Linear Output Magnetic Field Sensor AD22151 FEATURES Adjustable Offset to Unipolar or Bipolar Operation Low Offset Drift over Temperature Range Gain Adjustable over Wide Range Low Gain Drift over Temperature Range Adjustable First Order Temperature Compensation Ratiometric to VCC FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM REF VCC/2 TEMP REF OUT AMP AD22151 APPLICATIONS Automotive Throttle Position Sensing Pedal Position Sensing Suspension Position Sensing Valve Position Sensing Industrial Absolute Position Sensing Proximity Sensing ISOURCE SWITCHES DEMOD VCC GENERAL DESCRIPTION NC The AD22151 is a linear magnetic field transducer. The sensor output is a voltage proportional to a magnetic field applied perpendicularly to the package top surface. R1 R2 The sensor combines integrated bulk Hall cell technology and instrumentation circuitry to minimize temperature related drifts associated with silicon Hall cell characteristics. The architecture maximizes the advantages of a monolithic implementation while allowing sufficient versatility to meet varied application requirements with a minimum number of components. Principal features include dynamic offset drift cancellation and a built-in temperature sensor. Designed for single 5 V supply operation, the AD22151 achieves low drift offset and gain operation over –40∞C to +150∞C. Temperature compensation can accommodate a number of magnetic materials commonly utilized in economic position sensor assemblies. 0.1F R3 OUTPUT NC = NO CONNECT GND AD22151 Figure 1. Typical Bipolar Configuration with Low (< –500 ppm) Compensation VCC R1 The transducer can be configured for specific signal gains to meet various application requirements. Output voltage can be adjusted from fully bipolar (reversible) field operation to fully unipolar field sensing. R4 NC R2 0.1F The voltage output achieves near rail-to-rail dynamic range, capable of supplying 1 mA into large capacitive loads. The signal is ratiometric to the positive supply rail in all configurations. R3 OUTPUT GND REV. A Information furnished by Analog Devices is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Analog Devices for its use, nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties that may result from its use. No license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Analog Devices. Trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective companies. NC = NO CONNECT AD22151 Figure 2. Typical Unipolar Configuration with High (⬇ –2000 ppm) Compensation One Technology Way, P.O. Box 9106, Norwood, MA 02062-9106, U.S.A. Tel: 781/329-4700 www.analog.com Fax: 781/326-8703 © 2003 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved. AD22151–SPECIFICATIONS (T = 25ⴗC and V+ = 5 V, unless otherwise noted.) A Parameter Min Typ Max Unit OPERATION VCC Operating ICC Operating 4.5 5.0 6.0 6.0 10 V mA INPUT TC3 (Pin 3) Sensitivity/Volt VCC ± 0.5 2 Input Range1 OUTPUT2 Sensitivity (External Adjustment, Gain = +1) Linear Output Range Output Min Output Max (Clamp) Drive Capability V 0.4 10 mV/G % of VCC % of VCC % of VCC mA 90 5.0 93 1.0 VCC 2 Offset @ 0 Gauss Offset Adjust Range Output Short Circuit Current mV/G/V 160 V 5.0 95 ACCURACIES Nonlinearity (10% to 90% Range) Gain Error (Over Temperature Range) Offset Error (Over Temperature Range) Uncompensated Gain TC (GTCU) 5.0 % of VCC mA 0.1 ±1 ± 6.0 950 % FS % G ppm RATIOMETRICITY ERROR 1.0 %V/VCC 3 dB ROLL-OFF (5 mV/G) 5.7 kHz OUTPUT NOISE FIGURE (6 kHz BW) 2.4 mV/rms PACKAGE 8-Lead SOIC OPERATING TEMPERATURE RANGE –40 +150 ∞C NOTES 1 –40∞C to +150∞C. 2 RL = 4.7 kW. Specifications subject to change without notice. ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS* ORDERING GUIDE Supply Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 V Package Power Dissipation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 mW Storage Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –50∞C to +160∞C Output Sink Current, IO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 mA Magnetic Flux Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unlimited Lead Temperature (Soldering 10 sec) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300∞C Model Temperature Range Package Package Description Option AD22151YR –40∞C to +150∞C 8-Lead SOIC R-8 AD22151YR-REEL –40∞C to +150∞C 8-Lead SOIC R-8 *Stresses above those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress rating only; functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions above those indicated in the operational sections of this specification is not implied. Exposure to the absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability. CAUTION ESD (electrostatic discharge) sensitive device. Electrostatic charges as high as 4000 V readily accumulate on the human body and test equipment and can discharge without detection. Although the AD22151 features proprietary ESD protection circuitry, permanent damage may occur on devices subjected to high energy electrostatic discharges. Therefore, proper ESD precautions are recommended to avoid performance degradation or loss of functionality. –2– REV. A AD22151 PIN CONFIGURATION TC1 1 PIN FUNCTION DESCRIPTIONS Pin No. Description Connection 1 Temperature Compensation 1 Output 2 Temperature Compensation 2 Output 3 Temperature Compensation 3 Input/Output 4 Ground 5 Output Output 6 Gain Input 6 7 Reference Output 5 8 Positive Power Supply 8 VCC AD22151 7 REF TOP VIEW 3 TC3 (Not to Scale) 6 GAIN TC2 2 GND 4 5 OUTPUT AREA OF SENSITIVITY* 1 8 2 7 3 4 (Not to Scale) *SHADED AREA REPRESENTS MAGNETIC FIELD AREA OF SENSITIVITY (20MILS ⴛ 20MILS) POSITIVE B FIELD INTO TOP OF PACKAGE RESULTS IN A POSITIVE VOLTAGE RESPONSE “valleys” of the silicon crystal. Mechanical force on the sensor is attributable to package-induced stress. The package material acts to distort the encapsulated silicon, altering the Hall cell gain by ± 2% and GTCU by ± 200 ppm. CIRCUIT OPERATION The AD22151 consists of epi Hall plate structures located at the center of the die. The Hall plates are orthogonally sampled by commutation switches via a differential amplifier. The two amplified Hall signals are synchronously demodulated to provide a resultant offset cancellation (see Figure 3). The demodulated signal passes through a noninverting amplifier to provide final gain and drive capability. The frequency at which the output signal is refreshed is 50 kHz. Figure 4 shows the typical GTCU characteristic of the AD22151. This is the observable alteration of gain with respect to temperature with Pin 3 (TC3) held at a constant 2.5 V (uncompensated). If a permanent magnet source used in conjunction with the sensor also displays an intrinsic TC (BTC), it will require factoring into the total temperature compensation of the sensor assembly. 0.005 Figures 5 and 6 represent typical overall temperature/gain performance for a sensor and field combination (BTC = –200 ppm). Figure 5 is the total drift in volts over a –40∞C to +150∞C temperature range with respect to applied field. Figure 6 represents typical percentage gain variation from 25∞C. Figures 7 and 8 show similar data for a BTC = –2000 ppm. 0.004 0.003 OFFSET – V 0.002 0.001 0 14 –0.001 12 –0.002 10 –0.003 8 120 100 80 60 40 20 TEMPERATURE – ⴗC 0 –20 % GAIN –0.004 140 –40 Figure 3. Relative Quiescent Offset vs. Temperature 4 2 0 TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCIES –2 The uncompensated gain temperature coefficient (GTCU) of the AD22151 is the result of fundamental physical properties associated with silicon bulk Hall plate structures. Low doped Hall plates operated in current bias mode exhibit a temperature relationship determined by the action of scattering mechanisms and doping concentration. –4 –6 –40 10 60 TEMPERATURE – ⴗC 110 160 Figure 4. Uncompensated Gain Variation (from 25 ∞C) vs. Temperature The relative value of sensitivity to magnetic field can be altered by the application of mechanical force upon silicon. The mechanism is principally the redistribution of electrons throughout the REV. A 6 –3– AD22151 0.025 2.0 1.8 1.6 0.020 1.2 0.015 % GAIN DELTA SIGNAL – V 1.4 0.010 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.005 0.2 0 0 –600 –400 –200 0 200 FIELD – Gauss 400 –0.2 –40 600 Figure 5. Signal Drift over Temperature (–40 ∞C to +150 ∞C) vs. Field (–200 ppm); 5 V Supply 110 160 TEMPERATURE COMPENSATION The AD22151 incorporates a “thermistor” transducer that detects relative chip temperature within the package. This function provides a compensation mechanism for the