Topic
Infineon
XC886/888CLM Cordic & MDU Module
XC886/888CLM
May 2006
Page 1
May 2006
Department
Agenda
XC888/886CLM – Cordic Coprocessor
XC886/888CLM – MDU Coprocessor
XC886/888CLM
May 2006
Page 2
XC886/888CLM – New Peripherals
T21
UART1
MultiCan
Cordic
MDU
XC886/888CLM
May 2006
Page 3
XC886/888CLM – Cordic Basics
Cordic (COordinate Rotation
DIgital Computer)
– Mathematical co-processor
for 16bit trigonometric,
hyperbolic and linear
functions (e.g. to solve SIN,
COS, LOG, EXP, SQRT...)
– Hardcoded - Look Up Table
based on iterative
approximation algorithm (16
iterations, max 41 cycles)
8 SFRs in the mapped area
one interrupt vector on a
shared node @0x0043
XC886/888CLM
May 2006
Page 4
XC886/888CLM – Cordic History
CORDIC algorithms belong to the class of shift-add algorithms.
(introduced by Jack E. Volder in 1951 for trigonometric functions,
generalized and extended with linear and hyperbolic functions by
J.S. Walther 1971 )
The idea behind the CORDIC is, to have all mathematic functions in
a microcontroller available with most less costs, since shift and add
hardware can be easy implemented.
Mainly the CORDIC is used to perform a rotation in a plane using a
series of specific incremental rotation angles selected so that each
is performed by a shift and add operation. There is also a
mechanism for computing the magnitude and phase angle of an
input vector.
One CORDIC iteration involves 2 shifts, 1 table lookup, 3 additions
XC886/888CLM
May 2006
Page 5
XC886/888CLM – Some Math Basics
Some basic functions
–
Taylor series expansion
sine (x), cosine (x)
x3 x5 x7
sin x = x − + − ± ...;
3! 5! 7!
– arctan (x)
x3 x5 x7
arctan x = x − + − ± ...
3 5 7
Factorial
– e.g. 5! = 5*4*3*2*1 = 120
XC886/888CLM
May 2006
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XC886/888CLM – Some Math Basics cont.
The Unite Circle
Radian
– deg to rad
XC886/888CLM
May 2006
Page 7
angle [rad ] = angle [deg ] •
e.g. 45 (deg) Æ 45/180*PI = 0.7854 (rad)
e.g. 1 (rad) = PI Æ 180 (deg)
π
180
XC886/888CLM – Cordic Coordinate Systems
CORDIC equations
x(i+1) = x(i) – m di y(i) 2–i
y(i+1) = y(i) + di x(i) 2–i
z(i+1) = z(i) – di e(i)
XC886/888CLM
May 2006
Page 8
m
Coordinate
System
Domain of
Convergence
1
circular
1.74 radian
0
linear
2
-1
hyperbolic
1.11 radian
XC886/888CLM – Cordic Iterations
Starting with a phase of 45 degrees, the phase of each successive
R multiplier is a little over half of the phase of the previous
“Binary search" on phase by adding or subtracting successively
smaller phases to reach the "target" phase
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
i
e(i) in degrees
e(i) in radians
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
45.0
26.6
14.0
7.1
3.6
1.8
0.9
0.4
0.2
0.1
0.785 398 163
0.463 647 609
0.244 978 663
0.124 354 994
0.062 418 810
0.031 239 833
0.015 623 728
0.007 812 341
0.003 906 230
0.001 953 123
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
XC886/888CLM
May 2006
Page 9
Example: 30° angle
30.0 ≅ 45.0 – 26.6 + 14.0 – 7.1 + 3.6 + 1.8 – 0.9 +
= 30.1
0.4 – 0.2 + 0.1
XC886/888CLM – Cordic Math Functions
CORDIC
Rotation
Vectoring
IN
xn,zn,yn
xn,yn,zn
OUT
yn+1 = xn * zn + yn
zn+1 = yn / xn + zn
Circular
IN
zn=angle, xn=K,yn=0
xn,yn, zn=0
SINE/COSINE
angle/
magnitude
OUT
xn+1 = cos(angle)
zn+1 = arctan(yn/xn )
Linear
MUL/DIV/MAC
K=1
yn+1 = sin(angle)
xn+1 = 1/K*(xn2
+
yn2)1/2
K = 1.64676
IN
z1=angle, x1=K´,y1=0
y1 < x1, z1=0
OUT
xn+1 = cosh(angle)
zn+1 = arctanh(y1/x1)
Hyperbolic
K = 0.828
XC886/888CLM
May 2006
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yn+1 = sinh(angle)
xn+1 = 1/K´*(x12
-
y12)1/2
XC886/888CLM – Cordic Data Format
S15
– S15 or e.g. S5.10 or S10.5.
