MAXIM MAX2016

19-3404; Rev 1; 10/06
KIT
ATION
EVALU
E
L
B
A
AVAIL
LF-to-2.5GHz Dual Logarithmic Detector/
Controller for Power, Gain, and VSWR Measurements
The MAX2016 dual logarithmic detector/controller is a
fully integrated system designed for measuring and
comparing power, gain/loss, and voltage standing-wave
ratio (VSWR) of two incoming RF signals. An internal
broadband impedance match on the two differential RF
input ports allows for the simultaneous monitoring of signals ranging from low frequency to 2.5GHz.
The MAX2016 uses a pair of logarithmic amplifiers to
detect and compare the power levels of two RF input
signals. The device internally subtracts one power level
from the other to provide a DC output voltage that is proportional to the power difference (gain). The MAX2016
can also measure the return loss/VSWR of an RF signal
by monitoring the incident and reflected power levels
associated with any given load. A window detector is
easily implemented by using the on-chip comparators,
OR gate, and 2V reference. This combination of circuitry
provides an automatic indication of when the measured
gain is outside a programmable range. Alarm monitoring
can thus be implemented for detecting high-VSWR
states (such as open or shorted loads).
The MAX2016 operates from a single +2.7V to +5.25V*
power supply and is specified over the extended -40°C
to +85°C temperature range. The MAX2016 is available
in a space-saving, 5mm x 5mm, 28-pin thin QFN.
Applications
Return Loss/VSWR Measurements
Dual-Channel RF Power Measurements
Dual-Channel Precision AGC/RF Power Control
Log Ratio Function for RF Signals
Remote System Monitoring and Diagnostics
Features
♦ Complete Gain and VSWR Detector/Controller
♦ Dual-Channel RF Power Detector/Controller
♦ Low-Frequency to 2.5GHz Frequency Range
♦ Exceptional Accuracy Over Temperature
♦ High 80dB Dynamic Range
♦ 2.7V to 5.25V Supply Voltage Range*
♦ Internal 2V Reference
♦ Scaling Stable Over Supply and Temperature
Variations
♦ Controller Mode with Error Output
♦ Available in 5mm x 5mm, 28-Pin Thin QFN
Package
*See Power-Supply Connection section.
Ordering Information
TEMP RANGE
PINPACKAGE
MAX2016ETI
-40°C to +85°C
28 Thin QFN-EP*,
T2855-3
bulk
MAX2016ETI-T
-40°C to +85°C
28 Thin QFN-EP*,
T2855-3
T/R
MAX2016ETI+D
-40°C to +85°C
28 Thin QFN-EP*,
T2855-3
lead free, bulk
MAX2016ETI+TD -40°C to +85°C
28 Thin QFN-EP*,
T2855-3
lead free, T/R
PART
*EP = Exposed pad.
+Indicates lead-free package.
D = Dry pack.
Pin Configuration
OUTA
SETA
REF
SETB
OUTB
FB2
RF/IF Power Amplifier (PA) Linearization
FA2
Cellular Base Station, Microwave Link, Radar,
and other Military Applications
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
FA1
1
21 FB1
VCC
2
20 VCC
RFINA+
3
RFINA-
4
GND
5
17 GND
COUTH
6
16 COUTL
CSETH
7
15 CSETL
19 RFINB+
MAX2016
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
VCC
SETD
OUTD
VCC
FV2
FV1
18 RFINB-
COR
Typical Application Circuit appears at end of data sheet.
PKG
CODE
THIN QFN
________________________________________________________________ Maxim Integrated Products
For pricing, delivery, and ordering information, please contact Maxim/Dallas Direct! at
1-888-629-4642, or visit Maxim’s website at www.maxim-ic.com.
1
MAX2016
General Description
MAX2016
LF-to-2.5GHz Dual Logarithmic Detector/
Controller for Power, Gain, and VSWR Measurements
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
VCC to GND .........................................................-0.3V to +5.25V
Input Power Differential (RFIN_+, RFIN_-)......................+23dBm
Input Power Single Ended (RFIN_+ or RFIN _-) .............+19dBm
All Other Pins to GND.................................-0.3V to (VCC + 0.3V)
Continuous Power Dissipation (TA = +70°C)
28-Pin, 5mm x 5mm Thin QFN (derate 35.7mW/°C
above +70°C)..................................................................2.8W
Operating Temperature Range ...........................-40°C to +85°C
Junction Temperature ......................................................+150°C
Storage Temperature Range .............................-65°C to +150°C
Lead Temperature (soldering, 10s) .................................+300°C
Stresses beyond those listed under “Absolute Maximum Ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only, and functional
operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated in the operational sections of the specifications is not implied. Exposure to
absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.
