DT0039 Design tip Improving measuring accuracy and EFT immunity for STPM3x applications By S. Ranno Main components STPM32 STPM33 STPM34 ASSP for metering applications with up to four independent 24-bit 2nd order sigma-delta ADCs, 4 MHz OSF and 2 embedded PGLNA Purpose and benefits STPM3x devices have been designed for energy metering application. Their application boards usually works in harsh environments: they are connected to the AC electric energy distribution utility from one side and to the home appliances to the other side. For this reason they are subjected to huge electrical fast transient (EFT) spikes. In addition, due to the architecture of the measuring circuitry they have to measure very low amplitude signals with a very good accuracy in a continuous dynamic signal change. Therefore, good PCB rules have to be followed in order to guarantee measuring accuracy and to keep the application operation working in the presence of EFT disturbances. PCB tips help to keep a good measuring accuracy As a typical example of an application with the STPM3x devices, let’s consider the schematic of our evaluation boards: September 2014 DT0039 Rev 1 1/12 www.st.com Figure 1. Typical circuit diagram September 2014 DT0039 Rev 1 2/12 www.st.com It is possible to identify its main critical blocks: Figure 2. Circuit critical blocks Analog and Reference Regulated Outputs Voltage Inputs Current Inputs The highlighted blocks are: • The current measuring block: it includes the current sensors (shunts CTs, RoCoils) and the ADC anti-aliasing filters. The AC current consumed by the appliances is transduced into a voltage signal and applied to the STPM3x ADC current inputs. • The voltage measuring block: it includes the voltage divider resistors and the ADC antialiasing filtering capacitor. The voltage provided by the utility network is scaled down to a safe and lower voltage signal and applied to the STPM3x ADC voltage inputs. • The analog and reference regulated outputs block: the STPM3x internal analog section is supplied by a low-drop voltage regulator (VDDA), whose output needs an external filtering capacitor. The ADC references can be selected as internal or external, for each primary and secondary channel; in the case of external selected, the reference voltage September 2014 DT0039 Rev 1 3/12 www.st.com can be fed through the Vref1 and/or Vref2 input. In the case of internal selected, the Vref1 and/or Vref2 are outputs for external filtering capacitor(s). All these three blocks can be grouped into one single macro-block, called Analog Block. The rest of the schematic contains other functional blocks, like oscillator, communication interface, main supply voltage, etc…, that can be grouped into a Digital macro-block. Figure 3. Circuit Macro-blocks Digital Macro-Block Analog Macro-Block The most important actions to keep an overall good accuracy have to be applied to the analog macro block. They are: • To keep all the sensors and components as close as possible to the STPM3x analog measuring inputs, as well as the filtering capacitors to each regulated/reference pin. Maybe, the upper branch of each voltage divider (that consists of three or four resistors) requires more room due to high voltage constraints. In this case, to keep the lower resistors (R5 and R19 in the schematic) closer to the input pins is sufficient. September 2014 DT0039 Rev 1 4/12 www.st.com • To keep sufficient room between the analog and digital macro-blocks. Another optimal improvement is the separation of the board ground into two PCB ground planes. The first surrounds and lays down the components of the analog macro-block, the second does the same for the components of the digital macro-block. Both ground planes have to be joined together in the correspondence of the STPM3x exposed pad (each STPM3x chip is enclosed in a QFN package which has a large square pad which lays exactly down the chip and is electrically connected to the device ground pins). A good design tip could be to design the PCB layout following (as much as possible) the same placement of the components of the given schematic. The result is the creation of two “L” shaped regions and related gnd planes for the above macro-blocks. As an example, here below it is the PCB component placement for the STPM3x evaluation boards: September 2014 DT0039 Rev 1 5/12 www.st.com Figure 4. Macro-blocks in a STPM3x evaluation PCB Digital Macro-Block September 2014 DT0039 Rev 1 Analog Macro-Block 6/12 www.st.com And below there is the PCB ground planes that lay in the bottom layer: Figure 5. PCB ground planes STPM3X Exposed Pad Analog gnd plane Digital gnd plane The digital ground plane (on the left) get in contact with the analog ground plane just below the STPM3x, by means of its exposed pad. September 2014 DT0039 Rev 1 7/12 www.st.com PCB tips help to improve EFT immunity Due to the environment where energy meters operate, they often face with the problem of electrical fast transient (EFT) bursts. Such kind of disturbances, due to the high-frequency noise and high voltage amplitude can affect the normal operation and sometimes damage the electronic components. Energy meters must withstand EFT bursts without damage, loss of operation and/or loss of measurement accuracy. In order to comply with these restrictions, energy meters are submitted to standard EFT tests, like the IEC-61000-4-4 test. The characteristics of this test are: • Fast repetition of bursts of pulses • Max. energy is 4mJ/pulse at 2KV (50ohm impedance) • Pulse rise time is 5ns • Pulse duration is 50ns (50% amplitude) Here below, the amplitude vs time shape of a single pulse Figure 6. Typical IEC61000-4-4 EFT pulse shape