19-1746; Rev 1; 2/01 Mono/Stereo 2W Switch-Mode (Class-D) Audio Power Amplifiers Features ♦ +2.7V to +5.5V Single-Supply Operation ♦ 2W/Channel Output Power at 5V 0.7W/Channel Output Power at 3V ♦ 87% Efficiency (RL = 4Ω, PO = 2W, MAX4295) ♦ 0.4% THD+N (RL = 4Ω, fOSC = 125kHz) ♦ Logic-Programmable PWM Frequency Selection (125kHz, 250kHz, 500kHz, 1MHz) ♦ Low-Power Shutdown Mode ♦ Clickless Transitions Into and Out of Shutdown ♦ 1A Current Limit and Thermal Protection ♦ Available in Space-Saving Packages 16-Pin QSOP (MAX4295) 24-Pin SSOP (MAX4297) Ordering Information PART Applications Palmtop/Notebook Computers Boom Boxes AC Amplifiers Battery-Powered Speakers PDA Audio Sound Cards TEMP. RANGE PIN-PACKAGE MAX4295EEE -40°C to +85°C 16 QSOP MAX4295ESE -40°C to +85°C 16 Narrow SO MAX4297EAG -40°C to +85°C 24 SSOP MAX4297EWG -40°C to +85°C 24 Wide SO Pin Configurations appear at end of data sheet. Cordless Phones Portable Equipment Game Cards Typical Operating Circuit VCC RF RIN 2 INPUTL RF CIN INPUTR RIN VCC 1 VCC VPVCC AOUTL OUT+L INL 5 L1A C1A MAX4297 12 11 22 VCC + 4, 9, 16, 21 3 CIN VPVCC 14 15 AOUTR OUT-L 20 L1B C1B INR OUT+R SHDN 8 C2A FS1 17 OUT-R 13 VCM* FS2 L2A SS 24 CSS AGND 10 L2B C2B PGND 6, 7, 18, 19 *DO NOT CONNECT. ________________________________________________________________ Maxim Integrated Products For pricing, delivery, and ordering information, please contact Maxim/Dallas Direct! at 1-888-629-4642, or visit Maxim’s website at www.maxim-ic.com. 1 MAX4295/MAX4297 General Description The MAX4295/MAX4297 mono/stereo, switch-mode (Class-D) audio power amplifiers operate from a single +2.7V to +5.5V supply. They have >85% efficiency and are capable of delivering 2W continuous power to a 4Ω load, making them ideal for portable multimedia and general-purpose high-power audio applications. The MAX4295/MAX4297 feature a total harmonic distortion plus noise (THD+N) of 0.4% (fOSC = 125kHz), low quiescent current of 2.8mA (MAX4295) or 4.6mA (MAX4297), high efficiency, and clickless power-up and shutdown. The SHDN input disables the device and limits supply current to <1.5µA (MAX4295) or <2.3µA (MAX4297). Other features include a 1A current limit, thermal protection, and under-voltage lockout. The MAX4295 (mono) and MAX4297 (stereo) reduce the number of required external components. Both devices have internal high-speed power-MOS transistors, allowing operation as bridge-tied load (BTL) amplifiers. The BTL configuration eliminates the need for isolation capacitors on the output. The frequency-selectable pulse-width modulator (PWM) allows the user to optimize the size and cost of the output filter. The MAX4295 is offered in a space-saving 16-pin QSOP package, and the MAX4297 is offered in a compact 24-pin SSOP package. MAX4295/MAX4297 Mono/Stereo 2W Switch-Mode (Class-D) Audio Power Amplifiers ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS VCC, PVCC to GND or PGND....................................-0.3V to +6V PGND to GND.....................................................................±0.3V PVCC to VCC .......................................................................±0.3V VCM, SS, AOUT_, IN_ ................................-0.3V to (VCC + 0.3V) SHDN, FS1, FS2 .......................................................-0.3V to +6V OUT_ _ .....................................................-0.3V to (PVCC + 0.3V) Op Amp Output Short-Circuit Duration (AOUT_) .......Indefinite Short Circuit to Either Supply H-Bridge Short-Circuit Duration (OUT_ _) .............Continuous Short Circuit to PGND, PVCC or between OUT+_ & OUT-_ Continuous Power Dissipation (TA = +70°C) 16-Pin QSOP (derate 8.30mW/°C above +70°C)........667mW 24-Pin SSOP (derate 9.50mW/°C above +70°C) ........762mW 16-Pin Narrow SO (derate 9.52mW/°C above +70°C) ..........................696mW 24-Pin Wide SO (derate 11.76mW/°C above +70°C) ........................941mW Operating Temperature Range MAX4295E__/MAX4297E__ ............................-40°C to +85°C Junction Temperature ......................................................+150°C Storage Temperature Range .............................-65°C to +150°C Lead Temperature (soldering, 10s) .................................+300°C Stresses beyond those listed under “Absolute Maximum Ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only, and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated in the operational sections of the specifications is not implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability. ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (VCC = PVCC = +5V, SHDN = VCC, FS1 = GND, FS2 = VCC (fOSC = 250kHz), input amplifier gain = -1V/V, TA = TMIN to TMAX, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are TA = +25°C.) (Note 1) PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS 5.5 V GENERAL Supply Voltage Range (Note 2) Quiescent Supply Current Output load not connected Shutdown Supply Current SHDN = GND 2.7 MAX4295 2.8 4 MAX4297 4.6 8 MAX4295 1.5 8 MAX4297 2.5 15 0.285 × VCC 0.3 × VCC 0.315 × VCC FS1 = GND, FS2 = GND 105 125 145 FS1 = GND, FS2 = VCC 210 250 290 FS1 = VCC, FS2 = GND 420 500 580 FS1 = VCC, FS2 = VCC 840 1000 1160 ±1 ±3 Voltage at VCM Pin PWM Frequency PWM Frequency Change with VCC Duty Cycle Duty Cycle Change with VCC VCC = 2.7V to 5.5V VIN = 0.06 × VCC 10.2 12 13.8 VIN = 0.30 × VCC 49.2 50 50.8 VIN = 0.54 × VCC 86.2 88 89.8 VIN = 0.3 × VCC, VCC = 2.7V to 5.5V Switch On-Resistance (each power device) IOUT = 150mA H-Bridge Output Leakage SHDN = GND ±0.02 ±0.15 VCC = 5V 0.25 0.5 VCC = 2.7V 0.35 1.0 0 ±5 H-Bridge Current Limit Soft-Start Capacitor Charging Current Undervoltage Lockout Thermal Shutdown Trip Point 2 1 VSS = 0 0.75 1.8 1.95 2.2 2.6 _______________________________________________________________________________________ µA V kHz kHz/V % %/V Ω µA A 1.35 145 mA µA V °C Mono/Stereo 2W Switch-Mode (Class-D) Audio Power Amplifiers (VCC = PVCC = +5V, SHDN = VCC, FS1 = GND, FS2 = VCC (fOSC = 250kHz), input amplifier gain = -1V/V, TA = TMIN to TMAX, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are TA = +25°C.) PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX 0 to 0.6 x VCC Input Voltage Range VCC = +3V, fIN = 1kHz Maximum Output Power VCC = +5V, fIN = 1kHz RL = 8Ω 0.4 RL = 4Ω 0.7 RL = 8Ω 1.2 RL = 4Ω UNITS V W 2 THD Plus Noise RL = 4Ω, fIN = 1kHz, PO = 1W, fOSC = 125kHz 0.4 % Efficiency MAX4295, RL = 4Ω, fIN = 1kHz, PO = 2W 87 % Channel Isolation MAX4297, fIN = 1kHz, PO = 2W 45 dB LOGIC INPUTS (SHDN, FS1, FS2) Logic Input Current VLOGIC = 0 to VCC 1 100 0.7 × VCC Logic Input High Voltage nA V Logic Input Low Voltage 0.3 × VCC V ±4 mV INPUT AMPLIFIER ±0.5 Input Offset Voltage ±5 VOS Temp Coefficient Input Bias Current (Note 3) Input Noise Voltage Density f = 10kHz ±0.05 µV/°C ±25 nA 32 nV/√Hz Input Capacitance 2.5 pF Output Resistance 0.01 Ω AOUT Disabled Mode Leakage Current Short-Circuit Current SHDN = GND, VAOUT = 0 to VCC ±0.1 AOUT to GND 8 AOUT to VCC 65 Large-Signal Voltage Gain VOUT = 0.2V to 4.6V, RL(OPAMP) = 10kΩ AOUT Voltage Swing VDIFF ≥ 10mV, RL(OPAMP) = 10kΩ 78 VCC = +2.7V to +5.5V Maximum Capacitive Load No sustained oscillations 115 dB 40 250 VOL 40 100 66 µA mA VCC - VOH Gain Bandwidth Product Power-Supply Rejection ±1 mV 1.25 MHz 90 dB 200 pF Note 1: All devices are 100% production tested at TA = 25°C. All temperature limits are guaranteed by design. Note 2: Supply Voltage Range guaranteed by PSRR of input amplifier, frequency, duty cycle, and H-bridge on-resistance. Note 3: Guaranteed by design, not production tested. _______________________________________________________________________________________ 3 MAX4295/MAX4297 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued) Typical Operating Characteristics (VCC = PVCC = +3V, input amplifier gain = -1, SHDN = VCC , TA = +25°C, unless otherwise noted.) VCC = +5V RL = 8Ω 1MHz 125kHz 1MHz 10 1MHz 1 0.1 500kHz 0.1 250kHz 500kHz 10 1k 10 100k 1k 10 100k 1k 100k INPUT FREQUENCY (Hz) INPUT FREQUENCY (Hz) MAX4295 TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION PLUS NOISE vs. OUTPUT POWER (fIN = 1kHz) MAX4295 TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION PLUS NOISE vs. OUTPUT POWER (fIN = 1kHz) MAX4295 TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION PLUS NOISE vs. OUTPUT POWER (fIN = 1kHz) 1MHz 10 100 MAX4295/7-05 100 MAX4295/7-04 VCC = +5V RL = 4Ω VCC = +5V RL = 8Ω 250kHz 1 125kHz VCC = +5V RL = 32Ω 500kHz 10 125kHz 1MHz THD + N (%) THD + N (%) 10 MAX4295/7-06 INPUT FREQUENCY (Hz) 100 THD + N (%) 250kHz 0.01 0.01 0.01 125kHz THD + N (%) THD + N (%) THD + N (%) 250kHz 500kHz 0.1 VCC = +5V RL = 32Ω 125kHz 1 1 MAX4295/7-03 VCC = +5V RL = 4Ω MAX4295/7-02 10 MAX4295/7-01 10 MAX4295 TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION PLUS NOISE vs. INPUT FREQUENCY (VIN = 2.5Vp-p) MAX4295 TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION PLUS NOISE vs. INPUT FREQUENCY (VIN = 2.5Vp-p) MAX4295 TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION PLUS NOISE vs. INPUT FREQUENCY (VIN = 2.5Vp-p) 1 1MHz 1 250kHz 500kHz 0.1 0.1 0.1 500kHz 250kHz 125kHz 0.10 0.10 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 0.10 0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 OUTPUT POWER (W) OUTPUT POWER (W) MAX4295 TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION PLUS NOISE vs. OUTPUT POWER (fIN = 20kHz) MAX4295 TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION PLUS NOISE vs. OUTPUT POWER (fIN = 20kHz) MAX4295 TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION PLUS NOISE vs. OUTPUT POWER (fIN = 20kHz) VCC = +5V RL = 8Ω 100 MAX4295/7-08 10 MAX4295/7-07 VCC = +5V RL = 4Ω 1MHz 10 MAX4295/7-09 OUTPUT POWER (W) 100 VCC = +5V RL = 32Ω 10 1MHz 1MHz 125kHz 1 250kHz THD + N (%) THD + N (%) 1 THD + N (%) MAX4295/MAX4297 Mono/Stereo 2W Switch-Mode (Class-D) Audio Power Amplifiers 125kHz 1 125kHz 0.1 0.1 250kHz 0.1 250kHz 500kHz 500kHz 500kHz 0.10 0.5 1.0 1.5 OUTPUT POWER (W) 4 0.10 0.01 0 2.0 2.5 0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 OUTPUT POWER (W) 1.5 1.8 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 