1CH
1
0
1
1DH
1
1
0
1EH
1
1
1
1FH
HS-RTX2010RH Extended Cycle Operation
The HS-RTX2010RH bus cycle operation can be optionally
extended for two types of accesses:
1. USER Memory Cycles
2. ASIC Bus Read Operations
The extension of normal HS-RTX2010RH bus cycle timing
allows the interface of the processor to some peripherals,
and slow memory devices, without using externally
generated wait states. The bus cycle is extended by the
same amount (1 TCLK) as it would be if one wait state was
added to the cycle, but the control signal timing is somewhat
different (see Timing Diagrams). In a one wait state bus
cycle, PCLK is High for 1/2 TCLK period, and Low for 1-1/2
TCLK periods (i.e., PCLK is held Low for one additional
TCLK period). In an extended cycle, PCLK is High for 1
TCLK period, and Low for 1 TCLK period (i.e., both the High
and Low portions of the PCLK period are extended by 1/2
TCLK period).
26
Setting the Cycle Extend bit (CYCEXT), which is bit 7 of the
IBC Register, will cause extended cycles to be used for all
accesses to USER memory. Setting the ASIC Read Cycle
Extend bit (ARCE), which is bit 13 of the CR Register, will
cause extended cycles to be used for all Read accesses on
the external ASIC Bus. Both the CYCEXT bit and the ARCE
bit are cleared on Reset.
HS-RTX2010RH Memory Access
The HS-RTX2010RH Memory Bus Interface
The HS-RTX2010RH can address 1 Megabyte of memory,
divided into 16 non-overlapping pages of 64K bytes. The
memory page accessed depends on whether the memory
access is for Code (instructions and literals), Data, User
Memory, or Interrupt Code. The page selected also depends
on the contents of the Page Control Registers: the Code
Page Register ( CPR ), the Data Page Register ( DPR ), the
User Page Register ( UPR ), and the Index Page Register
( IPR ). Furthermore, the User Base Address Register
( UBR ) and the Interrupt Base/Control Register ( IBC ) are
used to determine the complete address for User Memory
accesses and Interrupt Acknowledge cycles. External
memory data is accessed through EXT .
When executing code other than an Interrupt Service
routine, the memory page is determined by the contents of
the CPR . Bits 03-00 generate address bits MA19-MA16, as
shown in Figure 18. The remainder of the address (MA15MA01) comes from the Program Counter Register ( PC ).
After resetting the processor, both the PC and the CPR
are cleared and execution begins at page 0, word 0.
A new Code page is selected by writing a 4-bit value to the
CPR . The value for the Code page is input to the CPR
through a preload procedure which withholds the value for
one clock cycle before loading the CPR to ensure that the
next instruction is executed from the same Code page as the
instruction which set the new Code page. Execution
immediately thereafter will continue with the next instruction
in the new page.
An Interrupt Acknowledge cycle is a special case of an
Instruction Fetch cycle. When an Interrupt Acknowledge
cycle occurs, the contents of the CPR and PC are saved
on the Return Stack and then the CPR is cleared to point to
page 0. The Interrupt Controller generates a 16-bit address,
or “vector”, which points to the code to be executed to
process the interrupt. To determine how the Interrupt Vector
is formed, refer to Figure 12 for the register bit assignments,
and also to the Interrupt Controller section.
The page for data access is provided by either CPR or
DPR , as shown in Figures 18 and 20. Data Memory
Access instructions can be used to access data in a memory
page other than that containing the program code. This is
done by writing the desired page number into the Data Page
Register ( DPR ) and setting bit 5 (DPRSEL) of the IBC
HS-RTX2010RH
from these two registers are logically OR’ed to produce the
address of the word in memory. See Figure 21.
Register to 1. If DPR is set to equal CPR , or if DPRSEL = 0,
data will be accessed in the Code page. The status of the
DPRSEL bit is saved and restored as a result of a
Subroutine Call or Return. When the HS-RTX2010RH is
reset, DPR points to page 0 and DPRSEL resets to 0,
selecting the CPR .
