HA17431VPJ/PJ/PAJ/FPJ/FPAJ/PNAJ/UPA, HA17432UPA Shunt Regulator REJ03D0892-0100 Rev.1.00 Apr 03, 2007 Description The HA17431 series is temperature-compensated variable shunt regulators. The main application of these products is in voltage regulators that provide a variable output voltage. The on-chip high-precision reference voltage source can provide ±1% accuracy in the V versions, which have a VKA max of 16 volts. Features • The V versions provide 2.500 V ±1% at Ta = 25°C • The reference voltage has a low temperature coefficient • The UPAKV miniature packages are optimal for use on high mounting density circuit boards Block Diagram K + − REF A Application Circuit Example Switching power supply secondary-side error amplification circuit Vout R R1 + – K REF A R2 GND HA17431 Series REJ03D0892-0100 Rev.1.00 Apr 03, 2007 Page 1 of 17 HA17431VPJ/PJ/PAJ/FPJ/FPAJ/PNAJ/UPA, HA17432UPA Ordering Information Reference voltage (at 25°C) Normal Version ±4% 2.395V to 2.495V to 2.595V Item V Version ±1% 2.475V to 2.500V to 2.525V A Version ±2.2% 2.440V to 2.495V to 2.550V Package Code (Package Name) PRSP0008DE-B (FP-8DGV) O HA17431FPAJ PRSP0008DE-B (FP-8DGV) PRSS0003DC-A (TO-92MODV) O HA17431FPJ O HA17431PAJ Car use PRSS0003DC-A (TO-92MODV) PRSS0003DA-A (TO-92V) O HA17431PJ O HA17431PNAJ PRSS0003DA-A (TO-92V) PLZZ0004CA-A (UPAKV) O HA17431VPJ Industrial use HA17431UPA O HA17432UPA O Operating Temperature Range PLZZ0004CA-A (UPAKV) –40 to +85°C –20 to +85°C Pin Arrangement UPAKV (HA17431UPA) A 1 REF 2 A A 6 3 1 K K TO-92V FP-8DGV REF NC 8 7 UPAKV (HA17432UPA) A NC 5 2 A 3 REF TO-92MODV Mark side Mark side 1 1 K 2 3 4 NC NC NC REJ03D0892-0100 Rev.1.00 Apr 03, 2007 Page 2 of 17 2 3 REF A K 1 2 3 REF A K HA17431VPJ/PJ/PAJ/FPJ/FPAJ/PNAJ/UPA, HA17432UPA Absolute Maximum Ratings (Ta = 25°C) Ratings Item Symbol HA17431VPJ HA17431UPA HA17432UPA Unit 16 40 40 V –50 to +50 –100 to +150 –100 to +150 mA Iref –0.05 to +10 –0.05 to +10 –0.05 to +10 mA Power dissipation PT 500 *2 800 *5 800 *5 mW Operating temperature range Topr –40 to +85 –20 to +85 –20 to +85 °C Storage temperature Tstg –55 to +150 –55 to +150 –55 to +150 °C HA17431PNAJ HA17431PJ/PAJ HA17431FPJ/FPAJ Unit 40 40 40 V Cathode voltage VKA Continuous cathode current IK Reference input current Notes 1 2, 5 Ratings Item Symbol Cathode voltage VKA Continuous cathode current IK –100 to +150 –100 to +150 –100 to +150 mA Reference input current Iref –0.05 to +10 –0.05 to +10 –0.05 to +10 mA Power dissipation PT 500 *2 800 *3 500 *4 mW Operating temperature range Topr –40 to +85 –40 to +85 –40 to +85 °C Storage temperature Tstg –55 to +150 –55 to +150 –55 to +125 °C Notes: 1. 2. 3. 4. Notes 1 2, 3, 4 Voltages are referenced to anode. Ta ≤ 25°C. If Ta > 25°C, derate by 4.0 mW/°C. Ta ≤ 25°C. If Ta > 25°C, derate by 6.4 mW/°C. 50 mm × 50 mm × 1.5mmt glass epoxy board (5% wiring density), Ta ≤ 25°C. If Ta > 25°C, derate by 5 mW/°C. 5. 