DC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
(VCC = +2.7V to +3.6V, R1 = R2 = R3 = 0Ω, TA = -40°C to +85°C, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are at VCC = +3.3V,
CSETL = CSETH = VCC, 50Ω RF system, TA = +25°C, unless otherwise noted.) (Note 1)
PARAMETER
SYMBOL
CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
POWER SUPPLY
Supply Voltage
Total Supply Current
VS
R6 = 0Ω
2.7
3.3
3.6
VS
R6 = 37.4Ω
4.75
5
5.25
43
55
ICC
Supply Current
Measured in each pin 2 and pin 20
16
Measured in pin 9
2
Measured in pin 12
9
Differential impedance at RFINA and RFINB
50
V
mA
mA
INPUT INTERFACE
Input Impedance
Input Resistance
R
Resistance at SETD
20
Resistance at SETA and SETB
40
Ω
kΩ
DETECTOR OUTPUT
Source Current
Measured at OUTA, OUTB, and OUTD
4
mA
Sink Current
Measured at OUTA, OUTB, and OUTD
0.45
mA
Minimum Output Voltage
Measured at OUTA, OUTB, and OUTD
0.5
V
Maximum Output Voltage
Measured at OUTA, OUTB, and OUTD
1.8
V
Difference Output VOUTD
PRFINA = PRFINB = -30dBm
1
V
±12
mV
OUTD Accuracy
COMPARATORS
Output High Voltage
VOH
RLOAD ≥ 10kΩ
VCC 10mV
V
Output Low Voltage
VOL
RLOAD ≥ 10kΩ
10
mV
GND to
VCC
V
1
nA
Input Voltage
Measured at CSETL and CSETH
Input Bias Current
CSETL and CSETH
REFERENCE
Output Voltage on Pin 25
RLOAD ≥ 2kΩ
2
V
Load Regulation
Source 2mA
-5
mV
2
_______________________________________________________________________________________
LF-to-2.5GHz Dual Logarithmic Detector/
Controller for Power, Gain, and VSWR Measurements
(Typical Application Circuit, VCC = +2.7V to +3.3V, R1 = R2 = R3 = 0Ω, TA = -40°C to +85°C, unless otherwise noted. Typical values
are at VCC = 3.3V, CSETL = CSETH = VCC, TA = +25°C, unless otherwise noted.) (Note 1)
PARAMETER
SYMBOL
RF Input Frequency Range
fRF
Return Loss
S11
Large-Signal Response Time
CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
AC-coupled input
MAX
UNITS
2.5
GHz
0.1GHz to 3GHz
20
dB
PRFIN = no signal to 0dBm, ±0.5dB settling
accuracy
100
ns
-70 to
+10
dBm
RSSI MODE—0.1GHz
RF Input Power Range
(Note 2)
±3dB Dynamic Range
TA = -20°C to +85°C (Note 3)
Range Center
80
dB
-32
dBm
TA = +25°C to +85°C
+0.0083
TA = +25°C to -20°C
-0.0083
Temperature Sensitivity
PRFINA = PRFINB =
-32dBm
Slope
(Note 4)
Typical Slope Variation
TA = -20°C to +85°C
Intercept
(Note 5)
-100
dBm
Typical Intercept Variation
TA = -20°C to +85°C
0.03
dBm/°C
-70 to
+10
dBm
dB/°C
19
mV/dB
-4
µV/°C
RSSI MODE—0.9GHz
RF Input Power Range
(Note 2)
±3dB Dynamic Range
TA = -20°C to +85°C (Note 3)
Range Center
Temperature Sensitivity
PRFINA = PRFINB =
-30dBm
80
dB
-30
dBm
TA = +25°C to +85°C
+0.0083
TA = +25°C to -20°C
-0.0083
dB/°C
Slope
(Note 4)
Typical Slope Variation
TA = -20°C to +85°C
18.1
mV/dB
-4
µV/°C
Intercept
(Note 5)
-97
dBm
Typical Intercept Variation
TA = -20°C to +85°C
0.02
dBm/°C
-55 to
+12
dBm
67
dB
-27
dBm
RSSI MODE—1.9GHz
RF Input Power Range
(Note 2)
±3dB Dynamic Range
TA = -20°C to +85°C (Note 3)
Range Center
Temperature Sensitivity
PRFINA = PRFINB =
-27dBm
TA = +25°C to +85°C
+0.0125
TA = +25°C to -20°C
-0.0125
dB/°C
Slope
(Note 4)
18
mV/dB
Typical Slope Variation
TA = -20°C to +85°C
-4.8
µV/°C
Intercept
(Note 5)
-88
dBm
Typical Intercept Variation
TA = -20°C to +85°C
0.03
dBm/°C
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3
MAX2016
AC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS—OUTA AND OUTB
MAX2016
LF-to-2.5GHz Dual Logarithmic Detector/
Controller for Power, Gain, and VSWR Measurements
AC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS—OUTA AND OUTB (continued)
(Typical Application Circuit, VCC = +2.7V to +3.3V, R1 = R2 = R3 = 0Ω, TA = -40°C to +85°C, unless otherwise noted. Typical values
are at VCC = 3.3V, CSETL = CSETH = VCC, TA = +25°C, unless otherwise noted.) (Note 1)
PARAMETER
SYMBOL
CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
RSSI MODE—2.17GHz
-52 to
+12
RF Input Power Range
(Note 2)
±3dB Dynamic Range
TA = -20°C to +85°C (Note 3)
Range Center
Temperature Sensitivity
PRFINA = PRFINB =
-25dBm
Slope
(Note 4)
Typical Slope Variation
Intercept
dBm
64
dB
-25
dBm
TA = +25°C to +85°C
+0.0135
TA = +25°C to -20°C
-0.0135
dB/°C
17.8
mV/dB
TA = -20°C to +85°C
-8
µV/°C
(Note 5)
-81
dBm
Typical Intercept Variation
RSSI MODE—2.5GHz
TA = -20°C to +85°C
0.03
dBm/°C
RF Input Power Range
(Note 2)
±3dB Dynamic Range
TA = -20°C to +85°C (Note 3)
-45 to
+7
52
Range Center
dBm
dB
-23
PRFINA = PRFINB =
-23dBm
Temperature Sensitivity
TA = +25°C to +85°C
TA = +25°C to -20°C
dBm
+0.0167
-0.0167
17.8
mV/dB