Word And Byte Main Memory Access
USER MEMORY consists of blocks of 32 words that can be
located anywhere in memory. The word being accessed in a
block is pointed to by the five least significant bits of the User
Memory instruction (see Table 17), eliminating the need to
explicitly load an address into TOP before reading or
writing to the location. Upon HS-RTX2010RH reset, UBR is
cleared and points to the block starting at word 0, while
UPR is cleared so that it points to page 0. The word in the
block is pointed to by the five least significant bits of the User
Memory instruction and bits 05-01 of the UBR . These bits
Bit 12 of the Memory Access Opcode (see Table 16), is used
to determine whether byte or word operations are to be
performed (where bit 12 = 0 signifies a word operation, and
bit 12 = 1 signifies a byte operation). In addition, the
determination of whether a byte swap is to occur depends on
whether Addressing Mode 0 or Mode 1 is in effect (as
determined by bit 2 of the CR ), and on whether an even
or odd address is being accessed (see Figures 26 and 27).
IR
CR ADDRESS
BIT 12 BIT 2 EVEN/ODD
DATA ACCESS (16-BIT)
WORD WRITE
15
7
0
0
0
15
8
7
1
0
PROCESSOR
8
7
1
15
15
8
7
7
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
MEMORY
BYTE READ
PROCESSOR
8
0
1
MEMORY
WORD READ
0
UNCHANGED
0
15
CR ADDRESS
IR
BIT 12 BIT 2 EVEN/ODD
DATA ACCESS (8 -BIT)
BYTE WRITE
PROCESSOR
8
Using Main Memory Access instructions, the HS-RTX2010RH
can perform either word or single byte Main Memory
accesses, as well as byte swapping within 16-bit words.
0
0
0
15
PROCESSOR
8
7
0
1
0
0
15
8
7
1
0
1
15
8
7
WORD WRITE
15
BYTE WRITE
PROCESSOR
8
7
0
MEMORY
MEMORY
0
15
0
PROCESSOR
8
7
0
1
1
0
UNCHANGED
1
8
15
7
0
0
15
8
7
MEMORY
MEMORY
WORD READ
15
BYTE READ
PROCESSOR
8
7
0
0
15
0
PROCESSOR
8
7
0
1
0
1
0
1
15
8
7
0
MEMORY
FIGURE 26. MEMORY ACCESS (WORD)
27
0
15
8
7
0
MEMORY
FIGURE 27. MEMORY ACCESS (BYTE)
HS-RTX2010RH
Whenever a word of data is read by a Data Memory operation
into the processor, it is first placed in the NEXT Register. By
the time the instruction that reads that word of data is
completed, however, the data may have been moved,
optionally inverted, or operated on by the ALU, and placed in
the TOP Register. Whenever a Data Memory operation
writes to memory, the data comes from the NEXT Register.
The Byte Order Bit is bit 2 of the Configuration Register,
CR (see Figure 11 in the “RTX Internal Registers
Section). This bit is used to determine whether the default
(Mode 0) or byte swap (Mode 1) method will be used in the
Data Memory accesses.
Word Access is designated when the IR bit 12 = 0 in the
Memory Access Opcode, and can take one of two forms,
depending upon the status of CR , bit 2.
When CR bit 2 = 0, the Mode 0 method of word access is
designated. Word access to an even address (A0 = 0) results
in an unaltered transfer of data, as shown in Figure 26. Word
access to/from an odd address (A0 = 1) while in this mode will
effectively cause the Byte Order Bit to be complemented and
will result in the bytes being swapped.
When the CR bit 2 = 1, the Mode 1 method of word
access is designated. Access to an even address (A0 = 0)
results in a data transfer in which the bytes are swapped.
Word access to an odd address (A0 = 1) while in this mode
will effectively cause the Byte Order Bit to be complemented
with the net result that no byte swap takes place when the
data word is transferred. See Figure 26.
Byte Access is designated when the IR bit 12 = 1 in the
Memory Access Opcode, and can also take one of two
forms, depending on the value of CR Bit 2.