15 mm × 25 mm × 0.7mmt alumina ceramic board,Ta ≤ 25°C. If Ta > 25°C, derate by 6.4 mW/°C. REJ03D0892-0100 Rev.1.00 Apr 03, 2007 Page 3 of 17 HA17431VPJ/PJ/PAJ/FPJ/FPAJ/PNAJ/UPA, HA17432UPA Electrical Characteristics HA17431VPJ (Ta = 25°C, IK = 10 mA) Item Reference voltage Symbol Vref Min 2.475 Typ 2.500 Max 2.525 Unit V Test Conditions VKA = Vref Reference voltage temperature deviation Reference voltage temperature coefficient Vref(dev) — 10 — mV ∆Vref/∆Ta — ±30 — ppm/°C VKA = Vref, Ta = –20°C to +85°C VKA = Vref, 0°C to 50°C gradient Reference voltage regulation Reference input current ∆Vref/∆VKA Iref — — 2.0 2 3.7 6 mV/V µA Reference current temperature deviation Minimum cathode current Iref(dev) — 0.5 — µA R1 = 10 kΩ, R2 = ∞, Ta = –20°C to +85°C Imin — 0.4 1.0 mA VKA = Vref Off state cathode current Dynamic impedance Ioff ZKA — — 0.001 0.2 1.0 0.5 µA Ω VKA = 16 V, Vref = 0 V VKA = Vref, IK = 1 mA to 50 mA Notes 1 VKA = Vref to 16 V R1 = 10 kΩ, R2 = ∞ 2 HA17431PJ/PAJ/FPJ/FPAJ/PNAJ/UPA, HA17432UPA (Ta = 25°C, IK = 10 mA) Item Reference voltage Symbol Vref Min 2.440 Typ 2.495 Max 2.550 Unit V Reference voltage temperature deviation Vref(dev) 2.395 — 2.495 11 2.595 (30) mV Reference voltage regulation ∆Vref/∆VKA — — 5 1.4 (17) 3.7 mV/V Reference input current Iref — — 1 3.8 2.2 6 µA Reference current temperature deviation Minimum cathode current Iref(dev) — 0.5 (2.5) µA Imin — 0.4 1.0 mA Off state cathode current Dynamic impedance Ioff ZKA — — 0.001 0.2 1.0 0.5 µA Ω Test Conditions VKA = Vref Notes A VKA = Vref Normal 1, 3, 4 Ta = 0°C to +70°C VKA = Vref to 10 V R1 = 10 kΩ, R2 = ∞, Ta = 0°C to +70°C VKA = Vref VKA = 40 V, Vref = 0 V VKA = Vref, IK = 1 mA to 100 mA Vref(max) Vref(dev) Vref(min) Ta Min Ta Max Imin is given by the cathode current at Vref = Vref(IK=10mA) – 15 mV. The maximum value is a design value (not measured). HA17431PJ/PAJ/FPJ/FPAJ/PNAJ HA17431UPA, HA17432UPA REJ03D0892-0100 Rev.1.00 Apr 03, 2007 Page 4 of 17 1, 3, 5 VKA = 10 V to 40 V R1 = 10 kΩ, R2 = ∞ Notes: 1. Vref(dev) = Vref(max) – Vref(min) 2. 3. 4. 5. Ta = –20°C to +85°C 3 2 HA17431VPJ/PJ/PAJ/FPJ/FPAJ/PNAJ/UPA, HA17432UPA UPAKV Marking Patterns The marking patterns shown below are used on UPAKV products. Note that the product code and mark pattern are different. The pattern is laser-printed. HA17432UPA HA17431UPA REF 4 B (1) (2) K A 4 F (1) (2) A A A Band mark Band mark REF K (3) (4) (3) (5) (4) (5) Notes: 1. Boxes (1) to (5) in the figures show the position of the letters or numerals, and are not actually marked on the package. 2. The letters (1) and (2) show the product specific mark pattern. Product (1) (2) HA17431UPA HA17432UPA 4 4 B F 3. The letter (3) shows the production year code (the last digit of the year). 4. The letter (4) shows the production month code (see table below). Production month Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Marked code A B C 5. The letter (5) shows manufacturing code. REJ03D0892-0100 Rev.1.00 Apr 03, 2007 Page 5 of 17 D E F G H Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. J K L M HA17431VPJ/PJ/PAJ/FPJ/FPAJ/PNAJ/UPA, HA17432UPA Characteristics Curves HA17431VPJ Reference voltage Vref (V) Reference Voltage Temperature Characteristics 2.575 VK=Vref IK=10mA 2.550 2.525 K 2.500 REF IK V Vref A 2.475 2.450 2.425 –20 0 20 40 60 80 85 Ambient temperature Ta (°C) Cathode Current vs. Cathode Voltage Characteristics 1 1.0 VK=Vref Cathode current IK (mA) Cathode current IK (mA) VK=Vref 