dB/°C
Slope
(Note 4)
Typical Slope Variation
TA = -20°C to +85°C
-8
µV/°C
Intercept
(Note 5)
-80
dBm
Typical Intercept Variation
TA = -20°C to +85°C
0.03
dBm/°C
AC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS—OUTD
(Typical Application Circuit, VCC = +2.7V to +3.3V, R1 = R2 = R3 = 0Ω, TA = -40°C to +85°C, unless otherwise noted. Typical values
are at VCC = 3.3V, CSETL = CSETH = VCC, TA = +25°C, unless otherwise noted.) (Note 1)
PARAMETER
SYMBOL
CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
OUTD Center Point
PRFINA = PRFINB
1
V
Small-Signal Envelope Bandwidth
No external capacitor on pins FV1 and FV2
22
MHz
Small-Signal Settling Time
Any 8dB change on the inputs,
no external capacitor on FV1 and FV2,
settling accuracy is ±0.5dB
150
ns
Large-Signal Settling Time
Any 30dB change on the inputs, no external
capacitor on pins FV1 and FV2, settling
accuracy is ±0.5dB
300
ns
Small-Signal Rise and Fall Time
Any 8dB step, no external capacitor on pins
FV1 and FV2
15
ns
4
_______________________________________________________________________________________
LF-to-2.5GHz Dual Logarithmic Detector/
Controller for Power, Gain, and VSWR Measurements
(Typical Application Circuit, VCC = +2.7V to +3.3V, R1 = R2 = R3 = 0Ω, TA = -40°C to +85°C, unless otherwise noted. Typical values
are at VCC = 3.3V, CSETL = CSETH = VCC, TA = +25°C, unless otherwise noted.) (Note 1)
PARAMETER
Large-Signal Rise and Fall Time
±1dB Dynamic Range
SYMBOL
CONDITIONS
0.1GHz
PRFINB = -32dBm
80
0.9GHz
PRFINB = -30dBm
75
1.9GHz
PRFINB = -27dBm
60
2.17GHz
PRFINB = -25dBm
55
2.5GHz
PRFINB = -23dBm
fRF = 0.1GHz to 2.5GHz (A-B)
OUTD Voltage Deviation
PRFINA = PRFINB = -30dBm, TA =
-20°C to +85°C
Gain Measurement Balance
Channel Isolation
TYP
35
Slope
±1dB Dynamic Range over
Temperature Relative to Best-Fit
Curve at +25°C
MIN
Any 30dB step, no external capacitor on
pins FV1 and FV2
PRFINA is swept ;
TA = -20°C to
+85°C
MAX
UNITS
ns
dB
50
-25
±0.25
0.1GHz, PRFINB =
-32dBm
80
0.9GHz, PRFINB =
-30dBm
70
1.9GHz, PRFINB =
-27dBm
55
2.17GHz, PRFINB =
-25dBm
50
2.5GHz, PRFINB =
-23dBm
45
PRFINB = PRFINB = -50dBm to -5dBm, fRF =
1.9GHz
0.2
0.9GHz
90
1.9GHz
65
2.5GHz
55
mV/dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
The MAX2016 is tested at TA = +25°C and is guaranteed by design for TA = -40°C to +85°C.
Typical minimum and maximum range of the detector at the stated frequency.
Dynamic range refers to the range over which the error remains within the ±3dB range.
The slope is the variation of the output voltage per change in input power. It is calculated by fitting a root-mean-square
straight line to the data indicated by the RF input power range.
Note 5: The intercept is an extrapolated value that corresponds to the output power for which the output voltage is zero. It is calculated by fitting a root-mean-square straight line to the data.
Note 1:
Note 2:
Note 3:
Note 4:
_______________________________________________________________________________________
5
MAX2016
AC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS—OUTD (continued)
Typical Operating Characteristics
(MAX2016 EV kit, VCC = 3.3V, R1 = R2 = R3 = 0Ω, CSETL = CSETH = VCC, TA = +25°C, unless otherwise noted.)
DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT VOLTAGE
vs. A/B DIFFERENCE
fIN = 100MHz
PRFINB = -32dBm
NORMALIZED TO DATA
AT +25°C
2
1
ERROR (dB)
TA = -20°C,
+25°C, +85°C
1.5
3
1.0
TA = -20°C
0
TA = +85°C
-1
0.5
-2
0
-3
-10
10
30
-50
-30
-10
10
30
50
MAGNITUDE RATIO (dB)
MAGNITUDE RATIO (dB)
DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT VOLTAGE
vs. A/B DIFFERENCE
DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT-VOLTAGE ERROR
vs. A/B DIFFERENCE
fIN = 900MHz
PRFINB = -30dBm PRFINA IS SWEPT
2.0
fIN = 900MHz
PRFINB = -30dBm
NORMALIZED TO DATA
AT +25°C
2
1
TA = -20°C,
+25°C, +85°C
1.5
3
ERROR (dB)
1.0
TA = -20°C
0
TA = +85°C
-1
0.5
-2
0
-3
-30
-10
10
30
-50
-30
-10
10
30
50
MAGNITUDE RATIO (dB)
MAGNITUDE RATIO (dB)
DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT VOLTAGE
vs. A/B DIFFERENCE
DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT-VOLTAGE ERROR
vs. A/B DIFFERENCE
2.5
fIN = 1900MHz
PRFINB = -27dBm
PRFINA IS SWEPT
TA = -20°C
2.0
50
3
MAX2016 toc05
-50
fIN = 1900MHz
PRFINB = -27dBm
NORMALIZED TO DATA
AT +25°C
2
TA = +25°C
MAX2016 toc06
VOUTD (V)
50
MAX2016 toc04
2.5
-30
MAX2016 toc03
-50
ERROR (dB)
1
1.5
TA = +85°C
1.0
TA = -20°C
0
-1
0.5
TA = +85°C
-2
0
-3
-40
-20
0
20
MAGNITUDE RATIO (dB)
6
MAX2016 toc02
fIN = 100MHz