When the CR bit 2 = 0, a Byte Read from an even
address in Mode 0 causes the upper byte (MD15-MD08) of
memory data to be read into the lower byte position
(MD07-MD00) of NEXT , while the upper byte (MD15-MD08)
is set to 0. A Byte Write operation accessing an even
address will cause the byte to be written from the lower byte
position (MD07-MD00) of NEXT into the upper byte position
(MD15-MD08) of memory. The data in the lower byte
position (MD07-MD00) in memory will be left unaltered.
Accessing an odd address for either of these operations will
cause the Byte Order Bit to be complemented, with the net
result that no swap will occur. See Figure 27.
When CR bit 2 = 1, the Mode 1 method of memory
access is used. Accessing an even address in this mode
means that a Byte Read operation will cause the lower byte
of data to be transferred without a swap operation. A Byte
Write in this mode will also result in an unaltered byte
transfer. Conversely, accessing an odd address for a byte
operation while in Mode 1 will cause the Byte Order Bit to be
complemented. In a Byte Read operation, this will result in
the upper byte (MD15-MD08) of data being swapped into the
28
lower byte position (MD07-MD00), while the upper byte is
set to 0 (MD15-MD08 set to 0). See Figure 27. A Byte Write
operation accessing an odd address will cause the byte to
be swapped from the lower byte position (MD07-MD00) of
the processor register into the upper byte position
(MD15-MD08) of the Memory location. The data in the lower
byte position (MD07-MD00) in that Memory location will be
left unaffected.
NOTE: These features are for Main Memory data access only, and
have no effect on instruction fetches, long literals, or User Data
Memory.
Subroutine Calls And Returns
The RTX can perform both “short” subroutine calls and
“long” subroutine calls. A short subroutine call is one for
which the subroutine code is located within the same Code
page as the Call instruction, and no processor cycle time is
expended in reloading the CPR .
Performing a long subroutine call involves transferring
execution to a different Code page. This requires that the
CPR be loaded with the new Code page as described in
the Memory Access Section, followed immediately by the
Subroutine Call instruction. This adds two additional cycles
to the execution time for the Subroutine Call.
For all instructions except Subroutine Calls or Branch
instructions, bit 5 of the instruction code represents the
Subroutine Return Bit. If this bit is set to 1, a Return is
performed whereby the return address is popped from the
Return Stack, as indicated in Figure 19. The page for the
return address comes from the IPR . The contents of the
I Register are written to the PC , and the contents of
the IPR are written to the CPR so that execution resumes
at the point following the Subroutine Call. The Return Stack
is also popped at this time.
HS-RTX2010RH Software
The HS-RTX2010RH is designed around the same
architecture as the RTX 2000, and is a hardware
implementation of the Virtual Forth Engine. As such, it does
not require the additional assembly or machine language
software development typical of most real-time
microcontrollers.
The instruction set for the HS-RTX2010RH TForth compiler
combines multiple high level instructions into single machine
instructions without having to rely on either pipelines or
caches. This optimization yields an effective throughput
which is faster than the processor’s clock speed, while
avoiding the unpredictable execution behavior exhibited by
most RISC processors caused by pipeline flushes and cache
misses.
2010 Compilers
Intersil offers a complete ANSI C cross development
environment for the HS-RTX2010RH. The environment
provides a powerful, user-friendly set of software tools
HS-RTX2010RH
The HS-RTX2010RH TForth compiler from Intersil translates
Forth-83 source code to HS-RTX2010RH machine
instructions. This compiler also provides support for all of the
HS-RTX2010RH instructions specific to the processor’s
registers, peripherals, and ASIC Bus. See the tables in the
following sections for instruction set information.
designed to help the developers of embedded real-time
control systems get their designs to market quickly. The
environment includes the optimized ANSI C language
compiler, symbolic menu driven C language debugger, RTX
assembler, linker, profiler, and PROM programmer interface.