OUTPUT POWER (W) _______________________________________________________________________________________ 0.4 0.5 Mono/Stereo 2W Switch-Mode (Class-D) Audio Power Amplifiers MAX4295 TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION PLUS NOISE vs. INPUT FREQUENCY (VIN = 1.5Vp-p) 125kHz 1MHz 10 VCC = +3V RL = 8Ω 1MHz 10 1MHz 1 THD + N (%) 500kHz 0.1 250kHz 0.1 250kHz 10 1k 0.01 10 100k 500kHz 250kHz 0.01 0.01 125kHz 1 THD + N (%) THD + N (%) 500kHz 0.1 VCC = +3V RL = 32Ω 125kHz 1 MAX4295/7-12 VCC = +3V RL = 4Ω MAX4295/7-10 10 MAX4295 TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION PLUS NOISE vs. INPUT FREQUENCY (VIN = 1.5Vp-p) MAX4295/7-11 MAX4295 TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION PLUS NOISE vs. INPUT FREQUENCY (VIN = 1.5Vp-p) 1k 100k 10 1k 100k INPUT FREQUENCY (Hz) INPUT FREQUENCY (Hz) MAX4295 TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION PLUS NOISE vs. OUTPUT POWER (fIN = 1kHz) MAX4295 TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION PLUS NOISE vs. OUTPUT POWER (fIN = 1kHz) MAX4295 TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION PLUS NOISE vs. OUTPUT POWER (fIN = 1kHz) VCC = +3V RL = 4Ω VCC = +3V RL = 8Ω 1MHz 10 10 500kHz THD + N (%) 500kHz THD + N (%) 250kHz VCC = +3V RL = 32Ω 1MHz 10 1MHz THD + N (%) 100 MAX4295/7-14 100 MAX4295/7-13 100 MAX4295/7-15 INPUT FREQUENCY (Hz) 1 125kHz 500kHz 1 1 125kHz 0.1 0.1 250kHz 250kHz 125kHz 0.10 0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.10 0 0.8 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0 0.05 0.15 0.20 OUTPUT POWER (W) MAX4295 TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION PLUS NOISE vs. OUTPUT POWER (fIN = 20kHz) MAX4295 TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION PLUS NOISE vs. OUTPUT POWER (fIN = 20kHz) MAX4295 TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION PLUS NOISE vs. OUTPUT POWER (fIN = 20kHz) 10 100 MAX4295/7-17 1MHz 100 MAX4295/7-16 VCC = +3V RL = 4Ω VCC = +3V RL = 8Ω 1MHz 10 MAX4295/7-18 OUTPUT POWER (W) 100 VCC = +3V RL = 32Ω 10 1MHz 1 125kHz THD + N (%) THD + N (%) 250kHz THD + N (%) 0.10 OUTPUT POWER (W) 1 500kHz 0.1 1 125kHz 500kHz 250kHz 0.1 0.1 125kHz 250kHz 0.10 500kHz 0.10 0.10 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 OUTPUT POWER (W) 0.6 0.7 0.8 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 OUTPUT POWER (W) 0.6 0.7 0.8 0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 OUTPUT POWER (W) _______________________________________________________________________________________ 5 MAX4295/MAX4297 Typical Operating Characteristics (continued) (VCC = PVCC = +3V, input amplifier gain = -1, SHDN = VCC , TA = +25°C, unless otherwise noted.) Typical Operating Characteristics (continued) (VCC = PVCC = +3V, input amplifier gain = -1, SHDN = VCC , TA = +25°C, unless otherwise noted.) MAX4297 TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION PLUS NOISE vs. INPUT FREQUENCY (VIN = 2.5Vp-p) VCC = +5V RL = 4Ω 1MHz VCC = +5V RL = 8Ω 250kHz 1 THD + N (%) 125kHz 0.1 500kHz 125kHz 0.1 0.01 10 1k 1k 100k 1k 100k INPUT FREQUENCY (Hz) MAX4297 TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION PLUS NOISE vs. OUTPUT POWER (fIN = 1kHz) MAX4297 TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION PLUS NOISE vs. OUTPUT POWER (fIN = 1kHz) MAX4297 TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION PLUS NOISE vs. OUTPUT POWER (fIN = 1kHz) VCC = +5V RL = 8Ω 250kHz 10 250kHz 125kHz 500kHz 250kHz 1 0.1 0.10 2.0 500kHz 2.5 125kHz 0.1 125kHz 0.10 0.10 1.5 1 500kHz 0.1 1.0 1MHz 10 THD + N (%) THD + N (%) 1 0.5 VCC = +5V RL = 32Ω 1MHz 1MHz 0 100 MAX4295/7-23 100 MAX4295/7-22 VCC = +5V RL = 4Ω MAX4295/7-24 INPUT FREQUENCY (Hz) 10 0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 0 1.5 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 OUTPUT POWER (W) OUTPUT POWER (W) MAX4297 TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION PLUS NOISE vs. OUTPUT POWER (fIN = 20kHz) MAX4297 TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION PLUS NOISE vs. OUTPUT POWER (fIN = 20kHz) MAX4297 TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION PLUS NOISE vs. OUTPUT POWER (fIN = 20kHz) 1MHz VCC = +5V RL = 8Ω THD + N (%) 125kHz 1 125kHz 1MHz 1 0.1 500kHz 0.5 1.0 1.5 OUTPUT POWER (W) 125kHz 1 2.0 2.5 250kHz 0.1 500kHz 500kHz 0.10 0.10 0.10 0 1MHz 250kHz 250kHz 0.1 VCC = +5V RL = 32Ω 10 10 THD + N (%) 10 100 MAX4295/7-26 100 MAX4295/7-25 VCC = +5V RL = 4Ω MAX4295/7-27 OUTPUT POWER (W) 100 6 10 INPUT FREQUENCY (Hz) 100 THD + N (%) 0.01 10 100k 125kHz 500kHz 500kHz 0.01 1MHz 250kHz 1 THD + N (%) 1 THD + N (%) VCC = +5V RL = 32Ω 1MHz 250kHz 0.1 10 MAX4295/7-21 10 MAX4295/7-19 10 MAX4297 TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION PLUS NOISE vs. INPUT FREQUENCY (VIN = 2.5Vp-p) MAX4295/7-20 MAX4297 TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION PLUS NOISE vs. INPUT FREQUENCY (VIN = 2.5Vp-p) THD + N (%) MAX4295/MAX4297 Mono/Stereo 2W Switch-Mode (Class-D) Audio Power Amplifiers 0 0.3 0.6 0.9 OUTPUT POWER (W) 1.2 1.5 