Introductory Section TDK Power Electronics World Creating Optimal Power Supply Systems Switching power supplies (AC-DC power supplies) and DC-DC converters are available in numerous different formats with various sizes, capacities, shapes, and so on. DC-DC converters are broadly divided into insulation types and non-insulation types. Insulation types use transformers (to prevent electric shocks), while non-insulation types are more compact and do not use transformers. Power modules that integrate numerous components onto a single compact board are also frequently used. Non-insulation Used after insulated converters to convert voltage to the voltage necessary to operate circuits. These type Non-insulation type DC-DC converters are often compact SMD (surface mounted device) types. Output of such converters ranges from less than 1 watt to hundreds of watts. DC-DC converter converters are compact and low cost. a transformer and is electrically Insulation Uses insulated. It is difficult to make these type Distributed Power Supply Systems and Power Modules In recent years, ICs have moved to operating at lower voltages and higher currents, resulting in a shift to distributed power supply systems with compact, high-efficiency DC-DC converters installed in the vicinity of the ICs. ＜Earlier Power Supply Systems＞ 《Insulation types》 DC AC-DC DC-DC power supply Problems with Earlier Systems Load converter 48 V, etc. Commercial Unit type, open AC frame type switching power supplies, etc. converters compact or at low cost. ●Using multiple insulation type 5V DC-DC converter 3.3 V DC-DC converter 2.5 V, etc. DC-DC converters is a problem in terms of cost and space. Load ● ICs are operating on lower voltages, but it is not efficient to suddenly reduce the voltage. Load ●At higher frequencies, the wire ＜Distributed Power Supply System＞ Non-insulation type DC-DC converters Commercial AC AC adapter AC-DC power supply (AC/DC conversion) DC input DC output LCD DC Commercial AC Insulation type DC-DC converter CPU HDD DC 48 V, etc. 《Insulation types》 Intermediate 12 V, voltage 5V, etc. DC-DC converter 《Non-insulation type》 ●Only one insulation type I /O CD/DVD drive POL (point of load) What is POL? ●Placement of a compact DC-DC converter near the load (IC) Notebook PCs use multiple compact DC-DC converters to convert voltage to the necessary voltage and supply it to components. These power modules integrate an AC-DC converter and a DC-DC converter. They use conduction cooling and do not need a cooling fan. Output power is in the 50 W to 1000 W range. AC-DC power supplies Unit type Output power ranges from under 10 W to 3000 W and higher. There are various types including wide input and multi-output. Open frame type DC-DC converter Load DC-DC converter Load Key Point High-efficiency non-insulation type DC-DC converters generate little heat and do not require heat sinks, and as a result, can be mounted near ICs on printed circuit boards. 1.8V, 1.5V, 1.3V, 0.8V, etc. ＜Distributed Power Supply Systems and AC-DC Power Modules＞ 116.8mm DC-DC converter Integrated into a compact module Full brick (12.7 mm high) AC-DC power module Unit type (rack-mount type) PFE Series, etc. Non-insulation type DC-DC converters are compact onboard power supplies. Power modules are standardized using units called bricks. ■Brick types and sizes 《Insulation types》 Commercial AC 9 Load AC-DC power modules integrate AC-DC converters, DC-DC converters, PFHC (power factor and harmonic correction) functions (see page 17), and various other power supply circuits. Such power modules make possible a variety of flexible distributed power supply systems. AC-DC power supply AC input DC output Advantages of Distributed Power Supply Systems DC-DC converter 61mm AC-DC power modules Load DC-DC converter is needed. ：DC-DC converters Output ranges from about 1 watt to hundreds of watts resistance to the load and effects of inductance increase. Relay Bus Converter 《Non-insulation type》 DC-DC Load converter DC-DC converter Load DC-DC converter Load Half- Quarter Eighth Sixteenth brick brick brick brick Key Point Power modules are high efficiency and use conduction cooling and as a result do not need a cooling fan. This means that all power supply devices can be mounted on the same printed circuit board. Point of Load means in the immediate vicinity of the load (ICs, etc.) 10