19-2219; Rev 0; 2/02 Thermistor-to-Digital Converter Power-management circuitry reduces the average thermistor current, minimizing self-heating. Between conversions, supply current is reduced to 21µA (typ). The internal voltage reference is shut down between measurements. The MAX6682 is available in a small, 8-pin µMAX package and is specified over the -55°C to +125°C temperature range. Features ♦ Converts Thermistor Temperature to Digital Data ♦ Low Average Thermistor Current Minimizes SelfHeating Errors ♦ Low Supply Current, 21µA (typ) Including 10kΩ Thermistor Current ♦ Internal Voltage Reference Isolates Thermistor from Power-Supply Noise ♦ 10-Bit Resolution ♦ Accommodates Any Thermistor Temperature Range ♦ Output Data Scaled for Direct Temperature Readings from 0°C to +50°C ♦ Simple SPI-Compatible Interface ♦ Small, 8-Pin µMAX Package Ordering Information PART TEMP RANGE MAX6682MUA -55°C to +125°C PIN-PACKAGE 8 µMAX Typical Operating Circuit Applications 3.3V HVAC 0.1µF Medical Devices Battery Packs/Chargers VCC Home Appliances R+ REXT MAX6682 R- Pin Configuration appears at end of data sheet. THERMISTOR SPI is a trademark of Motorola, Inc. MC68HCXX CS GND I/O SCLK SCLK SO MISO ________________________________________________________________ Maxim Integrated Products For pricing, delivery, and ordering information, please contact Maxim/Dallas Direct! at 1-888-629-4642, or visit Maxim’s website at www.maxim-ic.com. 1 MAX6682 General Description The MAX6682 converts an external thermistor’s temperature-dependent resistance directly into digital form. The thermistor and an external fixed resistor form a voltage-divider that is driven by the MAX6682’s internal voltage reference. The MAX6682 measures the voltage across the external resistor and produces a 10-bit + sign output code dependent on that voltage. The MAX6682 does not linearize the highly nonlinear transfer function of a typical negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistor, but it does provide linear output data over limited temperature ranges when used with an external resistor of the correct value. Over the 0° to +50°C temperature range, the MAX6682 produces output data that is scaled to 8LSBs/°C (for 0.125°C resolution), provided that the correct thermistor and external resistor values are used. Other temperature ranges can be easily accommodated, but do not necessarily yield data scaled to an even number of LSBs per degree. The 3-wire SPI™-compatible interface can be readily connected to a variety of microcontrollers. The MAX6682 is a read-only device, simplifying use in systems where only temperature data is required. MAX6682 Thermistor-to-Digital Converter ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS Supply Voltage (VCC to GND) .................................-0.3V to +6V SO, SCK, CS, R-, R+ to GND ....................-0.3V to (VCC + 0.3V) R+ Current ........................................................................±20mA R- Current ...........................................................................±1mA SCK, CS, SO Current .........................................-1mA to +50mA ESD Protection (Human Body Model) .............................±2000V Continuous Power Dissipation (TA = +70°C) 8-Pin µMAX (derate 4.1mW/°C above +70°C) ............ 328mW Operating Temperature Range (TMIN to TMAX) ...............................................-55°C to +125°C Storage Temperature Range .............................-65°C to +150°C Junction Temperature .....................................................+150°C Stresses beyond those listed under “Absolute Maximum Ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only, and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated in the operational sections of the specifications is not implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability. ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (VCC = 3V to 5.5V, TA = -55°C to +125°C, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are specified at VCC = 3.3V and TA = +25°C.) (Note 1) PARAMETER Supply Voltage ADC Total Unadjusted Error ADC Conversion Time R- Input Impedance SYMBOL CONDITIONS VCC TUE DOUT = 768.935 x (VREXT/VR+) - 134.0923; VIN > 0.1VREF MIN MAX UNITS 3.0 5.5 V -3 +3 LSB tCONV 64 ZIN 80 1 R- Leakage Current 50 0.5 VREF Reference Load Regulation ILOAD = 1mA 0 < ILOAD < 2mA 1.10 1.22 0 Reference Supply Regulation ms MΩ 1 Conversion Rate Reference Voltage Output TYP nA Hz 1.40 V 0.1 %/mA 0.7 mV/V Conversion Supply Current IC During conversion, no load 220 300 µA Average Supply Current IA 0.5 conversions/s, no load 17 29 µA Standby Current IS CS low, SCK inactive 3 7 µA Idle Current IID CS high, analog circuits off 10 17 µA 0.2 x VCC V SERIAL INTERFACE Input Low Voltage VIL Input High Voltage VIH Input Leakage Current ILEAK 0.8 x VCC VIN = GND or VCC Output High Voltage VOH ISOURCE = 1.6mA Output Low Voltage VOL ISINK = 1.6mA 2 V 1 VCC 0.4 _______________________________________________________________________________________ µA V 0.4 V Thermistor-to-Digital Converter (VCC = 3V to 5.5V, TA = TMIN to TMAX, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are specified at VCC = 3.3V and TA = +25°C.) (Note 2) PARAMETER SYMBOL CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS 5 MHz SERIAL INTERFACE TIMING (Figures 5 and 6) Serial Clock Frequency fSCL tCH SCK Pulse High Width SCK Pulse Low Width tCL tCSS CS Fall to SCK Rise 50 ns 50 ns 35 ns CS Fall to Output Data Valid tDV CL = 10pF 35 ns SCK Fall to Output Data Valid tDO CL = 10pF 35 ns CS Rise to Output High-Z tTR CL = 10pF 25 ns SCK Fall to Output High-Z tHIZ CL = 10pF 35 ns CS Pulse Width tCSW 75 ns Note 1: All specifications are 100% tested at TA = +25°C. Specification limits over temperature are guaranteed by design, not production tested. Note 2: Guaranteed by design. Typical Operating Characteristics (VCC = 5V, thermistor = 10k nominal, REXT = 7680Ω, TA = +25°C, unless otherwise noted.) TEMPERATURE ERROR vs. POWER-SUPPLY NOISE FREQUENCY 0.7 VIN = 250mVP-P 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 AVERAGE SUPPLY CURRENT vs. SUPPLY VOLTAGE 80 70 60 50 5 10 15 FREQUENCY (MHz) 20 25 90 80 70 60 50 40 40 0 MAX6682 toc03 90 0.1 0 100 MAX6682 toc02 SCK IS DRIVEN RAIL-TO-RAIL® SUPPLY CURRENT (µA) TEMPERATURE ERROR (°C) 0.8 SUPPLY CURRENT (µA) VIN = SQUARE WAVE APPLIED TO VCC WITH NO VCC BYPASS CAPACITOR 0.9 100 MAX6682 toc01 1.0 AVERAGE SUPPLY CURRENT vs. CLOCK FREQUENCY 30 1k 10k 100k 1M SCK FREQUENCY (Hz) 10M 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V) Rail-to-Rail is a registered trademark of Nippon Motorola, Ltd. _______________________________________________________________________________________ 3 MAX6682 TIMING CHARACTERISTICS Thermistor-to-Digital Converter MAX6682 Pin Description PIN NAME 1 I.C. Internally Connected. Connect to GND or leave unconnected. FUNCTION 2 R+ Reference Voltage Output. External resistor positive input. 3 R- External Resistor Negative Input. Connect R- to the junction of the external resistor and the thermistor. 4 GND 5 CS Chip Select. Drive CS low to enable the serial interface. 