TABLE 6. INSTRUCTION SET SUMMARY
NOTATIONS
m-read
Read data (byte or word) from memory location addressed by contents of TOP Register into TOP Register.
m-write
Write contents (byte or word) of NEXT Register into memory location addressed by contents of TOP Register.
g-read
Read data from the ASIC address (address field ggggg of instruction) into TOP Register. A read of one of the onchip peripheral registers can be done with a g-read command.
g-write
Write contents of TOP Register to ASIC address (address field ggggg of instruction). A write to one of the on-chip
peripheral registers can be done with a g-write command.
u-read
Read contents (word only) of User Space location (address field uuuuu of instruction) into TOP Register.
u-write
Write contents (word only) of TOP Register into User Space location (address field uuuuu of instruction).
SWAP
Exchange contents of TOP and NEXT registers.
DUP
Copy contents of TOP Register to NEXT Register, pushing previous contents of NEXT onto Stack Memory.
OVER
Copy contents of NEXT Register to TOP Register, pushing original contents of TOP to NEXT Register and
original contents of NEXT Register to Stack Memory.
DROP
Pop Parameter Stack, discarding original contents of TOP Register, leaving the original contents of NEXT in TOP
and the original contents of the top Stack Memory location in NEXT .
inv
alu-op
shift
NOTE:
DEFINITION
Perform 1’s complement on contents of TOP Register, if i bit in instruction is 1.
Perform appropriate cccc or aaa ALU operation from Table 20 on contents of TOP and NEXT registers.
Perform appropriate shift operation (ssss field of instruction) from Table 21 on contents of TOP and/or NEXT
registers.
d
Push short literal d from ddddd field of instruction onto Parameter Stack (where ddddd contains the actual value of the
short literal). The original contents of TOP are pushed into NEXT , and the original contents of. NEXT are pushed
onto Stack Memory.
D
Push long literal D from next sequential location in program memory onto Parameter Stack. The original contents of
TOP are pushed into NEXT , and the original contents of NEXT are pushed onto Stack Memory.
R
Perform a Return From Subroutine if bit = 1.
All unused opcodes are reserved for future architectural enhancements.
TABLE 7. INSTRUCTION REGISTER BIT FIELDS (BY FUNCTION)
FUNCTION CODE
ggggg
Address field for ASIC Bus locations
uuuuu
Address field for User Space memyyory locations
cccc aaa
ddddd
ssss
29
DEFINITION
ALU functions (see Table 20)
Short literals (containing a value from 0 to 31)
Shift Functions (see Table 21)
HS-RTX2010RH
TABLE 8. HS-RTX2010RH I AND PC ACCESS OPERATIONS (Note)
RETURN
BIT
VALUE
ASIC
ADDRESS
ggggg
REGISTER
Read mode
0
00000
I
Pushes the contents of I into TOP (with no pop of the Return Stack)
Read mode
1
00000
I
Pushes the contents of I into TOP , then performs a Subroutine Return
Write mode
0
00000
I
Pops the contents of TOP into I (with no push of the Return Stack)
Write mode
1
00000
I
Performs a Subroutine Return, then pushes the contents of TOP into I
Read mode
0
00001
I
Pushes the contents of I into TOP , popping the Return Stack
Read mode
1
00001
I
Pushes the contents of I into TOP without popping the Return Stack, then
executes the Subroutine Return
Write mode
0
00001
I
Pushes the contents of TOP into I popping the Parameter Stack
Write mode
1
00001
I
Performs a Subroutine Return, then pushes the contents of TOP into I
Read mode
0
00010
I
Pushes the contents of I shifted left by one bit, into TOP (the Return Stack
is not popped)
Read mode
1
00010
I
Pushes the contents of I shifted left by one bit, into TOP (the Return Stack
is not popped), then performs a Subroutine Return
Write mode
0
00010
I
Pushes the contents of TOP into I as a “stream” count, indicating that the
next instruction is to be performed a specified number of times; the Parameter
Stack is popped
Write mode
1
00010
I
Performs a Subroutine Return, then pushes the stream count into I
Read mode
0
00111
PC
Pushes the contents of PC into TOP
Read mode
1
00111
PC
Pushes the contents of PC into TOP , then performs a Subroutine Return
Write mode
0
00111
PC
Performs a Subroutine Call to the address contained in TOP , popping the
Parameter Stack
Write mode
1
00111
PC
Pushes the contents of TOP onto the Return Stack before executing the
Subroutine Return
OPERATION
(g-read, g-write)
FUNCTION
NOTE: See the RTX Programmer’s Reference Manual for a complete listing of typical software functions.