0.5 0 Cathode Current vs. Cathode Voltage Characteristics 2 50 0 1 2 3 4 Cathode voltage VK (V) REJ03D0892-0100 Rev.1.00 Apr 03, 2007 Page 6 of 17 5 1V/DIV 0 –50 –5 0 Cathode voltage VK (V) 5 1V/DIV HA17431VPJ/PJ/PAJ/FPJ/FPAJ/PNAJ/UPA, HA17432UPA Dynamic impedance ZKA (Ω) Dynamic Impedance vs. Frequency Characteristics 100 10 K 1 IK REF io V VK A 0.1 iO = 2 mAP-P 0.01 100 ZKA= 1k 10k 100k VK (Ω) iO 1M Frequency f (Hz) 0 ∅ 50 GVOL –180 0 Phase delay ∅ (degrees) Open loop voltage gain GVOL (dB) Open Loop Voltage Gain, Phase vs. Frequency Characteristics 220Ω Vo IK=10mA 15kΩ 10µF – + K REF Vi A 8.2kΩ –360 G = 20log 100 1k 10k 100k Frequency f (Hz) REJ03D0892-0100 Rev.1.00 Apr 03, 2007 Page 7 of 17 1M 10M Vo (dB) Vi HA17431VPJ/PJ/PAJ/FPJ/FPAJ/PNAJ/UPA, HA17432UPA HA17431PJ/PAJ/FPAJ/PNAJ/UPA, HA17432UPA Cathode current IK (mA) Oscillation Stability vs. Load Capacitance between Anode and Cathode 1.5 150 100 Oscillation region Stable region VCC 50 CL 0 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0 2.0 Load capacitance CL (µF) 40 φ 30 90 20 220 Ω 15 kΩ 10 µF 10 Vin 0 10 Phase φ (degrees) Open loop voltage gain GVOL (dB) Open Loop Voltage Gain, Phase vs. Frequency Characteristics (1) (With no feedback capacitance) 60 GV IK = 10 mA 50 0 180 Vout GND 8.2 kΩ 100 1k 10 k 100 k Frequency f (Hz) IK = 5 mA 10 Gυ Gυ 180 Cf = 0.022 µF 5 φ Cf = 0.22 µF 0 200 µF Cf 2.4 kΩ Vin –4 10 50 Ω 270 2k + Vout – 20 V 360 GND 100 1k Frequency f (Hz) REJ03D0892-0100 Rev.1.00 Apr 03, 2007 Page 8 of 17 10 k Phase φ (degrees) 8 7.5 kΩ Open loop voltage gain GVOL (dB) Open Loop Voltage Gain, Phase vs. Frequency Characteristics (2) (When a feedback capacitance (Cf) is provided) HA17431VPJ/PJ/PAJ/FPJ/FPAJ/PNAJ/UPA, HA17432UPA Reference voltage pin Input current Iref (µA) Reference Voltage Pin Input Current vs. Cathode Voltage Characteristics 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 IK = 10 mA 0.5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Cathode voltage VK (V) Reference Voltage Temperature Characteristics 2.50 VKA = Vref IK = 10 mA 2.49 Pulse Response Input/Output voltage VI (V) Reference voltage Vref (V) INPUT (P.G) 5 4 3 OUTPUT (Vout) 2 50 Ω 220 Ω Vout 1 GND 2.48 2.47 2.46 2.45 P.G f = 100 kHz 0 1 2 3 4 5 Time t (µs) REJ03D0892-0100 Rev.1.00 Apr 03, 2007 Page 9 of 17 6 2.44 –20 0 20 40 60 Ambient temperature Ta (°C) 80 85 Reference Voltage Pin Input Current Temperature Characteristics 3 Cathode Current vs. Cathode Voltage Characteristics (1) 150 R1 = 10 kΩ R2 = ∞ IK = 10 mA 2.5 120 100 Cathode current IK (mA) Reference voltage pin input current Iref (µA) HA17431VPJ/PJ/PAJ/FPJ/FPAJ/PNAJ/UPA, HA17432UPA 2 1.5 1 80 60 40 20 0 –20 VK = Vref Ta = 25°C –40 0.5 –60 –80 0 –20 0 20 40 60 –100 80 85 –2 Ambient temperature Ta (°C) 0.8 0.6 Imin 0.2 0 1 2 Cathode voltage VK (V) REJ03D0892-0100 Rev.1.00 Apr 03, 2007 Page 10 of 17 1 2 3 Cathode Current Temperature Characteristics when Off State 2 Cathode current when off state Ioff (nA) Cathode current IK (mA) VKA = Vref Ta = 25°C 0.4 0 Cathode voltage VK (V) Cathode Current vs. Cathode Voltage Characteristics (2) 1.2 1.0 –1 3 VKA = 40 V Vref = 0 1.5 1 0.5 –20 0 20 40 60 Ambient temperature Ta (°C) 