6 SO Serial Data Output 7 SCK Serial Clock Input 8 VCC Positive Supply. Bypass VCC to GND with a 0.1µF capacitor. Ground. Ground connection for MAX6682 and ground return for external thermistor. Detailed Description The MAX6682 is a sophisticated interface circuit that energizes a low-cost thermistor and converts its temperature-dependent resistance to 10-bit digital data. The MAX6682 powers the thermistor only when a measurement is being made; the power dissipated in the thermistor is minimized. This virtually eliminates selfheating, a major component of thermistor error. The simple serial interface is compatible with common microcontrollers. Temperature Conversion The MAX6682 converts the voltage drop across the resistor REXT to a digital output using an internal 10-bit ADC. By measuring the voltage across REXT, the output code is directly related to temperature when using an NTC thermistor. Although the relationship between a thermistor’s resistance and its temperature is very nonlinear, the voltage across REXT is reasonably linear over a limited temperature range, provided that REXT is chosen properly. For example, over a +10°C to +40°C range, the relationship between the voltage across REXT and temperature is linear to within approximately 0.2°C. Wider temperature ranges result in larger errors. The digital output is available as a 10-bit + sign word. The relationship between the 11-bit digital word and the voltage across REXT (normalized to VR+) is given by: Table 1 shows the relationship between the voltage across REXT and the MAX6682’s digital output code. It also shows the temperature that would produce the listed value of VREXT when a standard thermistor is used in conjunction with REXT = 7680Ω. The MAX6682 produces output codes scaled to the actual temperature when used with the standard thermistor and REXT = 7680Ω over the +10°C to +40°C temperature range. Under these conditions, the nominal accuracy is about 0.2°C between +10° and +40°C, and about 1.5°C from 0°C to +50°C. In Table 1, the 3LSBs of the output code represent fractional temperatures. The LSB has a value of 0.125°C. All table entries assume no errors in the values of REXT or the thermistor resistance. Table 1 also assumes the use of one of the following standard thermistors: Betatherm 10K3A1, Dale 1M1002, or Thermometrics C100Y103J. These thermistors have a nominal resistance of 10kΩ at +25°C and very similar temperatureto-resistance functions. They give the results shown in Table 1. Different temperature ranges can be accommodated as well using different values of REXT (see Choosing the External Resistor). The MAX6682 works with thermistors other than the ones listed above, but the transfer functions vary somewhat. Applications Information Thermistors and Thermistor Selection VREXT − 0.174387 × 8 V R+ DOUT = 0.010404 where VREXT/VR+ is the voltage across REXT normalized to the value of VR+. 4 NTC thermistors are resistive temperature sensors whose resistance decreases with increasing temperature. They are available in a wide variety of packages that are useful in difficult applications such as measurement of air or liquid temperature. Some can operate over temperature ranges beyond that of most ICs. The relationship between temperature and resistance in an _______________________________________________________________________________________ Thermistor-to-Digital Converter MAX6682 Table 1. Temperature vs. Digital Output for Standard Thermistor with REXT = 7680Ω THERMISTOR TEMPERATURE (°C) VREXT (mV) WITH STANDARD THERMISTOR AND REXT = 7680Ω* DECIMAL VALUE OF DOUT (1LSB = 0.125°C) DOUT +60.000 921.6 +55.875 001 1011 1111 +50.000 830.6 +48.625 001 1000 0101 +40.000 720.5 +40.000 001 0100 0000 +30.000 595.4 +30.125 000 1111 0001 +25.000 530.1 +25.000 000 1100 1000 +20.000 464.4 +19.875 000 1001 1111 +10.000 339.7 +10.000 000 0101 0000 0 232.3 +1.500 000 0000 1100 -0.725 225.5 +1.000 000 0000 1000 -2.000 213.6 0.125 000 0000 0001 -5.000 187.4 -2.000 111 1111 0000 *Assumes VR+ = 1.220V. NTC thermistor is very nonlinear and can be described by the following approximation: 1 / T = A + BlnR + C(lnR)3 where T is absolute temperature, R is the thermistor’s resistance, and A, B, and C are coefficients that vary with manufacturer and material characteristics. The general shape of the curve