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 OUTPUT POWER (W) _______________________________________________________________________________________ 0.4 0.5 Mono/Stereo 2W Switch-Mode (Class-D) Audio Power Amplifiers 10 1MHz 250kHz 1MHz 1 500kHz THD + N (%) 1 VCC = +3V RL = 32Ω 250kHz 1 1MHz 250kHz VCC = +3V RL = 8Ω MAX4295/7-29 10 MAX4295/7-28 VCC = +3V RL = 4Ω THD + N (%) THD + N (%) 10 MAX4297 TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION PLUS NOISE vs. INPUT FREQUENCY (VIN = 1.5Vp-p) MAX4297 TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION PLUS NOISE vs. INPUT FREQUENCY (VIN = 1.5Vp-p) MAX4295/7-30 MAX4297 TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION PLUS NOISE vs. INPUT FREQUENCY (VIN = 1.5Vp-p) 125kHz 125kHz 500kHz 0.1 0.1 500kHz 125kHz 0.1 0.01 0.01 10 1k 100k 10 1k 10 100k 1k 100k INPUT FREQUENCY (Hz) INPUT FREQUENCY (Hz) MAX4297 TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION PLUS NOISE vs. OUTPUT POWER (fIN = 1kHz) MAX4297 TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION PLUS NOISE vs. OUTPUT POWER (fIN = 1kHz) MAX4297 TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION PLUS NOISE vs. OUTPUT POWER (fIN = 1kHz) VCC = +3V RL = 4Ω 100 MAX4295/7-32 100 MAX4295/7-31 100 VCC = +3V RL = 8Ω VCC = +3V RL = 32Ω 250kHz 10 THD + N (%) THD + N (%) 10 250kHz 1MHz 1 1MHz 1MHz THD + N (%) 10 250kHz MAX4295/7-33 INPUT FREQUENCY (Hz) 1 500kHz 1 500kHz 125kHz 0.1 500kHz 125kHz 125kHz 0.1 0.10 0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0 0.6 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 OUTPUT POWER (W) OUTPUT POWER (W) MAX4297 TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION PLUS NOISE vs. OUTPUT POWER (fIN = 20kHz) MAX4297 TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION PLUS NOISE vs. OUTPUT POWER (fIN = 20kHz) MAX4297 TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION PLUS NOISE vs. OUTPUT POWER (fIN = 20kHz) VCC = +3V RL = 8Ω 10 1MHz THD + N (%) THD + N (%) 1MHz 125khz 1 1 VCC = +3V RL = 32Ω 10 1MHz 10 125kHz 100 THD + N (%) VCC = +3V RL = 4Ω MAX4295/7-35 100 MAX4295/7-34 100 MAX4295/7-36 OUTPUT POWER (W) 125kHz 1 500kHz 0.1 500kHz 0.1 250kHz 250kHz 500kHz 250kHz 0.1 0.10 0.10 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 OUTPUT POWER (W) 0.5 0.6 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 OUTPUT POWER (W) 0.5 0.6 0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 OUTPUT POWER (W) _______________________________________________________________________________________ 7 MAX4295/MAX4297 Typical Operating Characteristics (continued) (VCC = PVCC = +3V, input amplifier gain = -1, SHDN = VCC , TA = +25°C, unless otherwise noted.) Typical Operating Characteristics (continued) (VCC = PVCC = +3V, input amplifier gain = -1, SHDN = VCC , TA = +25°C, unless otherwise noted.) 250kHz 1MHz 50 125kHz 40 30 20 RL = 4Ω 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 20 VCC = +5V 0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 RL = 32Ω 0 1.8 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 MAX4295 EFFICIENCY vs. OUTPUT POWER (fIN = 1kHz) 50 40 70 250kHz 50 40 125kHz 30 125kHz 1MHz 60 80 VCC = +3V 10 VCC = +3V 0.2 0.4 0.6 500kHz 40 125kHz VCC = +3V RL = 32Ω 0 0 0.8 1MHz 50 10 RL = 8Ω 0 0 60 20 10 RL = 4Ω 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0 0.05 0.10 0.15 OUTPUT POWER (W) OUTPUT POWER (W) OUTPUT POWER (W) MAX4297 EFFICIENCY vs. OUTPUT POWER (fIN = 1kHz) MAX4297 EFFICIENCY vs. OUTPUT POWER (fIN = 1kHz) MAX4297 EFFICIENCY vs. OUTPUT POWER (fIN = 1kHz) 80 70 90 80 500kHz EFFICIENCY (%) 1MHz 250kHz 50 40 500kHz 70 1MHz 60 250kHz 50 40 30 30 125kHz 0.5 1.0 1.5 OUTPUT POWER (W) 2.0 2.5 80 500kHz 250kHz 70 60 1MHz 50 125kHz 40 0 0.3 0.6 0.9 OUTPUT POWER (W) 1.2 VCC = +5V 10 RL = 8Ω RL = 32Ω 0 0 0 90 20 VCC = +5V 10 RL = 4Ω 0.20 30 125kHz 20 VCC = +5V 10 100 EFFICIENCY (%) 90 MAX4295/7-44 100 MAX4295/7-43 100 0.5 70 30 20 20 250kHz 90 EFFICIENCY (%) 80 EFFICIENCY (%) 1MHz 500kHz 90 100 MAX4295/7-41 100 MAX4295/7-40 250kHz 0 VCC = +5V 10 RL = 8Ω MAX4295 EFFICIENCY vs. OUTPUT POWER (fIN = 1kHz) 60 20 125kHz 40 MAX4295 EFFICIENCY vs. OUTPUT POWER (fIN = 1kHz) 70 60 50 OUTPUT POWER (W) 80 0 1MHz OUTPUT POWER (W) 500kHz 30 500kHz 60 OUTPUT POWER (W) 100 90 2.5 70 30 0 0 80 125kHz 10 0 EFFICIENCY (%) 1MHz 50 20 VCC = +5V 250kHz 60 30 10 8 70 MAX4295/7-42 40 80 250kHz 90 MAX4295/7-45 60 100 EFFICIENCY (%) 70 EFFICIENCY (%) EFFICIENCY (%) 80 500kHz 90 MAX4295 EFFICIENCY vs. OUTPUT POWER (fIN = 1kHz) MAX4295/7-38 500kHz 90 100 MAX4295/7-37 100 MAX4295 EFFICIENCY vs. OUTPUT POWER (fIN = 1kHz) MAX4295/7-39 MAX4295 EFFICIENCY vs. OUTPUT POWER (fIN = 1kHz) EFFICIENCY (%) MAX4295/MAX4297 Mono/Stereo 2W Switch-Mode (Class-D) Audio Power Amplifiers 1.5 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 OUTPUT POWER (W) _______________________________________________________________________________________ 0.4 0.5 Mono/Stereo 2W Switch-Mode (Class-D) Audio Power Amplifiers 60 1MHz 50 250kHz 80 30 70 60 1MHz 50 40 80 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 