various temperature dependencies of the Hall cell and magnet combinations. The temperature information is accessible at Pins 1 and 2 (⬇ +2900 ppm/∞C) and Pin 3 (⬇ –2900 ppm/∞C), as represented by Figure 9. The compensation voltages are trimmed to converge at VCC/2 at 25∞C. Pin 3 is internally connected to the negative TC voltage via an internal resistor (see the Functional Block Diagram). An external resistor connected between Pin 3 and Pins 1 or 2 will produce a potential division of the two complementary TC voltages to provide optimal compensation. The Pin 3 internal resistor provides a secondary TC designed to reduce second order Hall cell temperature sensitivity. 0.20 0.15 % GAIN 60 TEMPERATURE – ⴗC Figure 8. Gain Variation (from 25 ∞C) vs. Temperature (–2000 ppm Field; R1 = 12 kW) 0.25 0.10 0.05 0 –0.05 –40 10 60 TEMPERATURE – ⴗC 110 160 Figure 6. Gain Variation from 25 ∞C vs. Temperature (–200 ppm) Field; R1 –15 kW 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.040 0.4 VOLTS – Reference 0.045 0.035 DELTA SIGNAL – V 10 0.030 0.025 TC1, TC2 VOLTS 0.2 0 –0.2 –0.4 TC3 VOLTS 0.020 –0.6 0.015 –0.8 0.010 –1.0 150 0.005 0 –800 –600 –400 –200 0 200 FIELD – Gauss 400 600 112 74 36 TEMPERATURE – ⴗC –2 –40 Figure 9. TC1, TC2, and TC3 with Respect to Reference vs. Temperature 800 Figure 7. Signal Drift over Temperature (–40 ∞C to +150 ∞C) vs. Field (–2000 ppm); 5 V Supply The voltages present at Pins 1, 2, and 3 are proportional to the supply voltage. The presence of the Pin 2 internal resistor distinguishes the effective compensation ranges of Pins 1 and 2. (See temperature configuration in Figures 1 and 2, and typical resistor values in Figures 10 and 11.) Variation occurs in the operation of the gain temperature compensation for two reasons. First, the die temperature within the package is somewhat higher than the ambient temperature due –4– REV. A AD22151 to self-heating as a function of power dissipation. Second, package stress effect alters the specific operating parameters of the gain compensation, particularly the specific crossover temperature of TC1, TC3 ( ⬇ ± 10∞C). 800 600 400 DRIFT – ppm CONFIGURATION AND COMPONENT SELECTION There are three areas of sensor operation that require external component selection: temperature compensation (R1), signal gain (R2 and R3), and offset (R4). 200 0 Temperature –200 If the internal gain compensation is used, an external resistor is required to complete the gain TC circuit at Pin 3. A number of factors contribute to the value of this resistor: –400 –600 a. The intrinsic Hall cell sensitivity TC ⬇ 950 ppm. b. Package induced stress variation in a. ⬇ ± 150 ppm. c. Specific field TC ⬇ –200 ppm (Alnico), –2000 ppm (Ferrite), 0 ppm (electromagnet), and so on. d. R1, TC. 0 10 15 20 25 30 R1 – k⍀ 35 40 45 GAIN AND OFFSET The operation of the AD22151 can be bipolar (i.e., 0 Gauss = VCC/2), or a ratiometric offset can be implemented to position Zero Gauss point at some other potential (i.e., 0.25 V). The gain of the sensor can be set by the appropriate R2 and R3 resistor values (see Figure 1) such that: Pin 2 uses an internal resistive TC to optimize smaller field coefficients such as Alnico down to 0 ppm coefficients when only the sensor gain TC itself is dominant. Because the TC of R1 itself will also affect the compensation, a low TC resistor (± 50 ppm) is recommended. Gain = 1 + R3 ¥ 0.4 mV / G R2 (1) However, if an offset is required to position the quiescent output at some other voltage, the gain relationship is modified to: Figures 10 and 11 indicate R1 resistor values and their associated effectiveness for Pins 1 and 2, respectively. Note that the indicated drift response in both cases incorporates the intrinsic Hall sensitivity TC (BTCU). Gain = 1 + For example, the AD22151 sensor is to be used in conjunction with an Alnico material permanent magnet. The TC of such magnets is ⬇ –200 ppm (see Figures 5 and 6). Figure 11 indicates that a compensating drift of 200 ppm at Pin 3 requires a nominal value of R1 = 18 kW (assuming negligible drift of R1 itself). R3 (R 2 R 4 ) ¥ 0.4 mV / G (2) The offset that R4 introduces is: Offset = 1 + R3 ¥ (V – V ) R 2 ( + R4) CC OUT (3) For example, at VCC = 5 V at room temperature, the internal gain of the sensor is approximately 0.4 mV/Gauss. If a sensitivity of 6 mV/Gauss is required with a quiescent output voltage of 1 V, the calculations below apply (see Figure 2). 