– signed integer
one sign bit | 15 number bits
– rational number (fractional)
one sign | n . (15-n) bit fractional
decimal point can be freely chosen
fraction means S | 21 + 20. 2-1 + 2-2 + 2-3 +....
Example S15
25
x
-25 =
-625
0x0019 x 0xFFE7 = 0xFD8F
2.5
x
-2.5 = -6.25
0x0028 x 0xFFD8 = 0xF9C0
0.25
x
-0.25= 0.0625
– negative numbers in Twos Complement
e.g. -25dec = 1|111 1111 1110 0110 +1
= 1|111 1111 1110 0111
4Q16 (S4.11)
– decimal point
is fixed
XC886/888CLM
May 2006
Page 11
Example S4.11
S|
4.11
2.5
= 0|001‘0.100‘0000‘0000
= 0x1400
(-5.625
= 0|010‘1.101‘0000‘0000
= 0x2D00
twos compl)= 1|101‘0.010‘1111‘1111 + 1 = 0xD300
XC886/888CLM – Cordic Data Format cont.
Input:
– X, Y can be integer (S15) or rational
number (fraction) in all operating
modes. They must have the same
form and in case of fraction the same
number of bits for the decimal place.
Results:
– X, Y can be integer (S15) or rational
number (fraction) in all operating
modes. Must be same format as
input format.
– X in circular vectoring mode can be
interpreted
as twos complement or
as 16-bit unsigned depending
on bit X_USIGN
X, Y Result Data = CD_Result / MPS
MPS = magnitude prescaler (1, 2, 4)
XC886/888CLM
May 2006
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– Z for linear functions it is always in
signed 4Q16 (S4.11)
– Z for linear functions is signed 4Q16
format ( S4.11 )
– Z for circular and hyperbolic functions
it is always handled
as scaled normalized integer.
– Z for circular and hyperbolic
functions is a scaled normalized
integer
input Z = real Z (in rad) * 32768/PI
real result Z (in rad) = Z* PI/32768
XC886/888CLM – Cordic Accuracy & Deviation
Input inaccuracy: representation of a value is limited by the number of bits
The CORDICs accuracy is also limited by the number of iterations.
Therefore an absolute deviation can be calculated. This is the difference
between the expected and the real value.
The normalized deviation refers to the magnitude of the result, i.e. the
absolute error for small numbers is big, but if this is put into relationship to
the magnitude it is still small.
Properly scaled values will produce small errors. The max. error can be
calculated and is depending on the chosen mode.
Some examples for Linear and Circular mode
XC886/888CLM
May 2006
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XC886/888CLM – Cordic Accuracy & Deviation cont
Some example calculation in LINEAR mode
– y=z*x
|z| ≤ 2
Æ z in S1.11
with x = 3000, 6000, ....30000 in S15
and z = 1,
0.1, 0.01, 0.001 in S4.11
// result magnitude in S15 = 32768
// calculate 0*0.01, 3000*0.01, 6000*0.01 ... 30000*0.01
for (x=0;x<32000;x+=3000){ //(x, z=0.01 S4Q16)
product =
CD_multiply (x, 0x0014); }
– here: the deviation depends on how accurate the value z can be coded in S4.11
(Input inaccuracy)
Æ max. error: 2-11 = 0,000488281
Z
XC886/888CLM
May 2006
Page 14
Zcoded
1
0.1
0.01
0.001
hex
0x0800
0x00CD
0x0014
0x0002
dec
1.000000
0.100098
0.009766
0.000977
XC886/888CLM – Cordic Accuracy & Deviation cont
X
3000
6000
9000
12000
15000
18000
21000
24000
27000
30000
3000
6000
9000
12000
15000
18000
21000
24000
27000
30000
300
600
901
1201
1501
1802
2102
2403
2701
3003
29
58
88
117
146
176
205
235
264
293
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
27
30
Z
1
0x0800
0.1
0x00CD
0.01
0x0014
0.001
0x0002
– Input format of X: integer (S15) or fraction
– It is necessary to reserve as many bits as possible after the decimal point to
minimize the output truncation error of the result.