PRFINB = -32dBm PRFINA IS SWEPT
2.0
VOUTD (V)
DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT-VOLTAGE ERROR
vs. A/B DIFFERENCE
MAX2016 toc01
2.5
VOUTD (V)
MAX2016
LF-to-2.5GHz Dual Logarithmic Detector/
Controller for Power, Gain, and VSWR Measurements
40
-40
-20
0
20
40
MAGNITUDE RATIO (dB)
_______________________________________________________________________________________
LF-to-2.5GHz Dual Logarithmic Detector/
Controller for Power, Gain, and VSWR Measurements
DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT VOLTAGE
vs. A/B DIFFERENCE
TA = -20°C
TA = +85°C
1.5
fIN = 2170MHz
PRFINB = -25dBm
NORMALIZED TO DATA
AT +25°C
2
1
ERROR (dB)
TA = +25°C
1.0
TA = -20°C
0
-1
0.5
-2
0
-3
-25
2.5
-5
15
35
-20
0
40
20
MAGNITUDE RATIO (dB)
DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT VOLTAGE
vs. A/B DIFFERENCE
DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT-VOLTAGE ERROR
vs. A/B DIFFERENCE
fIN = 2500MHz
PRFINB = -23dBm PRFINA IS SWEPT
2.0
-40
MAGNITUDE RATIO (dB)
TA = -20°C
fIN = 2500MHz
PRFINB = -23dBm
NORMALIZED TO DATA
AT +25°C
TA = -20°C
2
1
ERROR (dB)
TA = +25°C
1.5
3
MAX2016 toc09
-45
VOUTD (V)
TA = +85°C
TA = +85°C
1.0
MAX2016 toc10
VOUTD (V)
2.0
3
MAX2016 toc08
fIN = 2170MHz
PRFINB = -25dBm PRFINA IS SWEPT
MAX2016 toc07
2.5
DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT-VOLTAGE ERROR
vs. A/B DIFFERENCE
0
-1
TA = +85°C
0.5
-2
0
-3
-20
0
20
40
-40
-20
MAGNITUDE RATIO (dB)
DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT-VOLTAGE BALANCE
VOUTD (V)
1.00
TA = +85°C
0.95
-15
TA = -20°C
-20
-25
TA = +85°C
TA = +25°C
-30
-35
-40
-45
TA = +25°C
TA = -20°C
PRFINA = PRFINB - 5dB
0.90
S11 MAGNITUDE
MAGNITUDE (dB)
fIN = 1900MHz
TA = +25°C TA = +85°C T = -20°C
A
TA = +25°C
PRFINA = PRFINB + 5dB
TA = +85°C
PRFINA = PRFINB
TA = -20°C
1.05
40
20
-10
MAX2016 toc11
1.15
1.10
0
MAGNITUDE RATIO (dB)
MAX2016 toc12
-40
-50
-55
0.85
-60
-60
-45
-30
PRFINA (dBm)
-15
0
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
FREQUENCY (GHz)
_______________________________________________________________________________________
7
MAX2016
Typical Operating Characteristics (continued)
(MAX2016 EV kit, VCC = 3.3V, R1 = R2 = R3 = 0Ω, CSETL = CSETH = VCC, TA = +25°C, unless otherwise noted.)
Typical Operating Characteristics (continued)
(MAX2016 EV kit, VCC = 3.3V, R1 = R2 = R3 = 0Ω, CSETL = CSETH = VCC, TA = +25°C, unless otherwise noted.)
VOUTA vs. PRFINA
VOUTA ERROR vs. PRFINA
TA = -20°C
TA = +25°C
2.0
fIN = 100MHz
NORMALIZED TO DATA
AT +25°C
2
1
ERROR (dB)
1.0
TA = -20°C
0
TA = +85°C
-1
0.5
-2
0
-3
-60
-40
-20
0
20
-80
-60
-40
PRFINA (dBm)
VOUTA vs. PRFINA
3
MAX2016 toc15
fIN = 900MHz
TA = -20°C
TA = +25°C
fIN = 900MHz
NORMALIZED TO DATA
AT +25°C
2
ERROR (dB)
VOUTA (V)
1
TA = +85°C
1.5
20
0
VOUTA ERROR vs. PRFINA
2.5
2.0
-20
PRFINA (dBm)
1.0
TA = -20°C
0
TA = +85°C
-1
0.5
MAX2016 toc16
-80
-2
0
-3
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
-75
-60
-45
PRFINA (dBm)
VOUTA vs. PRFINA
0
3
MAX2016 toc17
TA = -20°C
2.0
-15
15
VOUTA ERROR vs. PRFINA
2.5
fIN = 1900MHz
-30
PRFINA (dBm)
TA = +25°C
MAX2016 toc18
VOUTA (V)
TA = +85°C
1.5
MAX2016 toc14
fIN = 100MHz
3
MAX2016 toc13
2.5
fIN = 1900MHz
NORMALIZED TO DATA
AT +25°C
2
1.5
TA = +85°C
1.0
ERROR (dB)
1
VOUTA (V)
MAX2016
LF-to-2.5GHz Dual Logarithmic Detector/
Controller for Power, Gain, and VSWR Measurements
TA = -20°C
0
TA = +85°C
-1
0.5
-2
0
-3
-65
-45
-25
PRFINA (dBm)
8
-5
15
-65
-45
-25
-5
PRFINA (dBm)
_______________________________________________________________________________________
15
LF-to-2.5GHz Dual Logarithmic Detector/
Controller for Power, Gain, and VSWR Measurements
VOUTA ERROR vs. PRFINA
VOUTA vs. PRFINA
TA = -20°C
1
ERROR (dB)
1.5
TA = +85°C
1.0
TA = -20°C
0
-1
0.5
TA = +85°C
-2
-3
0
-60
-45
-30
-15
0
-60
15
-45
TA = -20°C
TA = +25°C
fIN = 2500MHz
NORMALIZED TO DATA
AT +25°C
2
15
TA = -20°C
1
ERROR (dB)
VOUTA (V)
0
3
MAX2016 toc21
fIN = 2500MHz
1.5
1.0
-15
VOUTA ERROR vs. PRFINA
VOUTA vs. PRFINA
2.5
2.0
-30
PRFINA (dBm)
PRFINA (dBm)
TA = +85°C
MAX2016 toc22
VOUTA (V)
fIN = 2170MHz
NORMALIZED TO DATA
AT +25°C
2
TA = +25°C
MAX2016 toc20
fIN = 2170MHz
2.0
3
MAX2016 toc19
2.5
0
-1
0.5
TA = +85°C
-2
-3
0
-60
-45
-30
-15
PRFINA (dBm)
0
15
-60
-45
-30
-15
0
15
PRFINA (dBm)
_______________________________________________________________________________________
9
MAX2016
Typical Operating Characteristics (continued)
(MAX2016 EV kit, VCC = 3.3V, R1 = R2 = R3 = 0Ω, CSETL = CSETH = VCC, TA = +25°C, unless otherwise noted.)