TABLE 9. HS-RTX2010RH RESERVED I/O OPCODES
INSTRUCTION CODE
OPERATION
15 14 13 12
11 10 9 8
7 6 5 4
3 2 1 0
1 0 1 1
0 0 0 0
1 0 R 0
1 1 0 1
Select DPR
1 0 1 1
0 0 0 0
0 0 R 0
1 1 0 1
Select CPR
1 0 1 1
0 0 0 0
1 0 R 1
0 0 0 0
Set SOFTINT
1 0 1 1
0 0 0 0
0 0 R 1
0 0 0 0
Clear SOFTINT
TABLE 10. SUBROUTINE CALL INSTRUCTIONS
INSTRUCTION CODE
OPERATION
15 14 13 12
11 10 9 8
7 6 5 4
3 2 1 0
0 a a a
a a a a
a a a a
a a a a
Subroutine Call Bit
(Bit 15 = 0: Call,
Bit 15 = 1: No Call)
30
Call word address
aaaa aaaa aaaa aaa0, in the page
indicated by CPR . This address is
produced when the processor
performs a left shift on the address in
the instruction code.
HS-RTX2010RH
TABLE 11. SUBROUTINE RETURN
INSTRUCTION CODE
15 14 13 12
-
- - -
OPERATION
11 10 9 8
7 6 5 4
3210
- - - -
- - R -
- - - -
Return from subroutine
Subroutine Return Bit (Note)
(Bit 5, R = 0: No return R = 1: Return)
NOTE: Does not apply to Subroutine Call or Branch Instructions. A Subroutine Return can be combined with any other instruction
(as implied here by hyphens).
TABLE 12. BRANCH INSTRUCTIONS
INSTRUCTION CODE
OPERATION
15 14 13 12
11 10 9 8
7654
3210
1 0 0 0
0 b b a
aaaa
aaaa
DROP and branch if TOP = 0
1 0 0 0
1 b b a
aaaa
aaaa
Branch if TOP = 0
1 0 0 1
0 b b a
aaaa
aaaa
Unconditional branch
1 0 0 1
1 b b a
aaaa
aaaa
Branch and decrement I if I ≠ 0;
Pop I if I = 0
Branch Address
(Note)
NOTE:
See the Programmer’s Reference Manual for further information regarding the branch address field.
TABLE 13. REGISTER AND I/O ACCESS INSTRUCTIONS
INSTRUCTION CODE
OPERATION
15 14 13 12
11 10 9 8
7 6 5 4
3 2 1 0
1 0 1 1
0 0 0 i
0 0 R g
g g g g
g-read DROP
inv
1 0 1 1
1 1 1 i
0 0 R g
g g g g
g-read
inv
1 0 1 1
c c c c
0 0 R g
g g g g
g-read OVER
alu-op
1 0 1 1
0 0 0 i
1 0 R g
g g g g
DUP g-write
inv
1 0 1 1
1 1 1 i
1 0 R g
g g g g
g-write
inv
1 0 1 1
c c c c
1 0 R g
g g g g
g-read SWAP
alu-op
TABLE 14. SHORT LITERAL INSTRUCTIONS
INSTRUCTION CODE
OPERATION
15 14 13 12
11 10 9 8
7654
3210
1 0 1 1
0 0 0 i
01Rd
dddd
d DROP
inv
1 0 1 1
1 1 1 i
01Rd
dddd
d
inv
1 0 1 1
c c c c
01Rd
dddd
d OVER
alu-op
1 0 1 1
1 1 1 i
11Rd
dddd
d SWAP DROP
inv
1 0 1 1
c c c c
11Rd
dddd
d SWAP
alu-op
31
HS-RTX2010RH
TABLE 15. LONG LITERAL INSTRUCTIONS
INSTRUCTION CODE
OPERATION
(1ST CYCLE)
(2ND CYCLE)
15 14 13 12
11 10 9 8
7654
3210
1 1 0 1
0 0 0 i
00R0
0000
D SWAP
inv
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 i
00R0
0000
D SWAP
SWAP inv
1 1 0 1
c c c c
00R0
0000
D SWAP
SWAP OVER alu-op
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 i
10R0
0000
D SWAP
DROP inv