1MHz 60 50 250kHz 40 125kHz VCC = +3V RL = 8Ω 10 RL = 32Ω 0 0 0 70 20 VCC = +3V 10 RL = 4Ω 500kHz 90 30 20 VCC = +3V 10 0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0 0.20 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 OUTPUT POWER (W) OUTPUT POWER (W) OUTPUT POWER (W) MAX4295 SUPPLY CURRENT vs. SUPPLY VOLTAGE MAX4297 SUPPLY CURRENT vs. TEMPERATURE OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY DEVIATION vs. SUPPLY VOLTAGE C 4 B 2 5 MAX4295 VCC = +5V MAX4297 VCC = +3V 4 3 2 1 A MAX4295 VCC = +3V 0 1 2 3 4 0 -0.005 -0.01 250kHz 500kHz -0.015 1MHz -0.025 -40 5 125kHz 0.005 -0.02 0 0 0.01 FREQUECNY DEVIATION (%) 6 MAX4297 VCC = +5V 6 0.015 MAX4295/7-51 7 MAX4295/7-50 8 D SUPPLY CURRENT (mA) A: fOSC = 125kHz B: fOSC = 250kHz C: fOSC = 500kHz D: fOSC = 1MHz MAX4295/7-49 10 -15 10 35 60 2.5 85 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V) TEMPERATURE (°C) SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V) MAX4297 SUPPLY CURRENT vs. SUPPLY VOLTAGE MAX4297 SHUTDOWN SUPPLY CURRENT vs. TEMPERATURE START-UP/SHUTDOWN WAVEFORM 18 16 14 D 12 10 C 8 6 B 7 6 MAX4297 VCC = +5V A 5 4 MAX4295 VCC = +5V MAX4297 VCC = +3V 3 2 SHDN 1 MAX4295 VCC = +3V 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V) 5 4V/div VOUT 4 2 5.5 MAX4295/7 toc54 8 SUPPLY CURRENT (µA) A: fOSC = 125kHz B: fOSC = 250kHz C: fOSC = 500kHz D: fOSC = 1MHz MAX4295/7-52 20 MAX4295/7 toc53 SUPPLY CURRENT (mA) 125kHz 100 30 125kHz 20 SUPPLY CURRENT (mA) 500kHz 250kHz EFFICIENCY (%) 70 EFFICIENCY (%) EFFICIENCY (%) 80 90 MAX4295/7-47 500kHz 40 100 MAX4295/7-46 100 90 MAX4297 EFFICIENCY vs. OUTPUT POWER (fIN = 1kHz) MAX4297 EFFICIENCY vs. OUTPUT POWER (fIN = 1kHz) MAX4295/7-48 MAX4297 EFFICIENCY vs. OUTPUT POWER (fIN = 1kHz) MAX4295/MAX4297 Typical Operating Characteristics (continued) (VCC = PVCC = +3V, input amplifier gain = -1, SHDN = VCC , TA = +25°C, unless otherwise noted.) -40 -15 10 35 60 85 RL = 4Ω fOSC = 250kHz fIN = 10kHz CSS = 560pF 2.5V/div 400µs/div TEMPERATURE (°C) _______________________________________________________________________________________ 9 MAX4295/MAX4297 Mono/Stereo 2W Switch-Mode (Class-D) Audio Power Amplifiers Pin Description PIN NAME MAX4295 FUNCTION MAX4297 1, 12 10 GND Analog Ground 2, 15 4, 9, 16, 21 PVCC H-Bridge Power Supply 3 — OUT+ Positive H-Bridge Output — 5 OUT+L Positive Left-Channel H-Bridge Output — 8 OUT+R Positive Right-Channel H-Bridge Output 4, 13 6, 7, 18, 19 PGND Power Ground 5 3, 23 VCC Analog Power Supply Audio Input Common-Mode Voltage. Do not connect. Minimize parasitic coupling to this pin. 6 13 VCM 7 — IN Audio Input — 2 INL Left-Channel Audio Input — 11 INR Right-Channel Audio Input 8 — AOUT Input Amplifier Output — 1 AOUTL Left-Channel Input Amplifier Output — 12 AOUTR Right-Channel Input Amplifier Output 9 22 SHDN 10 14 FS1 Frequency Select Input 1 11 15 FS2 Frequency Select Input 2 Active-Low Shutdown Input. Connect to VCC for normal operation. Do not leave floating. 14 — OUT- Negative H-Bridge Output — 20 OUT-L Negative Left-Channel H-Bridge Output — 17 OUT-R 16 24 SS Negative Right-Channel H-Bridge Output Soft-Start Detailed Description The MAX4295/MAX4297 switch-mode, Class-D audio power amplifiers are intended for portable multimedia and general-purpose audio applications. Linear amplifiers in the 1W to 2W output range are inefficient; they overheat when operated near rated output power levels. The efficiency of linear amplifiers is <50% when the output voltage is equal to 1/2 the supply. The MAX4295/MAX4297 Class-D amplifiers achieve efficiencies of 87% or greater and are capable of delivering up to 2W of continuous maximum power to a 4Ω load. The lost power is due mainly to the on-resistance of the power switches and ripple current in the output. In a Class-D amplifier, a PWM controller converts the analog input to a variable pulse-width signal. The pulse width is proportional to the input voltage, ideally 0% for 10 a 0V input signal and 100% for full-scale input voltages. A passive lowpass LC network filters the PWM output waveform to reconstruct the analog signal. The switching frequency is selected much higher than the maximum input frequencies so that intermodulation products are outside the input signal bandwidth. Higher switching frequencies also simplify the filtering requirements. The MAX4295/MAX4297 consist of an inverting input operational amplifier, a PWM ramp oscillator, a controller that converts the analog input to a variable pulse width signal, and a MOSFET H-bridge power stage (Figures 1a and 1b). The control signal is generated by the PWM comparator; its pulse width is proportional to the input voltage. Ideally the pulse width varies linearly between 0% for a 0V input signal and 100% for fullscale input voltages (Figure 2). This signal controls the ______________________________________________________________________________________ Mono/Stereo 2W Switch-Mode (Class-D) Audio Power Amplifiers MAX4295/MAX4297 AOUT PVCC IN OUT+ GATE DRIVE PGND 0.3 ✕ VCC (VCM) PVCC FS1 GATE