MAX2016
LF-to-2.5GHz Dual Logarithmic Detector/
Controller for Power, Gain, and VSWR Measurements
Pin Description
PIN
NAME
FUNCTION
1, 28
FA1, FA2
External Capacitor Input. Connecting a capacitor between FA1 and FA2 sets the highpass cutoff
frequency corner for detector A (see the Input Highpass Filter section).
2, 9, 12, 20
VCC
Supply Voltage. Bypass with capacitors as specified in the Typical Application Circuit. Place
capacitors as close to each VCC as possible (see the Power-Supply Connections section).
3, 4
RFINA+, RFINA-
5, 17
GND
Differential RF Inputs for Detector A. Requires external DC-blocking capacitors.
6
COUTH
High-Comparator Output
7
CSETH
Threshold Input on High Comparator
8
COR
10
SETD
Set-Point Input for Gain Detector
11
OUTD
DC Output Voltage Representing PRFINA - PRFINB. This output provides a DC voltage
proportional to the difference of the input RF powers on RFINA and RFINB.
13, 14
FV2, FV1
Video-Filter Capacitor Inputs for OUTD
15
CSETL
Threshold Set Input on Low Comparator
16
COUTL
Low-Comparator Output
18, 19
RFINB-, RFINB+
Ground. Connect to the PCB ground plane.
Comparator OR Logic Output. Output of COUTH ORed with COUTL.
Differential RF Inputs for Detector B. Requires external DC-blocking capacitors.
External Capacitor Input. Connecting a capacitor between FB1 and FB2 sets the highpass cutoff
frequency corner for detector B (see the Input Highpass Filter section).
21, 22
FB1, FB2
23
OUTB
Detector B Output. This output provides a voltage proportional to the log of the input power on
differential inputs RFINB+ and RFINB- (RFINB).
24
SETB
Set-Point Input for Detector B
25
REF
26
SETA
2V Reference Output
Set-Point Input for Detector A
27
OUTA
Detector A Output. This output provides a voltage proportional to the log of the input power on
differential inputs RFINA+ and RFINA- (RFINA).
EP
GND
Exposed Paddle. EP must connect to the PCB ground plane.
Detailed Description
The MAX2016 dual logarithmic amplifier is designed for
a multitude of applications including dual-channel RF
power measurements, AGC control, gain/loss detection,
and VSWR monitoring. This device measures RF signals
ranging from low frequency to 2.5GHz, and operates
from a single 2.7V to 5.25V (using series resistor, R6)
power supply. As with its single-channel counterpart
(MAX2015), the MAX2016 provides unparalleled performance with a high 80dB dynamic range at 100MHz and
exceptional accuracy over the extended temperature
and supply voltage ranges.
The MAX2016 uses a pair of logarithmic amplifiers to
detect and compare the power levels of two RF input
signals. The device subtracts one power level from the
other to provide a DC output voltage that is proportional
10
to the power difference (gain). The MAX2016 can also
measure the return loss/VSWR of an RF signal by monitoring the incident and reflected power levels associated with any given load.
A window detector is easily implemented by using the
on-chip comparators, OR gate, and 2V reference. This
combination of circuitry provides an automatic indication of when the measured gain is outside a programmable range. Alarm monitoring can thus be implemented for detecting high-VSWR states (such as open
or shorted loads).
RF Inputs (RFINA and RFINB)
The MAX2016 has two differential RF inputs. The input
to detector A (RFINA) uses the two input ports RFINA+
and RFINA-, and the input to detector B (RFINB) uses
the two input ports RFINB+ and RFINB-.
______________________________________________________________________________________
LF-to-2.5GHz Dual Logarithmic Detector/
Controller for Power, Gain, and VSWR Measurements
SETA, SETB, and SETD Inputs
The SET_ inputs are used for loop control when the
device is in controller mode. Likewise, these same
SET_ inputs are used to set the slope of the output signal (mV/dB) when the MAX2016 is in detector mode.
The center node of the internal resistor-divider is fed to
the negative input of the power detector’s internal output op amp.
The input power level can be determined by the following
equation:
PRFIN _ =
OUTA and OUTB
Each OUT_ is a DC voltage proportional to the RF input
power level. The change of OUT_ with respect to the
power input is approximately 18mV/dB (R1 = R2 = 0Ω).
SLOPE
+ PINT
where PINT is the extrapolated intercept point of where
the output voltage intersects the horizontal axis.
OUTD
OUTD is a DC voltage proportional to the difference of
the input RF power levels. The change of the OUTD
with respect to the power difference is -25mV/dB (R3 =
0Ω). The difference of the input power levels (gain) can
be determined by the following equation:
(V
− VCENTER )
PRFINA − PRFINB = OUTD
SLOPE
where VCENTER is the output voltage, typically 1V, when
PRFINA = PRFINB.
Reference
The MAX2016 has an on-chip 2V voltage reference.
The internal reference output is connected to REF. The
output can be used as a reference voltage source for
the comparators or other components and can source
up to 2mA.
VOUT _
Applications Information
Monitoring VSWR and Return Loss
The MAX2016 can be used to measure the VSWR of an
RF signal, which is useful for detecting the presence or
absence of a properly loaded termination, such as an
antenna (see Figure 1). The transmitted wave from the
power amplifier is coupled to RFINA and to the antenna. The reflected wave from the antenna is connected
to RFINB through a circulator. When the antenna is
missing or damaged, a mismatch in the nominal load
VREF
CSETL
RFINA
RFINB
COUPLER
LOGARITHMIC
DETECTOR
COUTL
COUTL
LOGARITHMIC
DETECTOR
OUTD
ATTENUATOR
OUTD
SETD
TRANSMITTER
CIRCULATOR
MAX2016
20kΩ
GND
Figure 1. VSWR Monitoring Configuation
______________________________________________________________________________________
11
MAX2016
The differential RF inputs allow for the measurement of
broadband signals ranging from low frequency to
2.5GHz. For single-ended signals, RFINA- and RFINBare AC-coupled to ground. The RF inputs are internally
biased and need to be AC-coupled. Using 680pF
capacitors, as shown in the Typical Application Circuit,
results in a 10MHz highpass corner frequency. An
internal 50Ω resistor between RFINA+ and RFINA- (as
well as RFINB+ and RFINB-) produces a good low-frequency to 3.0GHz match.