1 1 0 1
c c c c
10R0
0000
D SWAP
alu-op
TABLE 16. MEMORY ACCESS INSTRUCTIONS
INSTRUCTION CODE
OPERATION
(1ST CYCLE)
(2ND CYCLE)
15 14 13 12
11 10 9 8
7 6 54
3210
1 1 1 s
0 0 0 i
0 0 R0
0000
m-read SWAP
inv
1 1 1 s
1 1 1 i
00 R0
0000
m-read SWAP
SWAP inv
1 1 1 s
c c c c
00 R0
0000
m-read SWAP
SWAP OVER alu-op
1 1 1 s
0 0 0 p
01 R0
0000
(SWAP DROP) DUP
m-read SWAP
NOP
1 1 1 s
1 1 1 p
01 Rd
dddd
(SWAP DROP) m-read d
NOP
1 1 1 s
a a a p
01 Rd
dddd
(SWAP DROP) DUP m-read
SWAP d SWAP alu-op
NOP
1 1 1 s
0 0 0 i
10 R0
0000
OVER SWAP m-write
inv
1 1 1 s
1 1 1 i
10 R0
0000
OVER SWAP m-write
DROP inv
1 1 1 s
c c c c
10 R0
0000
m-read SWAP
alu-op
1 1 1 s
0 0 0 p
11 R0
0000
(OVER SWAP) SWAP
OVER m-write
NOP
1 1 1 s
1 1 1 p
11 Rd
dddd
(OVER SWAP) m-write d
NOP
1 1 1 s
a a a p
11 Rd
dddd
(OVER SWAP) SWAP OVER
m-write d SWAP alu-op
NOP
If (p = 0), perform either
(SWAP DROP) or (OVER SWAP)
If s = 0, Memory is accessed by word
If s = 1, Memory is accessed by byte
NOTE: SWAP d SWAP ≡ d ROT
32
HS-RTX2010RH
TABLE 17. USER SPACE INSTRUCTIONS
INSTRUCTION CODE
OPERATION
15 14 13 12
11 10 9 8
7654
3210
(1ST CYCLE)
(2ND CYCLE)
1 1 0 0
0 0 0 i
00Ru
uuuu
u-read SWAP
inv
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 i
00Ru
uuuu
u-read SWAP
SWAP inv
1 1 0 0
c c c c
00Ru
uuuu
u-read SWAP
SWAP OVER alu-op
1 1 0 0
0 0 0 i
10Ru
uuuu
DUP u-write
inv
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 i
10Ru
uuuu
DUP u-write
DROP inv
1 1 0 0
c c c c
10Ru
uuuu
u-read SWAP
alu-op
TABLE 18. ALU FUNCTION INSTRUCTIONS
INSTRUCTION CODE
OPERATION
15 14 13 12
11 10 9 8
7654
3210
1 0 1 0
0 0 0 i
00R0
ssss
inv shift
1 0 1 0
1 1 1 i
00R0
ssss
DROP DUP
inv shift
1 0 1 0
c c c c
00R0
ssss
OVER SWAP
alu-op shift
1 0 1 0
0 0 0 i
01R0
ssss
SWAP DROP
inv shift
1 0 1 0
1 1 1 i
01R0
ssss
DROP
inv shift
1 0 1 0
c c c c
01R0
ssss
1 0 1 0
0 0 0 i
10R0
ssss
SWAP DROP DUP
inv shift
1 0 1 0
1 1 1 i
10R0
ssss
SWAP
inv shift
1 0 1 0
c c c c
10R0
ssss
SWAP OVER
alu-op shift
1 0 1 0
0 0 0 i
11R0
ssss
DUP
inv shift
1 0 1 0
1 1 1 i
11R0
ssss
OVER
inv shift
1 0 1 0
c c c c
11R0
ssss
OVER OVER
alu-op shift
alu-op shift
TABLE 19. STEP MATH FUNCTIONS (NOTE 25)
INSTRUCTION CODE
OPERATION
15 14 13 12
11 10 9 8
7 6 5 4
3210
1 0 1 0
- - - -
- - - 1
- - - -
(See the Programmer’s Reference Manual)
NOTE:
25. These instructions perform multi-step math functions such as multiplication, division and square root functions. Use of either the Streamed
instruction mode or masking of interrupts is recommended to avoid erroneous results when performing Step Math operations.