is shown in Figure 1. The highly nonlinear relationship between temperature and resistance in an NTC thermistor makes it somewhat more difficult to use than a digital-output temperature sensor IC, for example. However, by connecting the thermistor in series with a properly chosen resistor and using the MAX6682 to measure the voltage across the resistor, a reasonably linear transfer function can be obtained over a limited temperature range. Errors decrease for smaller temperature ranges. Figures 2 and 3 show typical thermistor nonlinearity curves for a standard thermistor in conjunction with series resistors chosen to optimize linearity over two different temperature ranges: +10°C to +40°C and 0°C to +70°C. THERMISTOR RESISTANCE vs. TEMPERATURE THERMISTOR NONLINEARITY vs. TEMPERATURE 120 3.0 100 2.0 LINEARITY ERROR (°C) THERMISTOR RESISTANCE (kΩ) 2.5 80 60 40 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 -0.5 -1.0 -1.5 20 -2.0 -2.5 0 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 TEMPERATURE (°C) Figure 1. Thermistor Resistance vs. Temperature 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 TEMPERATURE (°C) Figure 2. Thermistor Nonlinearity vs. Temperature for a Standard Thermistor from 0°C to +70°C _______________________________________________________________________________________ 5 MAX6682 Thermistor-to-Digital Converter in the middle of the temperature range (+35°C for the 0°C to +70°C range). THERMISTOR NONLINEARITY vs. TEMPERATURE 3) Find REXT using the equation below: 0.25 0.20 REXT = LINEARITY ERROR (°C) 0.15 0.10 0.05 -0.05 -0.10 -0.15 -0.20 -0.25 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 TEMPERATURE (°C) Serial Interface Figure 3. Thermistor Nonlinearity vs. Temperature for a Standard Thermistor from +10°C to +40°C 10-BIT TEMPERATURE READING Bit 10 MSB (Sign) 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 LSB Figure 4. SO Output NTC thermistors are often described by the resistance at +25°C. Therefore, a 10kΩ thermistor has a resistance of 10kΩ at +25°C. When choosing a thermistor, ensure that the thermistor’s minimum resistance (which occurs at the maximum expected operating temperature) in series with REXT does not cause the voltage reference output current to exceed about 1mA. Some standard 10kΩ thermistors with similar characteristics are listed in Table 2. When used with one of these thermistors and the recommended series resistor, the MAX6682 provides output data scaled in °C over the +10°C to +40°C temperature range. Choosing the External Resistor Choose REXT to minimize nonlinearity errors from the thermistor: 1) Decide on the temperature range of interest (for example 0°C to +70°C). 2) Find the thermistor values at the limits of the temperature range. R MIN is the minimum thermistor value (at the maximum temperature) and RMAX is the maximum thermistor value (at the minimum temperature). Also find RMID, the thermistor resistance 6 RMIN + RMAX − 2RMID Table 3 shows nominal output data for several temperatures when REXT has been chosen according to the equation above for a temperature range of 0°C to +70°C. The output data is not conveniently scaled to the actual temperature over this range, but the linearity is better than 2.4°C over the 0°C to +70°C range (Figure 2). The temperature weighting over this range is 0.14925°C/LSB. 0 0 RMID (RMIN + RMAX ) − 2RMINRMAX The Typical Application Circuit shows the MAX6682 interfaced with a microcontroller. In this example, the MAX6682 processes the reading from REXT and transmits the data through an SPI-compatible interface. Force CS low and apply a clock signal at SCK to read the results at SO. Forcing CS low immediately stops any conversion in process. Initiate a new conversion by forcing CS high. Force CS low to output the first bit on the SO pin. A complete