MAX2016
LF-to-2.5GHz Dual Logarithmic Detector/
Controller for Power, Gain, and VSWR Measurements
impedance results, leading to an increase in reflected
power and subsequent change in the transmission
line’s VSWR. This increase in reflected power is manifested by an increase in the voltage at OUTD. An alarm
condition can be set by using the low comparator output (COUTL) as shown in Figure 1. The comparator
automatically senses the change in VSWR, yielding a
logic 0 as it compares OUTD to a low DC voltage at
CSETL. CSETL, in turn, is set by using the internal reference voltage and an external resistor-divider network.
For accurate measurement of signals carrying significant amplitude modulation, limit the bandwidth of the
difference amplifier to be less than the lowest modulation frequency. This will minimize the ripple in the
OUTD waveform. This is particularly appropriate if the
system-level time delay between the two sense points
is significant with respect to the period of modulation.
Figure 1 illustrates a simple level detector. For windowdetector implementation, see the Comparator/Window
Detector section.
Measuring VSWR and Return Loss
In Figure 2, the two logarithmic amplifiers measure the
incident and the reflected power levels to produce two
proportional output voltages at OUTA and OUTB. Since
OUTD is a DC voltage proportional to the difference of
OUTA and OUTB, return loss (RL) and VSWR can be
easily calculated within a microprocessor using the
following relationships:
RL = PRFINA − PRFINB =
(VOUTD − VCENTER )
SLOPE
where return loss (RL) is expressed in decibels,
V CENTER is the output voltage (typically 1V) when
P RFINA = P RFINB , and SLOPE is typically equal to
-25mV/dB (for R3 = 0Ω).
VSWR can similarly be calculated through the following
relationship:
VSWR =
−⎛
RL ⎞
−⎛
RL ⎞
1 + 10 ⎝ 20 ⎠
1 − 10 ⎝ 20 ⎠
RFINA
LOGARITHMIC
DETECTOR
RFINB
LOGARITHMIC
DETECTOR
OUTD
ADC
SETD
MAX2016
20kΩ
GND
LOAD
IN
4-PORT DIRECTIONAL
COUPLER
Figure 2. Measuring Return Loss and VSWR of a Given Load
12
______________________________________________________________________________________
μP
LF-to-2.5GHz Dual Logarithmic Detector/
Controller for Power, Gain, and VSWR Measurements
RFINA
LOGARITHMIC
DETECTOR
RFINB
LOGARITHMIC
DETECTOR
MAX2016
MAX2016
20kΩ
SETD
OUTD
OUTD
GND
RF BLOCK
COUPLER
COUPLER
OUT
IN
Figure 3. Gain Measurement Configuration
Measuring Gain
The MAX2016 can be used to measure the gain of an
RF block (or combination of blocks) through the implementation outlined in Figure 3. As shown, a coupled
signal from the input of the block is fed into RFINA,
while the coupled output is connected to RFINB. The
DC output voltage at OUTD is proportional to the power
difference (i.e., gain).
The gain of a complete receiver or transmitter lineup
can likewise be measured since the MAX2016 accepts
RF signals that range from low frequency to 2.5GHz;
see Figure 4. The MAX2016 accurately measures the
gain, regardless of the different frequencies present
within superheterodyne architectures.
For accurate measurement of signals carrying significant amplitude modulation, limit the bandwidth of the
difference amplifier to be less than the lowest modulation frequency. This will minimize the ripple in the
OUTD waveform. This is particularly appropriate if the
system-level time delay between the two sense points
is significant with respect to the period of modulation.
MIXER
fIF
fRF
COUPLER
COUPLER
LNA
LO
LOGARITHMIC RFINB
DETECTOR
RFINA LOGARITHMIC
DETECTOR
OUTD
OUT
MAX2016
SETD
20kΩ
Figure 4. Conversion Gain Measurement Configuration
______________________________________________________________________________________
13
MAX2016
LF-to-2.5GHz Dual Logarithmic Detector/
Controller for Power, Gain, and VSWR Measurements
Measuring Power (RSSI Detector Mode)
In detector mode, the MAX2016 acts like a receive-signal-strength indicator (RSSI), which provides an output
voltage proportional to the input power. This is accomplished by providing a feedback path from OUTA
(OUTB) to SETA (SETB) (R1/R2 = 0Ω; see Figure 5).
By connecting SET_ directly to OUT_, the op-amp gain
is set to 2V/V due to two internal 20kΩ feedback resistors. This provides a detector slope of approximately
18mV/dB with a 0.5V to 1.8V output range.
Gain-Controller Mode
The MAX2016 can be used as a gain controller within
an automatic gain-control (AGC) loop. As shown in
Figure 6, RFINA and RFINB monitor the VGA’s input
and output power levels, respectively. The MAX2016
produces a DC voltage at OUTD that is proportional to
the difference in these two RF input power levels. An
internal op amp compares the DC voltage with a reference voltage at SETD. The op amp increases or
decreases the voltage at OUTD until OUTD equals
SETD. Thus, the MAX2016 adjusts the gain of the VGA
to a level determined by the voltage applied to SETD.
Place the nominal signal levels of RFINA and RFINB
near the middle of their respective dynamic ranges to
accommodate the largest range of gain compensation.
This is nominally -25dBm to -30dBm. If so selected, the
nominal voltage applied to SETD will be approximately
1.0V. Operate the SETD voltage within the range of
0.5V to 1.5V for the greatest accuracy of gain control.