Unsigned Division:
Load dividend into TOP and NEXT
Load divisor into MD
Execute single step form of D2 (Note 25) instruction 1 time
Execute opcode A41A 1 time
Execute opcode A45A 14 times
Execute opcode A458 1 time
The quotient is in NEXT , the remainder in TOP
33
Square Root Operations:
Load value into TOP and NEXT
Load 8000H into SR
Load 0 into MD
Execute single step form of D2 (Note 25) instruction 1 time
Execute opcode A51A 1 time
Execute opcode A55A 14 times
Execute opcode A558 1 time
The root is in NEXT , the remainder in TOP
HS-RTX2010RH
TABLE 20. ALU LOGIC FUNCTIONS/OPCODES
cccc
aaa
0010
001
FUNCTION
AND
0011
NOR
0100
010
SWAP-
0101
SWAP-c
0110
011
With Borrow
OR
0111
NAND
1000
100
+
1001
+c
1010
101
With Carry
XOR
1011
XNOR
1100
110
-
1101
-c
With Borrow
TABLE 21. SHIFT FUNCTIONS
SHIFT ssss
NEXT REGISTER
T15
Tn
T0
N15
Nn
N0
No Shift
CY
Z15
Zn
Z0
TN15
TNn
TN0
NAME
0000
TOP REGISTER
STATUS
OF C
FUNCTION
0001
0<
Sign Extend
CY
Z15
Z15
Z15
TN15
TNn
TN0
0010
2*
Arithmetic Left Shift
Z15
Z14
Zn-1
0
TN15
TNn
TN0
0011
2*c
Rotate Left
Z15
Z14
Zn-1
CY
TN15
TNn
TN0
0100
cU2/
Right Shift Out of Carry
0
CY
Zn+1
Z1
TN15
TNn
TN0
0101
c2/
Rotate Right Through Carry
Z0
CY
Zn+1
Z1
TN15
TNn
TN0
0110
U2/
Logical Right Shift
0
0
Zn+1
Z1
TN15
TNn
TN0
0111
2/
Arithmetic Right Shift
Z15
Z15
Zn+1
Z1
TN15
TNn
TN0
1000
N2*
Left Shift of NEXT
CY
Z15
Zn
Z0
TN14
TNn-1
0
1001
N2*c
Rotate NEXT Left
CY
Z15
Zn
Z0
TN14
TNn-1
CY
1010
D2*
32-Bit Left Shift
Z15
Z14
Zn-1
TN15
TN14
TNn-1
0
1011
D2*c
32-Bit Rotate Left
Z15
Z14
Zn-1
TN15
TN14
TNn-1
CY
1100
cUD2/
32-Bit Right Shift Out of Carry
0
CY
Zn+1
Z1
Z0
TNn+1
TN1
TN0
CY
Zn+1
Z1
Z0
TNn+1
TN1
0
0
Zn+1
Z1
Z0
TNn+1
TN1
Z15
Z15
Zn+1
Z1
Z0
TNn+1
TN1
1101 (Note) cD2/
32-Bit Rotate Right Through Carry
1110
UD2/
32-Bit Logical Right Shift
1111
D2/
32-Bit Right Shift
NOTE: See the Programmer’s Reference Manual.