XC886/888CLM
May 2006
Page 15
i.e. 18.5
Æ possible: 0|000 0001 0010.1000
better: 0|001 0010.1000 0000
= 0x0128
= 0x1280
XC886/888CLM – Cordic Scaling the Amplitude
Example for circular rotation mode – sine calculation
– YFINAL = K*X*sin(Z) K = 1,64676
– For scaling the amplitude A = K*X, set X = A/K
note: choose the amplitude as high as possible to increase the resolution of
the range of sin(Z) and to decrease the result error
note: Amax = 32768
X
A
YFINAL
1
1.64676
{-1.64676…+1.64676}
100
164.676
{-164.676…+164.676}
12145
19999.9
{-19999.9…+19999.9}
19898
32767.3
{-32767.3…+32676.3}
– Angle Z in normalized scaled integer
XC886/888CLM
May 2006
Page 16
Min. adjusting angle:
180 °
= 0.00549 °
32768
XC886/888CLM – Cordic Example SINE()
How to calculate sine(z)
~1µs
XC886/888CLM
May 2006
Page 17
z0=angle, x0=K,y0=0
yn+1 = sine(angle)
SYSCON0 |= 0x01;
// switch into mapped area
CD_STATC = 0x00;
// clear keep bits - disable CORDIC IRQ
CD_CON
= 0x0A;
// circular rotation mode - auto start
CD_CORDYL= 0x00;
CD_CORDYH= 0x00;
// y0=0
CD_CORDXH= 0x17;
// x0hi=K
CD_CORDZL= z;
CD_CORDZH= (z>>8);
// input angle z in integer
CD_CORDXL= 0xB9;
// x0lo=K and start Cordic
while(!(CD_STATC & 0x04)); // wait on CORDIC ready
printf ("SIN CORDIC = %d%d\n",CD_CORDYH,CD_CORDYL ); // print result
SYSCON0 &= 0xFE;
// switch to non-mapped area
XC886/888CLM – Cordic Example ARCTAN()
How to calculate an angle
xn, yn, zn=0
zn+1 = arctan(yn/xn )
CD_S15
CORDIC_CalculateAtan (CD_S15 Xval ,CD_S15 Yval)
{
if(Xval == 0x0000) {
g_CORDIC_atan.WORD = 0;
// Avoid error at 'divide by 0'
}
else
{
´ SYSCON0
|= 1;
CD_STATC
= 0;
CD_CON
=(MPS_1+TWOS_COMPLEMENT+START_AUTO+MODE_VECTORING+FUNC_CIRCULAR);
CD_CORDZH = CD_CORDZL = 0;
CD_CORDYH = (unsigned char) Yval;
CD_CORDYL = (unsigned char) (Yval>>8);
CD_CORDXH = (unsigned char) Xval;
CD_CORDXL = (unsigned char) (Xval>>8);
while(!(CD_STATC & 0x04)); // wait on CORDIC ready
g_CORDIC_atan.BYTE.H = CD_CORDZH;
g_CORDIC_atan.BYTE.L = CD_CORDZL;
SYSCON0 &= 0xFE;
}
~1µs
XC886/888CLM
May 2006
Page 18
}
XC886/888CLM – Cordic Example Multiply & Accumulate
How to do a MAC in S4Q16 (S4.11)
~1µs
~1µs
XC886/888CLM
May 2006
Page 19
xn, zn, yn
yn+1 = xn * zn + yn
// mac (multiply & accumulate) -- input format x, y in S15, z in S4.11
// x=4096 = 0x1000, y=4096 =0x1000, z=2 =0x1000 >> yn+1 = 12288 = 0x3000
SYSCON0 |= 0x01; // set RMAP
CD_CON
=(MPS_1+TWOS_COMPLEMENT+START_WITH_ST_SET+MODE_ROTATION+FUNC_LINEAR);
CORDIC_LOAD_XYZ_REGISTERS(0x1000,0x1000,0x1000); // (x, y, z)
CORDIC_START(); // set start bit
while(!(CD_STATC & 0x04));
// Polling until CORDIC is ready – EOCflag
g_CORDIC_mac.BYTE.H = CD_CORDYH;
g_CORDIC_mac.BYTE.L = CD_CORDYL; // result yn+1 = 12288 = 0x3000
// additional accumulate
CD_CON
&= 0xEF;
CD_STATC |= 0x40;
CD_CORDZH = 0x08;
CD_CORDZL = 0x00;
CD_CORDXH = 0x10;
CD_CORDXL = 0x00;
while(!(CD_STATC & 0x04));
g_CORDIC_mac.BYTE.H = CD_CORDYH;
g_CORDIC_mac.BYTE.L = CD_CORDYL;
SYSCON0 &= 0xFE;