DRIVE PWM OSC FS2 OUT- VCC SS PGND POWER MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION GND CSS Figure 1a. MAX4295 Functional Diagram H-bridge. The switches work in pairs to reverse the polarity of the signal in the load. Break-before-make switching of the H-bridge MOSFETs by the driver circuit keeps supply current glitches and crowbar current in the MOSFETs at a low level. The output swing of the Hbridge is a direct function of the supply voltage. Varying the oscillator swing in proportion to the supply voltage maintains constant gain with varying supply voltage. FS1 and FS2 program the oscillator to a frequency of 125kHz, 250kHz, 500kHz, and 1MHz. The sawtooth oscillator swings between GND and 0.6 ✕ VCC. The input signal is typically AC-coupled to the internal input op amp, whose gain can be controlled through external feedback components. The common-mode voltage of the input amplifier is 0.3 ✕ VCC and is internally generated from the same resistive divider used to generate the 0.6 ✕ VCC reference for the PWM oscillator. Current Limit A current-limiting circuit in the H-bridge monitors the current in the H-bridge transistors and disables the Hbridge if the current in any of the H-bridge transistors exceeds 1A. The H-bridge is enabled after a period of 100µs. A continuous short circuit at the output results in a pulsating output. Thermal Overload Protection Thermal overload protection limits total power dissipation in the MAX4295/MAX4297. When the junction temperature exceeds +145°C, the thermal detection disables the H-bridge transistors. The H-bridge transistors are enabled after the IC’s junction temperature cools by 10°C. This results in a pulsating output under continuous thermal overload conditions. Junction temperature does not exceed the thermal overload trip point in normal operation, but only in the event of fault conditions, such as when the H-bridge outputs are short circuited. Undervoltage Lockout At low supply voltages, the MOSFETs in the H-bridge may have inadequate gate drive thus dissipating excessive power. The undervoltage lockout circuit prevents the device from operating at supply voltages below +2.2V. ______________________________________________________________________________________ 11 MAX4295/MAX4297 Mono/Stereo 2W Switch-Mode (Class-D) Audio Power Amplifiers PVCC OUT+R OUT-R GATE DRIVE GATE DRIVE AOUTR INR PGND VCC FS1 PWM OSC FS2 SS POWER MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION CSS GND PGND INL AOUTL GATE DRIVE GATE DRIVE 0.3 ✕ VCC (VCM) PVCC OUT+L OUT-L Figure 1b. MAX4297 Functional Diagram Low-Power Shutdown Mode The MAX4295/MAX4297 have a shutdown mode that reduces power consumption and extends battery life. Driving SHDN low disables the H-bridge, turns off the circuit, and places the MAX4295/MAX4297 in a lowpower shutdown mode. Connect SHDN to VCC for normal operation. 12 Applications Information Component Selection Gain Setting External feedback components set the gain of the MAX4295/MAX4297. Resistors RF and RIN set the gain of the input amplifier to -(RF/RIN). The amplifier’s noninverting input is connected to the internally generated 0.3 ✕ V CC (VCM) that sets the amplifier’s commonmode voltage. ______________________________________________________________________________________ Mono/Stereo 2W Switch-Mode (Class-D) Audio Power Amplifiers The optimum impedance seen by the inverting input is between 5kΩ and 20kΩ. The effective impedance is given by (RF ✕ RIN)/(RF + RIN). For values of RF > 50kΩ, a small capacitor (≈3pF) connected across RF compensates for the pole formed by the input capacitance and the effective resistance at the inverting input. Soft-Start (Clickless Startup) The H-bridge is disabled under any of the following conditions: • SHDN low • H-bridge current exceeds the 1A current limit • Thermal overload • Undervoltage lockout The circuit re-enters normal operation if none of the above conditions are present. A soft-start function prevents an audible pop on restart. An external capacitor connected to SS is charged by an internal 1.2µA current source and controls the soft-start rate. VSS is held low while the H-bridge is disabled and allowed to ramp up to begin a soft-start. Until VSS reaches 0.3 ✕ VCC, the H-bridge output is limited to a 50% duty cycle, independent of the input voltage. The H-bridge duty cycle is then gradually allowed to track the input signal at a rate determined by the ramp on SS. The soft-start cycle is complete after VSS reaches 0.6 ✕ VCC. Input Filter High-fidelity audio applications require gain flatness between 20Hz to 20kHz. Set the low-frequency cutoff point with an AC-coupling capacitor in series with the input resistor of the amplifier, creating a highpass filter (Figure 3). Assuming the input node of the amplifier is a virtual ground, the -3dB point of the highpass filter is determined by: fLO = 1/(2π ✕ RIN ✕ CIN), where RIN is the input resistor, and CIN is the AC-coupling capacitor. Choose RIN as described in the Gain Setting section. Choose CIN such