read requires 11 clock cycles. Read the 11 output bits on the rising edge of the clock, if the first bit D10 is the sign bit. Bits D10–D0 contain the converted temperature in the order of MSB to LSB. After the 11th clock cycle, SO goes to a high-impedance state. SO remains high impedance until CS is pulsed high and brought back low. Figure 4 is the SO output. Power-Supply Considerations The MAX6682 accuracy is relatively unaffected by power-supply coupled noise. In most applications, bypass V CC to GND by placing a 0.1µF ceramic bypass capacitor close to the supply pin of the devices. Thermal Considerations Self-heating degrades the temperature measurement accuracy of thermistors. The amount of self-heating depends on the power dissipated in the thermistor and the dissipation constant of the thermistor. Dissipation constants depend on the thermistor’s package and can vary considerably. A typical thermistor might have a dissipation constant equal to 1mW/°C. For every mW the thermistor dissipates, its temperature rises by 1°C. For example, con- _______________________________________________________________________________________ Thermistor-to-Digital Converter MAX6682 sider a 10kΩ (at +25°C) NTC thermistor in series with a 5110Ω resistor operating at +40°C with a constant 5V bias. If it is one of the standard thermistors in Table 2, its resistance is 5325Ω at this temperature. The power dissipated in the thermistor is: (5)2(5325) / (5325 + 5110)2 = 1.22mW This thermistor would therefore have a self-heating error at +40°C of 1.22°C. Because the MAX6682 uses a small reference voltage and energizes the thermistor less than 2% of the time, the self-heating of the thermistor under the same conditions when used with the MAX6682 is only: (1.22)2(5325)(0.02) / (5325 + 5110)2 =1.46µW, or only about 0.0015° (self-heating error) Table 2. Standard Thermistors MANUFACTURER Betatherm Dale Thermometrics PART WEBSITE 10K3A1 www.betatherm.com 1M1002 www.vishay.com/brands/ dale/main.html C100Y103J www.thermometrics.com Table 3. Temperature vs. Digital Output for Standard Thermistor with REXT = 5110Ω THERMISTOR TEMPERATURE (°C) VREXT (mV) WITH STANDARD THERMISTOR AND REXT = 5110Ω* +75.000 946.0 57.75 001 1100 1110 +70.000 908.6 54.875 001 1011 0111 +60.000 820.6 47.875 001 0111 1111 +50.000 715.7 39.625 001 0011 1101 +40.000 597.4 30.25 000 1111 0010 +30.000 473.5 20.5 000 1010 0100 +25.000 412.6 15.750 000 0111 1110 +20.000 354.1 11.125 000 0101 1001 +10.000 249.2 2.875 000 0001 0111 0 165.1 -3.750 111 1110 0010 -5.000 131.5 -6.375 111 1100 1101 DECIMAL VALUE OF DOUT (USING 1LSB = 0.125°C) DOUT *Assumes VR+ = 1.220V. tCSS CS tCH 1 SCK tDV SO tCL tDO B10 MSB B9 B8 B7 B6 B5 B4 tTR B3 B2 B1 B0 LSB Figure 5. Serial Interface Timing _______________________________________________________________________________________ 7 MAX6682 Thermistor-to-Digital Converter tCSW CS 1 2 11 1 2 SCK tDV SO tHIZ B10 MSB B9 B2 B1 B0 LSB B10 MSB B9 Figure 6. Serial Interface Timing 2 Pin Configuration Functional Diagram VCC TOP VIEW BANDGAP I.C. 1 8 VCC 7 SCK 3 6 SO GND 4 5 CS R+ 2 MAX6682 RR+ DIGITAL CONTROL CS SCK SO µMAX R- ADC Chip Information TRANSISTOR COUNT: 4909 PROCESS: BiCMOS 8 _______________________________________________________________________________________ Thermistor-to-Digital Converter 8LUMAXD.EPS Maxim cannot assume responsibility for use of any circuitry other than circuitry entirely embodied in a Maxim product. No circuit patent licenses are implied. Maxim reserves the right to change the circuitry and specifications without notice at any time. Maxim Integrated Products, 120 San Gabriel Drive, Sunnyvale, CA 94086 408-737-7600 _____________________ 9 © 2002 Maxim Integrated Products Printed USA is a registered trademark of Maxim Integrated Products. MAX6682 Package Information