// Set AutoStart
// KEEP Y
// z=1 = 0x0800
// x=4096 = 0x1000
//CORDIC starts here automatically
// Polling until CORDIC is ready - EOC
// result yn+1 = 16384 = 0x4000
// clr RMAP
Agenda
XC888/886CLM – Cordic Coprocessor
XC886/888CLM – MDU Coprocessor
XC886/888CLM
May 2006
Page 20
XC886/888CLM – MDU
Mathematical co-processor for Multiply and Divide
– Fast signed/unsigned 16x16bit multiplication
– Fast signed/unsigned 32/16bit or 16/16bit division
– 32bit unsigned normalization
– 32bit arithmetic/logical shift operations
CPU has to MOVE the operands and result
(including waitstate for code fetching from Flash) = 8clk / 8bit
– e.g. signed multiplication 16bit x 16bit:
32 (load operands) + 16 (multiplication) + 32 (fetch result) = 80clk =
3.3µs @ 24MHz
For continues MDU operation, next operands can be loaded in
parallel to current calculation
– e.g. continues (interleaved) signed multiplication 16bit x 16bit:
16 (multiplication) || 32 (load operands for next multiplication) + 32
(fetch result) = 64clk = 2.7µs @ 24MHz
XC886/888CLM
May 2006
Page 21
XC886/888CLM – MDU Performance
XC886/888CLM
May 2006
Page 22
XC886/888CLM – MDU ROM-Library
MDU is very useful for some mathmetical functions such as
– UIDIV, LMUL, ULDIV, LShift
ROM contains most valuable MDU-routines which can be called by user
– this saves codespace and runtime (no waitstate for ROM access)
easy integration with KEIL compiler
MDU Library support in ROM only available for devices marked with “M”
ROM Library support from AB-step onwards
Routine Name
XC886/888CLM
May 2006
Page 23
Num of Bytes
Num of Clock Cycle
ROM
Software
MDU
Software
MDU
?C?IMUL
18
20
57
53
MDU Library
?C?UIDIV
85
24
267
61
MDU Library
?C?LMUL
139
61
213
123 / 105
MDU Library
?C?ULDIV
146
197
1148 / 886
101 / 249
MDU Library
?C?LNEG
14
X
31
X
--
?C?ULSHR
19
28
10 + (30 * n)
50 + n
MDU Library
?C?SLSHR
20
28
10 + (30 * n)
50 + n
MDU Library
?C?LSHL
20
28
10 + (30 * n)
50 + n
MDU Library
XC886/888CLM – Floating Point ROM-Library
ROM contains most valuable floating point routines which can be called by user
– this saves codespace and runtime (no waitstate for ROM access)
easy integration with KEIL compiler
Float Library support in ROM available for all devices
Fload Library support from AB-step onwards
Routine Name
Num of Bytes
Num of Clock Cycle
Software
Software
?C?FPADD
from 309 to 488
Float Library
?C?FSUB
~408
Float Library
?C?FPMUL
~385
Float Library
?C?FPDIV
~1757
Float Library
~87
Float Library
?C?FPCASTC
from 197 to 231
Float Library
?C?FPCASTI
from 271 to 305
Float Library
?C?FPCASTL
from 699 to 733
Float Library
?C?FPCASTF
from 630 to 980
Float Library
?C?FPCMP3
XC886/888CLM
May 2006
Page 24
ROM
~1kbyte
XC886/888CLM
May 2006
Page 25
Example PI-Control without Cordic in ASM
;******* PI-Regler 16*********
pi16_3_B:
; Eingang_sollwert (16 Bits) = sollwert16
; Ausgang
( 8 Bits) = sollwert
pi16_8_B:
cjne a,ymax16,pi16_4_B ; Ausgang und Integrierer