Where: T15-Most significant bit of TOP
Tn-Typical bit of TOP
T0-Least significant bit of TOP
N15-Most significant bit of NEXT
Nn-Typical bit of NEXT
N0-Least significant bit of NEXT
34
C-Carry bit
CY-Carry bit before operation
Zn-ALU output
Z15-Most significant bit 15 of ALU output
TNn-Original value of typical bit of NEXT
HS-RTX2010RH
TABLE 22. MAC/BARREL SHIFTER/LZD INSTRUCTIONS
INSTRUCTION CODE
OPERATION
15 14 13 12
11 10 9 8
7654
321 0
1 0 1 1
0000
00R0
1000
Forth 0 =
1 0 1 1
0000
00R0
1001
Double Shift Right Arithmetic
1 0 1 1
0000
00R0
1010
Double Shift Right Logical
1 0 1 1
0000
00R0
1100
Clear MAC Accumulator
1 0 1 1
0000
00R0
1110
Double Shift Left Logical
1 0 1 1
0000
00R0
1111
Floating Point Normalize
1 0 1 1
0000
00R1
0001
Shift MAC Output Regs Right
1 0 1 1
0000
00R1
0010
Streamed MAC Between Stack and Memory
1 0 1 1
0000
10R1
0010
Streamed MAC Between ASIC Bus and Memory
1 0 1 1
0000
00R1
0011
Mixed Mode Multiply
1 0 1 1
0000
10R1
0110
Unsigned Multiply
1 0 1 1
0000
10R1
0111
Signed Multiply
1 0 1 1
0000
00R1
0100
Signed Multiply and Subtract from Accumulator
1 0 1 1
0000
00R1
0101
Mixed Mode Multiply Accumulate
1 0 1 1
0000
00R1
0110
Unsigned Multiply Accumulate
1 0 1 1
0000
00R1
0111
Signed Multiply Accumulate
1 0 1 1
1110
00R1
0010
Load MXR Register
1 0 1 1
1110
00R1
0110
Load MLR Register
1 0 1 1
1110
00R1
0111
Load MHR Register
1 0 1 1
1110
10R1
0010
Store MXR Register
1 0 1 1
1110
10R1
0110
Store MLR Register
1 0 1 1
1110
10R1
0111
Store MHR Register
35
HS-RTX2010RH
Die Characteristics
DIE DIMENSIONS:
Substrate:
364 mils x 371 mils x 21 mils ±1mil
TSOS5 CMOS,
Silicon on Sapphire
INTERFACE MATERIALS:
Backside Finish:
Glassivation:
Silicon
Type: SiO2
Thickness: 8kÅ ±1kÅ
ASSEMBLY RELATED INFORMATION:
Top Metallization:
Substrate Potential:
Type: Al/Si/Cu
Thickness: 7.5kÅ ±2kÅ
Unbiased (SOS)
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
Worst Case Current Density:
1.0 x 105 A/cm2
(75) MD09
(76) MD10
(78) MD12
(77) MD11
(79) MD13
(81) GND
(80) MD14
(83) GA00
(82) MD15
(84) GA01
(CQFP PIN 1) GA02
(3) INTA
(2) TCLK
(4) NMI
(5) INTSUP
(7) EI1
(6) VCC
(8) EI2
HS-RTX2010RH
(9) EI3
(10) EI4
(11) EI5
Metallization Mask Layout
(74) MD08
RESET (12)
WAIT (13)
(73) VCC
ICLK (14)
(72) MD07
GR/W (15)
(71) MD06
GIO (16)
(70) MD05
GD15 (17)
(69) GND
GD14 (18)
(68) MD04
GD13 (19)
(67) MD03
GND (20)
(66) MD02
GD12 (21)
(65) MD01
GD11 (22)
(64) MD00
MA16 (53)
MA15 (52)
VCC (50)
MA14 (51)
MA13 (49)
MA12 (48)
MA11 (47)
(54) MA17
MA10 (46)
(55) MA18
GND (32)
GND (44)
(56) MA19
GD03 (31)
MA09 (45)
GD04 (30)
MA08 (43)
(57) GND
MA07 (42)
GD05 (29)
MA06 (41)
(58) LDS
MA05 (40)
GD06 (28)
MA04 (39)
(59) UDS
MA03 (38)
(60) NEW
VCC (27)
MA02 (37)
(61) BOOT
GD07 (26)
GD00 (35)
GD08 (25)
MA01 (36)
(62) PCLK
GD01 (34)
(63) MR/W
GD09 (24)
GD02 (33)
GD10 (23)
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36