VGA
DETECTORS
OUTA
IN_
OUTA
RFIN+A
VGA OUTPUT
VGA INPUT
COUPLER
COUPLER
20kΩ
SETA
GAIN CONTROL INPUT
R1/R2
SET-POINT
DAC
RFIN-A
20kΩ
SETD
OUTD
GND
MAX2016
DETECTORS
MAX2016
OUTB
IN_
OUTB
20kΩ
RFIN+B
20kΩ
SETB
R1/R2
RFIN-B
RFINA
20kΩ
Figure 5. In Detector Mode (RSSI), OUTA/OUTB is a DC
Voltage Proportional to the Input Power
14
LOGARITHMIC
DETECTOR
LOGARITHMIC
DETECTOR
RFINB
Figure 6. In Gain-Controller Mode, the OUTD Maintains the
Gain of the VGA
______________________________________________________________________________________
LF-to-2.5GHz Dual Logarithmic Detector/
Controller for Power, Gain, and VSWR Measurements
OUTA and OUTB Slope Adjustment
The transfer slope function of OUTA and OUTB can be
increased from its nominal value by varying resistors
R1 and R2 (see the Typical Application Circuit). The
equation controlling the slope is:
⎛ mV ⎞
SLOPE OUTA OR OUTB = ⎜ 9
⎟
⎝ dB ⎠
⎡ (R1 or R2) + 40k ⎤
⎢
⎥
20k
⎢⎣
⎥⎦
OUTD Slope Adjustment
The transfer slope function of OUTD can be increased
from its nominal value by varying resistor R3 (see the
Typical Application Circuit). The equation controlling
the slope is:
mV ⎞ ⎛ R3 + 20k ⎞
⎛
SLOPE OUTD = ⎜ −25
⎟⎜
⎟
⎝
dB ⎠ ⎝ 20k ⎠
Input Highpass Filters
POWER AMPLIFIER
TRANSMITTER
COUPLER
GAIN-CONTROL INPUT
LOWPASS
FILTER
RFINA/
LOGARITHMIC RFINB
DETECTOR
OUTA/
OUTB
SET-POINT
DAC
The MAX2016 integrates a programmable highpass filter on each RF input. The lower cutoff frequency of the
MAX2016 can be decreased by increasing the external
capacitor value between FA1 and FA2 or FB1 and FB2.
By default, with no capacitor connecting FA1 and FA2
or FB1 and FB2, the lower cutoff frequency is 20MHz.
Using the following equation determines the lowest
operating frequency:
frequency =
1
2πRC
where R = 2Ω.
SETA/
SETB
Differential Output Video Filter
20kΩ
20kΩ
MAX2016
The bandwidth and response time difference of the output amplifier can be controlled with the external capacitor, C15, connected between FV1 and FV2. With no
external capacitor, the bandwidth is greater than 20MHz.
The following equation determines the bandwidth of the
amplifier difference:
frequency =
Figure 7. In Power-Controller Mode, the DC Voltage at OUTA or
OUTB Controls the Gain of the PA, Leading to a Constant
Output Power Level (Note: Only one controller channel is
shown within the figure. Since the MAX2016 is a dual controller/detector, the second channel can be easily implemented
by using the adjacent set of input and output connections.)
1
2πRC
where R = 1.8kΩ.
Use a video bandwidth lower than the anticipated lowest amplitude-modulation frequency range to yield the
greatest accuracy in tracking the average carrier
power for high peak-to-average ratio waveforms.
______________________________________________________________________________________
15
MAX2016
Power-Controller Mode
The MAX2016 can also be used as a power detector/
controller within an AGC loop. Figure 7 depicts a scenario where the MAX2016 is employed as the AGC circuit. As shown in the figure, the MAX2016 monitors the
output of the PA through a directional coupler. An internal differencing amplifier (Figure 5) compares the
detected signal with a reference voltage determined by
VSET_. The differencing amplifier increases or decreases the voltage at OUT_, according to how closely the
detected signal level matches the VSET_ reference. The
MAX2016 maintains the power of the PA to a level
determined by the voltage applied to SET_.
Since the logarithmic detector responds to any amplitude modulation being carried by the carrier signal, it
may be necessary to insert an external lowpass filter
between the differencing amplifier output
(OUTA/OUTB) and the gain-control element to remove
this modulation signal.
MAX2016
LF-to-2.5GHz Dual Logarithmic Detector/
Controller for Power, Gain, and VSWR Measurements
CSETH
MAX2016
COR
RFINA LOGARITHMIC
DETECTOR
CSETL
RFINB LOGARITHMIC
DETECTOR
OUTD
SETD
20kΩ
RF BLOCK
COUPLER
IN
COUPLER
OUT
Figure 8. Window Comparators Monitoring Mode. COR goes high if OUTD drops below CSETL or rises above CSETH.
Comparators/Window Detectors
The MAX2016 integrates two comparators for use in
monitoring the difference in power levels (gain) of
RFINA and RFINB. The thresholds of the two comparators are set to the voltage applied to the CSETL and
CSETH pins. The output of each comparator can be
monitored independently or from the COR output that
ORs the outputs of the individual comparators. This can
be used for a window-detector function.
These comparators can be used to trigger hardware
interrupts, allowing rapid detection of over-range conditions. These comparators are high-speed devices.
Connect high-value bypass capacitors (0.1µF) between
each comparator threshold input (CSETL and CSETH)
to ground to provide a solid threshold voltage at high
switching speeds.
Some applications may benefit from the use of hysteresis in the comparator response. This can be useful for
prevention of false triggering in the presence of small
noise perturbations in the signal levels, or with signals
with large amplitude modulation. To introduce hysteresis
into the comparator output, connect a feedback resistor
from COUTL to CSTEL. Select the value of this resistor,
in combination with the resistive-divider values used to
set threshold-level CSETL, to set the amount of hysteresis. Set the parallel combination of resistors connected
to CSETL to be less than 10kΩ for best performance.