Begrenzung
_pi_regler16_B: ; Eingang_istwert (16 Bits) = Drehzahl
pi16_4_B:
mov
; sollwert,a
ret
pi16_neg_B:
; negative Regelabw e_L Begrenzung
clr c
jc pi16_5_B
cjne a,#0FFh,pi16_9_B
mov a,sollwert16+1 ; e = Regelabweichung = Sollwert - Iswert
mov a,ymax16
mov a,r2
subb a,Drehzahl+1
mov yint16,a
jz pi16_9_B
mov r2,a
mov sollwert,a
cpl
a
ret
inc
a
; R2 = e_L
mov a,sollwert16
subb a,Drehzahl
; A = e_H
jc pi16_neg_B
; Überlauftest
cjne a,#0,pi16_1_B
; High-teil von Regelabweichung e_H test
pi16_5_B:
sjmp pi16_10_B
mov yint16,a
pi16_51_B:
pi16_9_B:
; positive Regelabweichung e_L
mov a,r2
jmp pi16_2_B
; Proportional Anteil
mov b,kp16
pi16_1_B:
mov a,#0FFh
; positive Regelabweichung e_L Begrenzung
mul ab
mov r2,a
; positive Regelabweichung e_L
jnb b.7,pi16_52_B ; Überlauftest vor der
Multiplication
pi16_2_B:
mov a,r2
; positive Regelabweichung e_L
mov b,ki16
; Integrierer yint16 = yint16 + ki*e_L
mul ab
; ki * e_L
add a,yint16+2
; A = yint16_L + L
mov yint16+2,a ; yint16_L = yint16_L + L
mov a,b
;A=H
addc a,yint16+1 ; A = yint16_M + H + C
mov yint16+1,a ; yint16_M = yint16_M + H + C
clr a
;A=0
addc a,yint16
; A = yint16_H + C
jnc pi16_3_B
; Überlauftest
mov a,ymax16 ; Ausgang und Integrierer Begrenzung
XC886/888CLM
mov yint16,a
May 2006
mov sollwert,a
Page 26
ret
; kp * e_L
mov b,#07FH
pi16_52_B:
; Multiplication mal 2
add a,ACC
;A=L*2
xch a,b
;A=H /B=L*2
addc a,ACC
;A=H*2
xch a,b
;A=L*2 /B=H*2
add a,yint16+1
addc a,yint16
pi16_7_B
; Überlauftest
cjne a,ymax16,pi16_6_B
pi16_6_B:
jc
pi16_8_B
pi16_7_B:
mov
mov a,#0FFh
; negative Regelabweichung e_L
pi16_10_B:
mov r2,a
; R2 = maximale Regelabweichung e_L
mov b,ki16
; Integrierer , yint = yint - ki*e
mul ab
; ki * e_L
mov r3,a
mov a,yint16+2 ; yint16_L = yint16_L - L
clr
c
subb a,r3
;C=0
; A = yint16_L - L
mov yint16+2,a ; yint16_L = yint16_L - L
mov a,yint16+1 ; A = yint16_M
subb a,b
; A = yint16_M - H - C
mov yint16+1,a ; yint16_M = yint16_M - H - C
mov a,b
jc
; negative Regelabweichung e_L
a,ymax16
; Ausgang Begrenzung
mov a,yint16
; A = yint16_H
subb a,#0
; A = yint16_H - C
jnc
pi16_11_B ; Überlauftest
clr
a
pi16_11_B:
mov yint16,a
pi16_101_B:
mov a,r2
; negative Regelabweichung e_L
; Proportional Anteil
Example PI-Control with Cordic
int pi_control(int IST, int SOLL) {
// y = Kp * e + Ki * integral(e*dt)
error = SOLL-IST; // calculation of the error
SYSCON0 |= 0x01; // switch into mapped area
CD_STATC = 0x00; // clr keep bit - int dis
CD_CON
= 0x08; // LinRot - auto start MPS=1
CORDY = 0x0000;
// Y = 0
CORDZ = 0x08CD;
// Kp = 1.1
CORDX = error;
// CORDIC start auto
NOP
// wait on ready – 25nops
if(ERROR) result = result_max;
CD_STATC = 0x40; //set keep bit for CORDY
CORDZ = 0x0733;
// Ki = 0.9
CORDX = error_int;//CORDIC start auto
NOP
// wait on ready – 25nops
error_int += error;// calc error integral
if(ERROR) result = result_max;
printf ("PI = %04d dec \n",(int)result);
SYSCON0 &= 0xFE;
return (int)result;
}
XC886/888CLM
May 2006
Page 27