3500 3000 A value would be selected for R3 that complied with the various considerations of current and power dissipation, trim ranges (if applicable), and so on. For the purpose of example, assume a value of 85 kW. 2500 2000 1500 To achieve a quiescent offset of 1 V requires a value for R4 as: Ê VCC ˆ Á ˜ –1 Ë 2 ¯ = 0.375 VCC 1000 500 0 0 5 10 15 R1 – k⍀ 20 25 (4) Thus: 30 Ê 85 kW ˆ R4 = Á ˜ – 85 kW = 141.666 kW Ë 0.375 ¯ Figure 10. Drift Compensation (Pins 1 and 3) vs. Typical Resistor Value R1 The gain required would be 6/0.4 (mV/Gauss) = 15. REV. A 50 Figure 11. Drift Compensation (Pins 2 and 3) vs. Typical Resistor Value R1 The final value of target compensation also dictates the use of either Pin 1 or Pin 2. Pin 1 is provided to allow for large negative field TC devices such as ferrite magnets; thus, R1 would be connected to Pins 1 and 3. DRIFT – ppm 5 –5– (5) AD22151 Knowing the values of R3 and R4 and noting Equation 2, the parallel combination of R2 and R4 required is: 7 6 85 kΩ = 6.071 kΩ (15 – 1) 3dB FREQUENCY (kHz) FREQUENCY – kHz 5 Thus: 1 = 6.342 kΩ R2 = 1 1 6.071 kΩ – 141.666 kΩ 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 NOISE The principal noise component in the sensor is thermal noise from the Hall cell. Clock feedthrough into the output signal is largely suppressed with application of a supply bypass capacitor. 4 3 GAIN – mV/Gauss 5 Figure 13. Small Signal Gain Bandwidth vs. Gain TEK STOP: 25.0 kS/s [ 3ACQS T [ Figure 12 shows the power spectral density (PSD) of the output signal for a gain of 5 mV/Gauss. The effective bandwidth of the sensor is approximately 5.7 kHz, as shown in Figure 13. The PSD indicates an rms noise voltage of 2.8 mV within the 3 dB bandwidth of the sensor. A wideband measurement of 250 MHz indicates 3.2 mV rms (see Figure 14a). CH2 p-p 19.2mV In many position sensing applications, bandwidth requirements can be as low as 100 Hz. Passing the output signal through a 100 Hz LP filter, for example, would reduce the rms noise voltage to ⬇1 mV. A dominant pole may be introduced into the output amplifier response by connection of a capacitor across feedback resistor R3 as a simple means of reducing noise at the expense of bandwidth. Figure 14b indicates the output signal of a 5 mV/G sensor bandwidth limited to 180 Hz with a 0.01 µF feedback capacitor. CH2 10.0mV BW M2.00ms Figure 14a. Peak-to-Peak Full Bandwidth (10 mV/Division) Note: Measurements were taken with a 0.1 µF decoupling capacitor between VCC and GND at 25°C. B MARKER ⴛ 64Hz 6 TEK STOP: 25.0 kS/s [ 7ACQS T Y: 3.351H [ CH2 p-p 4.4mV 100H LOGMAG 5 dB/div CH2 10.0mV BW M2.00ms Figure 14b. Peak-to-Peak 180 Hz Bandwidth (10 mV/Division) 1H START: 64Hz NOISE: PSD (8mV/GAUSS) STOP: 25.6kHz RMS: 64 Figure 12. Power Spectral Density (5 mV/G) –6– REV. A AD22151 2.496 0.06 0.05 2.494 0.04 0.03 2.492 VOLTS % ERROR 0.02 0.01 0 –0.01 2.490 GAIN = 3.78mV/G 2.488 –0.02 –0.03 2.486 –0.04 –0.05 –600 –400 –200 0 200 FIELD – Gauss 400 2.484 140 600 120 100 80 60 40 20 TEMPERATURE – ⴗC OUTLINE DIMENSIONS 8-Lead Standard Small Outline Package [SOIC] Narrow Body (R-8) Dimensions shown in millimeters and (inches) 5.00 (0.1968) 4.80 (0.1890) 8 5 1 4 1.27 (0.0500) BSC 0.25 (0.0098) 0.10 (0.0040) COPLANARITY SEATING 0.10 PLANE 6.20 (0.2440) 5.80 (0.2284) 1.75 (0.0688) 1.35 (0.0532) 0.51 (0.0201) 0.33 (0.0130) 0.50 (0.0196) ⴛ 45ⴗ 0.25 (0.0099) 8ⴗ 0.25 (0.0098) 0ⴗ 1.27 (0.0500) 0.41 (0.0160) 0.19 (0.0075) COMPLIANT TO JEDEC STANDARDS MS-012AA CONTROLLING DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS; INCH DIMENSIONS (IN PARENTHESES) ARE ROUNDED-OFF MILLIMETER EQUIVALENTS FOR REFERENCE ONLY AND ARE NOT APPROPRIATE FOR USE IN DESIGN REV. A –20 –40 Figure 16. Absolute Offset Volts vs. Temperature Figure 15. Integral Nonlinearity vs. Field 4.00 (0.1574) 3.80 (0.1497) 0 –7– AD22151 Revision History Location Page 2/03—Data Sheet changed from REV. 0 to REV. A. PRINTED IN U.S.A. Updated OUTLINE DIMENSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 C00675–0–2/03(A) Change to ORDERING GUIDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 –8– REV. A