that the corner frequency is below 20Hz. Frequency Selection The MAX4295/MAX4297 have an internal logic-programmable oscillator controlled by FS1 and FS2 (Table 1). The oscillator can be programmed to frequencies of 125kHz, 250kHz, 500kHz, and 1MHz. The frequency should be chosen to best fit the application. As a rule of thumb, choose fOSC to be 10 times the audio bandwidth. A lower switching frequency offers higher amplifier efficiency and lower THD but requires larger external filter components. A higher switching frequency reduces the size and cost of the filter components at the expense of THD and efficiency. In most applications, the optimal fOSC is 250kHz. Table 1. Frequency Select Logic FS1 FS2 0 0 125k 0 1 250k 1 0 500k 1 1 1M RF INPUT CIN VIN RIN FREQUENCY (Hz) AOUT IN VCM VRAMP +5V VOUT Figure 3. Input Amplifier Configuration 0 Figure 2. PWM Waveforms ______________________________________________________________________________________ 13 MAX4295/MAX4297 The amplifier’s input bias current is low, ±50pA, and does not affect the choice of feedback resistors. The noise in the circuit increases as the value of RF increases. MAX4295/MAX4297 Mono/Stereo 2W Switch-Mode (Class-D) Audio Power Amplifiers Output Filter An output filter is required to attenuate the PWM switching frequency. Without the filter, the ripple in the load can substantially degrade efficiency and may cause interference problems with other electronic equipment. A Butterworth lowpass filter is chosen for its flat pass band and nice phase response, though other filter implementations may also be used. Three examples are presented below. The filter parameters for balanced 2-pole (Figure 4b) and 4-pole (Figure 4d) Butterworth filters are taken from Electronic Filter Design Handbook by Arthur B. Williams, McGraw Hill, Inc. These filter designs assume that the load is purely resistive and load impedance is constant over frequency. Calculation of filter component values should include the DC resistance of the inductors and take into account the worst-case load scenario: • Single Ended 2-Pole Filter (Figure 4a) C = 1 / (√2 ✕ RL ✕ ωo), L = √2 ✕ RL / ωo where ωo = 2 ✕ π ✕ fo (fo = filter cutoff frequency); choosing fo = 30kHz and RL = 4Ω, C = 0.937µF, L = 30µH. A single-ended 2-pole filter uses the minimum number of external components, but the load (speaker) sees the large common-mode switching voltage, which can increase power dissipation and cause EMI problems. • Balanced 2-Pole (Figure 4b): A balanced 2-Pole filter does not have the commonmode swing problem of the single-ended filter. C = 2 / (√2 ✕ RL ✕ ωo), L = (√2 ✕ RL)/(2 ✕ ωo); choosing fo = 30kHz and RL = 4Ω, C1a = C1b = 2.0µF, L1a = L1b = 15µH. A single capacitor connected across RL, with a value of CL = 1/(√2 ✕ RL ✕ ωo), can be used in place of C1a and C1b. However, the configuration as shown gives an improved rejection to common-mode signal components of OUT+_ and OUT-_. If the single capacitor scheme is used, additional capacitors (Ca and Cb) can be added from each side of RL, providing a high-frequency short to ground (Figure 4c). These capacitors should be approximately 0.2 ✕ CL. • Balanced 4-Pole Filter (Figure 4d) A balanced 4-pole filter is more effective in suppressing the switching frequency and its harmonics. For the 4-pole Butterworth filter, the normalized values are: L1N = 1.5307, L2N = 1.0824, C1N = 1.5772, C2N = 0.3827. The actual inductance and capacitance values for fo = 30kHz and a bridge-tied load of RL = 4Ω are given by: L1 = (L1N ✕ RL ) / (2 ✕ ωo) = 16.24µH, L2 = (L2N ✕ RL) / (2 ✕ ωo) = 11.5µH, C1 = C1N / (RL ✕ ωo) = 2.1µF, C2a = C2b = (2 ✕ C2N) / (RL ✕ ωo) = 1.0µF. L1 L OUT+ OUT+ Ca C CL RL RL Cb OUT- OUT- L2 Figure 4c. Alternate Balanced 2-Pole Filter Figure 4a. Single-Ended 2-Pole Filter L2a L1a L1 OUT+ OUT+ C2a C1a C1 RL RL C2b C1b OUT- OUTL2 Figure 4b. Balanced 2-Pole Filter 14 L1b L2b Figure 4d. Balanced 4-Pole Filter ______________________________________________________________________________________ Mono/Stereo 2W Switch-Mode (Class-D) Audio Power Amplifiers The capacitors should have a voltage rating 2 to 3 times the maximum expected RMS voltage—allowing for high peak voltages and transient spikes—and be stable over-temperature. Good quality capacitors with low equivalent series resistance (ESR) and equivalent series inductance (ESL) are necessary to achieve optimum performance. Low-ESR capacitors will decrease power dissipation. High ESL will shift the cutoff frequency, and high ESR will reduce filter rolloff. Bridge-Tied Load/Single-Ended Configuration The MAX4295/MAX4297 can be used as either a BTL or single-ended configured amplifier. The BTL configuration offers several advantages over a single-ended configuration. By driving the load differentially, the output voltage swing is doubled and the output power is quadrupled in comparison to a single-ended configura- OUT+ 1 Cc L1a C1 RL MAX4295 OUT- 16 Figure 5. MAX4295 Single-Ended Configuration tion. Because the differential outputs are biased at half