80 85 HA17431VPJ/PJ/PAJ/FPJ/FPAJ/PNAJ/UPA, HA17432UPA Application Examples As shown in the figure on the right, this IC operates as an inverting amplifier, with the REF pin as input pin. The openloop voltage gain is given by the reciprocal of “reference voltage deviation by cathode voltage change” in the electrical specifications, and is approximately 50 to 60 dB. The REF pin has a high input impedance, with an input current Iref of 3.8 µA Typ (V version: Iref = 2 µA Typ). The output impedance of the output pin K (cathode) is defined as dynamic impedance ZKA, and ZKA is low (0.2 Ω) over a wide cathode current range. A (anode) is used at the minimum potential, such as ground. K REF – + VCC OUT VEE VZ ≅ 2.5V A Figure 1 Operation Diagram Application Hints No. 1 Application Example Reference voltage generation circuit Vin Vout R K CL REF A GND 2 GND Variable output shunt regulator circuit Vin Vout R Iref R1 This is circuit 1 above with variable output provided. (R + R2) Here, Vout ≅ 2.5 V × 1 R2 Since the reference input current Iref = 3.8 µA Typ (V version: Iref = 2 µA Typ) flows through R1, resistance values are chosen to allow the resultant voltage drop to be ignored. K REF CL A R2 GND Description This is the simplest reference voltage circuit. The value of the resistance R is set so that cathode current IK ≥ 1 mA. Output is fixed at Vout ≅ 2.5 V. The external capacitor CL (CL ≥ 3.3 µF) is used to prevent oscillation in normal applications. GND REJ03D0892-0100 Rev.1.00 Apr 03, 2007 Page 11 of 17 HA17431VPJ/PJ/PAJ/FPJ/FPAJ/PNAJ/UPA, HA17432UPA Application Hints (cont.) No. 3 Application Example Description This is an inverting type comparator with an input threshold voltage of approximately 2.5 V. Rin is the REF pin protection resistance, with a value of several kΩ to several tens of kΩ. RL is the load resistance, selected so that the cathode current IK ≥ 1 mA when Vout is low. Single power supply inverting comparator circuit VCC RL Rin Condition Vin C1 Less then 2.5 V C2 2.5 V or more Vout K Vin REF A GND GND 4 This is an AC amplifier with voltage gain G = –R1 / (R2//R3). The input is cut by capacitance Cin, so that the REF pin is driven by the AC input signal, centered on 2.5 VDC. R2 also functions as a resistance that determines the DC cathode potential when there is no input, but if the input level is low and there is no risk of Vout clipping to VCC, this can be omitted. To change the frequency characteristic, Cf should be connected as indicated by the dotted line. AC amplifier circuit VCC Cf RL R1 Vout Vin Vout IC VCC (VOH) OFF Approx. 2 V (VOL) ON K Cin R3 REF A R2 GND R1 Gain G = (DC gain) R2 // R3 1 2π Cf (R1 // R2 // R3) Cutoff frequency fc = 5 Switching power supply error amplification circuit V R4 + LED + R3 – R1 (Note) Cf Secondary side GND R2 – V Note: LED : Light emitting diode in photocoupler R3 : Bypass resistor to feed IK(>Imin) when LED current vanishes R4 : LED protection resistance REJ03D0892-0100 Rev.1.00 Apr 03, 2007 Page 12 of 17 This circuit performs control on the secondary side of a transformer, and is often used with a switching power supply that employs a photocoupler for offlining. The output voltage (between V+ and V–) is given by the following formula: (R + R2) Vout ≅ 2.5 V × 1 R2 In this circuit, the gain with respect to the Vout error is as follows: R2 G= × HA17431 open × photocoupler total gain (R1 + R2) loop gain As stated earlier, the HA17431 open-loop gain is 50 to 60 dB. HA17431VPJ/PJ/PAJ/FPJ/FPAJ/PNAJ/UPA, HA17432UPA Application Hints (cont.) No. 6 Application Example Constant voltage regulator circuit VCC R1 Q Vout Description This is a 3-pin regulator with a discrete configuration, in which the output voltage (R + R3) Vout = 2.5 V × 2 R3 R1 is a bias resistance for supplying the HA17431 cathode current and the output transistor Q base current. R2 Cf R3 GND 7 GND Discharge type constant current circuit VCC R since the HA17431 cathode current is also superimposed on IL. The requirement in this circuit is that the cathode current must be greater than Imin = 1 mA. The IL setting therefore must be on the order of several mA or more. Q 2.5 V This circuit supplies a constant current of 2.5 V IL ≅ [A] into the load. Caution is required RS RS + Load GND 8 IL – Induction type constant current circuit + R Load VCC IL – Q 2.5 V GND RS REJ03D0892-0100 Rev.1.00 Apr 03, 2007 Page 13 of 17 In this circuit, the load is connected on the collector side of transistor Q in circuit 7 above. In this case, the load floats from GND, but the HA17431 cathode current is not superimposed on IL, so that IL can be kept small (1 mA or less is possible). The constant current value is the same as for circuit 7 above: 2.5 V IL ≅ [A] RS HA17431VPJ/PJ/PAJ/FPJ/FPAJ/PNAJ/UPA, HA17432UPA Design Guide for AC-DC SMPS (Switching Mode Power Supply) 1. Use of Shunt Regulator in Transformer Secondary Side Control This example is applicable to both forward transformers and flyback transformers. A shunt regulator is used on the secondary side as an error amplifier, and feedback to the primary side is provided via a photocoupler. Transformer R1 SBD PWM IC HA17384 HA17385 IF IB VF Phototransistor Photocoupler R3 R2 Light emitting diode R5 C1 K HA17431 V0 (–) Vref VK (+) Output R4 REF A GND Figure 2 Typical Shunt Regulator/Error Amplifier 2. Determination of External Constants for the Shunt Regulator A. DC characteristic determination In figure 2, R1 and R2 are protection resistor for the light emitting diode in the photocoupler, and R2 is a bypass resistor to feed IK minimum, and these are determined as shown below. The photocoupler specification should be obtained separately from the manufacturer. Using the parameters in figure 2, the following formulas are obtained: R1 = V V0 – VF – VK , R2 = F IF + IB IB VK is the HA17431 operating voltage, and is set at around 3 V, taking into account a margin for fluctuation. R2 is the current shunt resistance for the light emitting diode, in which a bias current IB of around 1/5 IF flows. Next, the output voltage can be determined by R3 and R4, and the following formula is obtained: V0 = R3 + R 4 × Vref, Vref = 2.5 V Typ R4 The absolute values of R3 and R4 are determined by the HA17431 reference input current Iref and the AC characteristics described in the next section. The Iref value is around 3.8 µA Typ. (V version: 2 µA