The bursts are applied to the power lines with the energy meter connected to the energy utility and the current load. Therefore, the bursts enter the energy meter via the voltage and current sensing circuitry (the voltage divider and the current sensor, especially the shunt sensor which is a non-isolated transducer), but, the high-frequency content of each pulse allows them to couple to other parts of the application through stray capacitance; due to temporary voltage bounces, large differential signals can be generated by inductance of PCB tracks and signal ground. For the digital section of the application, which is September 2014 DT0039 Rev 1 8/12 www.st.com responsible for programming and data transferring, this can lead to an undesirable loss of operation because of data corruption. Like in the previous chapters, the actions that can be put in place against the EFT issue can be split into two separate groups for the analog and the digital blocks of the STPM3x applications: • Analog block: the easiest way is to reduce the bandwidth so that the high frequency content of the EFT can be arrested. The required bandwidth for the energy meters is quite low, it often does not exceed the 50th harmonics of the power line frequency (about 3KHz@60Hz line), then it can be limited without affecting the measurement performance. The anti-aliasing filters avoid the high-frequencies to reach the analog inputs. Further protection can be added by putting SMD ferrite beads in series to each analog input, but several EFT tests performed on STPM3x show ferrite beads are not necessary. The real improvement comes from an accurate PCB layout design that, basically, should follow the same rules and tips like for accuracy improvement: components very close to the inputs and separate analog ground plane surrounding all the sensitive components. • Digital block: since the EFT pulses can corrupt data information and can lead the Digital Signal Processing unit to an inoperative or unpredictable functional state, EFT tetst performed on STPM3x boards show that the communication port terminals must be protected by filtering high-frequency spikes. This has been implemented by adding R-C filters to those terminals. Those filters should be placed close to the STPM3x input pins, rather than the port connectors (UART or SPI headers). Also in this case, the separation of the digital and the analog blocks and the addition of a surrounding ground plane helps to prevent loss of operation, minimizing the crossconduction of high-frequency noise across stray ground loops. September 2014 DT0039 Rev 1 9/12 www.st.com Conclusions The PCB rules described above have been followed during the design of STPM3x demoboards. After the implementation of those rules, accuracy tests and EFT immunity tests show excellent results. Here below a typical accuracy chart: X-axis is the % of the nominal current; Y-axis is the error between measured and supplied energy. Green, Blue and Brown shapes are the limits of the reference standards for 0.5, 1 and 2 accuracy classes: Figure 7. Accuracy chart EFT tests, in accordance with the IEC61000-4-4 standard show a correct device operation during and after the EFT injection up to and above 4KV pulse amplitude. Support material Related design support material Product/ system Evaluation board – EVALSTPM32; EVALSTPM34; EVALSTPM35 http://www.st.com/st-webui/static/active/en/resource/technical/document/data_brief/DM00111800.pdf Development kit – Gerber files – EVALSTPM34_GERBER http://www.st.com/st-webui/static/active/en/resource/technical/layouts_and_diagrams/board_manufacturing_specification/E VAL-STPM34.zip PCB layout, bill of materials and schematics files – EVALSTPM33/34_SCHEMATICS http://www.st.com/st-webui/static/active/en/resource/technical/layouts_and_diagrams/schematic_pack/3334%20V2%20schematic.pdf EVALSTPM34_BOM http://www.st.com/st-webui/static/active/en/resource/technical/document/bill_of_materials/STPM34%20V2%20BOM.xls Documentation Datasheet STPM32, STPM33, STPM34 ASSP for metering applications with up to four independent 24-bit, 2nd order, sigma-delta ADCs, 4 MHz OSF and 2 embedded PGLNA September 2014 DT0039 Rev 1 10/12 www.st.com Related design support material User manual, UM1719: The STPM3x evaluation software; UM1748: EVALSTPM34, EVALSTPM33, EVALSTPM32 evaluation board Application note, AN4470: The STPM3x application calibration Revision history Date 15-Sep-2014 September 2014 Version 1 Changes Initial release DT0039 Rev 1 11/12 www.st.com IMPORTANT NOTICE – PLEASE READ CAREFULLY STMicroelectronics NV and its subsidiaries (“ST”) reserve the right to make changes, corrections, enhancements, modifications, and improvements to ST products and/or to this document at any time without notice. Purchasers should obtain the latest relevant information on ST products before placing orders. ST products are sold pursuant to ST’s terms and conditions of sale in place at the time of order acknowledgement. Purchasers are solely responsible for the choice, selection, and use of ST products and ST assumes no liability for application assistance or the design of Purchasers’ products. No license, express or implied, to any intellectual property right is granted by ST herein. Resale of ST products with provisions different from the information set forth herein shall void any warranty granted by ST for such product. ST and the ST logo are trademarks of ST. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Information in this document supersedes and replaces information previously supplied in any prior versions of this document. © 2014 STMicroelectronics – All rights reserved September 2014 DT0039 Rev 1 12/12 www.st.com