supply, there is no DC voltage across the load, eliminating the need for large DC blocking capacitors at the output. The MAX4295/MAX4297 can be configured as singleended amplifiers. In such a case, the load must be capacitively coupled to the filter to block the half-supply DC voltage from the load. The unused output pin TIP RING (LEFT) (RIGHT) SLEEVE (GND) Figure 6. Typical 3-Wire Headphone Plug OUT+L 5 CC L1 LEFT C1a OUT-L 20 HEADPHONE JACK GND MAX4297 OUT+R 8 OUT-R 17 CC L2 RIGHT C2a Figure 7. Headphone Application Circuit must also be left open (Figure 5). Do not connect the unused output pin to ground. Headphone Applications The MAX4295/MAX4297 can be used to drive a set of headphones. A typical 3-wire headphone plug consists of a tip, ring, and sleeve. The tip and ring are signal carriers, while the sleeve is the ground connection (Figure 6). Figure 7 shows the MAX4297 configured to drive a set of headphones. The OUT+L and OUT+R pins are connected to the tip and ring and deliver the signal to the headphone jack, while the OUT-L and OUT-R pins remain unconnected. The ground connection in the jack should be connected to the same ground plane as the output filter. Total Harmonic Distortion The MAX4295/MAX4297 exhibit typical THD plus noise of <1% for input frequencies <10kHz. The PWM frequency affects THD performance. THD can be reduced by limiting the input bandwidth through the input highpass filter, choosing the lowest fOSC possible, and carefully selecting the output filter and its components. Bypassing and Layout Considerations Distortion caused by supply ripple due to H-bridge switching can be reduced through proper bypassing of PV CC . For optimal performance, a 330µF, low-ESR POSCAP capacitor to PGND and a 1µF ceramic capacitor to GND at each PVCC input is suggested. Place the 1µF capacitor close to the PVCC pin. Bypass VCC with ______________________________________________________________________________________ 15 MAX4295/MAX4297 Filter Components The inductor current rating should be higher than the peak current for a given output power requirement and should have relatively constant inductance over temperature and frequency. Typically, an open-core inductor is desirable since these types of inductors are more linear. Toroidal inductors without an air gap are not recommended. Q-shielded inductors may be required if the amplifier is placed in an EMI-sensitive system. The series resistance of the inductors will reduce the attenuation of the switching frequency and reduce efficiency due to the ripple current in the inductor. MAX4295/MAX4297 Mono/Stereo 2W Switch-Mode (Class-D) Audio Power Amplifiers a 10µF capacitor in parallel with a 1µF capacitor to GND. Ceramic capacitors are recommended due to their low ESR. Good PC board layout techniques optimize performance by decreasing the amount of stray capacitance at the amplifier’s inputs and outputs. To decrease stray capacitance, minimize trace lengths by placing external components as close as possible to the amplifier. Surface-mount components are recommended. The MAX4295/MAX4297 require two separate ground planes to prevent switching noise from the MOSFETs in the H-bridge from coupling into the rest of the circuit. PGND, the power ground, is utilized by the H-bridge and any external output components, while GND is used by the rest of the circuit. Connect the PGND and GND planes at only one point, as close to the power supply as possible. Any external components associated with the output of the MAX4295/MAX4297 must be connected to the PGND plane where applicable. Use the Typical Operating Circuit diagram as a reference. Refer to the evaluation kit manual for suggested component values, component suppliers, and layout. Chip Information TRANSISTOR COUNT: MAX4295: 846 MAX4297: 1191 PROCESS: BiCMOS Pin Configurations TOP VIEW AOUTL 1 24 SS GND 1 16 SS INL 2 23 VCC PVCC 2 15 PVCC VCC 3 22 SHDN OUT+ 3 14 OUT- PVCC 4 PGND 4 MAX4295 21 PVCC 13 PGND OUT+ L 5 VCC 5 12 GND PGND 6 19 PGND VCM 6 11 FS2 PGND 7 18 PGND IN 7 10 FS1 OUT+ R 8 17 OUT-R 9 AOUT 8 SO/QSOP SHDN MAX4297 20 OUT- L PVCC 9 16 PVCC GND 10 15 FS2 INR 11 14 FS1 AOUTR 12 13 VCM SO/SSOP 16 ______________________________________________________________________________________ Mono/Stereo 2W Switch-Mode (Class-D) Audio Power Amplifiers SSOP.EPS QSOP.EPS ______________________________________________________________________________________ 17 MAX4295/MAX4297 Package Information MAX4295/MAX4297 Mono/Stereo 2W Switch-Mode (Class-D) Audio Power Amplifiers SOICW.EPS SOICN.EPS Package Information (continued) Maxim cannot assume responsibility for use of any circuitry other than circuitry entirely embodied in a Maxim product. No circuit patent licenses are implied. Maxim reserves the right to change the circuitry and specifications without notice at any time. 18 ____________________Maxim Integrated Products, 120 San Gabriel Drive, Sunnyvale, CA 94086 408-737-7600 © 2001 Maxim Integrated Products Printed USA is a registered trademark of Maxim Integrated Products.