Typ) B. AC characteristic determination This refers to the determination of the gain frequency characteristic of the shunt regulator as an error amplifier. Taking the configuration in figure 2, the error amplifier characteristic is as shown in figure 3. Gain G (dB) G1 G2 f1 fAC f2 When R5 ≠ 0 When R5 = 0 fOSC Frequency f (Hz) * fOSC : PWM switching frequency Figure 3 HA17431 Error Amplification Characteristic REJ03D0892-0100 Rev.1.00 Apr 03, 2007 Page 14 of 17 HA17431VPJ/PJ/PAJ/FPJ/FPAJ/PNAJ/UPA, HA17432UPA In Figure 3, the following formulas are obtained: Gain G1 = G0 ≈ 50 dB to 60 dB (determined by shunt regulator) G2 = R5 R3 Corner frequencies f1 = 1/(2π C1 G0 R3) f2 = 1/(2π C1 R5) G0 is the shunt regulator open-loop gain; this is given by the reciprocal of the reference voltage fluctuation ∆Vref/∆VKA, and is approximately 50 dB. 3. Practical Example Consider the example of a photocoupler, with an internal light emitting diode VF = 1.05 V and IF = 2.5 mA, power supply output voltage V2 = 5 V, and bias resistance R2 current of approximately 1/5 IF at 0.5 mA. If the shunt regulator VK = 3 V, the following values are found. R1 = 5V – 1.05V – 3V = 316(Ω) (330Ω from E24 series) 2.5mA + 0.5mA R2 = 1.05V = 2.1(kΩ) (2.2kΩ from E24 series) 0.5mA Next, assume that R3 = R4 = 10 kΩ. This gives a 5 V output. If R5 = 3.3 kΩ and C1 = 0.022 µF, the following values are found. G2 = 3.3 kΩ / 10 kΩ = 0.33 times (–10 dB) f1 = 1 / (2 × π × 0.022 µF × 316 × 10 kΩ) = 2.3 (Hz) f2 = 1 / (2 × π × 0.022 µF × 3.3 kΩ) = 2.2 (kHz) REJ03D0892-0100 Rev.1.00 Apr 03, 2007 Page 15 of 17 HA17431VPJ/PJ/PAJ/FPJ/FPAJ/PNAJ/UPA, HA17432UPA Package Dimensions Previous Code UPAK / UPAKV RENESAS Code PLZZ0004CA-A 4.5 ± 0.1 2.5 ± 0.1 4.25 Max 1.5 1.5 3.0 JEITA Package Code P-SOP8-4.4x4.85-1.27 RENESAS Code PRSP0008DE-B *1 0.44 Max 0.8 Min 0.53 Max 0.48 Max Previous Code FP-8DGV MASS[Typ.] 0.1g F D 8 (1.5) (0.2) φ1 Unit: mm 1.5 ± 0.1 0.44 Max 0.4 1.8 Max MASS[Typ.] 0.050g (2.5) JEITA Package Code SC-62 (0.4) Package Name UPAK NOTE) 1. DIMENSIONS"*1 (Nom)"AND"*2" DO NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH. 2. DIMENSION"*3"DOES NOT INCLUDE TRIM OFFSET. 5 c *2 E HE bp Index mark Terminal cross section ( Ni/Pd/Au plating ) 1 Z Reference Symbol 4 e *3 bp x M A L1 A1 θ L y Detail F REJ03D0892-0100 Rev.1.00 Apr 03, 2007 Page 16 of 17 D E A2 A1 A bp b1 c c1 θ HE e x y Z L L1 Dimension in Millimeters Min Nom Max 4.85 5.25 4.4 0.00 0.1 0.35 0.4 0.20 2.03 0.45 0.15 0.20 0.25 0° 6.35 8° 6.5 6.75 1.27 0.12 0.15 0.75 0.42 0.60 0.85 1.05 HA17431VPJ/PJ/PAJ/FPJ/FPAJ/PNAJ/UPA, HA17432UPA Package Name TO-92(1) JEITA Package Code SC-43A RENESAS Code PRSS0003DA-A Previous Code TO-92(1) / TO-92(1)V 4.8 ± 0.3 MASS[Typ.] 0.25g Unit: mm 2.3 Max 0.7 0.60 Max 0.55 Max 12.7 Min 5.0 ± 0.2 3.8 ± 0.3 0.5 Max 1.27 2.54 Package Name TO-92 Mod JEITA Package Code SC-51 RENESAS Code PRSS0003DC-A Previous Code TO-92 Mod / TO-92 ModV 4.8 ± 0.4 MASS[Typ.] 0.35g Unit: mm 0.65 ± 0.1 0.75 Max 0.7 0.60 Max 0.55 Max 1.27 2.54 REJ03D0892-0100 Rev.1.00 Apr 03, 2007 Page 17 of 17 10.1 Min 2.3 Max 8.0 ± 0.5 3.8 ± 0.4 0.5 Max Sales Strategic Planning Div. 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