16
Figure 8 illustrates the use of these comparators in a
gain-monitoring application. The low comparator has its
threshold (CSETL) set at a low-gain trip point. If the
gain drops below this trip point, the COUTL output
goes from a logic 0 to a logic 1. The high comparator
has its threshold (CSETH) set at a high trip point. If the
gain exceeds this trip point, the COUTH output goes
from logic 0 to logic 1. The window comparator output
(COR) rests a logic 0 if the gain is in the acceptable
range, between CSETL and CSETH. It goes to a logic 1
if the gain is either above or below these limits.
Power-Supply Connection
The MAX2016 is designed to operate from a single
+2.7V to +3.6V supply. To operate under a higher supply voltage range, a resistor must be connected in series
with the power supply and VCC to reduce the voltage
delivered to the chip. For a +4.75V to +5.25V supply,
use a 37.4Ω (±1%) resistor in series with the supply.
Layout Considerations
A properly designed PCB is an essential part of any
RF/microwave circuit. Keep RF signal lines as short as
possible to reduce losses, radiation, and inductance.
For the best performance, route the ground pin traces
directly to the exposed pad under the package. The
PCB exposed pad MUST be connected to the ground
plane of the PCB. It is suggested that multiple vias be
used to connect this pad to the lower level ground
______________________________________________________________________________________
LF-to-2.5GHz Dual Logarithmic Detector/
Controller for Power, Gain, and VSWR Measurements
Exposed Pad RF/Thermal Considerations
The exposed paddle (EP) of the MAX2016’s 28-pin thin
QFN-EP package provides two functions. One is a low
thermal-resistance path to the die; the second is a lowRF impedance ground connection. The EP MUST be
soldered to a ground plane on the PCB, either directly
or through an array of plated via holes (minimum of four
holes to provide ground integrity).
Power-Supply Bypassing
Proper voltage-supply bypassing is essential for highfrequency circuit stability. Bypass each VCC pin with a
capacitor as close to the pin as possible (Typical
Application Circuit).
Functional Diagram
2, 9, 12, 20
26
SETA
25
REF
23
OUTB
24
SETB
VCC
20kΩ
5, 17
27
OUTA
2.0V
REF
20kΩ
20kΩ
20kΩ
GND
3 RFINA+
RFINB+ 19
LOG
AMPLIFIERS
50Ω
LOG
AMPLIFIERS
50Ω
4 RFINA-
RFINB- 18
EXPOSED
PAD
1 FA1
FB1 21
28 FA2
FB2 22
MAX2016
FV1 14
FV2 13
8
20kΩ
COR
CSETH
7
COUTH
6
COUTL
16
CSETL
15
OUTD SETD
11
10
______________________________________________________________________________________
17
MAX2016
planes. This method provides a good RF/thermal conduction path for the device. Solder the exposed pad on
the bottom of the device package to the PCB. The
MAX2016 Evaluation Kit can be used as a reference for
board layout. Gerber files are available upon request at
www.maxim-ic.com.
LF-to-2.5GHz Dual Logarithmic Detector/
Controller for Power, Gain, and VSWR Measurements
MAX2016
Typical Application Circuit
VREF
VOUTA
VOUTB
VCC
R6
R1 R2
VCC
C5
COMPARATORA
7
VCC
FB2
OUTB
REF
SETB
SETA
22
RFINB+
MAX2016
RFINA-
RFINB-
GND
GND
EXPOSED
PADDLE
COUTH
COUTL
CSETH
C16
CSETL
8
9
10
11
12
13
21
C10
C11
20
19
C8
RFINB
18
C9
17
16
COMPARATORB
15
VCC
C17
FV1
6
RFINA+
FV2
5
23
VCC
VCC
C2
24
VCC
OUTD
4
25
FB1
SETD
3
RFINA
OUTA
FA2
2
C1
26
FA1
VCC
1
COR
C3
27
C18
VCC
C12
28
C4
VS
14
C15
A+B
VCC
C7
VCC
C6
C13
C14
R3
NOTE: COMPARATORS ARE DISABLED
BY CONNECTING CSETL AND CSETH TO VCC.
VOUTD
Table 1. Component Values Used in the Typical Application Circuit
DESIGNATION
VALUE
DESCRIPTION
C1, C2, C8, C9
680pF
Microwave capacitors (0402)
C3, C6, C10, C13
33pF
Microwave capacitors (0402)
C4, C7, C11, C14
0.1µF
Microwave capacitors (0603)
C5, C12, C15, C16, C17
Not used
C18
10µF
R1, R2, R3
0Ω
R6
0Ω
37.4Ω
Capacitors are optional for frequency compensation, bypass
Tantalum capacitor (C case)
Resistors (0402)
Resistor (1206) for VS = 2.7V to 3.6V
±1% resistor (1206) for VS = 4.75V to 5.25V
Chip Information
PROCESS: BiCMOS
18
______________________________________________________________________________________
LF-to-2.5GHz Dual Logarithmic Detector/
Controller for Power, Gain, and VSWR Measurements
QFN THIN.EPS
______________________________________________________________________________________
19
MAX2016
Package Information
(The package drawing(s) in this data sheet may not reflect the most current specifications. For the latest package outline information,
go to www.maxim-ic.com/packages.)
Package Information (continued)
(The package drawing(s) in this data sheet may not reflect the most current specifications. For the latest package outline information,
go to www.maxim-ic.com/packages.)
Revision History
Pages changed at Rev 1: 1, 5, 10–20
Maxim cannot assume responsibility for use of any circuitry other than circuitry entirely embodied in a Maxim product. No circuit patent licenses are
implied. Maxim reserves the right to change the circuitry and specifications without notice at any time.
20 ____________________Maxim Integrated Products, 120 San Gabriel Drive, Sunnyvale, CA 94086 408-737-7600
© 2006 Maxim Integrated Products
is a registered trademark of Maxim Integrated Products, Inc.
MAX2016
MAX2016
LF-to-2.5GHz Dual Logarithmic Detector/
Controller for Power, Gain, and VSWR Measurements