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Appendix F
Oscillator terms and application notes
TRI-STATE CONTROL IN CRYSTAL OSSCILLATORS
CMOS RISE AND FALL TIMES
Most digital systems use the binary number system represented by two state
levels 0 and 1. In some special applications, a third-state (Hi Impedance
output) is required. A three-state output, or tri-state enable / disable function
is available in TTL, HCMOS, or HCMOS crystal oscillators. Its common
applications include automated testing, bus wiring data transfer.
The rise and fall time on the CMOS technology depends on its speed (CMOS,
HCMOS, ACMOS, BICMOS), the supply voltage, the load capacitance, and
the load configuration. Typical rise and fall time for CMOS 40000 series is
30ns, HCMOS is 6ns, and for ACMOS (HCMOS, TTL compatible) is 3 ns
max. Typical rise and fall time is measured between 10% to 90% of its
waveform level. (See Fig. 7)
The three states are low, high, and high impedance (Hi Z or floating). An
output in the hi-impedance state behaves as if it is disconnected from the
circuit except for possibly a small leakage current. Three-state devices have
an enable / disable input, usually on pin 1 of almost any package. When
enable is high or left floating, the device oscillates (with high and low
outputs), and when pin 1 is grounded (logic “0”), the device goes into its highimpedance state.
Tf
90%VDD
DC
10% VDD
DC
A bus is a common set of wires, usually used for data transfer. A three-state
bus has several three-state outputs wired together. With control circuitry, all
devices on the bus except one have outputs in the high impedance state. The
remaining device is enabled, driving the bus with high and low outputs.
Other applications for a tri-state function is for Automated Testing Equipment
(ATE). Outputs of several oscillators are wired together. With control
circuitry, all oscillators but one have outputs in the high impedance state. The
only oscillator which is selected will have its frequency read out from the
counter. (Fig. 5)
VCC
1
In
1
To
Control
Circuit
ln
1
8
7
8
7
H Level
1/2 VDD
DC
L Level
0 VDC
L
T
Duty Cycle1= 1/Tx100%
Figure 7
ACMOS OUTPUT TERMINATION TECHNIQUES
Due to the fast transition time of the ACMOS (HCMOS/TTL compatible)
device, proper termination techniques must be used when testing or measuring
electrical performance characteristics. Termination is usually used to solve
the problem of voltage reflection, which essentially causes steps in clock
waveforms as well as overshoot and undershoot. This could result in false
clocking of data, as well as higher EMI and system noise.
Overshoot
Output to counter
8
7
VoH
Figure 5
VoL
Undershoot
There is always some delay before the tri-state function goes into effect. This
effect occurs on both transitions (at disable and at enable). The output disable
time of a tri-state from LOW level is tPLZ and the output enable time of a tristate to LOW level is tPZL. (Fig. 6)
Disable
Enable
50% Vcc
VIL
Method 1: Series termination (Fig. 9) In series termination, a damping
resistor is placed close to the source of the clock signal. Value of Rs must
satisfy the following requirement: Rs ≥ ZT - Ro
tPZL
tPLZ
Figure 8
Termination is required also because of the length of the trace on the PC board
and its load configuration. There are three general methods of terminating a
clock trace, which is a process of matching the output impedance of the device
with the line impedance:
VIH
Vin
Tr
V out
50% Vcc
10% Vcc
Method 2: Pull-up/Pull-down resistors (Fig. 10) In pull-up/pull-down
termination, the Thevenin equivalent of the combination is equal to the
characteristics impedance of the trace. This is probably the cleanest, and
results in no reflections, as well as reduced EMI. RT ~ ZT
Vin=VIH or Open= Enable/Fout
Vin=VIL or GND = Disable/Hi-Z
Figure 6
01/10
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Specifications subject to change without notice
Appendix F Page 3